SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
m
 log103x  
 5 2 
x  2 log 3
Find the value of x for which the sixth term of  2  is equal to 21 and

 
binomial coefficients of second, third and fourth terms are the first, third and fifth terms of an
arithmetic progression.
Solution:
The sixth term of the given binomial expansion is
m 5
 log 10  3 x   5
m
C5 

2 



. 5 2 
x  2 log 3
. . . (i)

The other given condition is, mC1 + mC3 = 2. mC2

 m  0 so m2 – 9m + 14 = 0  (m – 7)(m – 2) = 0
 m = 2 is not possible
Putting m = 7 is equation (i), we get x = 0, 2.

Example 2 :
Find the coefficient of x50 in the expression
(1 + x)1000 + 2x(1 + x)999 + 3x2 (1 + x)998 + . . . + 1001. x1000.
Solution:
Let S = (1 + x)1000 + 2x (1 + x)999 + 3x2(1 + x)998 + . . . 1000. x999 (1 + x)+ 1001. x1000 . . . (i)
x
Above series is a arithmetic-geometric-geometric series with common ratio of G.P. equal to
1  x 
x
So multiplying both sides by , we get
1  x 
kS 999 2 998 1001.x1001
 x 1  x   2x 1  x   . . .  . . . (ii)
1  x  1  x 
from (i) – (ii), we get
1001
 x  1000 999 2 998 1000 1001.x
 1  1  x  S  1  x   x 1  x   x 1  x   . . .  x 
  1  x 
  x 1001 
1     1001
S 1000   1 x    1001. x
  1  x 
1  x    x   1  x 
 1   
  1  x  

S 1000
 x1001  x1001
  1  x  1   . 1  x   1001.
1  x   1  x 1001  1  x 
  S = (1 + x)1002 – x1001 (1 + x) – 1001. x1001
 coefficient of x50 in above expression = 1002C50.

Example 3 :
p, q and r are the coefficients of three consecutive terms of (1 + x)n .

2pr  q  q  r   p q  r  
Prove that the index n is 2 and the term having coefficient p is  2  th term.
q  pr  q  pr 
Solution :
General term = nCk. xk
Let, p, q and r be the coefficients of kth, (k + 1)th, (k + 2)th terms respectively.
n!
 p = nCk – 1 =  n  k  1 ! k  1 ! . . . (i)

n!
q = nCk = . . . (ii)
 n  k !.k!
n!
r = nCk + 1 =  n  k 1 !.k 1 . . . (iii)

from (i) and (ii) :

p

k
 k
 n  1 p
. . . (iv)
q n  k 1 pq
from (ii) and (iii)

q k 1
 k
 nq  r 
. . . (v)
r nk qr
from (iv) and (v)
 n  1 p  nq  r  2pr  q  p  r 
  n
pq qr q 2  pr
 n  1 p
term having coefficient p = th term
pq

 2pr  q p r 
 2
1 p
 q pr  thterm  p q  r
= th term
p q q2 pr
Example 4 :

2n 1  x 
2n  2  n n n
C1 2n 2 Cn
Show that
 n  1  2  x 2 
 n C0 .x 2n 
2
.x  
. 2  x2 . . . 
 n  1 
. 2  x2 .
Solution:
We have (1 + y)n = nC0 + nC1y + . . . + nCnyn integrating both sides w.r.t. y, we get

1  y n 1  n C n
C1 2 n
Cn n 1
 0y  y . . . y C . . . (i)
n 1 2  n  1
 1 
Putting y = 0 in equation (i), we get  C =  
 n 1 
2  x2
Putting y = in equation (i), we get
x2

n 1
 2  x2 
 1   2 n 1
 x2  1  2  x2  n C1  2  x 2  n
Cn  2  x 2 
  n C0       . . .   
n 1 n 1  x2 2  x 2  n  1  x 2
   

2 n 1
2n 1 1  2  x2  n C  2  x 2  n
Cn  2  x 2 
   n C0  2   1 .  2   . . .   
 n  1 x 2n  2 n 1  x  2  x   n  1  x 2 
 

