THE

'+/+.:

AIN I AKBARI --

A B U L F A Z L 'ALLAMI,
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL PERSIAN,

BY

H. BLOCHMANN, M. A.
CALCUTTA XADBbBbB.

PRINTED FOR THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

VOL. I.

CALCUTTA :
~ J R ~ ~ TBY F. P.~ O U S E , AT THE PAPTISTHISS ION PRESS,
B D

1873.
 PREFACE.

The A& I Ama~r'is the third volume of the AKBAR-

NA'MBH, by Shaikh Abulfazl, and is by far the greatest work in
the whole series of Muhammadan histories of India. The &st
volume of this gigantic work contains the history of Timur's
family as far as it is of interest for the Indian reader, and the
reigns of BBbar, the Sfir kings, and Humhydn, whilst the
second volume is devoted to the detailed history of nearly
forty-six years of the reign of the Great Emperor. ' The con-
cluding volume, the A'in i Akbari, contains that information
regarding Akbar's reign which, though not strictly historical,
is yet essential to a correct understanding of the times, and
embodies, therefore, those facts for which, in modern times,
we would turn to Administration Reports, Statistical com-
pilations, or Gazetteers. It contains the cifn (i. e., mode of
governing) of Akbar, and is, in fact, the Administration
Report and Statistical Return of his government, aa it was
about 1590 A. D. The contents, therefore, of the A'fn are
naturally varied and detailed. The first of its five books treats
of Akbar's household and court, and of tho emperor himself,
tho soul of every department, who looks upon the per-
formance of his duties as an act of divine worship, and
who enters into the details of government, in order to create
a harmonious whole. Vouchsafed as king with a peculiar light
h m on high, his person is prominently put forward as the
guide of the people in all matters temporal and spiritual ; in
 whose character and temper the governed find that rest and
peace which no constitution can give, and in whom, as the
author of a new and advanced creed, the dust of intoleration
is for ever allayed.
The second book treats of the servants of the throne,
the military and civil services, and the attendants at court
whose literary genius or musical skill receives a lustre from
the encouragement of the emperor, and who in their turn
reflect a brilliant light on the government.
The third book is entirely devoted to regulations for the
judicial and executive departments, the establishment of a
new and more practical era, the survey of the land, the tri-
bal divisions, and the rent-roll of the great Finance minlster
whose name has become proverbial in India.
The fourth book treats of the social condition and liter-
ary activity, especially in philosophy and law, of the Hindus,
who form the bulk of the population, and in whose political
advancement the emperor saw the guarantee of the stability
of his realm. There are also a few chapters on the foreign
invaders of India, on distinguished travellers, and on Muham-
madan saints and the sects to which they respectively
belong.
The fXh book contains the moral sentences and epigram-
matical sayings, observations, and rules of wisdom of the em-
peror, which Abulfazl has gathered as the disciple gathers the
sayings of the master.
I n the A'in, therefore, we have a picture of Akbar's go-
vernment in its several departments, and of its relations to
the different ranks and mixed races of his subjects. Whilst
in most Muhammadan histories we hear of the endless tur-
' moil of war and dynastical changes, and are only re-
minded of the existence of a people when authors make a
passing allusion to famines and similar calamities, we have
in the A'in the governed classes brought to the foreground :
men live and move before us, and the great questiom of the
time, axioms then believed in and principles then followed,
phantoms then chased after, ideas then prevailing, and suc-
cesses then obtained, are placed before our eyes in truthful,
and therefore vivid, colours.
It is for this reason that the A'in stands so unique among
the Muhammadan histories of India, and we need not wonder
that long before curious eyes turned to other native sour-
ces of history and systematically examined their contents,
the A'in was laid under contribution. Le PBre Tieffentaller,
in 1776, published in bis 'Description GBographique de
1'Indostan9 long extracts fiom the rent-roll given in the
Third Book ; Chief Sarishtahdkr Grant used it largely
for his Report on Indian Finances ; and as early m 1783,
Francis Gladwin, a thorough Oriental scholar, dedicated to
Warren Hastings his " Ayeen Akberi," of which in 1800 he
issued a printed edition in London. In his translation, Glad-
win has given the greater part of the First Book, more than
one-half of the Second and Third Books, and about one-fourth
of the Fourth Book; and although in modern timesinaccuracies
have been discovered in the portions translated by him-
chiefly due, no doubt, to the fact that he translated fiom
MSS., in every way a difEcult undertaking-his translation
has always occupied a deservedly high place, and it may con-
fidently be asserted that no similar work has for the last
seventy years been so extensively quoted as his. The mag-
nitude of the task of translating the A'in from uncollated
MSS. will especially become apparent, when we remember
that, even in the opinion of native writers, its style is " not
intelligible to the generality of readers without great d i i -
culty."
But it is not merely the varied information of the A'fn
that renders the book so valuable, but also the trustworthi-
ness of the author himself. Abulfazl's high official position
gave him access to any document he wished to consult, and
hie long career and training in various departments of the
 State, and his marvellous powers of expression, fitted him
eminently for tlie conlposition of a work like the A k b ~
namali and the A'in. His love of truth and his correctness of
infornlation are apparent on every page of the book, which ho
wished to leave to future ages as a niemorial of the Great
Emperor and as a guide for enquiring minds ; and llis wishes
for the stnhility of tlic tlironc and the welfare of tlie people,
his principles of toleration, his noble sentiments on the rights
of man, thc total absence of personal grievances and of espres-
sions of ill-will ton?ards encompassing enemics, shew that the
expanse of his largc l~cart strctchcd to the clear ofling of
sterling wisdom. Abulfiazl has far too often been nccuscd
by European writers of flattery and even of ~vilfulconceal-
ment of facts damaging to the reputation of his a t c A
study, though perhaps not a hasty perusal, of the Akbar-
nhmah mill shew tliat the charge is absolutely unfoundecl;
and if we conlpare his works with other historical produc-
tions of the East, we shall find that while he praises, he does
so infinitely less and with nluch more grace and dignity tlian
any other Indian historian or poet. No native writer has
ever accused him of flattery ; and if we bear in mind that all
Eastern works on Ethics recommend unconditional assent to
the opinion of the king, .rvliether correct or absurd, as the duty
of man, and that the wllole poetry of the East is a rank mass
of flattery, at the side of which modern encomiums look
like withered leaves,-we may pardon Abulfazl when he
praises because he finds a true hero.
The issue of the several fasciculi of tliis translation has
extended over a longer time than I at first expected. The
simultaneous publication of my edition of the Persian Text,
from which the translation is made, the geographical diffi-
culties of the Third Book, the unsatisfactory state of the RISS.,
the notes added to the translation from various Muhammadan
historians and works on the history of literature, have rcn-
dered the progress of tlie work unavoidably slow.
 I am deeply indebted to t h e C o u n c i 1 and t h e P h i-
l o l o g i c a l C o m m i t t e e of the A s i a t i c S o c i e t y o f
B e n g a 1 for placing at my disposal a full critical apparatus
of the A'in and entrusting me with the edition of the text, for
which the Indian Government had most liberally aanctioned
the sum of five thousand Rupees. My grateful acknowledg-
ments are also due to Dr. T h o m a s 0 1 d h a m, Superin-
tendent of the Geological Survey of India and late President
of t h e Asiatic Society, for valuable advice and ever ready
assistance in the execution of the work; and to Col. H.
Y n 1 e, C. B., and to H. R o b e r t s E s q., of the Doveton
College, for useful hints and corrections.
I have thought it advisable to issue the f i s t volume
with a few additional notes, and two indexes, one of persons
and things, and the other of geographical names, without
waiting for the completion of the whole work. I have thus
,had an opportunity of correcting some of the errors and
inconsbtencies in the spelling of names, and supplying other ,
deficiencies. That defects will still be found, notwithstand-
ing my endeavours to remove them, none of my readers and
critics can be more sensible than I myself am.
H. BLOCHMANN.
Calcorttta Madrasah,
23rd Sephber, 1873.
 C O N T E N T S.

BOOK FIRST .
Kin ......................................................

. 4.-Tm 1mEEIA.LM m . ................................................

. 6.-TEE W O B ~ ~ OF
6.-Bmm,
N MIXT........................................
~ ETHE
.............................................................
,, 7.-THE MEFEOD OF m m a GOLD. ....................................
me metbd of re$ninq eilver. .................................
The process of Xukrah. ..........................................
Theprocess of Bugrdiwcal........................................
. 8.-TIE =HOD OF BEPAEATING TEE BILPEE PBOM THE GOLD. ...
. 9.-b
lo.-TKlC
MXl'HOD OF EXTEACTINQ THE SILVER FROM THEBE ASHES. ..
COINS OF THIS GLORIOUS EMPIEE,..............................
QoM coins..........................................................
Silver coins. ......................................................
Copper coins. ......................................................
11.-TEE DIEH4M AND THE DINAR,.......................................
. 24.-RECIPES POB DISHES. ..................................................

. ~ ? . . ~ T A T I B T IOF
C BTHE PILICE8 OF CEBThlH ABTICLES. ...............
The spring h e a t . .............................................
The autumnal harueut. ..........................................
Pegetableu. .........................................................
Living anhala and meats. ....................................
..................................
.............................................
........................................
Thfaifncitu. ....................................
The meet fmits of Hindhtdn. ......................
Driedfruib.
Pegetableu.
....................................
......................................
Sowr fruils. ......................................
Sowr f m i b uomewhd acid. ........................

A li8t of Perfrcmea ~lrdtheirprieeu...................

A liet of$m m l l i n g 1Plowm. ....................
A liet of 3lozoeru mtable for their bea&y.............
................
.
On the prqaration of uome Perfbnes.
81.-TEE WARDROBE
A.ND T E E &oms FOB ........
MAITBESSEB.

&ld&uf8. ......................................
Bilkr. gc.,~lai4~,..................................
Cotton clot .....................................
...................................
UGoollen stflu.

l'he A& of Painting. ..............................

