1. The document provides formulas for calculating stresses, strains, displacements, and gaps in piping systems under different loading conditions such as pressure, weight, thermal expansion, and anchor forces.
2. Flexibility of piping is checked using formulas that relate the total displacement strain to pipe dimensions and material properties.
3. Allowable stress ranges for piping subject to thermal expansion are defined based on material yield strengths and design codes, accounting for factors like stress range reduction.
4. Rapid valve closure can conservatively estimate pressure rise in liquids using a formula involving the speed of sound in the fluid.
1. The document provides formulas for calculating stresses, strains, displacements, and gaps in piping systems under different loading conditions such as pressure, weight, thermal expansion, and anchor forces.
2. Flexibility of piping is checked using formulas that relate the total displacement strain to pipe dimensions and material properties.
3. Allowable stress ranges for piping subject to thermal expansion are defined based on material yield strengths and design codes, accounting for factors like stress range reduction.
4. Rapid valve closure can conservatively estimate pressure rise in liquids using a formula involving the speed of sound in the fluid.
1. The document provides formulas for calculating stresses, strains, displacements, and gaps in piping systems under different loading conditions such as pressure, weight, thermal expansion, and anchor forces.
2. Flexibility of piping is checked using formulas that relate the total displacement strain to pipe dimensions and material properties.
3. Allowable stress ranges for piping subject to thermal expansion are defined based on material yield strengths and design codes, accounting for factors like stress range reduction.
4. Rapid valve closure can conservatively estimate pressure rise in liquids using a formula involving the speed of sound in the fluid.
1. The document provides formulas for calculating stresses, strains, displacements, and gaps in piping systems under different loading conditions such as pressure, weight, thermal expansion, and anchor forces.
2. Flexibility of piping is checked using formulas that relate the total displacement strain to pipe dimensions and material properties.
3. Allowable stress ranges for piping subject to thermal expansion are defined based on material yield strengths and design codes, accounting for factors like stress range reduction.
4. Rapid valve closure can conservatively estimate pressure rise in liquids using a formula involving the speed of sound in the fluid.
7 Longitudinal stress Sl = Pd/4t 8 Stress (s) = Force / Cross-sectional area 9 Strain (e) = dl / L (Lateral strain)
10 Bending Stress Sb= M / Z
Where, M = Bending moment Z = Section modulus of pipe SR. FORMULA P=internal design pressure D=OD of pipe t=PD/2(SEW+PY) S=allowable stress E=weld quality factor 1 Y=factor from code t=PD/2(SEW-P(1-Y)), t =PD/2SE W=weld joint strength reduction factor c=sum of mechanical allowance, corrosion, erosion min required thickness tm= t+c The resistance of the anchor generates force on the anchors from which the same force is reflected back to the pip 2 equal to Δ = aL(T2 - T1) =eL= SL/E=FL/AE
F =EAα(T2 T1), S =Eα(T2 T1)
3 where E is the modulus of elasticity of the pipe material, A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, F is the anchor force, and S is the axial stress. where α is the thermal expansion rate of the pipe
4 . The stress at each leg is mainly the beam bending stress caused by the expansion displacement. From the cantile
S =M/Z=1/Z*6EI/L2 *∆=3ED/L2*∆
With stress relaxation
At creep range, it will be the sum of the cold yield strength and the creep strength at expected plant life. Markl [1 5 the cold yield strength and 160% of the stress producing 0.01% creep in 1000 hours at the operating te
Syc = yield strength at cold condition
SEB = (Syc + Syhx)
Syhx = is the lesser of the yield strength at hot condition an
6 In terms of ASME B31.1 allowable stresses, which was originally set at greater than 5/8 of the yield strength at
where Sc is cold allowable stress
SEB = 1.6(Sc + Sh) Sh is hot allowable stress
7 In ASME B31.3 code and the recent B31.1 code, because of their use of higher allowable stress based on 2/3 of the SEB = 1.5(Sc + Sh)
8 Markl suggested a total allowable stress range of