2 n 1
2n 1  x 2n 2  2  x 2  n C1  2  x 2 
n
n
Cn  2  x 2 
  C 0 2       . . .   
 n  1 x 2n  2  x  2  x 2   n  1  x 2 
 x 2n  2 
Multiplying both sides by  2 , we get
 2x 
2n 1  x 2n  2 n
C0 2n n C1  2n  2 
n
Cn n

 n  1  2  x 2 

1
x 
2
2
2  x .x   ... 
 n  1
2  x2  
Example 5 :
n
Prove that  n Cm . sin (mx).cos (n – m) x = 2 n –1
sin (nx).
m 0
Solution :
n
 n Cm . sin (mx). cos (n – m) x
m 0
= nC0 sin (ox) cos nx + nC1 sin x. cos (n – 1)x + nC2. sin 2x cos (n – 2) x
+ nC3. sin 3x. cos (n – 3)x + . . . + nCn sin nx. cos (ox) . . . (i)
n
 2  n C m . sin (mx). cos (n – m)x = [nC sin (ox). cos nx + nC . sin (nx). cos ox]
0 n
m 0

+ [nC1 sin x. cos (n – 1)x + nCn – 1sin (n – 1)x. cos x] + . . .

. . . + [Cn. sin nx. cos (ox) + nC0. sin(ox). cos(nx)]
 Using nCr = nCn – r; 0  r  n, for above equation, we get
n
 2  n C m . sin(mx). cos (n – m)x = nC [sin (ox). cos (nx) + sin (nx). cos (ox)] ]
0
m 0
+ nC1 [sin x. cos(n – 1)x + sin (n – 1)x. cos x] + . . .
. . . + nCn [sin (nx). cos (ox) + sin (ox). cos (nx)]
using formula sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, the R.H.S. becomes

 n

C0  n C1  n C 2  . . .  n C n sin nx = 2n sin nx
n
  n Cm . sin (mx). cos (n – m) x = 2 n– 1
. sin nx
m 0

Example 6 :
200 200
r
If g(x) =   r x and, f(x) =  r x r , r = 1 for r  100 and g(x) = f(1 + x), show that the
r0 r 0
greatest coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)201 is 100 .
Solution :
Greatest coefficient in (1 + x)201
= coefficient of middle term
= coefficient of 101st term or coefficient of 102th term
= 201 C100 or 201C101 = 201C100 . . . (i)
Given g(x) = f(1 + x)
200 200
r
   r x r   r 1  x 
r0 r 0

  0  1x   2 x 2  . . .   200 x 200

2 100 200
= 0  1 1  x   2 1  x   . . .  100 1  x   . . .  200 1  x 

  0  1x   2 x 2  . . .   200 x 200

2 100 101 200
= 0  1 1  x   2 1  x   . . .  1  x   1  x  . . .  1  x 

( 100  101  . . .  200  1,   r  1 r  100 )

Equationg coefficient of x100, we get

100 100 C100 101 C100 102 C100  . . .  200 C100

101
= C101 101 C100 102 C100  . . .  200 C100
102
= C101 102 C100  . . .  200 C100
 ............
200
= C101  200 C100  201 C101 . . . (ii)
From (i) and (ii), the greatest coefficient in (1 + x)201 =  100

Example 7 :
n
r
If (1 + x) n
=  Cr x , then evaluate :
r 0
C0 n.C1 n.  n  1 .C 2 n  n  1 . . .2.1.C n
   ... 
m!  m  1 !  m  2 !  n  m !
Solution :
n
 1
Consider the expansion  1   . (1 + x)m + n
n
 x
 1 m n
 1   . 1  x 
 x
 C C C 
  C0  1  22  . .  nn  (m + nC + m + nC x + . . . + m + nC xm + m + nC + . . .+ m + nC xm + n)
 x x x  0 1 m m+1 m+n

Equating the coefficients of xm, we get

 C0m + nCm + C1m + nCm + 1 + . . . + C2. m + nCm + 2 + . . . + Cn. m + nCm + n

m
1  x n 1  x mn
= coefficent of x in
xn

C 0 .  m  n !  m  n !  m  n ! C .  m  n !
  C1  C2  . . . n
m !.n !  m  1 !  n  1 !  m  2 !  n  2 !  m  n !.1
= m  2n
Cm n
 m  2n !  C0 C1 C n   m  2n !
=  (m + n)!   . . . 
 m  n !.n!  m!.n! m  1!.n  1! m  n!  m  n !.n!