 Page
109
112
118
116
ib.
116
117
124
a.
125

?aS.-k-8 ..........................
O P E L E P ~ B , ib.
%.-THE ELEPHANT8 FOB ............. .
HIE .&JEBTY'B USE, 130
4?.-!hE OF BIDMO X E M A E ELEPHANTB, ..............
MARXEE 131
48.-ChFwEe, .......................................... ib.
49.-THE I ~ E B U L
HOBSE .........................
BTABLEB,. 132
60.-Tm RAKXOF TEE HOBSEE, .......................- .... 134
61.-TEE FODDEB ALLOWED IX TEE IKPXJLI.A&BTABLE8, .... ..... ib.
~~~
.BHAENEEB&
, c,. .................................... 136
53.-!&~ omcm AND EEEVAXTB ATT~CEUCDTO THE 1-

......... ..............................
BTABLES,..........................................
64.-THE BABQU,

65.-REOULATIOBB .... ........... .

FOE BRUTDING ~ 0 8 8 ~ 8 ,

66.-REGULATIOBS FOB KEEPING UP TEX PUT& COMPLEHEXTT OF

140
ib.
141
14!2
ib.
143
lea
145
&in G ~ . - ~ ~ c i r ~ a ~ r FOB
r o s s0ILIh.O CAMELS.AKD ISJECTING OIL INTO

...................................
.
TUEIR XOSTBILS.

65.-TKE ~ ~ Y OF THE CAMELS

K S hhl) T U E I R BEETANTS. ..........

Rnibriri. ....................................
. OR COWSTABLES.
GG.-TIIE GAOKLISNAII ......................
. ~ ~ . - T L [DAILT
E ALLOWLYCE O F FOOD. ........................

. GY.-T~E SERTANTS EMPLOYED M TIIE COW STABLES. ...........

. G9.-TIE NULE ..................................
STULIa.8.
.
.
r
/O.--TNE BICI.ES. ..............
DAILY ALLOWAXCE O F FOOD FOB

~ ~ . - T I I Fc-RNIT~~RE
E ...........................
&IuI.Es,. OF

. 72.-Trm MASKER N WIIICII HISR~AJESTY SPESDS 111sTIME. ....

.. 73.-REOULATIO~.S

7 4 . d aunors
FOR ADJIISSION TO COCRT.

Iiom~sn~
..................
..
~ lTASLI'X.

. .J
n E a m m m THE v TRE

75 ......................................
.
N ETIQCETTE.
~ G . - T ~ E&1,1r STER OF ................................
. 77.-H1s MAJESTY
AS TEE ......
SPIRITUAL GUIDE OF TIIE PEOPLE.

Ordinances of the Divine Pl~ith.....................

NOTESnY T l I E TRAYSLITOR OX TILE RELIOIOGS TIEWS O F TIIE
EMPEIIOSAman. .................................
. ~~.-TIIE. ............................
. 79.-THE
NUSTER OF EI.EI~IIANTS.

..............................
...
MUSTER OF I I O ~ S E S .

80.-TEE ...............................
OF CAMELS.
~ S T E R

..............................
.. ~~.-TILENUSTEROFCITTLE.

~~.--TIIE ................................
UUSTER O F MULES.

83.-THE PAOOSIIT ............................

. ON
REG~LATION.
ANI?diU FIOIITS . REOULATIONB ..........
FOR BETTING.

Beer fights. ......................................

. ......................................
..
85.-ON BULLDINQS.

86.-TEE mmm. kc.. ..................

PRICES OF BUILDING

87..-~NTIIEWAOEL~OFL~BOUBEBB. .........................
.. 88..-O~ ESTIMATE8 O F HOUSE BUILDmQ. ......................
cmm. ..........
. ~~.-RULES FOB E S T ~ T I N Q THE
90.-THE ~ Q I I OF
T DIFFE~ENT
mss m WOOD

OF WOOD..............
 ..................
f i l l exhibited by hunting h p w d s .
..................................
T b Syhhgmh.
Dog8. ..........................................
H ~ i n Deerg with Deer. ..........................
Bufab Hunts. ..................................
On Hunting with H a w h . ..........................
Atlolame o fwd.
Prices ofdarsh
................................
................................
Waterjlml. ......................................
.........................................
E3.098..

'Ishqbdzi (p@em&iltg). ..........................

The Colollr.9 of k h 6 ~ a APigeons. ....................
The game of Chupar, ............................
of C M l MandaZ. ......................
.........................................
. 30.-THE G ~ E EOFBTHE EMPIBE(m'th biographical notices by
ths T~mhtol.).. ...................................
Note
Note
......................
on t b t i t b of !l?wkhdn.
on ths title of Apf Ehdn.....................
Note ..........
on the battle of diughuhuid i n O@d.
........
Note on the &Fyyide of B d r L (Sbdht i Bhrha).
......................
Note
Note 4
on the Nuqtawi ah Sect.
................
a the ~ e a t h ~ h n 6 nLoh6ni.

.
f i n 30 (CO~WIXUED) TEE LEdBNED MM OF T E TIME. ............
THE I ~ E E IMA
u sL
~cwa. ................
 LIST OF PLATES
THE

FIRST VOLUME

OF THE

PLATES
I m 111. THE WORKMEN OF THE MINT,
pp. 20 to 27.
1, 2. Preparation of acids.-3. Washing of ashes.--$, 9, 10, 12, melting and
relining.-5. Weighing.--6, 8. Making of platee.
7. Work of the zarrdb, p. 21.-11. Engraving.-12. The S i k k a d i , p. 22.
IV. TEEIMTEBI~L
PLATE CAMP, (p. 47).
a, b, c, d , f , g, roads and bLzLrs. " The principal bbLr is laid out into
" the form of a wide street, running through the whole extent of the army,
"now on the right, now on the left, of the DiwLn i kbaq." Bernier.
1. The Imperial Harem (ehabwtdn i iqbcfl). At the right hand side is the
M a h y d n a h dianzil ; vide p. 64, 3.
2. Open space with a canopy (ehcimydnah).
3. Private Audience Hall ( d u u k t k h d ~ ih khdq), p. 46.
4. The great camp light ( & & d i d ) , pp. 47, 60.
" The aquacydie resembles a lofty mast of a ship, but is very slender,

*' and takes down in three pieces. I t is fixed towards the king's qaarters,
I' near the tent called Nagar-kaw, and during the night a lighted lantern

I' is suspended from the top. This light is very useful, for it may be sesn
"when every object is enveloped in impenetrable darkness. To this spot
I'persona who lose their way resort, either to pase the night secure from all

dmnger of robbers, or to resume their search after their own lodgings.

The name ' Aquacy-die' may be translated ' Light of Heaven,' the lantern
" when at a distance appearing like a star." Bernier.
6. The Nqqd~.aA-khdmah,pp. 47, 50.
AB, or distance from the Harem to the Camp Light, = 1630 yarda;
AC = 360 yards ; p. 47.
6. The house where the saddles were kept (uridhdnah).
7. The Imperial stables (idabal).
8. Tenb of the soperintendente and overseers of the etablee..
9. Tenta of the clerk of the elephant stables.
lo. The Imperial Oflice (d@ar).
 11. Tent for pllkis and carti.
12. Artillery tent (topkhdnah).
13. Tent where the hunting leopards were kept (chitah-khdnah).
14. The T e n b of Maryam Maklni (Akbar's mother), Gulbadan Begum (Hu-
rn&y6n1s sister, p. 616), and Prince Dirny61.l;p. 40.
16. The tents of Sultin Salim (Jahbngir), to the right of the Imperial Harem.
16. The tents of Sulgn Murbd, to the left of the Imperial Harem ; p. 48.
17. Store rooms and workshops (bu,ydtdt).
18. Tent for keeping basins (ctfldbchGkhdnah).
19. Tent for the perfumes (khwhbri-khdnah).
20. Tent for storing mattress (lorhak-khdnah).
21. Tent for the tailors, &c.
22. Wardrobe (kurkyardq-khdnah), pp. 87, 616.
23. Tent for the lamps, candles, oil, kc. (chirdgh-khdnah).
24. Tents for keeping fresh Ganges water (dbddr-khdnah), p. 65.
25. Tent for making sharbat and other drinks.
26. Tent for storing p d n leaves.
27. Tent for storing h i t (mewai-khdnah).
28. Tent for the Imperial plate ( & a - k i d m i ) ,
29. The Imperial kitchen (matbakh).
30. The Imperial bakery (ndnbd-khdnah).
31. Storeroom for spices (Aaq'-khdnah).
32. The Imperial guard.
33. The Arsenal (qur-khdnah).
34. Women's apartmenb.
36 to 41. Guard housea.
Round about the whole the nobles and Manqabdlrs with their contin-
gents pitched their tents.
" The king's private tents are surrounded by small kanats (qandts, stand-

" ing screens), of the height of a man, some lined with Nasulipahm chintz,
"worked over with flowers of a hundred d f i r e n t s kinds, and others with
" figured satin, decorated with deep silken fringes." Bernier. Bernier's
description of the Imperial camp (second letter, dated L h o r , 25th Febm-
ary, 1666) agrees in minute details with the above.

PLATEV. CAXDLESTICKS,
p. 49.
1. Double candlestick (dlishdkhah).-2. Fancy candlestick with pigeons.-
3. Single candlestick (yakshdkhah).
4. The Akdsdiah, or Camp-light ; vide PI. IV, No. 4.
PLATEVI. THE EMPEEOB
AKBABW O B B H m.
~
I n front of Akbar twelves candles are placed, and the singer of sweet melo-
dies sings to the praise of God, as mentioned on p. 49, 1. 10 ff.
The faces of the emperor and the singer are left blank, in accordance with
the Muhammadan dislike to paint likenesses of anything on, below, or above
the earth. The emperor s i b in the position called dahfnti.
 V I I , THRONES.
PLATE
1,2. Different kinds of thrones (aurang) with pillowa (masnad) to lean
ngainst, the royal umbrella (chalr), and the foohtool (panduli).

V I I I . THE NAQQA'EAH
PLATE KILA'NAH, pp. 50,51.
1. Cymbals (aanj).-2. The large drum (kuwargah or damdmah).-3, 4, 5.
The g a r a n d . - 4 . The Surnd.-7. The Hindi Surnd.-8. The Na$r.-9. The
Simgh, or horn.-10. The N a q q d r a h .

IX. THE Easrctrvs OF ROYALTY,

PLATE p. 50.
1. The Jhandh, or Indian flag. " The Royal standard of the great Mogul is
a Couchant Lwn shadowing part of the body of a sun." Terry.
2. The Kaukabah.
3. Sdibdn or Alfldbgt'r.
4. The Tumantoq (from the Turkish top, or togh, a flag, and tuman or tumdn,
a division of ten thoneand).
6. The Chat*, or (red) royal umbrella.
6. A standard, or 'alum.
7. The Chatrtoq. 88 Abnlfazl says that this standard ia smaller than the
preceding, it is possible that the word should be pronounced chuturtoq,
from the Turkish chutw, or chdtlir, short. The flag is adorned with
bunches of hair (put&) taken from the taila and the sidea of the Tibetan
Yak.

X & XI. THEIMPERIAL

PLATES TENTB.
P&te X. The three tenta on the top, commencing with the left, are
(1) the Shdmydnah; (2) A y a k d a d Khargdh, or tent of one door; (3) the
Bidad, or tent of two doors ; p. 54 8. Rolled up over the door is the chigh ;
p. 226, Xin 88.
Below these three tenta, is the Sardpardah and Guldlbdy, p. 54. At the
foot of the plate is the Namgfrah (pr. dew-cabher), with carpet and pillow
1-(; p. 4.
P&te XI. On the top, the bdrgdh, p. 63. Below it, on the left, M the
~ h y d dlanzil, ~ h or twc+storied house ; via% P1.IT, No. 1. At the window
~f the upper story, the emperor shewed himself; vide Index, darsan and
jharokah. To the right of this two-storied tent, ia the C h b i n Bdwati (as the
word ought to be spelt, from chobin, wooden, and rdwati, a q u a r e tent), pp. 46.63.
Below it, the oommon conical tent, tied to pegs atuck in the ground ; hence it is
called zamindoz, with one tent pole (yakdymghah, from the Turkiah aurugh, or
.u*ligh, a tent pole).
Below is a Zamindo~;with two poles (driacrughuh). A t the bottom of the
p b , to the l& is the Mamjal, p, 6 4 6 ; and to the right, the 'Ajdibi, 64,6.
PLATE
YII. WEAPOXS
; pp. 110 to 112.
The numbers in brackets refer to the numbers on pp. 110 to 112.
1. The sword, shamsher (1).
2. The straight sword, k'hdndnh (2).
3,3a. The gupti ' a ~ d(3).
4. The broad dagger, jamdhar (4).
5. The bent dagger, khanjar (6).
6. The jamk'hdk, or curved dagger (7).
7. Tlie bent knife, bdnk (8).
8. The jhanblcah, or hiltless dagger (9).
9. The kata'rah, a long and narrow dagger (10).
10. The narsinkmoih (nursing mot'h?), a short and narrow dagger (11).
11. The bow, kamdn (12).
13,13. The small bow and arrow, takluh kamdn and l i r (13).
1 k . Arrow.
14b. The paikdnkash, or arrow-drawer (19).
15. The quiver, larkash (16).
16. The lance, naizah (20).
17. The Hinddstini lance, harchhah (21).
18. The sdnk, or broad-headed lance (22).
19,20. The saint'hl(23) and selarah (24).
21. Tho shushbur, or club. This I believe to be the correct name (instead of
sharhpar, p. 111,No. 26), from shuah, lungs, and bur, teariug.
2'2. The axe, labar.
23. The club, gurz (25). On p. 111, No. 29, the word piydzi has been translated
by 'club,' and this seems to be the correct meaning; but the plates in
some NSS. call 'piyizi' a long knife with straight back, ending in a point.
24. The pointed axe, zdghaol, i. e. crow-bill (30).
25. The chakar (wheel) and basolah (31).
26. The double axe, tabar-zdghnol (32).
27. The tarangdlah (33).
28. The knife, kdrd (34).

PLATE
XIII. WEAPONS
(CONTIKCIED).

29. The gupli kdrd, or knife concealed in a stick (36).

30. The whip, pamchi kdrd (36).
31. The clasp knife, chdqd (37).
32. A bow, unstrung.
33. The bow for clay bullets, kamt'ha, or kamdn i gurohak (38).
34. The tube, or pen-shooter, tufak i dahdn (40).
35. The pushtkhdr (41).
36. A lance called girih-kushd, i. e. knot-unmveller (43).
37. The khdr i mdhi, d. e. bh-spine (44).
38. The sling, golhan (45).
39. The gajbdg'h, or dnkua, for guiding elephmta (46) ; vide p. 129, No. 27.
 40. The shield, sipar (471.
41s Another kind of shield, dhdl(48).
42. The plain cane shield, pahri, or phuri (60).
43. The helmet. dwbatghuh (62).
4-4. The g'hug'hwah, a mail coat for head and body, in one pieco (56).
46. The helmet, with protection for the neck, zirih-kuldh (64).
46. The mailed coat, zirih (67).
47. The mailed coat, with breast-plate, bagtar (68).
48. An armour for ohest and body, jorhan (691.
49. The breast and bwk-plates, chahh-dinah (60).

PLATE
XIV. WEAPONS
AND h a ~ o ~ (CONTINUED).
as
SO. The ooat with plates and helmet, kot'hi (61).
61. An armour of the kind called pddiqi (62).
62. A long coat worn over the armour, angirk'huh (63).
63. An iron maek, chihrah4rih i dhani (66).
64. A doublet worn over the armour, chihiEgad (67).
66. The long glove, durtwdnah (68).
66. The small one is the mowh i dhuni, or iron stocking (71) ; and the large one,
the rM (69).
67. The kajem, or kgam, a mailed wvering for the back of the home (72).
68,69. The arfuk i kajsm, the quilt over which the preceding is put (73).
60. The gmhyah, or head protection for the horse (74).
61. The kaqt'hah lobhd (07)
62. The rocket, bdn (77).
XV.
PLATE AKLIARS
' af~cmm
FOB CLE~KIIJQ 0m8 : Oide p. 115, lYin 38, of
the 1st Book.
PLATE
XVI. I I b B K E 8 8 WE HOBBEB. #in 52, p. 136.
XVII. GAMES; pp. 303,3041.
PLATE
The npper %re shews the board for CAaupay, p. 303, and the lower figure
is the board for the Chandal Mandal game. Both boards were made of all sizes ;
some were made of inlaid stones on the ground in an open wurt yard, ae in
Fathp6r Sikri, and slave girls were used instead of pieces. The players at
Chandal UanW sat on the ground, round the circumference, one player a t the
end of each of the sixteen radii.
 ERRATA:

31, last line, f o r Bahrah read Bahirah.

32,line 1,f o r Kalknwar read Kalbniu.
34, note 2, add vide p. 364.
56, line 12,f o r woolen read woollen.
,, line 24,f o r Sdnin read Sonin, vide 615.
57, line 2 from beloa,for Bharbij read k&r&ch.
63, line 5, f o r king read kind.
line 26,f o r heron read crane.
fi, line 16,f o r chalk read slaked lime.
84, last line, f o r Maruriij (?) read Marar6j.
86, line 1,f o r Indrakhl read Indnrkol.
104,note 3,f o r 111, p. 139 read 11, p. 278.
122. line 22 E.,vide p. 618.
167, line 24,for is read are.
174,l$e 4 from below, f o r Husain read Hasnn.
176, line 26,f o r Nabatie read N u lawis.
180, line 16,for Purukhotnm r e a 8 ~ u r u k b o t . m .
190, line 16,f o r the heretic of J a f r d h read the lieretical wizard.
226,line 23,f o r bricklayers read diggers.
226, liue 6,f o r p'ha read p'hari.
241, line 8 from below, fop. d m a h p a h reaa d u a q a h .
273, line 21,f o r tyranical d tyrannical.
274, line 3,f o r p. 38 read p. 33.
2@2, line 10 from below, f o r p. 225 read p. 262.
286,line 22, dele comma after Fath 6r.
309, line 14,for Sdllbbar read SbnbEBr.
,, line 16,dele Jodh Bbi, and vide Additional Notes, p. 618.
310,line 23,for D b of read D L .
line 33,for N i s C read unnis&
3y2, line 2,f o r Ma'bni read Ma161f.
313, line 13,for Hueain read Hussin, son o f S u l t h Huiain.Mind.
316, line 4, for Mukram read Mukarram.
,, line 26,f o r Barhbmpur read BurhlnpC.
318,lines 10 and 13,f o r 'Abdol Fath read Abulfath.
,, line 9 from below, f o r 981 read 975;vide Proceedings, A. 8.Bengal, July,
1873.
-.
319,line 9,for at J@r read as j@r.
332, line 11,f o r 'Abdul read Abul.
,, line 16,f o r 981 read 980.
.. line 23. for Ahmadnwar read Ahmadbbid.
