Immaculate Conception Archdiocesan School

Fr. Barua Street, Tetuan, Zamboanga City

Senior High School Department
S.Y.2022-2023

Lesson 1: Cell theory and Cell structures and Functions

Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: _________________________

Grade and Section: ______________________________________ Rating: ________________________

In this lesson, you will learn how scientist confirmed that cells are fundamental units of life
and the bodies of living organisms are made up of cells. The value of RESPONSIBILITY will be
integrated in this lesson, as you are accountable in taking care of your own health and as you
practice self -care of one’s body as God creations.

I. LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of this lesson, you can explain the postulates of the cell theory and describe the
structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1),
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) by:
1. Identifying the three proponents of the cell theory and the basic structure of a cell and
functions of the organelles; and
2. Describing the different contribution of cell theory and the structure and function of major and
subcellular organelles.

II. LEARNING EXPERIENCES:

A. Focusing Activities
a. Priming Activity
Title of the Activity: Breath in and out
Instructions:
1. Ask students to start at the outside edge of their thumb, breathe in.
2. Use their index finger to trace up to the top when they breathe out, slowly
down the other side.
3. Ask students to keep breathing in and out, tracing up and down for a total of
five breaths until they reach the other side of their hand.
b. Activation of Prior Knowledge

Title of the Activity: “Photo analysis”

 c. Guided Questions:
1. What idea can you gather from the first picture?
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2. How about for the second picture?

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d. Linking Statement
Good observation! The first picture shows a group of people having a good conversation while
the second picture shows the factory building where it creates a barrier that can collect all its
machinery and employees in its proper places where they will be able to do their own function and
can do their work properly and efficiently. You will learn more as we discuss Cell theory and Cell
structures, and functions. Hence, you will be working in Dyad. You are expected to explain the
different contributions of cell theory and describe the structure and function of major and subcellular
organelles.

III. GUIDED INSTRUCTION

A. Concept Notes:

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

- A Dutch naturalist was credited to be the first to study magnified cells. His interest came
when he got hold of a copy of Hooke’s Micrographia, and from then on, devised his own
microscope to study biological specimens. His first invention was a simple microscope with
only one lens.
- He used his skill to devise more than 500 lenses during his lifetime in which one of his lenses
was able to magnify 270 times. Due to his inventions, he was able to make thousands of
observations of microscopic objects and specimens in his time. His work aroused others
curiosity to further investigate the invisible world. Leeuwenhoek later on realized that he can
observed even microscopic things that were moving in the pond water. Though he did not give
use the word “cell”, he gave the name animalcules, meaning “little animals” because he saw
them moving around in the pond water. He studied many specimens such as blood, semen,
feces, pepper, and tartar among others. Because of his ability to see microscopic cells through
his invention of the microscope, he was first to observe living cells.
- Hooke’s discovery about the cell from a dead cork did not create an immediate impact during
his time. Hooke and Leuwenhoek continued to make observations nevertheless. But it had
taken 200 more years before it became generally accepted that all living things are made of
cells, which can reproduce themselves to perpetuate life. It was because microscopes were so
rare for another 200 years from their time. Since then, this magnificent equipment allowed
biologists to further examine our natural world.

The concept of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were summarized into what is known
today as the cell theory, which states the following:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the smallest and basic unit structure and function in organisms.
3. Cell rise only from previously existing cells.
CELL STRUCTURES FOR PROTECTION
1. Plasma Membrane
 Also called as cell membrane it is a thin barrier that forms boundary separating an individual
cell from the external environment. More than a bag that secures the cells contents, it is a
living system that controls the passage of needed materials into and out of the cell.

 It acts as gatekeeper for regulating the passage of important molecules, ions, and gases
between outside and inside of the cell.
Fig1. Cell Membrane

2. Cell Wall
 The cell walls of multiple cells can cling to each other to help support an entire organism.
 Cell wall provide support and protection for the cell, it is made from fibers of carbohydartes
and proteins.
 Plant cell walls are composed mostly of cellulose, a tough carbohydarte fiber.
 Cell wall is present in many organisms including plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes.
 In plants and algae, the cell wall is made up of the polysaccharide cellulose. Since molecules
cannot easily pass across the cellulose.
 The cell walls of plants and algae have openings or channels to let water and other molecules
to diffuse.
 In Fungi, cell walls are made up of a chitin, and in bacteria they are composed of
peptidoglycan.

