Clifford Kent Ybañez Score:

Date:

Assignment #1

1. Define Axial precession in 50-75 words

- In astronomy, axial precession is the gravity induced, slow and continues change in the
orientation of an astronomical body’s rotational axis. Is the absence of precession the
astronomical body’s orbit slow, axial parallelism in a particular axial precession can refer
to the guar dial shift in the orlatation of the earth axis rotation in cycle of approximately
26000 years.

Assignment #2

1. Expand statement “star move because of earth “

- The earth is revolving on its axis that affect the stars seems like moving and to the earth
go to full rotation for the life on earth to see the night and day for us to see different
stars and constellations
2. Look for your zodiac constellation and determine its location on the sky this 2023
- Scorpio it was found in the southern hemisphere of the sky in 2023 its located in
latitudes 51 degrees 28’ 47’ N time zone Europe\London then sits 3:29 set 5:51, Scorpio
is now above the horizon of France, Greenwich, united kingdom

Assignment #3

1. List 2 define the models of the earth

Spherical model

- Is an ellipsoid of revolution by rotating an ellipe about its shutter axis.

Ellipsoidal model

- The earth is not perfect sphere , but instead more or like a slightly squashed sphere
called ellipsoid it look like a basketball ball salting on it.

assignment #4

Aristotle believed in the concept of natural motion, which he categorized into two types: natural
motion and violent motion.

Natural Motion: According to Aristotle, natural motion is the inherent movement of objects in
the physical world. He proposed that objects naturally move toward their "natural place" in the
universe. For example, earth and water move downward because their natural place is at the
center of the universe, while fire and air move upward because their natural place is closer to
the outer spheres of the universe.

Violent Motion: Aristotle also recognized another type of motion called violent motion. This type
of motion occurs when an external force is applied to an object, causing it to move in an
unnatural manner. For instance, when you throw a ball, it moves through the air due to the force
applied by your hand. Aristotle considered violent motion as something artificial or forced.

It is important to note that Aristotle's ideas about motion were primarily based on observation
and philosophical reasoning, rather than experimental testing or mathematical analysis. His
views on motion dominated Western thought for many centuries until the development of
modern physics and the formulation of laws of motion by scientists such as Galileo and Newton.

The laws of motion as we understand them today were formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the
17th century. Newton's laws of motion provide a more comprehensive and accurate explanation
of how objects move and interact with forces.

assignment #5

According to Aristotle, all objects have a natural tendency to move toward their "natural place"
in the universe. Earthly objects, such as rocks and dirt, naturally move downward toward the
center of the earth, while celestial objects, such as stars and planets, naturally move in circular
paths around the earth.

Aristotle also believed that a force was required to keep an object in motion, and that this force
would eventually be exhausted if the object continued to move. This meant that objects would
eventually slow down and come to a stop, unless they were continuously pushed or pulled by an
external force.

Finally, Aristotle believed that heavier objects fell faster than lighter ones, since they had a
greater natural tendency to move toward the center of the earth. This idea was later proven
incorrect by Galileo's experiments with falling objects.

Overall, while Aristotle's theories of motion were groundbreaking in their time, they were
ultimately superseded by the more accurate and comprehensive laws of motion developed by
Newton several centuries later.
assignment #6

The theory of planetary motion, also known as the heliocentric theory, describes the motion of
planets in our solar system. It was first formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century
and later expanded upon by Johannes Kepler. This theory replaced the geocentric model, which
placed Earth at the center of the universe.

According to the heliocentric theory, the Sun is at the center of the solar system, and the
planets, including Earth, revolve around it in elliptical orbits. Each planet follows its own specific
path, known as its orbit, which is determined by its distance from the Sun and its speed of
revolution.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion further refined this theory. His first law, the law of elliptical
orbits, states that the path of each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. This
means that the distance between the Sun and the planet varies throughout its orbit.

The second law, the law of equal areas, states that a line that connects a planet to the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time. This means that a planet moves faster when it
is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away.

Kepler's third law, the law of harmonies, relates the orbital period of a planet to its distance from
the Sun. It states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the
cube of its average distance from the Sun.

Overall, the theory of planetary motion provides a mathematical framework that accurately
describes the movements of planets in our solar system, based on the heliocentric model. It has
been instrumental in advancing our understanding of the universe and paved the way for further
discoveries in astronomy and physics.

assignment 7

how did phythagoras and anaxgora explained that the earth is round

Pythagoras, an ancient Greek mathematician and philosopher, did not specifically provide an
explanation for the Earth being round. However, he believed in the concept of a spherical
universe, where celestial bodies such as the Earth, Sun, Moon, and stars were believed to be
spheres moving in harmonious orbits. Pythagoras saw the sphere as the most perfect and
symmetrical shape, representing unity and perfection. Anaxagoras, another Greek philosopher,
offered a more detailed explanation for the Earth's roundness. He argued that the Earth's shape
could be observed through the curved shadow it casts during a lunar eclipse. Anaxagoras
reasoned that if the Earth were flat, the shadow cast during an eclipse would be a straight line,
but the observed curved shadow indicated a spherical Earth. This reasoning aligned with his
broader cosmological theories, which emphasized the existence of a spherical Earth within an
infinite and dynamic universe.

how did Eratosthenes measured the circumference of the earth

Eratosthenes, a Greek mathematician and geographer, devised a brilliant method to measure the
circumference of the Earth around 240 BCE. He noticed that on the summer solstice, in the city
of Syene (modern-day Aswan, Egypt), the Sun cast no shadow at noon, indicating that the Sun
was directly overhead. Eratosthenes observed that in Alexandria, located to the north of Syene,
a vertical object (such as a pole) would cast a shadow at noon on the same day. By measuring
the length of this shadow and the distance between Alexandria and Syene, Eratosthenes
calculated the Earth's circumference.

Knowing that the Sun's rays are essentially parallel, Eratosthenes realized that the angle between
the vertical object and the Sun's rays at Alexandria was the same as the angle between the
vertical object and the Sun directly overhead at Syene. He measured this angle by using a
vertical stick and measuring the length of its shadow.

Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Alexandria and Syene to be around 800 kilometers
(or 500 miles) based on the time it took for caravans to travel between the two cities. With this
information, he calculated that the Earth's circumference was approximately 40,000 kilometers
(or 25,000 miles), which is quite close to the actual value.

Eratosthenes' method demonstrated an impressive understanding of geometry and the Earth's

spherical shape, making him one of the early pioneers in the field of geodesy