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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Most Asked

Python
Interview Questions
 Basic data types in Python:

Q.1 What are the basic data types in Python?

Ans: The basic data types in Python areG

> Integer: represents whole numbers.L

> Float: represents decimal numbers.L

> String: represents a sequence of characters.L

> Boolean: represents either True or False.L

> List: represents an ordered collection of elements.

Q.2 How do you convert a string to an integer in Python?

Ans: You can use the int() function to convert a string to an

integer. For example:

num_str = "10"

num_int = int(num_str)

1
Q.3 How do you check the data type of a variable in
Python?
Ans: You can use the ‘type()’ function to check the data
type of a variable. For example:

num = 10

print(type(num)) # Output: <class 'int'>

Q.4 What is the difference between a list and a tuple in

Python?
Ans: A list is mutable, which means you can modify its
elements, while a tuple is immutable, meaning its
elements cannot be changed after creation.

Q.5 How do you create an empty dictionary in Python?

Ans: You can create an empty dictionary using either the
curly braces {} or the dict() function. For example:

empty_dict = {}

empty_dict = dict()

2
 OOPS concept in Python:
Q.1 What is OOPS and how is it implemented in Python?
Ans: Object-Oriented Programming (OOPS) is a
programming paradigm that uses objects to represent
real-world entities. In Python, OOPS is implemented
through classes and objects. Classes are blueprints for
creating objects, and objects are instances of a class.

Q.2 What are the four principles of OOPS?

Ans: The four principles of OOPS are:—
œ Encapsulation: bundling of data and methods that
operate on that data within a single unit (class).—
œ Inheritance: ability of a class to inherit properties
and methods from its parent class.—
œ Polymorphism: ability of an object to take on
different forms or behaviors based on the context.—
œ Abstraction: representing essential features and
hiding unnecessary details to simplify the complexity.

3
Q.3 What is method overloading in Python?
Ans: Method overloading in Python refers to defining
multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters within a class. However, Python does not
support method overloading by default as it does in
languages like Java. In Python, you can achieve a similar
effect by using default arguments or using variable-
length arguments.

Q.4 What is method overriding in Python?

Ans: Method overriding in Python refers to defining a
method in a child class that already exists in its parent
class with the same name and signature. The method in
the child class overrides the method in the parent class,
providing a different implementation.

Q.5 What is the difference between a class method and an

instance method in Python?
Ans: A class method is a method bound to the class and not
the instance of the class. It is defined using the
@classmethod decorator and can access only class-
level variables. On the other hand, an instance method
is bound to the instance of the class and can access
both instance and class-level variables.

4
 String handling functions:
Q.1 How do you concatenate two strings in Python?
Ans: You can concatenate two strings using the + operator.
For example:

str1 = "Hello"

str2 = "World"

result = str1 + str2 # Output: "HelloWorld"

Q.2 How do you find the length of a string in Python?

Ans: You can use the len() function to find the length of a
string. For example:

str1 = "Hello World"


length = len(str1) # Output: 11

Q.3 How do you convert a string to uppercase in Python?

Ans: You can use the upper() method to convert a string to
uppercase. For example:

str1 = "hello"

uppercase_str = str1.upper() # Output: "HELLO"

5
Q.4 How do you split a string into a list of substrings in
Python?
Ans: You can use the split() method to split a string into a list
of substrings based on a delimiter. For example:

str1 = "Hello,World"

substrings = str1.split(",")

# Output: ["Hello", "World"]

Q.5 How do you check if a string contains a specific

substring in Python?
Ans: You can use the in keyword to check if a substring is
present in a string. For example:

str1 = "Hello World"


is_present = "World" in str1 # Output: True

6
 Control statements, functions
in Python:
Q.1 What are control statements in Python?
Ans: Control statements are used to control the flow of
execution in a program. Common control statements in
Python include if-else, for loops, while loops, and break/
continue statements.

Q.2 How do you write an if-else statement in Python?

Ans: An if-else statement in Python is written using the
following syntax:

if condition:

# Code block executed if the condition is
True

else:

# Code block executed if the condition is
False

7
Q.3 How do you define a function in Python?
Ans: A function in Python is defined using the def keyword.
For example:

def greet():

print("Hello, world!")