329,line 14;yor 147 read 174.
330. line 12. add "General Cunnineham tells me that the correct name is Bidhi
(sansk. Vriddhi), not ~ i d i . " T i e Iudcr.
,, line 22,f o r Talhanah reud Talarnbah.
,, lines 2 and 7 from below, f o r iYk &hall read Xg XahaU.
331,note 1,f o r couein read uncle.
333,line 4,f o r BBb6 read Bdhb
335, line 1,for Dost read Daulat.
,, line 3,f o r Sarkij read Sarkich.
338, line 9 from below, f o r Mecrenas read Mmcenae.
340, line 19,for Siug Urn read Saugdm.
I 340, last line, d e b younger son or.
344, line 18, et passim, for Waijhr read Bajor.
345, line 17, for BBjgorah read Pajkorah (or Pnnjliornh).
361, line 13,for severally read several.
line 20,et passim, for Gulibi read Kolibi.
$7, line 7 from below, for 81 read 80.
368, note 2, deb and thelatter ...Editors.
367, line 17,for Chandr read Chand.
371, line 2 from below, for Uymaq KB1 rsad the Uymhqs of Miyinkdl
(vide p. 620).
379, line 20,for 330 read 333.
383, line 10, for 223 read 144.
386, line 22, for 362 read 361.
391, line 3 from below, for Jhnjh6 read ChajhiL
396, line 9 and 17, for Tang read Tiang.
,, line 17, for Tas-ha read Tis-ha.
,, line 18,for Sirdhbli, Killodah vead Sandhhli, Knilriodnl~.
line 27, for Bhasi read Bhninui.
4 b , line 26,for Bilkari read Bilahri.
407, line 14 et paasim, for Bnndelsh read Bundelah.
414, line 18, for aalamcit read suldmat.
,, note 2,et passim, for RnhtL read R o h t h .
,, ,, for Tamkin r e d Nnmakin.
419, line 16 from below, for son of read eon of nirjnh Sojl, son of.
,, note 2, add " Tod mentions a ' G n d h a r ' near Amber." T i . Geogr.
Index, K handbr.
426, line 11 from below, for glibah of Agrah, read near Dihli.
427, line 6 from below, for Manqald read the munqdd.
437, line 15 from below, for Jamb1 read Jalbl.
~ r read tugs.
440, line 11 from b e l o ~ , toqfil
441, line 11 from below,for 186 read 186.
448, note, line 1, for political read poetical.
466, note 1, add vide p. 621.
478, note, last line, for WQli read WU6.
4i6, line 6 from below, for 6th read 7th.
478, line 8, for 6th read 6th.
498, note 1,for B i d read BairI.
601, line 6 from below, for 396 read 392.
608, lint, 13 from below, for Waqli read H i j d ; vide p. 622.
614, line 17, for Kin$ read Kingri.
639, line 23, f w Kapfir read Kipfir.
646, line 6 from below, for Mallok read Mauldnd.
667, note, last line, for S h i h reud Khdn.
 had come during the reign of Sikandar Lodi to NBgor, where he lived
in the service of Shrrikh Shlhr, and died, it is said, at the advanced age
of one hundred and twenty years. Ghaikh Khizr had now resolved
perrn~nrntlyto settle a t NRgor, and with the view of bringing a few
relatiolis tn his n(1npted home, he ret~lrnedonce mqre to Siwi-tfin. His
sud len dent11 during the ja~iirneyleft the f,irnilv a t NQ;or in great dis-
tress ; 2i11da f imi~lt!which brolte o ~ i at t the same time, stretche 1 num-
bers llf the inlrt~bitt~nts
on the barren sanrl~ of the ~iirrour~ding desert,
and of 1111 tlie members of the family a t NQgor only M u b i r k and hie
motller survived.
Mul16nik grew lip progesaing in knowledge and l ~ y i n gthe founda-
tion of tllose encyclo~wdialattt~inmeuts,for which he afterwards became
so femons. H e soon felt the wish and the necessity to complete his
edacation and visit the great teacher8 of other parts ; but love to his
mother kept him in his native town, where lie continued his studies,
guided by the teachings of the great saint Khwsjah Ahrlir,. to wliich
his alterition had been directed. However, wlieri his mother died,
and when about the same time the MLldeo disturbances broke out. 81~1-
b h k carried out hi8 wish. and went to Ahmadiibid iri G~ljilrBt,
either attracted by the fame of the town itself, or by that of the shrine
of his countryman Ahmad of Iihatt6.t I n Ahmadfibid, he fuund a
secontl father in the learned ShaikhAbul Fazl, n khntil, or preacher, from
KL(hzar6n in Pemiu, and ~ u a d ethe acquaintance of several men of repuh-
tion, as Sllaikh 'Umar of Tattall a11d Shaikh Ylisuf. After a stay of
several years, he returned to Ilind6st6n, and settletl, on tlie 6th Muliar-
rum, 950, on the left bank of t l ~ eJamunir, opposite A'gmh, near the
ChBrbBgti Villt1.1 which Bibar had built, and in the neiglibourhood of
tlie saintly Mir liufi'uddin Safi~wiof Irljli (SLirAz), among whose dis-
ciples l\lub&raktook a distinguished place. I t wtls here that Dlubhrak's
two eldest sons, Shaibh Bbul Faiz,! and foiir years later, Shaikh Bbul-
Fazl, were born. Mubhrak had now reached the age of fifty, and resolv-
ed to remtrin at A'grah, the C H I ) ~ ~ofR ~ tlie empire; nor did the years
of extraordinary drought which preceded the first year of Akbar's reign,

# Died at Samarqand, 29th Rubi' I, 895, or 20th February, 1490.

t lGde p. 607, note. Ahulad of KhnRb is buried at Sark'hich near AhmadbMd.
He died in 849 ( A . D. 1445).
$ Liiter called Hwht Bihirrht, or the N M a h & n Gardens. It is now called the
Urn B9gh.
9 Born A.H. 954, or A.D. 1547. Vide p. 490.
 and the dreadful plague, which in 963 broke out in Kgrah and caused a
great dispersion among the population, incline liim to settle elsewhere.
The universality of learnirlg which distinguished Mi~bhrakattracted
a large n u r u k r of disciples, and displayed itself in the educiltion he
gave his sons ; and the filirrl piety with which Abul Fazl in numerous
passages of his works spe;~ksof liis father, and tlie testimony of hostile
writers a s BudSoni, leave no doubt that it was hfubar~k'scomprehensive-
ness that laid in Abul Fiiiz and Abul Firzl the foundirtion of those
cosmopolitan and, to a certain extent, anti-Islamitic views, for which
buth brotliers have been branded by Muhammadan writers as at.heists,
or as Hindtie, or as sunworshippers, and as the chief causes of Akbar's
a p t u c y from Islzim.
A few years before 963 A. H., during the Afg11;in rule, Shnikh
Mnbirak had, to his worldly distrdvtlntge, attaclled llimself to a reli-
gious movement, wliicll had first commenced about tlie year 930, arid
which continued under various phases during the whole of the terlth
ceutury. The movement was suggested by the approticb of the first
millenr~iumof Ielim. Accordillg to an often quoted propl~ccy,the latter
days of Islim are to be marked by a geuenrl dectrdencr! in political
power and in morals, wliich on reaching ite clilnax is to be fullowed by
the appearnuce of Irnim Mahdi, ' the Lord of' the period',' who mill re-
store the sinking faith to its pristine freshness. Christ also is to apl)ear ;
and after all men, through his iostrunient:rlity, have been led to Islirn,
the day of judgmeut will commence. Regnrding this promised per-
sonage, the Raozat ul-Airnmi~h, a Persian work on the lives of the
twelve Im6ms,t has the following passage-
Muslim, A1G Diild, Nisii, Raihaqi, and other collectors of the tradi-
tional saying of the Prophet, state that the Prophet once said, " Muham~nad
Mahdi shall be of my family and of the descendanta of Firimah [the Pro-
phet's daughter and wife of 'Ali]." And Ahmad, Alii DaGd, Tirmid, and
I b n Mijah stnte that the Prophet at some other time said, " When of
time one day shall be left, Qod shall raise up a man from among my
dewendante, who shall fill the world with justice, just as before him the
world w a s full of oppression ;" and again, " The world shall not come to

Cihib i zamkn. He is the 12th Imim. The first eleveu succeeded the Prophet.
* M&di (which ill India is wml~glgpronounced Mehgdi , ' myrtle' ) means ' guidd' ;
H6di means ' a guide'.
f By Sayyid'Izzat 'Ali, son of Sayyid Pic Ali of Raslilprir. Lithographed at
U ' h n a n , 1271, A. H., 144 pp., royal 8vo.
an end till the King of the earth shall appear, who is a man of my family,
and whose name is the same ee mine." Further, Ahmad and other colleo-
tors assert that the Prophet once said, " Muhammad Mahdi belongs to my
family, eight and nine yeara." Accordingly, people believe in the coming
of Mahdi. But there ie also a party in Islam who say that Imam Mahdf
has already come into the world and exists at present : hie patronymic is Abul
Usim, and his epithets are " the elect, the stablisher, Mahdi, the expected,
the Lord of the age." I n the opinion of this party, he waa born at &ma-
man-r& [near BaghdBd] on the 23rd Rsmazin, 258, and in 265 he came to
hie SardBbah [prop. ' a cool place,' ' a summer villa'], and disappeared whilst
in his residence. In the book entitled ' Shawlhid' it ia said that when he
was born, he had on hie right arm the words written, ' Bay, the truth has
come and error has vanished, surely error is vanishing' [Qorin, xvii, 831. I t
is also related that when he was born into the world, he came on his knees,
pointed with his fingers to heaven, sneezed, and said, " Praise be to God,
the Lord of the world." 8ome one also has left an account of a visit to
I~niimHasan 'Askari [the eleventh Imam], whom he asked, " 0 son of the
Prophet, who will be Khalifah and Imam after thee 1" 'Askari thereupon
went into his room, and after some time came back with a child on his shoul-
d e r ~that
, had a face like the full moon and might have been three yeara
old, and said to the man, " If thou hadst not found favour in the eyes of God,
He would not have ahewn you this child : his name is that of the Prophet,
and so is his patronymic." The sect who believe Mahdi to be alive a t
present, say that he rules over cities in the far west, and he is even Baid to
have children. God alone knows the truth !
The alleged prophecies of the Founder regarding the advent of the
Restorer of the Faith, assumed a peculiar importance when Islam
entered on the century preceding the first millennium, and the learned
everywhere agitated the question till a t last the Mabdi movement
a ~ s u m e din Iudia* a definite form through the teaching of Mir Sayyid
Muhammad, eon of Mir S y y i d K h i n , of Jaunphr. This Inan wtrs a

Badionf, in his 'Najiturrashld,' gives a few particulare regarding the same

movement in BadakhshBn, from where the idea ~eernsto have spread over Peraia and In-
dia. In Badakhehin, it wss commenced by SByyid Muhammad Nhbakhah, a pupil
of Ab6 Is-hiq Khatlini, who gained numerous adherents aud created such disturbances,
that troop were sent against him. He waa defeated and fled to 'IrSq, in the moun-
tai1,ou.a districts of which country he ia said to have gained thirty thousaud followers.
He had oRen to tight with the governors, but defied them all. Bad6011ihaa preserved
copy of the proolamation which Nrirbakhsh aent onto all the aaiuts. Oue of his
disciples wee Shaikh Muhammad LBhiji, the commentator of the ' QulnLan i Birz.'
 descendant of the Prophet, and bore his name ; the fall of Jaunplir
w m to him a sign that the latter days had come ; extraordinary evente
which looked like miracles, marked his career ; and a voice from heaven
had whispered to him the words, " A n t , Mahdi," ' thou art Mahdi.'
Some people indeed say that Mir Sayyid Muhammad did not mean to
declare that he was the promied Mahdi ; but there is no doubt that he
insisted on his mission as the Lord of the Age. He gained mnny ad-
berents, chiefly through his great oratorical powers, but pressed by
enemies he went to GujarBt, where he found an adherent. in Sult8n
Mahmlid I. From Gujarit he proceeded, at the request of the king and to
the joy of numerous enemies, on a pilgrimage to Makkah. From there
also he seems to have been driven away. On his return, it was revealed
to him that his teaching waa vexatious, and he said to the disciples
that accompanied him, " God has removed from my heart the burden of
Mtlhdi If I safely return, 1shall recant all." But when he reached
the town of FarBh in Btrlochisttln, where his arrival had created a great
sensation, he died (911, A. 8.; 1505, A. D.). His tomb became a
place of get~eralpilgrimage, although dh8h Isml'il and Sh6h TahmLp
tried to dmtroy it. The movement, however, continued. Some of his
followera adhered to their belief that he waa Mahdi ; and even the
hieto, ian hdiioni, who was strongly attached to the cause, speaks of
him as of a great eaint.
Other Mrrhdie appeared in various parts of India. In 956 (A. D.,
1549), a Mahdi of grwt pretensions arose in Biinah, S.W. of Lgrah,
in the person of Shnikh 'Alii. This man wm a Bangiili Musalmhn.
Hip father had been looked upon in his country as a learned saint, and
after visiting Makkah, he had settled, in 935, with his younger brother
Nqrullah, likewise a learned man, at BiBnah, where they soon became
respected and influential men. SLaikh 'Alai hud shewn from his youth
the learuing of the lawyer and the rigour of the saint ; and on the death
, of h i father, he gathered numerous pupils around himself. ' But the
love of power iwues at last from the heads of the just,' and on t,he day
of the 'I'd, he kicked an influential 8haikh frum hi8 hauciah, and,
m p p r t e d by his brothers and elder relatives, he proclailned that he
alone wm worthy of being the Shdkh of the town.
About the same time, one MiyPn 'Abdullah, a NiyPzi Afghiin and
diwiple of Mir Sayyid Muhammad of Jaunplir, arrived from MHkkah,
and aettled at a retired spot near Bi6nah. Like his master, he was a
luen of o r a t o r i d powers 8ud was given to street preachiug ; and iu a
 short time he gained numerous followers among the woodcutters and
water-carriers. Shaikh 'Aldi also was overawed by the impressive
addresses of Miyin 'Abdullah ; he gave up teachirlg atid struggling for
local influence, turned friqir, told his wife either to follorv liiln to the
wilderneas or to go, distributed his whole property, even his books,
alllorig the poor adherents of the NiyBzi, and joined the frateruity
which they lliid formed. The brelliren had eutablidhed among tliern-
selves co~nmur~ityof property, divided the earnings obtaiued by
begging, and gave up ull work, because it was said in the Qorin,
'Let not men be tdlured by trade or sellirlg to give up meditating on
God.' Religious meetings, the object of which was to prepare people
for the advent of the promised Miihdi, were daily held after the five
prayers, which the bretlireu said together, and wherever they went they
appeared aruied to the teeth. They soon felt strong enougli to interfere
with municipal niatters, and in~pectedthe bhdrs and removed by force all
articles forbidden in the law, defying the magistrates, if opposjd to them,
or assisting them, if of their opinion. Their rarnlis increased daily, and
matters in Biinah had come to such a pass, that fathers separated them-
selves from their children and husbands from their wives. Slinikh
'A15i's fbrrner position and the tl~oroughnessof his conversion had given
him the rirt~kof secotld leader; in fi~ot,11e soon outdid Miyin 'Abdullah
in ei~rriestnessand succe.;sful cooversions, and the latter a t last tried
to rid hiinself of his rival by sending liiul with six or seven hundred
armed men towards Ui~kkah. 'AlG marched with his band over Bask-
war to Khaimi5qplir, converting and preaching on the way, but on account
of some obstacles they all returrled to BiLnah.
Sliaikh 'Alii's fame a t last reilched the ear of Islfim SliBh, who
surumoned liim to Agrah ; aud altllough the k i ~ i g was resolved to put
him ta death a6 a dangerous demagogue, and was even offended a t the
rude way in which 'Alii behaved in his presence, he was so cliarmed
by an itnpromptu address which 'Aliii delivered on the variities of the .
world H I I ~the pharisaisrn of the learned, that he sent cooked provisions
to 'AlG's men. To the amusement, of the AfghAn nobles and generirls a t
conrt. 'Alfii on another occasion defeated the learned on questions
conriected with the advent of l\d~\idi,and I ~ l i mShAh was day tlfter day
informed that another of hie nobles had gone to 'AlBi's meetings and
had joined the new sect.
I t was a t this time that Shaikh Mubhrak also became a ' disciple,'