Fig2. Plant and Animal Cell

3. Cytoplasm
 Fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
 Cytosol is the fluid portion consisting mainly of water and excluding the organelles in it.
 The chemical make-up of cytosol having a high concentration of water suggests that is
necessary for maintaining cell structure.

Fig3. Plant and Animal Cytoplasm

4. Nucleus
 The storehouse of genetic information in the form of DNA inside the cells. The nucleus
perform crucial tasks such as protecting the DNA at all ties from damage and its instructions
must be made available for use at proper times.
 The structure of the nucleus facilitates this demand, since it has a special membrane called
the nuclear envelope that enclosed the DNA. Also the nuclear envelope is filled with holes
called nuclear pores that allow large molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The nucleus also possesses the nucleolus, which is a dense region where small organelles
essential for making proteins are assembled. These organelles are called ribosomes.

Fig 4. Nucleus

5. Golgi Apparatus
 It is where proteins are processed, sorted, and delivered. The membranes of the Golgi
apparatus have enzymes that further modify the proteins.
 Finally, finished products are package in this organelle.
 Some of the packaged proteins are stored temporarily within the Golgi apparatus for later use.
Some are transported to other organelles within the cell or carried to the membrane where
they will be eventually secreted out of the cell.

Fig5. Golgi Apparatus

6. Vesicles
 The parts of the cell cannot work alone without the help of other organelles. There are
organelles that are physically interconnected with each other by means of membranes or by
the transfer of materials through vesicles.
 Due to the various functions of the vesicles, they can be categorized as storage vesicles,
transport vesicles or secretory vesicles.

7. Vacuoles
 A vacuole is a fluid sac for the storage of materials needed by the cell that includes water,
food molecules, inorganic ions, and enzymes. Most animal cells contain many small vacuoles,
while plants have a central vacuole that is unique only to them.
 The central vacuole is a single large vacuole that takes up most of the space inside a plant
cell, which most of the time dislodging the nucleus to the side of the cell.
  The central vacuole- is filled with a watery fluid that strengthens the cell and helps support
the entire plant by making it erect. The ability to store water contributes greatly to the plant’s
overall appearance.

Fig6.Plant and Animal cell

8. Lysosomes
 A round shaped, membrane-bound structures containing chemicals that can break down
materials in the cell.
 It contains powerful enzymes, known as lysosome, which can defend a cell from invading
bacteria and viruses.
 It also breaks down damaged or worn-out cell parts.
 Lysosomes are key organelles in digestion and removal of waste inside the cell.

Fig7. Lysosomes

9. Peroxisomes
 Similar to the lysosomes, peroxisomes also exist as small vesicles around the cell.
 They are surrounded by a single membrane, containing digestive enzymes for breaking down
toxic materials. Though they contain digestive enzymes, just like lysosome, peroxisomes carry
oxidative enzymes that require oxygen. They absorb nutrients that had been acquired by cells.
 The enzymes in the peroxisomes break down complex molecules into smaller molecules.

ENERGY PROCESSING ORGANELLES

1. Mitochondria
 Supply energy to the cell.
 The bean shaped and has two membranes.
 The inner membrane has many folds that greatly increase its surface area.
 Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA, suggesting that mitochondria were originally
free- living prokaryotes that were taken in by larger cells. The relationship must have helped
both organisms to survive.

Fig8. Mitochondria
 2. Plastids
 Chloroplasts are organelles that help a plant to convert solar energy to chemical energy.
 Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, which is a series of complex chemical reactions that
transform solar energy into energy rich molecules the cell can use.
 Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are highly compartmentalized. They have both an outer and
inner membrane.
 Sacs called thylakoids are in the chloroplast membrane. These structures are organized into a
stack called granum.
Thylakoids contain chlorophyll, a light- absorbing pigment that gives plants their green color
and plays a role in photosynthesis.
Stroma is the liquid portion of the chloroplast. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their
own ribosomes and DNA.
 Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are present in plant cells, where they work together to
capture and convert energy. Chloroplasts are found in cells of certain other organisms
including algae.