Q.4 How do you pass arguments to a function in Python?

Ans: You can pass arguments to a function by including them
inside the parentheses when defining the function. For
example:

def greet(name):

print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Q.5 How do you return a value from a function in Python?

Ans: You can use the return keyword to return a value from a
function. For example:

def add(a, b):


return a + b

8
 Special data types in Python:
Q.1 What is a set in Python?
Ans: A set in Python is an unordered collection of unique
elements. It is defined using curly braces {} or the
set() constructor. For example:

my_set = {1, 2, 3} # Output: {1, 2, 3}

Q.2 What is a dictionary in Python?

Ans: A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-
value pairs. It is defined using curly braces {} or the
dict() constructor. For example:

my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 25}

# Output: {"name": "John", "age": 25}

Q.3 How do you access values in a dictionary in Python?

Ans: You can access values in a dictionary by using the
corresponding key. For example:

my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 25}


print(my_dict["name"]) # Output: "John"

9
Q.4 What is a tuple in Python?
Ans: A tuple in Python is an ordered and immutable collection
of elements. It is defined using parentheses () or the
tuple() constructor. For example:

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3) # Output: (1, 2, 3)

Q.5 How do you swap the values of two variables in

Python?
Ans: You can swap the values of two variables using a
temporary variable or simultaneous assignment. For
example:

a = 5

b = 10

a, b = b, a

print(a, b) # Output: 10, 5

10
 Lambda functions, list
comprehension:

Q.1 What is a lambda function in Python?

Ans: A lambda function is an anonymous function defined

using the lambda keyword. It is typically used for short,
one-line functions. For example:

square = lambda x: x**2


print(square(3)) # Output: 9

Q.2 What is list comprehension in Python?

Ans: List comprehension is a concise way to create lists in

Python based on existing lists or other iterables. It
combines the creation of a new list with a loop and
optional conditional statements. For example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]


squared_numbers = [x**2 for x in numbers]

print(squared_numbers) # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16,
25]

11
Q.3 How do you filter elements in a list using list
comprehension?
Ans: You can filter elements in a list using list comprehension
by adding a conditional statement. For example, to filter
even numbers:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]


even_numbers = [x for x in numbers if x % 2 ==
0]

print(even_numbers) # Output: [2, 4]

Q.4 Can you have multiple if conditions in list

comprehension?
Ans: Yes, you can have multiple if conditions in list
comprehension by chaining them using the and or or
operators. For example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]


filtered_numbers = [x for x in numbers if x % 2
== 0 and x > 2]

print(filtered_numbers) # Output: [4]

12
Q.5 How do you create a dictionary using list
comprehension in Python?
Ans: You can create a dictionary using list comprehension by
specifying key-value pairs within curly braces {}. For
example:

keys = ['a', 'b', 'c']


values = [1, 2, 3]

my_dict = {k: v for k, v in zip(keys, values)}

print(my_dict) # Output: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c':
3}

13
 Libraries used for data science:
Pandas, NumPy, Seaborn,
Matplotlib
Q.1 What is Pandas in Python and how is it used in data
science?
Ans: Pandas is a powerful library in Python used for data
manipulation and analysis. It provides data structures
such as DataFrames and Series, and functions for
reading, writing, and manipulating data. Pandas is
widely used for tasks like data cleaning, transformation,
and exploration in data science.

Q.2 What is NumPy in Python and how is it used in data

science?
Ans: NumPy is a fundamental library in Python used for
numerical computing. It provides efficient data
structures for handling multi-dimensional arrays and a
wide range of mathematical functions. NumPy is
extensively used in tasks like numerical operations, linear
algebra, and random number generation in data science.

14
Q.3 What is Seaborn in Python and how is it used in data
science?
Ans: Seaborn is a Python library built on top of Matplotlib
that provides a high-level interface for creating
informative and attractive statistical graphics. It
simplifies the process of creating visualizations such as
scatter plots, bar plots, box plots, and heatmaps.
Seaborn is commonly used for data visualization and
exploration in data science.