and professed Mahdawi ideas. It is not clear whether he joined the sect
 vii
from religious or from political motives, inasmuch as one of the object8
of the brethren mas to break up the party of the learned at Collrt, a t wllose
head Makhdlim ul Mulk ~ t o o d; but whatever may hare been his renson, the
result was, that SlakhdGm l)ec>ame his inveterate etleruy, deprived Ilim
of grants of lend, made him flee for his life, and percec~ltedhirri for more
than twenty years, till Alubirek's sons turned the tables on him and
procured hi& banishment..
The learned a t Court, however, were not to be baffled by 'Alii's
succe.8, and Maklicllim'~influelice was so great, tliat he a t Imt prevailed
on the king to banish the Shaikh. 'Aliri and his followers readily obeyed
the command, and set out for the D'lk'hin. IVhilst s t Hauditrh on tlie
Narbadii, the frontier of Islam Shih's empire, they s~~cceeded in couvert-
ing Balilc Khan A'zam Hurnriyhn and half his army, and the king
on hearing of this last success cancelled his orders and recalled Sllaihh
'Albi.

.Makhd6m ul-Malk' was the title of 'Ahdullah of Sultiinplir, regarding whom

t h e reader may consult the index for references. The following biograpllical notice
from the Khazinatul As66 (LAhor, pp. 443, 464) shews t h e opinion of good Suunis
regarding Maklld61n.
' Mhulinb 'Abdullah Angirri of SultBnpdr belongs to t h e most distinguished
leanled men and saints of India. H e was a C h i s t ~ t iin his religious opinions. F r o m
t h e time of S l ~ e rSh8h till the reign of Akbar, he hat1 the title of ' Yaklldliln-ul-Nulk'
(prop served by the empire). H e mas learned in the law and austere in practice.
H e zealously persecuted heretics. When Akbar commenced his religious innovations
and converted people to his ' Divine Faith'aud sunwonllip, ordering tlrern to substitute
for the creed the words 'There is no God but Allah, and Akbar ia the viceregent
of God.' Mar~lhnb 'Abdullah opposed the emperor. Driven nt last from Court, he
retired to a mosque ; but Akbar said that t h e mosque belonged to his realm, and he
should go to another country. Makhdlim therefore went to Makkah. 0 1 1 his
return to India, Akhar had him poisoned. H e has written several workx, aq the
a, K a s h f ul-ghwmmuh ;the 14+31 is, 'Iffut ul-Anbiyd, t h eI&. ,
f lyn
Minhdj uddin, &c. H e was poisoned in A. H . 1006.
' H i s son H6ji 'AMul Karim went after the death of his father to Ldhor, where
he bec.~me a religious guide. H e died i n 1045, and lies bnried a t Lirhor. near
the Zib-uuninb Villa, a t Mauza' KO!. H i s sons were Shaikh Y a l ~ y a ,116h Nlir, 'Abdul
Haq and A'li Huzlir. Shaikh Yahya, like his father, wrought miracles.'
I n this account the date is wrong; for Makhdliln ul-Mulk died in 990, and a8
Badioni, Xakhdbm's supporter, says nothing of poison (Bad. IL., 311), t h e statement
of the Khazinat ul Aqfii may be rejected. B a d h i el80 says t h a t Y a k h d l i m ' ~sons
were worthless men.
The titles of Makhddm ul-Yulk's works are not correctly given either; vide
p. 644.
 About the ssme time (955), Islim Shih left #,mh, in order to put
down dieturbancea in the Punjib caused by certain Niyfizi Afghrins,
and when he arrived in the neighbourhood of BiBnah, Makhd6m ul-Mnlk
drew the king'e attention to MiyBn 'Abdullah NiyG, who after Shaikh
'Alii'e departure for the Dak'hin roamed about in the hills of the Bihnah
district with three or four hundred armed men, and was known to pose-
ese great influence over men of his own clan, and coneequently over the
Niyszi rebela in the Panjhb. IslIm Shih ordered the governor of Biai-
nah, who had become a Mahdawi, to bring Miyiin 'Abdullah to him,
The governor advised hie religious leader to conceal himself ; but
MiyBn 'Ahlullah b;,ldly appeared before the king, and so displeased
him by Ilia neglect of etiquette, that Islim Shih gave orders to beat
him to death. The king watched on horseback for an hour the exe-
cution of the punishment, and only left when MiyBn 'Abdullah lay a p
parently lifeless on the ground. But he was with much care bronght
back to life. H e concealed himself for a long time, renounced all Mah-
dawi principles, and got ae late as 993 [A. D., 15d51 from Akbar
a freehold, becanse he, too, had been one of Makhd6m ul-Mulk's
victims. He died more than ninety years old, in 1000, at Sarhind..
Islhm Shah after quelling the N i y k i disturbances, returned
to Agrah, but allnost immediately afterwards his presence was again
required in the Panjib, aud it was there that Shaikh 'Aliii joined
the royal camp. When Islrim 8116h saw the Shaikh, he said to him in
a low voice, " W h i ~ p e into
r my ear that you recant, and I will not
trouble you." Rut Shaikh 'Alii would not do so, and Isliim Shiih, to
keep up the appearance bf authority, ordered s menial to give him by
way of punishment a few cuts with the whip in his presence. Shaikh
'Alki had then scarcely recovered from an attack of the plague, which for
eevel.al years had h e n raging in India, and had a few badly healed wounds
on his neck. Wl~ilsthe got the cuts, one of the wounds broke open, and
'AlBi fainted and died. Hi8 body was now thrown under the feet of an
elephant, and orders were given that no one should bury him, when
all at once, to the terror of the whole camp and the king who believed

* Badbni visited him in Sarhind, and it was from 'Abdullah that he heard of Mir
hyyid Muhammad's repentance before death. Among other things, 'Abdullah also told
him that after the Mir's death in Farih, a well-known man of that town seized on
lauda belongi~~g to Balochis and procGmed himself Christ; and he added that he
had kuown no less than thirteen men of respectable parentage, who had likuwiae claimed
to be Christ.
that the last day had dawned, a most destructive cyolone broke forth.
When the storm abated, 'AlG'e body was found literally buried among
roses and other flowers, and an order was now forthcoming to have the
corpse interred. This happened in 957 [A. D., 15501. People prophesied
the quick end of Islkm Shbh and the downfal of his house..
Makhd6m nl-Mulk waa never popular after t h a t
The features common to all Mahdawi movements, are (1)that the
preachers of the latter days were men of education and of great oratorical
powera, which gave them full away over the multitudes ; and (2) that
the Mahdam's assumed a hostile position to the leyned men who held
office a t Court. Islam haa no state clergy ; but we find a counterpart
to our hierarchical bodies in the 'Ulamh about Court, from whom the
6adrs of the provinces, the Mir 'Adls, Muftie, and &&is were appointed.
At Dihli and Kgrah, the body of the learned had alwaye consisted of
etanch Sunnis, who believed it their duty to keep the kings straight.
How great their influence was, may be wen from the fact that of all Mu-
hammadan emperow only Akbar, and perhaps 'A18uddin Khilji, suc-
ceeded in putting down this haughty set.
The death of Shaikh 'Alhl waa a great triumph for the Court 'Ula-
mL, and a vigorous pernution of all Mahdawi disciples was the imme-
diate result. The persecutions lasted far into Akbar'e reign. They
abated- only for a short time when the return of Humhytin and the
downfal of tlie A f g h h power brought about a violent political crisia,
during which the learned first thought of their own safety, well
knowing that Hum8yfin waa etrongly in favour of Shi'ism ; but when
Akbar was firmly established, and the court a t Agrah, after the far11 of
BRirtim KhBn, who waa a Shi'ah, again teemed with Hind6st4ni Sun-
&, the persecutions commenced. The hatred of the court party
against Shaikh MubLak especially rose to such a height, that Shaikh
'Abdunnabi and M~khdtimul-Mulk represented to the emperor that
inasmuch as Mubhrak also belonged to the Mahdawia and waa, therefore,
not only himaelf damned, but led also others into damnation, he deserved
to be killed. They even obtained an order to bring him before the

The circumstances connected with 'Alii's death resemble the end of Sidi Milah
daring the reign of Jd61-uddft~Mrtiz S L I .
Tbe place in the Panjhb, where the scene took place, is called Ban. (Bad. I., 408.)
The fact that Badbni spent hie yonth at Bashwar near Binah, i.s., in the very
centre of the Mahdawl movement, accounts perhapa for his adherence, throughout his
life, to Mahdawl principlee.
2
emperor. AIubirak wisely fled from A'grah, only leaving behind him
some furniture for his enemies to reek their revenge on. Concealing
himself for a time, lte np~jliedto Shaikli Sillim Ci~ialitiof Fathp6r Sikri
for intercession ; but being ;~tlrisetl1)y hi111to witliilr~~m to Gujnrit, he
implored tlie good offices of Akbiir's foster-brother, the generous Kh6n i
A'zanl Jlirzii Iiokah, mlio succeeded in nlltlying all doubts in tlie mind of
the emperor by dwelling on tlie poverty of tlie Sllaikti and on the fact
that, different from liis covetous accusers, he had not cost the state any-
thing by way of ireehold*, and tl111sobtairieil a t least security for liim
and his family. WbBriik sonic time afterwards applied indeed for a
grant of land for his son Abul Faiz, who hnd already acqnired literary
fame, thongti he mas only twenty years old. and waited personally
with liia son on Sliaikll 'Abdnnnabf. But the latter, in his theological
pride, turned them out his office as men suspectetl of Uahclawf leanings
and Shi'ah tendencies. Even in the 12th year of Akbnr's reign, when
Faizi'a poems* had been noticed a t court,-Akbar then lay before Chitor-
and a summons had been sent to the young poet to present hirnself before
his sovereign, the enemies a t ~ < ~ r isaw~ l i iri tlie invitation a sign of ap-
proaching doom, and prevailed on tlie governor to secure the victim this
time. Tlie governor thereupon sent a detnclinient of Dlugliul soldiers
to surround DlubLrali's house. Faizi was accidentally away from home,
and the soldiers suspecting a conspiracy, su1)jcctetl M~ibArukto various
sorts of ill-treatment; and when Faizi at last came, he was carried off
by force to Chit0r.t Nor did his fears for his fatllc~rand his own life
vanish, till his fnvourable reception a t court convirlccd llirn both of
Abkar's good will and tlie blilldrless of liis personal cne~i~ies.
Abul Fnzl had in tlie meantime grown up zealo~~sly studying under
the care of his father. The persecutions \vliicli Sliailili DlubBrak had to
suffer for his hlalidawi leanings at the liancts of tlie learned a t Court,
did not fail to make a lasting impression on his young niind. There
is no doubt that i t was in tliis school of xnisfortune that Abul Pazl learned
the lesson of toleration, the practice of which in later years formed the
basis of Akbar's friendship for him ; while, on the other hand, the same
pressure of circu~nstancesstimulated llini to unusual exertions in study-
ing, wliich subsequently enabled him during the religious discussions
at Court to lead the opposition nud overthrow by superior learning and

* Abul Faiz wrote under the nom-de-plume of Faizi.

t 20th Rabi' I, 976, or 24th September, 1667, The ode which Fnizi presented
will be fourid iu the Akbarlrimah.
 brander sentiments the clique of the 'UlamBs, whom Akbar hated so
much.
At the age of fifteen, he showed the mental precocity so often obser-
ved in Indian boys ; he had read works on all branches of those sciences
which go by the name of hiknnzl and naqll, or ma'qlil and manq&l.*
Following the footsteps of his father, he commenced to teach long before
he had reached the age of twenty. An incident is related to shew how
extensive even a t that time his reading was. A manuscript of the rare
work of Iqfahtini happened to fall into his hands. Unfortunately, how-
ever, one half of each page, vertically downwards from top to bottom,
was rendered illegible, or was altogether destroyed, by fire. Abul Fazl,
determined to restore so rare a book, cut away the burnt portions, pasted
new paper to each page, and then commenced to restore the missing
halves of each line, in which attempt after repeated thoughtful per~~sals
he succeided. Some time afterwards, a complete copy of the same work
turned up, and on comparison it was found that in many places there
were indeed different words, and in a few passages new proofs even had
been adduced ; but on the whole the restored portion presented so many
points of extraordinary coincidence, that his friends were not a little
adonished a t the thoroughness with which Abul Fazl had worked himself
into the style and mode of thinking of a difficult author.
Abul Fazl was so completely taken up with study that he pre-
ferred the life of a recluse to the unstable patronage of the great and
ta the bondage which attendance a t court in those days rendered inevita-
ble. But from the time Faizi had been asked by Akbar to attend the
court, hopes of a brighter future dawned, and Abul Fazl, who had
then completed his even tee nth year, saw in the encouragement held
out by the emperor, in spite of Mubrirak's numerous enemies a t court, a
gaarantee that patient toil, on his part, too, would not remain without
fruit. The skill with which Faizi in the meantime acquired and retained
Akbar'e friendship, prepared the way for Abul Fazl ;and when the latter,
in the very end of 981 (beginning OF 1574, A. D.), was presented to
A k h as Faizi's brother, the reception was so favorable that he gave up
all thoughts of leading a life among manuscripts. " A s fortune did not
at first assist me," says Abul Fazl in the Akbarntimah, " I almost
became gelfish and conceited, and resolved to tread the path of
proud retirement. The number of pupils that I had gathered around

Page 640, nota.

me, served but to increaae my pedantry. I n fzict, the pride of learning
had made my brain drunk with the idea of seclusion. Happily for
myself, when I passed the nights in lonely spots with true seekers after
truth, and erljoyed the society of such as are empty-handed, bbt rich in
mind and heart, my eyes were opened and I tww the selfishness and
covetousness of the so-called learned. The advice of my father with
difficulty kept me back from outbreaks of folly; my mind had no
rest, and my heart felt itself drawn to the see of Mongolia or to the
hermits on Lebanon ; I longed for interviews with the lamas of Tibet
or with the phdris of Portugal, and I mould gladly sit with the
priests of the PBrsis and the learned of the Zendavesta. I was sick of the
learned of my own land. My brother and other relatives then advised
me to attend the Court, hoping that I would find in the emperor a leader
to the sublime world of thought. I n vain did [ at first resist their ad-
monitions. Happy, indeed, am I now that I have found in my eovereign
a guide to the world of action and a comforter i~ lonely retirement ; in
him meet my longing after faith and my desire to do my appointed
work in the world ; he is the orient where the light of form and ideal
dawns ; and it is he who has taught me that the work of the world,
multifarious ae it is, may yet harmonize with the epiritual unity of troth.
I was thus presented at Court. As I had no worldly treasures to lay
at the feet of his Majesty, I wrote a commentary to the A.yat ul-Kurd:
and presented it when the emperor was at &ah. I was favourably
received, and his Majesty graciously accepted my offering.''
Akbar was at that time busily engaged with his preparations for
the conquest of Bihir and Bengal. Faizi aocompanied the expedition ;
but Abul Fazl naturally stayed in BLgrah. But as Faisi wrote to his
brother that Akbnr had enquired after him, Abul Fael attended
Court immediately on the emperor's return to Fathpbr Sikri, where
Akbtlr happened tonotice him first in the JBmi' Mosque. Abul Fad,
as before, presented a commentary written by him on the opening
of a chapter in the QorBn, entitled ' SGlrrt ul Fath,' ' the Chapter of
Victory.'t