Fig9. Mitochondria and Plastids

ORGANELLES FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, MOVEMENT AND COMMUNICATION

BETWEEN CELLS
1. Centrosome and Centrioles
The centrosome is a small dense region of cytoplasm that serves as the main microtubule are
organized and assembled.
In animal cells, it contains two-barrel like structures called centrioles that are perpendicular to
each other.
2. Microtubules develop from each centrosome, forming spindle fibers. These fibers affix to the
sister chromatids and help divide it between the two cells. Centrioles also organize microtubules
to form cilia and flagella.
3. Cilia and Flagella- two locomotors projections in eukaryotes. They allow the cell to move like an
oar or a whip.
Cilia look like little hairs with much shorter length. They move in coordinated fashion like the
motion of oars in a rowing team.
Flagella look like whip or a tail, for single cells the movement of cilia or flagella results in
swimming.
4. Cytoskeleton
- It is made up of a small protein subunit. Forming long threads or fibers that can crisscross the
entire cell, thus providing sturdy mechanical support. It helps the cell organize its contents and
to direct the cells movement in response to the cells changing needs and signals from its
external environment.
- There are three (3) flexible networks of proteins that provide structural support to the cell with
specific range of functions: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.
Microtubules- are filaments characterized to be lengthy and the thickest among the filaments.
They are stiff, hollow tubes that give the cell shape and serve as anchorage for the membrane-
bound organelles and other cell parts.
Intermediate filaments- smaller than microtubules and rope like in appearance. They give the
cell tensile strength or the ability to stretch without breaking part.
Microfilaments- are the thinnest among the cytoskeletons and also known as actin filaments.
They are tiny flexible filaments that provide protective meshwork under the plasma membrane.
 Actin filaments are important particularly in cell movement, as they allow muscles to contract
and relax.

CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS

- The plasma membrane and the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell extend these channels for water
and other small molecules to pass from cell to cell. The Plasmodesmata play an important role
in the sharing of water, nutrients and chemical messages among plants. Being more advanced
and highly motile organisms, animals have a complex cell surface and process several types
of cell junctions.
A. Tight Junction- joins tow cells tightly together to form a leak-proof sheet.
B. Adhesion junctions act like screws together with cytoskeletal fibers to form
strong sheets.
C. Gap junctions play similar role to that of plasmodesmata in plants, as both allow small
molecules to flow between neighboring cells.

B. Checking for Understanding:

Title of Activity: Try this!
Instruction/s:
1. Read and analyze the questions carefully.
2. Choose the best letter from the given choices.
3. Write your answer on the space provided.

________1. Which organelle that house the cellular respiration of the cell?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Microtubules
C. Mitochondria
D. Plasma membrane

________2. Which organelle that acts as gatekeeper for regulating the passage of important
molecules, ions, and gases between outside and inside of the cell?
A. Cell wall
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleus
D. Plasma membrane

_________3. Which organelle that helps support the entire plant by making it erect and it has the
ability to store water contributes greatly to the plant’s overall appearance.
A. Central Vacuole
B. Centrioles
C. Cytoskeleton
D. Micro filament

________4. Which statement is correct about cell theory?

A. The basic unit of life is a cell.
B. All living cells must have a cell wall.
C. All living cells require glucose for survival
D. None of these

________5. What did Schleiden and Schwann both discover individually?

A. All cells have organelles
B. All living things are composed of one or more cells
C. All living things engage in metabolic functions
D. Spontaneous Generation of cells is incorrect theory
 1. What are the principles of the cell theory?
Principles of the cell theory

1.

2.

3.

2. What are the major and subcellular organelle and its functions?

Major organelle Functions

Subcellular organelle Functions

1. Which among the three principles of the cell theory can be practically applied in healthcare by promoting
the use of sterilization and disinfection? Why do you think so?
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2. Lina, a teenager, observed one morning, as she looked at the mirror that her face has a new pimple.
She wondered how she got another pimple when she already pricked it a few days ago. What principle
of the cell theory is related to this?
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3. Determine a real-life scenario that demonstrates one of the principles of cell theory. Provide a brief
explanation as to its relationship with the principle of cell theory involved.
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4. Compare and contrast the theory of spontaneous generation from the principles of cell theory. Create a
Venn diagram to show their similarities and differences.