C0 n.C1 n  n  1 C 2 m  n  1 ...21.Cn
   . . . 
m!  m  1 !  m  2 !  m  n !
 m  n  1 m  n  2  . . .  m  2n 
=
m  n!
Example 8 :
n
If x + y = 1, then prove that  k2 nCk.xk.ynk = nxy + n 2
x2.
k0
Solution :
n
We know that (t + x) = n
 n Ck . x k .t n k
k 0
Differentiating above equation with respect to x, we get
n
 n. (t + x) n–1
=  k nCk.xk1.tnk . . . (i)
k 0

now multiplying equation (i) with x and then differentiating w.r.t. x,

n
 n[x (n – 1)(t + x) n– 2
+ (t + x) n– 1
.1] =  k. n Ck .k.x k1.t nk
k 0

n
 nx [x(n – 1)(t + x) n– 2
+ (t + x) n–1
]=  k 2.n Ck .x k .t n k
k 0

Now, replacing t by y, we get

n
  k 2 . n Ck .x k .yn k = nx [x(n – 1)(y + x)n – 2 + (y + x)n – 1]
k 0

n
  k 2 . n Ck .x k .yn k = nx [x(n – 1) + 1] = nx [nx + 1 – x] (putting x + y = 1)
k 0

= nx [nx + y] = nxy + nx2y2

n
  k 2 . n Ck .x k .yn k = nxy + n2x2.
k 0

Example 9 :
1  x   C 1  2x   C . 1  3x   . . .
Find the value of C0 – C1
1  nx  2 1  nx 2 3 1  nx 
Solution :
1  x  1  2x  1  3x 
Consider C0 – C1 1  nx   C 2 2
 C3.
1  nx 
 ...
1  nx 
 C1 C2 C3  x  2C2 3C3 
C0    
 ...   C1    .. .
 1  nx  1  nx 2 1  nx 3  1  nx  1  nx 1  nx 2 
=      . . .(A)
I1 I2

 (1 – y)n = C0 – C1y + C2y2 – C3y3 + . . . + (– 1)n yn . . . (i)

differentiating w.r.t y we get, – (1 – y)n – 1 = – C1 + 2C2y – 3C3y2 + . . . (ii)
 n n
 1   nx 
Now I1 =  1     . . . (iii)
 1  nx   1  nx 

1 1
and I2 = – C1 + 2C2. – 3C3. +...
1  nx 1  nx 2
n 1 n 1
1   nx 
= (– n)  1   = – n  1  nx  . . . (iv)
 1  nx 
Putting I1 and I2 from equation (iii) and (iv) to equation (A), we get

1  x   C 1  x   C . 1  3x   . . . 1  nx
C0 – C1 + (– 1)n Cn
1  nx  2 1  nx 2 3 1  nx 3 1  nx n
n n 1 n n
 nx   x   nx   nx   nx 
=    .n.       0
 1  nx   1  nx   1  nx   1  nx   1  nx 

Example 10 :
 2n 
Show that  3  5

  n+1
 + 1 is divisible by 2 for every n  N, where [x] denotes the integral

part of x.

Solution :
2n

Let 3  5  = I + f, where I and f are the integral and the fractional pats of
2n
3  5  respectively..

2n

Let 3  5  = g, where g is a fraction.

2n 2n
we have, I + f + g = 3  5   
+ 3 5 
n n

= 14  6 5   14  6 5 
 n n

= 2n  7  3 5

  7  3 5  

 n 2 2 

n
= 2n. 2  C0 .7  C 2  7  . 3 5   . . . 

i.e. I + f + g = (2n +1
)k, k  N . . . (i)

i.e. f + g = (2n + 1)k – I = a positive integer . . . (ii)

Since 0 < f, g < 1, therefore we have

0<f+g<2 . . . (iii)

Thus, using results (ii) and (iii), we have

f+g=1 [Since the only integral value in (0, 2) is 1] . . . (iv)

Putting result (iv) in equation (i), we have

I + 1 = (2n + 1)k

 2n 



which proves that  3  5   + 1 is divisible by 2
n+ 1
 SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1:
Maximum value of 20Cr, is equal to
(A) 20 C 11 (B) 20 C 12
(C) 20 C 10 (D) none of these
Solution :

 n C n / 2 , n  even

20 20
We know that nCr |max i =  n C n 1 n  odd  Cr max i  C10
 ,
 2

Example 2 :
10
 x 3 
The coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of   2  is
 3 2x 
5 7
(A) (B)
4 4
9
(C) (D) none of these.
4
Solution : 10
 x 3 
The (r + 1)th term in the expansion of   2  is given by
 3 2x 
10  r
x   3r
 x r 5 r / 2
 3   3r / 2 5
10 
Tr + 1 = Cr  
   = 10
C . r 2r = 10C 3 x 
5 5r / 2 
3   2 x
5 r / 2
 3  2x 2  r r
2 r
.