The party of the learned and bigoted Snnnis at Court, headed by
M a k h d h ul-Mulk and Shaikh 'Abdunnabi, had every cause to feel sorry

Name of the H6th verse ofthe second chapter of the Qorirn.

t The details of Abul Fazl's introduction at C o w given in BadiLonI differslightly
from Abul Fazl's own account.
st Faiu"e and Abul Fwl's euccessea ;* for it waa now, after Akbar'a
return from BihL, that the memorable Thursday evening discussiom
commenced, of which the historian Badsloni has left us so vivid an account.
Akbar a t first was merely annoyed at the " Pharaoh-like pride" of the
learned a t court ; stories of the endless squabbles of these pious casuits
had reached his ear ; religious persecutions and a few sentences of death
paeeed by his Chief-Juatice on Shf'ahs and " others heretios" affected him
most deeply ; and he now for the first time realized the idea that the
scribes and the pharisees formed a power of their own in his kingdom,
at the constroction of which he had for twenty years been working.
Impressed with a favourable idea of the value of his Hindh subjects, he
had resolved when pensively sitting in the morning on the' mlital-y
stone a t Fathphr Sikri, to rule with even hand men of all creeds in hia
dominions; but as the extreme views of the learned and the lawyers
continually urged him to persecute instead of to heal, he instituted the
discussions, because, believing himself to be in error, he thought it his
duty as ruler to 'enquire.' It ie not necessary to repeat here the course
which these diacuseions t0ok.t The unity that had existed among the
learned disappeared in the very beginning ; abuse took the place of argu-
ment, and the plainest rules of etiquette were, even in the presence of the
emperor, forgotten. Akbar'a doubts instead of being cleared up only
increased ; certain pointe of the Hanafi law, to which most Sunnis
cling, were found to be better established by the dictaof lawyers be-
longing to the other three sects ; and the moral character of the Prophet
was next scrutinized and waa found wanting. Makhdlim ul-Mulk wrote a
spiteful pamphlet against Sheikh 'Abdunnabi, the Badr of the empire, and
the latter retorted by calling Makhdlim a fool and cursing him. Abul
Fad, npon whom Akbar from the beginning had h e d as the leader of hie
party, fanned the quarrels by skilfully shifting the disputes from one
point to anot,her, and a t last persuaded the emperor that a subject ought
to look npon the king not only as the temporal, but also as the only
spiritual guide. The promulgation of this new doctrine wm the making
of Abul Fad's fortune. Both he and Akbar held to it to the end of
their livea. But the new idea was in opposition to Islim, the law of
which etsnde above every king, rendering what we call a constitution

a d i o n f .scribm to Makhddm d-Mnlk an almo~~t prophetic insight into A b d

Ful's character ; for the h t time he saw Abul Fazl, he anid to his disciples,
What religions miechief is there of which that man ie not capable P" Bad. 111, 72.
t Vide pp. 170ff.
 impossible ; and though headstrong kings as 'Al6uddin Rliilji had before
tried to raise the law of espr~tliency(dj,,sL, mcrflahat i tcapf) above
tlle law of the QorAu, they never fairly succeeded in separating religion
from law or in rendering the administration of the empire illdependent
of tlie RluIIL. Hence when Abnl Fazl four years lttter, in $186,brought
up the question a t tlie Thursday evening meetings, he raised a perfect
fitorm ; and while tlie disputatio~~s, Litter as they mere, had hitherto
dwelt on single points connected wit11 the life of ttic Prophet, or with
sectarian differences, they henceforth turned on tlie very principles of
Inlim. I t was only now that the Sunnis a t Court saw horn wide during
tlie last four years tlie breach had become ; that ' I the strong embank-
ment of the clearest law and the most excellent faith had been broken
through" ; and that Akbar believed that the1.e were sensible men in all
religions, and abstemious tliinlters and men endowed with miraculous
power among all nations. Islim, therefore, possessed in liis opinion no
superiority over other forms of worsl~ip.' The learned party seeing
their official position endangered, now shewed signs of readiness to yield,
but it was too late. They even signed the remarkable dociirnent which
Shaikli Alubhrak in conjunction wit11 liis sons had drafted, a docu~nent
wliich I believe stands unique in the whole Church I-Iistory of lsl&m.
Bad6oni has happily preserved a comi)lete copy of it.? The emperor
was certified to be a just ruler, and was as such assigned the rank
of a Mujtahid', i. e. an i~ifullibleauthority in all matters relating to
Islrim. .The intellect of the just king' thus became the only source of
legislation, and the whole body of the learned and the lawyers bound
themselves to abide by Akbnr's decrees in religious matters. Shaibh
'Abdunnabi and Blaktidlim ul-Mulk signed indeed the document against
their will, but sigu they did ; whilst Slinikh Mubtirak added to his signa-
ture the words that he had most willingly subscribed liis name, and
that for several years he had been anxiorisly looking forward to the reali-
zation of the progressive movement. " The document," says Abul Fazl
i n the Akbarnhmah, " brought about excellent results,-(1) The Court
became a gathering place of the snges and learned of all creeds ; the good
doctrines of all religious systems were recognized, and tlieir defects were
not allowed to obscure their good features ; (2) perfect toleration (gulh-i-
kul, or ' peace with all') was established ; and (3) the perverse and evil-
minded were covered with shame on seeing the disinterested motives of

* Pages 178, 179. t 17ide p. 186.

his Majesty, and thus stood in the pillory of diagrace." The copy of the
draft which was handed to the emperor, was in Shnikh MubQrak's own
handwriting, and mas dated Rnjab, 98'7 (September, 1579).
A few weeks afterwards, Shaikh 'Abdunuabi and Makhdtim ul-Mulk
were sent to Makknh, and Sllaikh Mubhrak and his two sons triumphed
over their enemies. How magnanimous Abul Fazl was, may be seen
from the manuer in which he chronicles in the Akbarnimah the bnnish-
m e n t of these men. Not a sentence, not a word, is added indicative of
his personal grievances against either of them, though they had persecuted
and all but killed his father and ruined his family ;the narrative proceeds
a s calm and statesmanlike as in every other part of his great work, and
justifies the high praise which historians have bestowed upon his
character that " neither abuse nor harsh words were ever found in his
household."
The disputations had now come to an end (A. D. 1579), and Ftrizi
and Abul Fnzl had gained the lasting friendship of the emperor. Of the
confidence which Akbar placed in Faizi, no better proof can be cited
than his appointmeut, in the eame year, as tutor to Prince Murld ; and
a s both brothers had entered the military, then the only, service and had
received maiisaba, or commissions, their employment in various depart-
m e n b gave them repeated opportunities to gain fresh distinctions.
Enjoying Akbar's persolla1 friendship, both remained at court in Fsth-
p6r Sikri, or accompanied the emperor on his expeditions. Two years
later, Faizi was appointed Sadr of dgrah, Kiilpi, and KQlinjar, in
which capacity he had to euquire into the possibility of resuming free
tenures (sayurglkl),which in consequence of fraudulent practices on the
part of government officers and the rapaciousness of the holders them-
selves had so much increased as seriously to lessen the land revenue ;
and Abnl Fad, in the very beginning of 1585,* was promoted to the man-
eab of H a h r i , or the post of a commander of one thoustlnd horse, and
Was in the following year appointed Diwrin of the Province of Dihli.
Faizi's rank was much lower; he was only a commander of Four Hun-
dred. But he did not care for further promotion. Devoted to the muse,
he found in the nppoiutrnent as Poet Laureate, with which ~ k b a r
honored him in the end of 1588, that satisfaction which no political
d c e , however high, mould have given him. Though the emperor did
not pay much attention to poetry, his appreciation of Faizi's genius was
hut just ; for after AmG Khuerau of Dihli, Muhammadan India has
men no greater poet than Faizi.*
I n the end of 1589, Abul Fazl lost his mother, to whose memorp he
haa devoted a page in the Akbarnkmah. The emperor, in order to console
him, paid him a visit, and said to him, " If the people of this world lived
for ever and did not only once die, kind friends would not be required to
direct their hearts to trust in God and resignation to His will ; but no
one lives long in the caravanserai of the world, and hence the dieted
do well to aocept consolation."t
Religions mattew had in the meantime rapidly advanced. Akbar
had founded a new religion, the Din i Iltihi, or ' the Divine Faith,' the
chief feature of which, in accordance with Sheikh Mubsrak'e document
mentioned above, consisted in belief in one God and in Akbar as His
viceregent (khallfah) on earth. The Islamitic prayers were abolished at
court, and the worship of the ' elect' was based on that of the PQrsis and
partly on the ceremonial of the H i n d h . The new era ( W k h i &Idhi),
whiah was introduced in all government records, aa also the feasts ob-
served by the emperor, were entirely P4rt-i. The Muhammadan grandees
a t court shewed but little resistance : they looked with more anxiety on the
elevation of Hindli courtiers than on Akbar's religious innovations, which
after all affected but a few. But their feeling ag~inetAbul Fazl was
very marked, and they often advised the emperor to send him to the
Dak'hin, hoping that some mismanagement in war or in administration
would lessen his influence at court. Prince Salim [Jahringir] also be-
longed to the dissatisfied, and his dislike to Abul Fazl, as we shall see
below, became gradually so deep-rooted, that he looked upon him as the
chief obstacle to the execution of his wild plans. An unexpected visit
to Abui F a 1 gave him an excellent opportunity to charge him with dupli-
city. On entering the house, he found forty writers busy in copying
commentaries to the QorQn. Ordering them to follow him a t once, he
took them to the emperor, and shewing him the copies, he said, " What
Abul Fazl teaches me is very different from what he practises in hie
house." The incident is said to have produced a temporary estrange-
ment between Akbar and Abul FwL A similar, but less credible,
story is told by the author of the Zakhlrat-ul K h a d n f n . He says that

+ For his works, vide p. 548.

+jib JJL.,';~.&-93 LJ& + 85) k> t J&k jlJbubh41
$we J.F&
iLi&~ +&l ~ ? J Ji b b - ~l?j& ,+G9
n c 5 i j ~9 I,
Abol Fazl repented of hia apostacy from IslBm, and used at night to visit
h c q n i t o the houses of dervishes, and, giving them gold muhurs, requestr
ed them " to pray for the stability of Abul Fitzl's faith," sighing at the
same time and striking his knees and exclaiming, " What shall I do 1"
And just ae writers on the' history of literature have tried to save Fai$
from apoetacy and consequent damnation, by representing that before
his death he had praised t.he Prophet, so have other authors suc-
ceeded in finding for Abul Fazl a place in Paradise ; for it is related
in several books that Sh4h Abul Ma'bli Qidiri of Ltihor, a man of
ssintly renown: once expressed his disapproval of Abul Fazl's worde
and deeds. But at night, so runs the atory, he saw in his dream that
Abul Fazl came to a meeting held by the Prophet in Paradise ; and when
the Prophet saw him enter, he asked him to sit down, and said, " Thie
mw did for some time during his life evil deeds, but one of his books com-
mences with the words, ' 0 God, reward the good for the sake of their
righteousness, and help the wicked for the sake of Thy love,' and them
words have saved him." The last two stories flatter, in all probability,
the consciences of pious Sunnis ; but the first, if true, detracts in no way
from that consistency of opinion and uniform philosophic conviclion
which pervades Abul Fazl's works ; and though hie heart found in pure
deism and religious philosophy more comfort and more elements of
harmony than in the casuistry of the Mull&, his mind from early youth
had been eo accustomed to hard literary work, that it was perfectly
natural for him, even after his rejection of Islirm, to continue his studies
of the Q o r h , because the highest dialectical lore and the deepest phi- 1
lological research of Muhammadan literature have for centuries been
concentrated on the explanation of the holy book.
To this period also belong the literary undertakings which were
commenced under the auspices of the Emperor himself. Abul Fml,
Faizi, and acholars as Badioni, Naqib Khln, Shaikh Sultiin, H5ji Ibrithim,
Bhaikh Munawwar and others, were eugnged in historical and scientifio
compilations and in translatious from the Sanskrit or Hindi into Persian.?
F d took the LilBwati, a well-known book on mathematics, aud Abul
Fad translated the Kalilah Damnah under the title of 'Aycir Drinish
from Arabic into Persian. He also took a part in the translation of the
W b h d r a t and in the.compomtion of the Tdrikh i Alfi, the ' History
of the Millennium.' The lastmentioned work, curious to say, has an
Barn A. H.960; died at Lihor, 10241. Kirclz$iat ul-AEfid, p. 139.
t P i pp. 104,105.
3
F
 intimate connection with the Malidawi movement, of which pnrticulars
have been given above. Although from the time of Shailth 'Aliii's daith
the disciples of the millennium had to suffer persecution, and the
movement to all appearances had died out, the idea of a restorer of
the millennium was revived during the discussions in Fnthpiir Sikri
and by the teachings of men of Sharif i Amuli's stamp,' with this im-
portant modification that Akbar himself was pointed to as the ' Lord of
the Age,' tl~rougtl whom faded Islim was to come to an end. This
new feature had Akbar's full approval, and exercised the greqtest infiu-
ence on the progress of his religious opinions. The T&ilzh i Alfi,
therefore, was to represent Isl6m as a thing of the past ; it had existed
thousand (alfl years and hnd done its work. The early history, to the
vexation of the Sunnis, mas related from a Shi'ah point of view, and
worse still, the chronology had been changed, iuasmuch as the death
of the Prophet had been made the starting point, not the hijrah, or
flight, of the Prophet from Makkah to Madinah.
Towards the middle of A.H. 1000 (begining of 1 5 9 2 , AD.),
Akbar promoted Abul Ftizl to the post of DlihmAri, or commander of
two thousand horse. Abul F ~ z lnow belonged to tlie great Amirs
(unzark i kibail.) at court. AS before, he rernr~ined i11 imulediirte at,-
tencinnce on the emperor. I n the same yetit-, Fr~izi was sent to the
Dak'hin as Akbur's ambaesador to Burhiin 111-Nulk and to Rtijah 'Ali
Khkn of Khindesh, who had sent his daughter to Prince Salim.
Faizi ieturned after an absence of more than sixteen months.
r Shaikh Mubfirak, who after the publication of his famous document
had all but retired from the world, died iu the following year a t LAhor,
(Sunday, 17th Zi Qa'dah, 1001, or 4th September, 1 5 9 3 ) . He had
reached the age of ninety, and had occupied hiniself in the last
years of his life with the compilation in four volumes of a gigantic
commentary to the Qorin, to which he had given the title of 2Uil1tba'u
Nuf'iis u2 ' UgGa. He completed it, in spite of failing eyesight, a short
time before his death.

Page 452. Wc hear the last of the Mllhdawi movcment in 1688, at the acces-
sion of Shibjnhbn. Akbar was dead and had not restored the Millennium ; durirlg
Jallingir's reign, especially in the begiuniug , the court was illdifferent to religion, and
