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Lesson 1 4th Quarter

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41 views

Lesson 1 4th Quarter

Uploaded by

elijawheeler.oc
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODELS

OF THE
UNIVERS
The model of the solar system
today traces its history back to
the ancient Greek astronomy.

E
What’s In
You have studied the sun, moon, stars, and other
celestial bodies in your Elementary Science. As
you move to Junior High School, you came to
understand the occurrence of eclipses, solar
system, and constellations. Likewise, in the
previous quarter, you have learned how the
elements in the universe originated from the Big
Bang. In this module, we will look at the views of
the ancient Greeks about the universe and
understand how the model of the Solar System
originated.
HOW GREEKS KNOW THAT THE EARTH IS
ROUND
Even before Plato, the Greeks have
deduced that the Earth is spherical based
on the observation that the shadow cast
by the Earth during a lunar eclipse is
circular and that the only shape that can
cast a circular shadow at whatever
direction it is pointed is a sphere. The
Greeks were also able to measure the
diameter of the Earth. The Greeks also
noted that the stars are viewed
differently as they travel north and south.
HOW GREEKS KNOW THAT THE EARTH IS
ROUND
Eratosthenes, a Greek
Mathematician, told that no
vertical shadow was cast as
the sun rays fall vertically in
the city of Syene in Egypt
during summer solstice.
ASTRONOMICAL
EVENTS KNOWN TO
MEN BEFORE THE
ADVENT OF
Before the advent of telescopes, humans
depended on their senses to grasp the
TELESCOPES
universe. Ancient Babylonian, Assyrian,
and Egyptian knew the length of the year
and Egyptians, adopted a calendar based
on 365 days a year. The Egyptians also
kept track of the yearly cycle of the star
Sirius which corresponds to the flooding of
Nile. Early Chinese civilizations kept track
of the comets, meteors, and dark spots of
the Sun. Mayan civilization also developed
a calendar based on the movements of
Venus. Meanwhile, the Polynesians utilized
the stars for navigation.
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
was invented.
1. Diurnal Motion - In modern
astronomy, diurnal motion is defined as
the apparent daily motion of stars and
other celestial bodies across the sky
due to Earth’s rotation. Man has
observed the sun rising from the east
and set in the west. The Greek
astronomers have described ‘fixed
stars’ moving in the sky at the same
arrangement and speed as most of the
stars are. Stars whose movements
deviate from what seems to be fixed
stars were called ‘planetes’ which
means ‘wandering stars’ in Greek. The
seven wandering stars are the Sun,
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
was invented.
2. Annual Motion -
Annual motion is the
apparent yearly motion of
stars and other celestial
bodies across the sky due
to Earth’s revolution.

Below are events under


annual motion.
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
2.1.was invented.
Zodiac and the Ecliptic
If we trace the path the sun takes
in the celestial sphere as we see
on Earth, we would have traced
the ecliptic. A band of thirteen
constellations collectively called
zodiac can be seen in the ecliptic.
Ancient civilizations have observed
that these constellations changes
through months as constellations
are visible at different times in a
year. These constellations served
to mark the time for planting and
used by astronomers to develop a
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
was invented.
2.2. Equinoxes and Solstices
Equinoxes are the two days in a year
in which the sun crosses the celestial
equator occurring near March 20 (vernal
equinox) and near September 22
(autumnal equinox). Midway between
these two equinoxes is the solstices.
Solstices are the two days in a year in
which the Sun is at the farthest
declination (north or south) from the
celestial equator. Ancient Greeks and
Early Chinese civilizations have
recorded solstices by observing the
declination of the sun for several days
before and after the solstice. The
calculated half-way between the days
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
was invented.
3. Precession
Hipparchus in 150 BCE has
discovered based on his observation
that the north celestial pole has
changed during the period of a half -
century. He noticed that the slow
and continuous change in the
direction in which the sky is moving.
We understand at present that
precession is the slow ‘wobbling’ of
Earth’s axis of rotation due to the
gravitational pull of the Moon and
Sun. At present, the north celestial
pole is located near the star Polaris
Below are astronomical
events before telescope
was invented.
4. Eclipse
Eclipses occur when either the Earth
or moon cast a shadow into each
other. A solar eclipse occurs when
the moon passes between the Earth
and sun with the moon casting a
shadow on the Earth’s surface. A
lunar eclipse occurs when the
Earth is directly aligned between the
sun and moon with the Earth casting
a shadow on the moon. Take note
that a solar eclipse may occur only
during the new moon phase, while a
lunar eclipse may occur only during
MODELS
OF THE
UNIVERS
Throughout the history of
astronomy, models of the universe
have been projected. The table

E
below describes the model of the
universe.
Planets usually rise from east to west as we
see in the celestial sphere. However, it was
observed by the ancient astronomers that
the planets seem to move westward for
several weeks and move eastward again in
the succeeding weeks. In our current
situation, we can explain that these
retrograde motions were due to the
difference in the period of revolution of the
planets around the sun as seen in figure 7a.
With Earth being closer to the sun, it moves
faster than the planets farther from the Sun.
Ptolemy in his time held the belief that the
Earth does not revolve and is the center of
the universe. The epicycle was used to
explain these retrograde motions. Here, a
planet revolves in an orbit called epicycle
while the center of the epicycle revolves
TYCHO BRAHE AND JOHANNES KEPLER
Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer continuously and precisely
recorded the position of the sun, moon, and planets for over
20 years using instruments that are like giant protractors. He
noted based on his observations that the positions of the
planets differ from those that were published. However, he
was not able to develop a better model than Ptolemy’s as he
didn’t have the ability to analyze his data. Years before his
death, he hired Johannes Kepler as a research assistant to aid
in analyzing his data. Brahe was reluctant to provide such
data to Kepler, but at his death, the observational data was
possessed by Kepler. Being knowledgeable in geometry,
Kepler was able to derive from Brahe’s data that the orbital
path of Mars was elliptical contrary to the previous
investigators who were trying to fit the planetary paths in
Generalizing his results, he was able to formulate the three
laws of planetary motion:

1. Law of Ellipse: orbits of all the planets are elliptical with


the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. An ellipse is a somewhat
flattened circle. It is a closed curve in which the sum of the
distances from any point on the ellipse to foci (two points
inside) is constant.
2. Law of Equal Areas: a line joining a planet and the Sun
sweeps out equal areas in space in equal intervals of time.
Thus, a planet moves fastest when it is nearest to the sun
3. Law of Harmony: the square of a planet’s orbital period

its orbit (in astronomical units or AU) or 𝑃 2 = 𝑎 3 . Thus, the


(years) is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis of

larger the orbit’s size, the longer it takes to orbit the sun.
Question
s?
THANKS!
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questions?
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