Single Effect Evaporator
Single Effect Evaporator
Single Effect Evaporator
AIM:
To determine, the overall heat transfer co-efficient, capacity and steam economy of a
single effect evaporator.
THEORY:
When one of the components in the solution is non volatile, the principle of evaporator is
used to separate the volatile component from non volatile component. During evaporation
process, concentration of the non-volatile component increases. The evaporator provides
the necessary heat transfer interface to boil off the volatile component. Assuming that the
heat losses to the surroundings are negligible compared to the extent heat transfer in the
evaporator, the heat transfer coefficient can be established by setting up simple material
balance and energy balance equations.
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Mv = Mass flow rate of vapor out of the vapor space of the evaporator
Mp = Mass flow rate of product (concentrated solution) out of the evaporator
Component balance
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NaOH mass balance
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M f x f MV xv M p x p
L S (2)
where xf = Concentration of NaOH in the feed solution
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xv = Concentration of NaOH in the vapor = 0 (since vapor is pure water)
xp = Concentration of NaOH in the Product solution
M f (1 x f ) MV (1 xv ) M p (1 x p ) (3)
2. Energy balance,
Q M f H f M s s M v v M f H s M p H p Qo (4)
Q U o Ao T (5)
Q = Overall heat transfer rate of the evaporator
Ao = Overall Heat transfer surface area of the total number of tubes (in the steam chest)
Uo= Overall heat transfer coefficient of the evaporator based on total outside surface area
of the tubes
T Ts Tb =over all temperature drop across steam and vapor in the vapor space
U0
Q
Ao T
(6)
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where, Ao Do LNt
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Ao = Overall Heat transfer surface area of the total number of tubes (in the steam chest)
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Do= Outside diameter of a tube in the steam chest
L = Length of a tube in the steam chest
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Nt = Total number of tubes in the steam chest
Evaporation capacity Mv = mass rate of vapor generated = ………..kg/s
Steam economy = Mass rate of vapor generated / Mass rate of steam consumed =
Mv
……… V/ ms (7)
Ms
EQUIPMENT SET UP:
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1) Prepare 20 lits. Of 0.01N NaOH solution and standerdize with standard oxalic
acid solution and fill the feed tank with the 0.01N NaOH solution. Keep the feed
valve closed and open the by pass valve. Start the pump to give good re-
circulation so that the solution gets well mixed.
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2) Fill in water into the boiler tank up to ¾. Switch on the heaters. Wait until the
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boiler pressure is 30 psi.
3) Partially open the feed valve and fix up some feed flow rate of the solution and
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4) Slowly open steam outlet valve of the boiler and maintain constant steam pressure
(2 – 3 psi) in the steam chest of the heat exchange section of the evaporator.
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Steam gets condensed by giving away the latent heat to the solution. Condensate
gets collected in the condensate collection tank at saturation temperature. Now
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watch for the beginning of boiling in the evaporator as indicated by the dripping
of condensate droplets out of the vapor condenser. Start the cooling water
circulation by opening the inlet valve to the condenser and fix some inlet water
flow rate and maintain it.
5) When steady state conditions are reached by observation of constant level in the
evaporator, constant solution feed flow rate indicated by the feed solution
rotameter, steady flow rate of both the top vapor condensate and steam
condensate, steady flow of cooling water as indicated by water rotameter, and
when all stream temperatures are steady note down the following.
a) Flow rate of feed solution.
b) Flow rate of top vapor condensate
c) Steam condensate flow rate
d) Temperature of all the streams (inlet temperature of steam to the evaporator,
vapor space temperature, Inlet temperature of the feed solution, vapor temperature
at inlet to the condenser, inlet, outlet cooling water temperatures of the condenser,
e) Product rate (by actually collecting sample for known time)
At steady state it was assumed that the vapor stream leaving, product stream leaving the
evaporator are in thermal equilibrium, ie temperature of vapor leaving the evaporator T v
= temperature of the product leaving the evaporator Tp = bioling temperature of solution
Tb
6) Procedure for estimation of top vapor condensate flow rate:
At steady state collect the condensate of vapor dripping out of the condenser in to a
measuring jar for 10 min. Measure the temperature of the vapor condensate. At that
temperature evaluate the density of water from property data hand book. Estimate
volumetric flow rate of vapor condensate and Mass flow rate of vapor condensate.
9) Repeat the above procedures for different flow rates of feed solution.
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10) Stop the heater, stop the pump, stop the cooling water circulation, drain all the
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solution from the evaporator, the feed tank and clean the evaporator by pumping
fresh water into the evaporator system and drain it.
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11) Analyze product solutions for NaOH concentration by titrating it against standard
oxalic acid solution.
Note/Warning :
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During the operation of the condenser, always see that the steam
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pressure inside the boiler shall not drop below 10 psi, and the
water level in the boiler shall not drop below the level of
OBSERVATIONS:
E immersion heaters.
Specifications of Evaporator:
Diameter of evaporator = .095 m
OD = .0125m
Length L =.75m
No of tubes, nt = 13
Vapor disengaging height, Lv = 100 mm
Weight of NaOH taken =
Amount of feed 20l
Initial concentration of feed, xf = 0.01N (prepared, but to confirmed by titration)
Normality of standard oxalic acid = N(use around 0.01N)
Sl Steam Temp Feed Volume of Volume of Volume of Temp at various
No. pressure Of Rate product for top steam pts T, oC
Psi Steam, LPm condensate condensate, 1 2 3 4 5 6
Kgf/cm2 Ts, oC for for
10 P V 10 Time/1cm C
min, Cc/min Cc/min min raise Vsc
Vp Vsc
1
2
3
4
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N g/l Wt N g/l Wt
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Frn Frn
1
2
3
D D
4
H A
CALCULATIONS:
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1. Calculate mass flow rate of product by using equations 1,2 &3.
2. Estimate overall heat transfer rate in the evaporator using eq. (4)
3. Estimate overall heat transfer co-efficient based on outside surface area of the
tubes using eq.(6)
4. Estimate steam economy using eq (7)
RESULTS:
Final concentration of NaOH =
Over all heat transfer co-efficient of the evaporator Uo = W / m2 oC
Evaporator Capacity Mv =………….. kg/s
M
Steam economy = v =………
Ms