tile kill: retctined the ceremony of rijdah, or prostration, which Muhammadans believe
to be due to God alone. But ShUijahBn, ou his accession, restored many Muham-
madan rites tiltit had fullen in abeyance at court ; a11d as he wns born in 1000 A. H.,
he was now pohtcrd to as the real ratorer. Siuce that time the movement has fouud
no disciples.
 The historian BadBoni spesks of him as follows :-
Shaikh Mubirak belonged to the most distinguished men of learning of
the preaent age. In practical wisdom, piety, and trust in God, he stood
h i g h among the people of his time. I n early life h e practised rigorous
asceticism ; in f a d , he was so strict in his views regarding what is lawful and
unlawful, that if any one, for examl~le, came to a prayermeeting with a
gold ring on his finger, or dressed in silk, or with red stockings on his feet,
or red or yellow coloured clothes on him, he would order the offending
articles to be removed. I n legal decisions h e was so severe as to maintain
t h a t for edery hurt exceeding a simple kick, death was the proper punish-
ment. I f he accidentally heard music while walking on the street, he ran
sway, but in course of time he became, from divine zeal, 80 enamoured of
music, that h e could not exist without listening to some voice or melody. I n
short, he passed through rather opposite modes of thought and mags of life.
At the time of the Afghin rule, he frequented Shaikh 'Alsi's frater-
nity; in the beginning of his Majesty's reign, when the Naqshbondis
had the uppnr hand, he settled matters with that sect; afterwards he was
attached to the Hamadsrni school; and lastly, when t h e Shi'ahs monopolized
the court, he talked according to their fashion. Men speak according to
t h e measure of their understanding1-to change was his way, and the rest
you know. But withal he w8s constantly engaged in teaching the religi-
oua sciencee. Prosody also, the art of co~nposingriddles, and other branches,
h e undemtood well; and in mystic pllilosophy he mas, unlike the learned
of Hindhsdn, a perfect master. H e knew Shhtibi* by heart, explained
him properly, and also knew how to read the Q o r b in the ten different
modee. He did not go to the palaces of the kinge, but he was a most
agreeable companion and full of anecdote. Towards the end of his life,
when his eyesight waa impaired, ho gave up reading and lived in seclusion.
The commentary to the Q o d n which he composed, resembles the Tofair i
Irhbir [the " Great Commentary"], and consists of four thick volumes, and
is entitled Xanba'u Nafriis ul ' UyCti. I t is rather extraordinary that there ie
a passage in the preface in which h e seems to point to himself as the
renovator of the new ce11tury.t W e know what this reuovati~lg' menus.
About the time he fhished his work, he wisely committed the F.irizi Otle
(in t ) which cousists of seven hundred verses, and the Ode Bitrd~h,the Ode
by Ka'l ibn Zubair, and other Odes to memory, nnd recited them as daily
homilies, till on the 17th Z i Qa'dah, 1001, he left this world a t Lal~orfor
the judgment-seat of Qod.

A writer on ' Tajwid,' ' the art of reading the Qorbn correctly'.
t Bsdioni says in his 'Nsjat urroshid' that Jaliluddin Suyiti, in hi8 time the
most universal scholar of all A r a b i pointed likowisu to hiiself as the re~~ovntor
of tho
10th century.
 I have known no man of more comprehensive learning; but ales ! under
the mantle of the dervish there waa such a wicked love of worldly preferment,
that he left no tittle of our religion in peace. When I was young, I studied
at Kgrah for several yeam in his company. He is indeed a man of merit ;
but he committed worldly and irreligiousdeeda, plungedinto lust of possession
and rank, wae timeserving, practised deceit and falsehood, and went so far
in twisting religious truth, that nothing of his former merit remains. &'Say,
either I am in the correct path or in clear error, or you" [Q,orBn, xxxiv,
23;. Further, it ie a common saying that the son brings the curse on the
head of his father ; hence people have gone beyond Yazid and say, ' Curse
on Yazid,* and on his father, too.'
Two years after Shaikh MubLak's death, Abul Fazl also lost his
brother Faizi, who died at the age of fifty after an illness of six months
on the 10th Safer, 1004 (5th October, 1595). When in his last moments,
Akbar visited him at midnight, and seeing that he could no longer
speak, he gently raissd his head and said to him, " Sheikh Jio, I have
brought Hakim 'Ali with me, will you not speak to me ?" But getting
no reply, the emperor in his grief threw his turban to the ground, and
wept loud; and after trying to console Abul Fad, he went away.?
How deeply Abul Fazl loved his elder brether, is evident from the
nulnerous passsges in the Akbarnlmah and the &n in which he speaks
of him, and nothing is more touching than the lines with which he pre-
faces the selections in the Ain made by him from his brother's poems.
" The gems of thought in his poems will never be forgotten. Should
leisure permit and my heart turn to worldly occupations, I would collect
some of the excellent writings of this unrivalled author of the age, and
gather, with the eye of a jealous critic, yet with the hand of a friend,
some of his poems. But now it is brotherly love alone, which does not
tl.evel along the road of oritical nioety, that commands me to write down
some of his verses.": Abul Fazl, notwithstanding his onerous duties,
kept his promise, and two years after the death of his brother, he collect-
ed the stray leaves of Faizi's dinrkiz ul-Adwa'r, not to mention the
numerous extracts which he has preserved in the AkbarnQmah.

* Hus~in,in whose remembrance the Muharrarn lamentations are chanted, wee

murdered by Yazid ; hence the latter is generally called Yazid i mal'dn, ' Yazfd, the
marsed.' Badioui here calls Abul Fazl Yazfd. Poor Badbni had only the thousand
bfglhxhswhich Akbar had given him rent-free, but his school follow, Yazid Abul Fad,
wlie a oommai~derof two thousand and the friend of the emperor.
t Bndeoui, 11,406. 3 Page 649.
 xxi
It was abont the aame time that Abul Fnzl wns promoted to the
past of a Commander of two thousand and five hundred horse. Under
this rank he has entered his own name in the list of grandees in the
&n i Akbm', which work he completed in the same year when he
oollected his brother'e literary remains (1596-97).
I n the following year, the forty-third of Akbar's reign, Abul Fael
went for the first time on active service. Sultln Murhd* had not man-
aged matters well in the D.~k'hin,and Akbar now despatched Abul Fazl
with orders to return with the Prince, whose excessive drinking 'mused
the emperor much anxiety, provided the officers of the imperial
camp made themselves responsible to guard the conquered territory.
If the officers were disinclined to guarantee a faithful conduct
of the war, he was to see the Prince off, and take command with
Sh&mkh Mird.f The wars in the Dak'hin, from their first com-
mencement under Prince Murid and the Khin K h i n h , are marked by a
most astounding duplicity on the part of the imperial officers, and thou-
sends of men and immenee stores were sacrificed, especially during the
reign of Jabriogir, by treacherous and intriguing generals. I n fact, the
K& K h i n i n himself wss the most untrustworthy imperial officer.
Abd Fazl'a s u c c ~ therefore,
, were chiefly due to the honesty and
loyalty with which he conducted operations. When he arrived at Bur-
U n p k , he received an invitation from B a h a u r Khin, king of Khindesh,
whose brother had married Abul Fazl's sister. He consented to come
on one condition, namely, that Bahiidur K h h should vigorously assist
him and thus aid the cause of the emperor. Bahidur was not inclined
to aid tbe imperialists in their wars with the Dak'hin, but he sent Abul
Fml rich presents, hoping that by this means he would escape the p e d -
ty of his refusal. Abul Fazl, however, was not the man to be bribed.
I have made a vow," mid he in returning the presents, " not to accept
peseots till four conditions are fulfilled-(1) friendship; (2) that I
h o l d not value the gift too high ; (3) that I should not have been
-one to get a present ; and (4) necessity to accept it. Now supposing
that the first three are applicirble to the present case, the favour of the
mperor haa extinguished every desire in me of accepting gifts from
others."
Prince Murid hnd in the meantime retreated from Ahmadnagar to
u p & , and as the death of his infant son MirzB Ruetam made him

Page 336. t Pnge 312.

 melancholy, he continlied to drink, though dangerously ill with delirium
tremens. When informed of Abul Fazl's mission, he returned at once
towards Ahmadnagar, in order to have a pretext for not going back to his
father, and he had come to thg banks of the Plirnq* twenty kos from Dau-
latB8d, when death overtook him. Abul Fazl arrived the same day, and
found the camp in the utmost confi~sion. Each commander recommen-
ded immediate return ; but Abul Fazl said that he was determined
to march on : the enemy was near, the country was foreign ground, and
this was no time for returning, but for fighting. Several of the com-
manders refused to march on, and returned ; but Abul Fazl, nothing
daunted, after a delay of a few days, moved forward, humoured the
officers, and supplied in a short time all wants. Carefully garrisoning
the country, he managed to occupy and guard the conquered districts
with the esception of Nbsik, which lay too far to the west. But he sent
detachments against wveral forts, and conquered BaiiBlah, Taltum, and
Sat,ondi. His headqunrters were on the Godiwari. He next entered
into an agreement with Ch6nd Bibi, that, after punishing Abhang Khin
Habshi, who was at war with her, she should acoept Janir as fief
and give up the fort of Ahmadnagar.
Akbar had in the meantime gone to Ujjain. The Dak'hin opera-
tions had also become more complicated by the refusal of Bah6dur
y- Khan to pay his respects to Prince DBny41, and war with Khhndesh
had been determined on. Akbar resolved to march on Alsir, Bahddur
Khan's stronghold, and appointed Prince Dinyhl to take command at
Allmadnagar. DinyAl sent immediate instructions to Abul Fazl to
cense all operations, as he wished to take Ahmudnagar personally.
When the Prince therefore left BurhBnplir, Abul F u l , at Akbar's re-
qest, left Mirzii Shhhrukh, Mir Murtazi, and Khwhjah Abul Hasau
in clierge of his corps, and hastened to meet the emperor. Ou the 14th
&mazBn, 1008 (beginning of the 44th year of Akbar's reign), he met
Akbar at K'hsrgon, uenr UijQarh. The emperor received him with the
followil~gverse-
++9jl +LIP $+, +4 &a G j
S e r e a ~ia the night and pleasant ie the nroonkight, I wish to talk to thee on

.
many o subject.
--
The southern YfirnL ia meant. The northern Plirn6 flows into the Tupti in
gllLndesh ; whilst tlle southern Yfirnk, with the DlidnL, flows into tLc Godhwari.
PrinceMurhd had gone from llichplir to Narnilah, and from there to ShirLpiu,
which he had built a b u t cight miles south of UHlapirr. It is now in ruiue.
and promoted him for his excellent management to a command
of four thourjlnd. .The imperial army now marched on &sir and
oo~nmencedthe siege.* One day, Abul Fazl inspected some of his tren-
chea, when one of the besieged, who had deserted to Akbnr's camp,
offered to shew him a way by which the Imperiirlists might get over the
wall of the M4lai Fort, an importaut fortification below P$irgarh
itself. Half way up the mountain, to the west and slightly to the north,
were two renowned outworks, called the Milltu and Antar Mblai, which
Lad to be conquered before dsir itself could be reached ; and between
the north-west and north, there W 8 8 another bastion called Chhnah
Milai. A portion of its wall was not finished. From east to south-west
there were hills, and in the south waa a high mountain called Korhiah.
A hill in the south-west, called SBpnn, was occupied by the Imperialiete.
Abul Fazl determined on availiug himself of the information given by the
deserter, and selected a detachment to follow him. Giving orders to
the ofiicer commnnding the trench to watch for the sound of the truru-
pets and bugles, when he was to hasten to his msistance with ladders,
he went in the dark of night, whilst it wns raining, with his selected
men on Mount SBpan, and sent a few of his met1 nnder Qnr6 Beg along
the d that had been pointed out to him. They advanced, broke open
a gate of Mdai Fort, and sounded the bugle. The besieged rose up to

.r Akbar had no sooner crossed the Nerebada [Narbad~i], when Radzia Bador-
m p j a h Bah&dur Shih], who had possession of the fortress of Hasaer [#sir], forti-
fied the same against the king, and collected provisions from the neighbourhood. The
Ling, thinking it dangerous to leave this fortress in his rear, wusidered how it might
be captnred. This fortress has three castles, of which the first is ci~lled Cho-Tzanin,
the second Cmn9nerghar : and the third is p h d on the very summit of the hill, so
that i t ie a wnspicuous object a t the distance of six wss. The king with no delay
m ~ n d e idt on d sides ; and so energetically pressed the siege night and day,
that a t the end of & months it was on the point of being captured. Bador-ur how-
perceiving his danger, having obtained a pledge that his life and property should
be d e , came as suppliant to the king and surrendered hi~nselful.. Whilst the
Ling wag a t this place, Abdul Faze1 [Abul Fwl] came to him, and so worked upon his
mind, that he fully deterwined to set out for the war in the Deccan." From Prof.
W q r i d g e 1 s ' Fragment of Indian History,' translated from De Laijt's ' India Vera,'
.Ild in the Calcutta Review for 1873.
De L d t is wrong in a few minor detuils. I cannot identify the name Cho-
b i n . ' Cornmerghar' is the Persian Kamargih', ' the middle of a mountain.'
nenanlee of Fort Chlinah Mhlai and of Mount Korhiah 81.0 doubtful, the MSS.hsv.
ing gha&jjah Mirlai and Korthah, Kortah, Koclhiah, and similar variations.
rids also Gazetteer, Central Provinces, p. 8.
 xxiv
oppose them, and A h 1 Pal hmtened to hismen and joined them at
break of day when the besieged withdrew in confusion to &sir. On the
same day, other detachments of the army occupied Chfinah MQlaiand
Mount Korhiah, and Bahirdur Khlin, unable to resist longer, sued for
pardon (1009). Prince DAnyAl, who had in the meantime conquered
Ahmadusgar,* now joined his father at A i r .
About this time disturbances broke out in the Dalr'hin, caused by
RBjli Mannh, and a party set up the son of 'Ali Shtih as king. As the
latter found numerous adherents, the Khtin KhiinPn was ordered to march
against him, and Abul Fad was sent to N b i k ; but a short time afterwards,
he was told to join the KhknKhBnin. Akbar returned, in the 46th year,
to Agrah, leaving Prince Ddnysl in Rurhiinplir. Abul Fuzl had no
easy life in the Dak'hin. The KhPn KhinPn stood idle at Ahmad-
nagnr, because he was disinclined to fight, and left the operations to
Abul Fazl, who looked upon iiim aa a traitor. Abul Fazl vigorously
pushed on operations, ably sssisted by his son 'Abdurrahmiin. After
coming to terms with the son of 'Ali Shiih, he attacked R5jd Mannh,
recovered Jilnahp6r and the surrounding district, and inflicted several
defeats on him. Manni found a temporary asylum in Daulotkb6d, and in
a subsequent engagement he was nearly captured.
AEearly as during the siege of &sir, P r i n k Salim, who had been
senl against the RLnb of Udaiplir, had rebelled against his father, and had
moved to IlPhiibAd, where he had assumed the title of king. Though
on Akbar's return from Burhiinph a reconciliation had been effected,
the prince, in the forty-seventh year, shewed again signs of rebellion,
and a8 many of Akbar's best officers appeared to favour Salim, the em-
peror recalled Abul Fazl, the only trustworthy servant he had. As his