SA is the basic allowable stress rang SA + SPW = 1.25(Sc + Sh) SPW is the sustained stress due to 9 the longitudinal stress due to pressure and weight is generally allowed to reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = SA, becomes the longitudinal stress due to pressure and weight is generally allowed to reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = SA, becomes SA = f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) where f is a stress-range reduction factor varyin
10 COLD SPRING GAP
A minus gap means running from GA to GB in the negative coordinate direction. For the x direction, the gap is calcu gx= C{α (T2 T1)(XB XA) - (DxB - DxA)} C is the cold spring factor ranging from 0.0 fo XA, XB are x coordinates for anch
DxA and DxB are x direction anchor displacements for anchor A and anchor B, resp
11 the strains in hoop and longitudinal directions become
The pipe wall is subjected to stresses S eH= Shp/E- νSlp/E=Shp(1 - 0.5ν) eL= Slp/E- νShp/E=Shp/E(0.5 - ν) Slp = 1/2Shp
12 Selection of commercially available nominal wall thickness. Selection of commercially available nominal wall thickne nominal thickness is calculated as follows u is the manufacturing under-tolerance given by the tm= t + c/(1 - u /100) + v v is the manufacturing under-tolerance specified by P=internal design pressure D=OD of pipe S=allowable stress E=weld quality factor Y=factor from code W=weld joint strength reduction factor f mechanical allowance, corrosion, erosion etc min required thickness tm= t+c the same force is reflected back to the pipe. when oneend of the pipe is loose, the pipe has a free expansion
e expansion displacement. From the cantilever beam formula, we can estimate the stress at each leg as follows
ep strength at expected plant life. Markl [11] suggested that it appears to be conservative to make it the sumof 1% creep in 1000 hours at the operating temperature. The benchmark stress range can be written as
Syc = yield strength at cold condition
er of the yield strength at hot condition and 160% of the stress producing 0.01% creep in 1000 hours at the operating temperature
t greater than 5/8 of the yield strength at corresponding temperature, the above equation can be written as
where Sc is cold allowable stress
Sh is hot allowable stress
gher allowable stress based on 2/3 of the yield strength, the benchmark stress range has become
SA is the basic allowable stress range
SPW is the sustained stress due to pressure and weight o reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = Sh, the allowable stress range for thermal expansion only, SA, becomes o reach hot allowable stress, that is, SPW = Sh, the allowable stress range for thermal expansion only, SA, becomes e f is a stress-range reduction factor varying from f = 1.0 for N < 7000 cycles, to f = 0.5 for N >250,000 cycles.
rection. For the x direction, the gap is calculated by
the cold spring factor ranging from 0.0 for no cold spring to 1.0 for 100% cold spring; XA, XB are x coordinates for anchor A and anchor B, respectively
acements for anchor A and anchor B, respectively. The gaps in y and z directions are calculated with similar procedures.The case assumes
The pipe wall is subjected to stresses Shp and Slp in circumferential and longitudinal directions, respectively Slp = 1/2Shp
ommercially available nominal wall thickness is the final step of the wall thickness calculation. The minimum required
anufacturing under-tolerance given by the percentage of the nominal thickness
anufacturing under-tolerance specified by absolute thickness Flexibility check D=OD of pipe Y=resultant of total displacement strains 1 DY/(L-U)2≤K1 L=Developed length of piping between anchors U=anchor distance, straight line between anchors Ea=modulus of elasticity at 21 .c
2 As per ASME code B 31.3 (Clause 302.3.5) the allowable displacement stress range (SA) can be given by the equatio f= Stress range reductio SA = f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) Sc=basic allowable stress at mini SL=Longitudinal Stress due to s
3 When Sh > SL, the allowable stress range is calculated by the following equation : SA= Allowable Displacement SA = f{1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL}
4 When a valve fully closes quickly, the magnitude of the resulting pressurerise in a liquid can be conservatively estim Where “c” is wavespeed also kn dP = ρ c ∆V Often this is referred to as “a” wh n be given by the equation : f= Stress range reduction factor c allowable stress at minimum metal temp ongitudinal Stress due to sustained loads.
Allowable Displacement Stress Range.
n be conservatively estimated using the equation:
e “c” is wavespeed also known as celerity is is referred to as “a” which is synonymous