Q.4 What is Matplotlib in Python and how is it used in data

science?
Ans: Matplotlib is a widely-used plotting library in Python that
provides a flexible and comprehensive set of tools for
creating various types of plots and visualizations. It
allows you to create line plots, scatter plots, histograms,
bar plots, and more. Matplotlib is often used for data
visualization and presentation in data science.

15
Q.5 How do you create a scatter plot using Seaborn?
Ans: You can create a scatter plot using Seaborn's
scatterplot() function, specifying the x and y
variables from your dataset. For example:

import seaborn as sns


import pandas as pd



df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

sns.scatterplot(x='x_column', y='y_column',
data=df)

16
 Types of plots in Seaborn and
Matplotlib and their uses:
Q.1 What are some commonly used plots in Seaborn and
Matplotlib?
Ans: Some commonly used plots in Seaborn and Matplotlib
includeU
Y Line plot: shows the trend of a variable over timeT
Y Scatter plot: displays the relationship between two
variablesT
Y Bar plot: compares categories or groups using
rectangular barsT
Y Histogram: visualizes the distribution of a continuous
variableT
Y Box plot: represents the distribution of a variable and
displays outliersT
Y Heatmap: shows the correlation or relationship
between variables using colorsT
Y Violin plot: combines a box plot and a kernel density
plot to represent the distribution of a variable.

17
Q.2 How do you create a box plot using Matplotlib?
Ans: You can create a box plot using Matplotlib's boxplot()
function, providing the data and any additional
parameters. For example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


import pandas as pd



df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

plt.boxplot(df['column'])

Q.3 How do you create a histogram using Seaborn?

Ans: You can create a histogram using Seaborn's
distplot() function, specifying the variable and any
additional parameters. For example:

import seaborn as sns


import pandas as pd



df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

sns.distplot(df['column'])

18
Q.4 How do you create a bar plot using Matplotlib?
Ans: You can create a bar plot using Matplotlib's bar() or
barh() functions, providing the data and any additional
parameters. For example:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


import pandas as pd



df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

plt.bar(df['x_column'], df['y_column'])

Q.5 How do you create a heatmap using Seaborn?

Ans: You can create a heatmap using Seaborn's heatmap()
function, specifying the data, row and column variables,
and any additional parameters. For example:

import seaborn as sns


import pandas as pd



df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

sns.heatmap(data=df, x='x_column', y='y_column',
cmap='coolwarm')

19
 Library for machine learning:
Scikit-learn:
Q.1 What is Scikit-learn and how is it used in machine
learning?
Ans: Scikit-learn is a popular machine learning library in
Python that provides a wide range of algorithms and
tools for various tasks such as classification, regression,
clustering, dimensionality reduction, and model
evaluation. It is widely used for building machine
learning models and pipelines.

Q.2 How do you train a machine learning model using

Scikit-learn?
Ans: To train a machine learning model using Scikit-learn,
you typically follow these stepsx
‡ Preprocess and prepare your data{
‡ Choose a suitable algorithm{
‡ Split your data into training and testing sets{
‡ Fit the model to the training data using the fit()
method{
‡ Evaluate the model's performance using metrics and
test data.

20
Q.3 How do you use cross-validation in Scikit-learn?

Ans: Scikit-learn provides the cross_val_score() function

to perform cross-validation. You can specify the desired
number of folds and the scoring metric to evaluate the
model's performance. For example:

from sklearn.model_selection import

cross_val_score

from sklearn.linear_model import
LinearRegression



model = LinearRegression()

scores = cross_val_score(model, X, y, cv=5,
scoring='r2')

Q.4 How do you make predictions using a trained model in

Scikit-learn?

Ans: Once you have trained a model in Scikit-learn, you can

make predictions on new data using the predict()
method. For example:

model = LinearRegression()

model.fit(X_train, y_train)

predictions = model.predict(X_test)

21
Q.5 How do you save and load a trained model in Scikit-
learn?
Ans: You can save a trained Scikit-learn model to disk using
the joblib module's dump() function. To load a saved
model, you can use the load() function. For example:

from sklearn.externals import joblib



# Save the model


joblib.dump(model, 'model.pkl')



# Load the model


loaded_model = joblib.load('model.pkl')

22
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