presence at Court was urgently required, Akbar sent him orders to leave
the troop of his contingent in the Dak'hin. Putting hie son 'Abdur-
rahmtin in charge of his corps, Abul Fazl set out for Agrah, only ac-
companied by a few men. Salim, who looked upon him with little
conceded hatred, thought Abul Fnzl's journey, unprotected as he was,
an excellent opportunity to get rid of him. He, therefore, persuaded
Rbjah Bir Singh, a Bundeli chief of U'rchah (U'gdchhii),t through whoee
territory Abul Fazl mas likely to pass, to lay in wait for him and kill

Among the plunder taken at Ahmadnaggar wee a splendid library. Faizi's library,
having on his death lapsed to the state, kad been inoorporat.d with the Imperial
Library.
t F i e p. 488.
him. Bir Singh, who was in disgrace a t Conrt, eagerly seized the opport-
unity of pleasing the Prince, who no ddubt woald si~bstantiallyreward
him on his accession, and posted a large body of l~orsoand foot near Nar-
war. When arrived a t Ujjain, Abul Fad was wtrrueil of Salim's inten-
tion, and his men tried to persuade him to go vi& Ghiti Chhnd6 ; but
Abul Fazl said that thieves and robbers had no power to stop him on his
way to Court. Be, therefore, continued his journey towards Narwar.
On Friday, the 4th Rnbi' I, 1011 (12th August, 1602), a t a distance
of a b u t half a koa from SarG Bar, which lies six kou from Narwar, Bir
Singb's men came in sight. The few men that Abul Ftrzl liad with him,
Btrongly advised him to avoid a fight, and an old servant, GadBi K h i n Af-
ghiiu, told him quickly to retreat to Antri, which was three kos distant, aa
RBi RByin and Sliruj Singh were stationed there with three thousand Im-
perial horse : he might first join them, and then punish Bir Singli. Brit
Abul Fazl thought it a disgrace to fly. H e defended himself bravely ; but
in a short time he was surrounded, and, pierced by the lance of a trooper,
he fell dead to the ground. Bir Singh cut off Abul Pazl'e head, arid sent
it to Salim in IlrihibQd, who, it is said, had it thrown " into an unworthy
place," where it lay for a long time.
T h e Dutch traveller D e Last gives the following account of Abul
Fazl's death..
Salim returned to Halebassa [IlbhbBs, the old form of niihlrbad], and
began to win gold and silver money in his own name, which he even sent
to hi^ father, to irritate him the more. The king, enraged at this, wrote an
account of all that had happened to Abul Fnzl, who bade the king be
of good courage, for he would come to him as quickly as possible ; and added
that his son should be brought bound to him, either by fair means or by
foul.' Accordingly, a little afterwards, having obtained leave of absence
h x n Daniel Xa [Dbnybl Shbh], he took to the road with about two or three
hundred horsemen, leaving orders for his baggage to follow him. Xe-
Selim, to whom all these things were known, recalling how hostile Fazl
had always been towords him, and hence justly fearing that his father would
be more exasperated than ever against him, judged it best to intercept him
on his journey. So he begged Radzia Bertzingh Bondela, who lived in his

+ From Prof. E. Lethbridge's ' Fragment of Indian History', Calcutta Review,

1873.
The p h near which Abul Fazl wes killed, is called in the M S S . d u b Sap&
&I-. De Laijt'a Soor appeara to be a bad reading for Narwar.
4
 ?I
province of Osseen pjjain], to lie in wait for Fazl near Soor p a r w a r and
Qualer [Gw&liPr], and to send his head to him, promising that he would be
mindful of so great a benefit, and would give him the command of five thou-
sand cavalry. The Radzia consented, and waited with a thousand cav'alry
and three thousand infantry about three or four cotw from Qualer, hnving sent
out scouts into the neighbouring villages, to give him early warning of the
approach of Fazl. Accordingly when the latter, ignorant of the ambnscade,
hnd come as far as Collebaga [KilPbigh], and was going towards Soor,
Radzia Bertzingh and his followers fell upon him on all sides. Fazl and .
his horsemen fought bravely, but being overpowered by numbers, they were
grailually worn out. Fazl himself, llaving received twelve wounds in the
fight, was pointed out by a captive slave under a neighbouring tree, and
was taken and beheaded. His head was sent to the prince, who was greatly
pleased."
Prince Salim, with that selfish nonchalance and utter indifference
that distinguished him throughout life, openly confesses in his ' Me-
moirs' that he brought about Abul Fazl's murder, because he was his
enemy, and, with a na'ivetk exclueirely his own, represents himself
as a dutiful son who through the wickedness of others had been de-
prived of his father's love. H e sags-
" On my accession, I promoted RAjah Bir Singh, a Bundelti RijpGt,
to a command of three thousand. H e is one of my favourites, and he is
certainly distinguished among his equals for his bravery, good character,
and straightforwardness. My reason for promoting him was this. To-
wards the end of my father's reign, Shaikh Abul Fazl, n HindGsthni Shaikh
by birth, who was well known for his learning and wisdom, and who had
externally ornamented himself with the jewel of loyalty, though he sold
himself at a high price to my father, had been called from the Davilin.
H e was no friend of mine, and damaged openly and secretly my reputation.
Now about that time, evil-minded and mischievous men had made my father
very angry with me, and I knew that, if Abul Fazl were to come back to
Court, I would have been deprived of every chance to effect a reconciliation.
As he had to pass on his way through the territory of BirSingh BundelB,who
at that time had rebelled against the emperor, I sent a message to the latter
to say that, if he would waylay Abul Fazl and kill him, I would richly reward
him. Heaven favoured him, and when Abul Fazl passed through his land,
he stopped him on his way, dispersed after a short fight his men, and killed
him, and sent his head to me at IlihPbld. Although my father was at first
vexed, Abul Fazl's death produced one good result : I could now
\ritllout further annoyanoe go to my father, and his bad opinion of me gra-
dually wore away."
 xxvii
At another place ?n his ' Memoirs', when alluding to the murder,
h e snys, as if an afterthought had occurred to him, thnt he ordered
B i r Singh to kill Abul Fazl, because ' he had been the enemy of the
Prophet.'
When the news of Abul Fazl's death reached court, no one had
the courage to break it to the emperor. According to an old custom
observed by Timur's descendants, the death of a prince was not in plain
words mentioned to the reigning emperor, but the prince's vakil pre-
sented himself before the throne with a blue liandkercllief round hie
wrist ; and as no one else wonld come forward to inform Akbar of the
death of his friend, Abul F u l ' s vakil presented himself with a blue
handkerchief before the throne. Akbar bewailed Abul Fazl's death more
than that of his.son ; for several days he would see no one, and after en-
quiring into the circumstances he exclaimed, " If Salim wished to be
emperor, he might have killed me and spared Abul Ful," and then
recited the following verse-
&-1 \ ) y s & @*-(? j 8-'f b c)*

My Shaikh in his zeal hastened to meet me,

& @j l
'" r"
He wished to kiss my feet, and gave up his life.
Akbar, in order to punishBir Singh, sent a detachment under Patr
D:i and R5j Singh* to IP'ndchl. They defeated the Bundeli5 chief in
several engagements, drove him from Bhlnder and shut him up in
I'rich. When the siege had progressed, and a breach was made in the
wall, Bir Singh escaped by one of Riij Singh's trenches, and withdrew to
the jungles closely purfiued by Patr Db. As it seemed hopeless to catch
him, Akbar cnlled Patr D6s to Court ; but ordered the .officers
stationed about U'r_ldchQto kill the rebel wherever he sliewed himself.
I n the beginning of the last year of Akbar's reign, Bir Singh was once
snrpriaed by Riijah R:ij Singh, who cut down a good number of his
followers. Bir Singh himself was wounded and had a narrow escape.
But the emperor's death, which not long afterwards took place, relieved
Bir Singh of all fears. I-Ie boldly presented himself at Jahlingir's Court,
and received b*r_lc!chi and a coxnlnand of three thousand horse as hie:
re ward.
" I t has often been asserted," says the author of the diacisir rrl-
Umm, " that Abul Fazl wna an infidel. Some say, he was a Hindu',
or a fire-worshipper, or a free-thinker, and some go still further aud

Pages 469 and 468.

 xxviii
call him an atheist ; but others pass a juster ~ d t e n c e ,and Ray that he
was a pantheist, and that, like other SGfis, he claimed for himself
a position above the law of the Prophet. There is no doubt that he
was a man of lofty character,' and desired to live a t peace with all men.
H e never said anything improper. Abuse, stoppages of wages, fines,
absence on the part of his servants, did not exist in his household. If
he appointed a man, whom he afterwards found to be useless, he did not
remove him, but kept him on as long as he could ; for he used to say
that, if he dismissed him, people would accuse him of want of penetra-
tion in hnvirig appointed an unsuitable agent. On the day when the
sun entered Aries, he inspected his whole household and took stock,
keeping the inventory with himself, and burning last year's books. He
also gave his whole wardrobe to his servants, with the exception of his
trowsers, which were burnt in his presence.
" H e had an extraordinary appetite. It is said that, exclusive of
water and fuel, he consumed daily twenty-two sera of food. His son
'Abdurrahmiin used to sit at table as sqfarclri (head butler) ; the super-
intendent of the kitchen, who was a Muhammadan, was also in at-
tendance, and both watched to see whether Abul Pnzl would eat twice
of one and the same dish. If he did, the dish was sent up again the
next day. If anything appeared tasteless, Abul Pazl gave it to his son
to taste, and he to the superintendent, but no word was said about it.
When Abul Fazl was in the Dak'hin, his table luxury exceeded all belief.
I n an immerise tent (chihilrcitcali) one thousand rich dishes were daily
served up and distributed among the Amirs ; and near it another large
tent was pitched for all-comers to dine, whether rich or poor, and k'hichri
was cooked all day and was served out to any one that applied for it."
" As n writer, Abul Fazl stands unrivalled. His style is grand and is

free from the technicalities aud flimsy prettiness of other YunsEis ;t and
the force of his words, the structure of his sentences, the suitableness of
his compounds, and the elegance of his periods, are such that it would be
difficult for any one to irnitate them."
I t is almost useless to add to this encomium bestowed on Abul
Fad's style. 'Abdullah, king of Bukhir6, said that he was more afraid
of Abul Fazl's pen than of Akbar's arrow. Everywhere in India he is
known as ' the great Munshi.' His letters are studied in all Madrasahs,

I mny remark here that Abul Fazl never accepted a title.

t This is also the opinion of the author of the Haft Iqlim (vide p. 608).
 xxix
and thongh a beginner may find them difficult and perplexing, they are
perfect models. But a great familiarity, not only with the Persian lan-
guage, but also with Abul Fazl's style, is required to make the reading of
any of his works a pleasure. His composition stands unique, and though
everywhere studied, he cannot be, and has not been, imitated. The writers
after him write in the style of the Plidishkhnimah, the 'dlamlrli
Sikandari, or in the still more turgid manner of the 'Alamgirntimah,
the Ruq'Bt Beclil, and other standard works on InshB.
A praiseworthy feature of Abul Fazl's works lies in the purity of
their contents. Those who are acquainted with Eastern literature will
know what this means. I have come across no passage where
woman is lightly spoken of, or where immorality is passed over with
indifference. Of his love of truth and the nobility of his sentiments*
I have spoken in the Preface.
Abul Fazl's influence on his age waa immense. It may be that
he and Faief led Akbar's mind away from Isllm and the Prophet-
this charge is brought against them by every Muhammadati writer ;
but Abul Fez1 also led his sovereign to a true appreciation of his duties,
and from the moment that he entered Court, the problem of success-
fully ruling over mixed races, which IslLm in but few other countries
had to solve, waa carefully considered, and the policy of toleration was
the result. If Akbar felt the necessity of this new law, Abul F a d
enunciated it and fought for it with his pen, and if the Khln Khinlns
gained the victories, the new policy reconciled the people to the foreign
rule ; and whilst Akbar's apostacy from Islk~n is ell but forgotten, no
emperor of the Blughul dynasty has come nearer to the ideal of a father
of the people than he. The reversion, on the other hand, iu later times
to the policy of religious intoleration, whilst it has surrounded in the eyes
of the Moslems the memory of Aurangzib with Ihe halo of ssnctity and
still inclines the pious to utter a rahinzalru-lGhu (May God have mercy
on him I) when his name is mentioned, was also the beginning of the
breiking up of the empire.
Having elsewhere given numerous extracts from Badiioni to shew
that Alibar's courtiers ascribed his apostacy from Isllm to Faizi and
Abd Fazl, I need not quote other works, and will merely allude to a
couplet by 'Urfit from one of his Odes in which he praises the Prophet-
* Let the reader consult Gladwin's rendering of Abul Fazl's introduction to the
follrtb book of the Kin. aladwin's Xfn, 11, pp. 285 to 291. The passage ia anti-
Islamitic.
For 'Crfi c& p. 569. The metre of the couplet ia Long Bamal.
 tu+ 4 jru a>p w t ~ r " ~&IS. JJ DJ @+I e - 7 j 1f.0 & ck,d
8
s +Jj; JJ ij4jtJ" JG4 J I x!, JJ P a w J ., -3 I)
0 Prophet, protect the Joseph of my soul (i. 8. my soul) from the harm
of the brothers ; for they are ungenerous and envious, and deceive me like
'evil sprites and lead me wolf-like to the well (of unbelief).
The commentators unanimously explain this paRsage as an allusion
to the brothers Faizi and Abul Fnd. I may also cite the T h i k h of Abul
Fazl's death, which the Ehbn i A'zam Mirzi Kokah ia said to have
made-
% >bYbLJt & jw~&+
The wonderful sword of God's Prophet cut off the head of the rebel.*
But Abul Fazl nppearecl to him in a dream and said, " The date of
my death lies in the words &I 31 a+, ' The slave Abul Faz1'-which
likewise gives 1011 A. H.
Abul Fazl's works are the following-
(1) The A k b a r n 4 m a h with the i u i A k b a r i, its third
volume. The .din i Akbari was completed in the 42nd year of
Akbais reign ; only a slight addition to it wns made in the 43rd year
on account of the conquest of Bariir (1596-97, A. D.). The contents
of the Akbarnemnh have been detailed in the Preface. The second
volume contains an account of the first forty-six years of Akbnr's
reign.t There exists a continuation up to the end of Akbar's reign by
'In6yntullah Muhibb 'Ali. Thus a t least the continuator is called in
two MSS. that I have seen. Elphinstone says that the name of the
continuntor is Muhammad Salia, which seems to be a corruption of
Muhammad Silih.
(2) T h e M a k t 6 b Q . t i ' A l l A r n i , alsocalled I n s h B i A b u l
F n z I. This book contains letters written by Abul Fazl to kings aud
chiefs. Among them are the ititeresting letters written to the Portn-
guese priests, and to 'Abdullah of BukhBri, in reply to his question
whether Akbar had renounced Islim. Besides, there are prefaces and
reviews, a valuable essay on the progress of the art of writing, portions
of which are given in the &in, kc. The collection was made after Abul

The word U i\
bdghi, a rebel, has the numerical value of 1013 ; but the bead