For Tr + 1 to be independent of x, we must have 5 – (5r/2) = 0 or r = 2. Thus, the 3rd term is

independent of x and is equal to

10 335 10  9 32 5
C2    .
22 2 4 4
Example 3:
2n 2
The value of   1
r 0
r
.  2n
Cr  is equal to

(A) 4n C 2n (B) 2n C n
(C) (– 1)n. 2nCn (D) none of these
Solution :
2n 2 2n
  1 .  2n Cr 
r r
   1 . 2n C r . 2n Cr
r 0 r 0
 2n
r 2n
=   1 . C r .2n C 2n r = coefficient of x2n in (1 - x)2n. (1 + x)2n
r 0
= coefficient of x2n in (1 – x2)2n = (– 1)n. 2nCn.

Example 4 :
If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn, then
 a1   a 2   a 3   an 
 1   1   1   . . . 1   is equal to
 a 0   a1   a 2   a n 1 

(A)
nn
(B)
 n  1n
n! n!

n n 1
(C) n  1 ! (D) none of these.
 
Solution :
Clearly ar = nCr
n
ar

Cr

 n  r  1 ar

n 1
 a n  1 + a r 1 r
r 1 C r1 r

n n
 a r  n  n  1  n  1
   a    r  n!
1 
r 1  r 1  r 1

Example 5 :
n

If 5  2 6  = I + f ; I  N; and 0  f < 1, then I equals

1 1
(A) f (B) f
f 1 f
1 1
(C) f (D) f
1 f 1 f
Solution :
n

Let f   5  2 6 
n n
So, I + f + f  = 5  2 6    5  2 6  = an integer
 f + f = 1 . . . (i)
n n
Now, (I + f)  f  = 5  2 6    5  2 6  =1

1 1
 I =  f  f
f 1 f
Example 6:
C0 C2 C4
The value of    . . . is
1 3 5
2n 2n  1
(A) (B)
n 1 n 1
2 n 1
(C) (D) none of these.
n 1
Solution :
We have
n
1  x n   Cr x r . . . (i)
r 0
n
1  x n    1r Cr x r . . . (ii)
r 0
Adding equations (i) and (ii) we have,

1  x n  1  x n  C0  C2x 2  C4 x 4  . . .
Integrating both sides with respect to x from 0 to 1, we get

2n 1 C0 C 2 C4
   . . .
n 1 1 3 5
Example 7:
The coefficient of x83 in (1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4)n (x – 1)n + 3, is equal to
(A) nC7 (–1)n (B)  n C16
(C) nC 13 (D) nC 9
Solution :
We have
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4)n (x – 1)n + 3
n
 1  x5  n
=   1  x 
n 3
 1  x5   1  x 3
 1 x 
n n n
r r r
3
= (– x + 3x – 3x + 1) 2
 n
Cr  1 x 5r = –  n C r  1 x 5r 3  3 n Cr  1 x 5r 2
r 0 r 0 r 0

n n
r r
– 3
n
C r  1 x 5r 1  3 n C r  1 x 5r
r 0 r 0
For term containing x83, we have 5r + 3 = 83  r = 16
whereas 5r + 2 = 83, 5r + 1 = 83 and 5r = 83 give no integral value of r.
Hence, their is only one term containing x83 whose coefficient =  n C16 .
Example 8:
The number formed by last two digits of the number (17)256 is
(A) 81 (B) 80
(C) 91 (D) 93.
Solution :
128
(17)256 = (289) 128 = (300 – 11)128 = 128 C0  11  100 m , for some integer m
128
= 11128 + 100 m = 10  1  100 m
= 128C0 1128 + 128C1 10 + 100 m1 + 100 m for some integer m1
= 1 + 1280 + 100 k, m + m1 = k = 1281 + 100k
Hence the required number is 81.
Example 9:
. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 + x + x2 + x3)11, is
(A) 440 (B) 770
(C) 990 (D) 1001
Solution :
We have Coefficient of x4 in (1 + x + x2 + x3)11
= coefficient of x4 in (1 + x2)11 (1 + x)11 = coefficient of x4 in (1 + x)11 + coefficient of x2 in 11.
(1 + x)11 + constant term is
11
C2. (1 + x)11 = 11C4 + 11. 11C2 + 11C2 = 990.