(of the word, the letter +) is cut off; hence 1013-2 = 1011, the year of the 1Iijrah
in which Ahul Fw1 was murdered. The metre of the hemistich is Long Jhmal.
t The 46th year Iaeted from the 16th Ramazbu, 1009, to 26th RamazPn, 1010,
i . e. to about five mouths before Abul 1"ml's death.
 xxxi
Fazl's death by 'Abduygmad, son of Afzal Muhnmmad, who saya that
he was a son of Abul Fazl's sister hnd also his son-in-law. The book, as
above remarked, is frequently read in Madmsahs, and there exist many
lithogaphed editions. I n all of them, the contents constitute three
books ; but Am5r Haidar Husaiui of Bilgrsm says in the preface to his
' S e w h i h i Akbari'. that he had a collection of four books, remarking
at the same time that MSS. of the fourth are very rare. It looks,
indeed, as if Amir Haidar's copy was unique.
(3) The A y Q. r D B n i a h,t which is mentioned on p. 106.
Besides, I have seen in different books that Abul Fnzl also wrote a
B i s i i l a h i M u n B j Q t , or 'TreatiseonPrayers'; a J B m i ' u l l u -
g h 6 t, a lexicographical work ; and a ' K a s h k o 1'. The last word
means a ' beggar's cup,' or rather the small basket or bowl in which beg-
gars in the East collect rice, dates, &o., given as alms, and hence the
term is often applied to collections of anecdotes or short stories. But I
have seen no copies of these works. I t was a180 mentioned above that
Abul Fazl presented, on his introduction at Court, two commentariee,
of which no MSS. seem to exist at present. Nor need I again refer to
the part which he took in the translations from Sanskrit and the com-
pilation of the Thrikh i Alfi.
The ' Durar ul Manshtir ', a modern Tazkirah by Muhammad
'Askari Flusainf of BilgrBm, selects the following inscription written by
'Abul Fazl for a temple in Kashmirx as a specimen both of Abul Fazl's
writing and of his religious belief. I t is certainly very characteristic,
and is easily reoognized as Abul Fazl's composition.

Regarding this valuable work, vide p. 316, note.

t AB the word ie pronounced in India, instead of ' Iybr i Dbnish,' ' the test of
wisdom.' The author of the Haft Iqlim seems to allude to thin work; for he mya
that Abul F z l , when he saw him in 1OOO A. H., was engaged in re-writing the Naw&
d b i Uikciydt.,
f Abul Fazl says in the fourth book of the #in-" The best people in Kaahmir
ue the Brahmans. Although they have not yet freed themselves from the fetters of
Mind belief and adherence to custom, they yet worship God without affectation. Thoy
do not sneer at people of other religions, utter no desires, and do not run after lucre.
They plant fruit trees and thue contribute to the welfare of their fellow-creatures. l 9 q .
h t a i n from meat, and live in celibacy. There are about two thousand of them in
Kalhnk."
Akbar seems to bare looked upon these Kaahmiri Bishia as model men.
 xxxii

0 God, in every temple I see people that seek Thee, and in every Ian-
p n g e I hear spoken, people praise Thee !
Polytheism and Islim feel after Thee,
Each religion says, ' Thou art one, without equal.'
I f it be a mosque, people murmur the holy prayer, and if it be a
Christian Church, people ring the bell from love to Thee.
Sometimes I frequent the Christian cloister, and sometimes the
mosque,
But i t is Thou whom I search from temple to temple.
Thy elect have no dealings with either heresy or orthodoxy ; for neither
of them stands behind the screen of Thy truth.
Heresy to the heretic, and religion to the orthodox,
But the dust of the rosepetal* belongs to the heart of the perfume-
seller.
-

This line is Sfifistic. The longi~~g

of the heart after God is cornpored to the
perfume which rises from the rose petals. The perfume-seller, i.e. the Uuitarian, is
truly religious, and is equi~llyremoved from heresy and orthodoxy.
 xxxiii
This temple waa erected for the purpose of binding together the hearts
of the Unitarians in Hindfisttin, and especially those of His worshippers
that live in the province of Kashmir,
By order of the Lord of the throne and the crown, the lamp of
creation, S h a h A k b a r ,
In whom the seven minerals find uniformity, in whom the four
elements attain perfect mixture.*
He who from insincere motives destroys this temple, should first destroy
his own place of worship ; for if we follow the dictates of the heart, we musk
bear up with all men, but if we look to the external, we find everything
proper to be destroyed.
0 God, Thou art just and judgest an action by the motive ;
Thou knowest whether a motive is sublime, and tellest the king
what motives a king should have.
I have a few notes on Abul Fazl's family, which may form the con-
clusion of this biographical notice. The $in gives the following list of
Shaikh Mubkak's sons.
1. S h a i k h A b u 1 F a i z, better known under his poetical name
of F a i z i. H e was born in A. E. 954 (A. D. 1547), and seems to
have died childless.
2. S h a i k h A b u 1 I? a z 1, born 14th January, 1551, murdered
12th Angust, 1602.
3. S h a i k h A b u l B a r a k 6 t, born 17th Shawm61, 960 (1552).
'& Though he has not reached a high degree of learning, he knows much,

is a practical man, and well versed in fencing. H e is good-natured and

fond of dervishes." H e served under Abul Fnzl in Khhndesli.
4. S h a i k h A b u l K h a i r , b o r n 2 2 n d J u m t i d a I , 9 6 7 . " H e
i~ a well informed young man, of a regulated mind." He, too, must
have entered the Imperial service ; for he ie mentioned in the Akbar-
d m a h aa having been sent by the emperor to the Dak'hin to fetch
Prince DinyU
3. 8 h a i k h A b n l MakQrim,born23rdShaww6l,976. .He
was wild a t first, but guided by his father he learned a good deal. H e
also studied under Shah Abul Fath 8hirirzi.
The above five eons were all by the name mother, who, as remarked
above, died in 998.
6. 8 h a i k h A b 15 T u r 4 b, born 23rd Zil Hijjah, 988. " Though

I. e. Akbar is the insdn ikdmiZ, or perfect man,

6
 xxxiv
his mother is another one, he is admitted a t Court, and is engaged in
self-improvement."
Besides the above, Abul Fazl mentions two posthumous sons by
qun~md,or concubines, uiz. S h a i k h h b u 1 H Q In i d, born 3rd Rabi'
11, 1002, and S h a i k h A b G R Q s h i dl born 1st Jurnbda I, 1002.
" They resemble their father."
Of Mubitrak's daughters, I find four mentioned in the histories-
1. One married to KhudBwand K h i n Dak'hiui ; ride p. 442.
Badiioni calls her husband a Rj'zi, i. e., a Shi'ah, and says he died in
Karf in GujnrBt.
2. One married to HusBmuddin ; ci& p. 411.
3. One married to a son of Riijnli 'Ali K h i n of Rhindesh. Their
son Snfdnr Khbn* was made, in the 45th year of Alrbar's reign, a com-
mander of one thousand.
4. Lidli Begum, married to Isliim K h i n ; cide p. 493, note 1.
Mr. T. W. Beale of tfgrah, the learned anthor of the X$Ia'lb uftnzuth-ikh,
informs me that Lidli Begum died in 1017, or five years before the
death of her husband. Her mausoleum, called the ' Rauzali i Lbali Be-
gum,' is about two miles to the east of Alrbar's mnusoleum at Siknndrah,
near Xgrah. The iuterior was built of marble, and tlie wliole was sur-
rounded by n wall of red Fathpdr sandstone. I t was completed
in 1004. I n 1843, Mr. Beale saw in the Rauznh several tombs without
inscriptions, nnd a few years ago tlie place mas sold by government to
a wealthy HindJ. The uew owner dug up the mnrble stones, sold them,
and destroyed the tombs, so tliat of the old Rnuzah nothing exists
now-a-days but the surrounding wall. AIL-.Beale thinlis tliat the bodies
of Sliaikli JIubirak, Faizi, and Abul Fazl were likewise buried there, be-
cause over the entrance the following inscription in Tughrl characters
may still be seen-
LJJWl&!)l+LU &dls i b * 2&, p...I &*I. dl p
(3MI# bll+ Lhij Ji n , , ~ u ~elfl
id J l u @,+JI c+ j l d d I
> uib,. JJWI~ Ua,,~
~ldi I3Jj J dlj a01 (J1 &dpl @
3%dLj dl 31i djG oE~~JISI &dl j kdl j X ? t,dl 1 J$Yl
I1 Lbll ell L , J'
W K j I &I u
,
- tL&aL, 'LLhL"
I n the name of God the merciful, the clement, in whom I trust!
This lnausoleum was erected for the divine scholar, the sage of the

* The Lak'hnau edition of the Akbarnamah (111, 830) calls him Sundar Khan.
eternal, the gatherer of knowledge, S h a i Ir h M u b ti r a k u 11a h (may his
secret be sanctified I), in filial piety by the ocean of sciences, S h a i k h
A b u 1 F a z 1-may God Almighty preserve him !-in the shadow of the
majesty of the just king, whom power, auspiciousness, and generosity follow,
Jalaluddunyti waddin Akbar PBdishBh i Ghazi,-may God Almighty per-
petuate the foundations of hie kingdom !-under the superintendence of
A b u 1 B a r a k b t, in 1004 [A. D. 1595-961.
T h u s i t will appear that the Rauzah mas built in the year in which
Faizi clied. Sliaikh Mubirak, as was mentioned above, died in 1593 A. D.
I t seems, however, as if Shailch hiubirak and Fuizi had been buried
at a place opposite to Agrah, on the left bank of the Jarnun$, where he
first settled in 1551 ; for Abul Fuzl says in his description of Kgrah in
the ifin*-" On the other side of the river is the Chir Uigli Villa, built
by Firdaus Makkni [the emperor Bibar]. There the author was born, and
there are the resting places of his father and his elder brother. Slinikh
'Al6uddin Majztib and Mir Rafi'uddin Safami and otlier worthies are
also buried there." W e have no information regtirdiug a removal of the
bodies to the other side of the JamunP, though Abul Fazl's inscription
no doubt shews that such a removal was intended. I t is a pity, how-
ever, that the llauzah was sold and destroyed.
Abul Fazl's son is the welik~iomn
SHAIKH 'ARDURKAHH AFZAL
~ N KHA'N.
H e was born on the 12th Sha'bh, 979, and received from his grand-
father the Sunni name of 'AbdurralimBn. I n the 35th year of Akbar's
reign, when twenty years of age, Akbar married him to the daughter of
Sa'Qdat YBr Kokah's brother. By her 'Abdurrahmku had a son, to wliom
Akbar gave the name of Bish0tan.t
W h e n Abul Fazl was iu command of the army in the Dak'hin,
'Abdurrahmin mas, what the Persians call, the tlr i ~ v i tarkash
i i zi, ' the
arrow a t hand a t the top of the quiver', ever ready to perform duties
from which others shrank, and wisely and courageously settling matters
of importance. H e especially distinguidied himself in Talingiinah.
When Malik 'Ambar, in the 46th year, had caught 'Ali Mardin Uah6dur
(p. 496) and had taken possession of the country, Abul Fazl despatched
'AbdurrahmQn and Sher KhwBjuh (p. 459) to oppose the enemy. They

My text edition, p. 441. Vide also p. 639 ; Keene's Agra Guide, p. 47, and
legrding Ucjli Begum, p. 45. ' L6cjli' means in HindGet&ni' a pet.'
f Wbich name waa borne by the brother of Iefandigb, whoie eo often mentioned
in Firdads Shihnimah.
 crossed the Qod6warl.i near NQnder, and defeated 'Amber at the
MfinjerL
Jahsngir did not transfer to the son the hatred which he had felt
for the father, made him a commander of two thousand horse, gave him
the title of Afzal KhPn, and appointed him, in the third year of his
reign, governor of BihLr, vice Islkm KhLn (the husband of Abul Fuzl's
sister), who was sent to Bengal. 'Abdurrahmrin also received Gor&'h-
p6r as jdgir. As governor of BihAr, he had his head-quzrters at Putna.
Once during his absence from Patna, a dervish of the name of
Qutbuddin appeired in the district of BhojpGr, which belonged to the
then very troublesome Ujjlriniyah Rijnhs (p. 513, note), and gave
out that he was Prince Khusrau, whom his unsuccessful rebellion and im-
prisonment by Jahirngir hnd made the favorite of tlie people. Collecting
a large number of men, he marched on Patna, occupied the fort which
Shaikh Banirasi and GhiyLs, 'Abdurrrrhmh's officers, cowardly gave
up, and plundered Afzal KhBn's property and the Imperial treasury.
'Abdurrahmin returned from GorAlr'hpdr as soou as he heard of the re-
bellion. The pretender fortified Patna, and drew up his army at the
Pun Pun River. 'Abdurrahmbn charged at once, and after a short
fight dispersed the enemy. Qutb now retreated to the fort, followed by
'Abdurrahmirn, who succeeded in cnpturing him. H e executed the
man at once, and sent his head to Court, together with the two coward-
ly officers. Jnhbngir, who was a1m:iys minute in his punishments, had
their heads shaved and women's veils pnt over the faces ; they were
then tied to donkeys, with their heads to the tails, and paraded through
the towns (lashliir) as a warning to others.
Not long after this affair, 'Abdurrahmirn took ill, and went to Court,
where be was well receivcd. H e lingered for a time, and died of an
abscess, in the 8th year of Jahingir's reign (A. H. 10'22), or eleven
years after his father's murder.

BIBHOTAN,
SON OF 'ABDUBRAHM#N,
SON SHAIKHABULFAZL.
OF

He was born on the 3rd Zi Qa'dali, 999. I n the 14th year of

JahPngir's reign, he was a commander of seven hundred, with three hnn-
dred horse. I n the 10th year of Shih Jahin's reign. he is mentioned
as a commander of five hundred horse, which rank he held when he
died in the 15th year of the same reign.
 ABULPAZL'S PREFACE.

ALLXHU AKBAR !

0 Lord, whose secrets are for ever veiled

And whose perfection knom not a beginning,
End and beginning, both are lost in Thee,
No trace of them L found iu Thy eternal realm.
My words are h e ; my tongue, a stony tract ;
Slow wings my foot, and wide is the expanse.
Confused are my thoughts ; but this is Thy best praise,
In ecstasy alone I see Thee face to face !

IT is proper for a man of true knowledge to praise God not only .

in words, but also in deeds, and to endeavour to obtain everlasting
happineas, by putting the window of his heart opposite the slit of his
pen, and describing some of the wondrous works of the Creator. Perhaps
the lustre of royalty may shine upon him, and its light enable him to
gather a few dmps from the ocean, and a few atoms from the endless
field of God's works. H e will thus obtain everlasting felicity, and
render fertile the dreary expanse of words and deecis.
I, Abulfml, son of Yubbrik, return thanksgiving to God by singing
the praises of royalty, and by stringing its kingly pearls upon the
thread of description ; but i t is not my intention to make mankind, for
the first time, acquainted with the glorious deeds and excellent virtues
of that remarkable man,' who clothes our wonderful world in new
colonrs, and is an ornament to God's noble creation. I t would be
absurd on my part to speak about that which is known ; I should make
myself the butt of the learned. I t is only my personal knowledge of

Akbar.
1
 him, a pricelekq jewel, which I send to the market place of the world,
and my heart feels proud of being engaged in such an undertaking.
But it could not have been from self-laudation that I hnve taken upon
myself to cany out so great a task-a work which even heavenly beings
would find beset with difficulties ; for such a motive would expose my
inability and shortsightedness. My sole object in writing this work
was, first, to impart to all that tnke an interest in this auspicious century,
a knowledge of the wisdom, magnaninlity, and energy of him who
understands the minutest indications of all things, created and dii.ine,
striding as he does over the field of knowledge ; and, secondly, to leave
future generations a noble legacy. The payment of a debt of gratitude
is an ornament of life, and a provision for man's lmt journey. There
may be some in this world of ambitious strife, where natures are so
different, desires so numerous, equity so rare, and guidance so smco,
who, by making use of this source of wisdom, will escape from the
perplexities of the endless chaos of knowledge and deeds. It is with
this aim that I describe some of the regulntions of the great king, thus
leaving for far and near, a standard work of wisdom. I n doing so, I hnve
of course, to s p e d of the exalted position of a king, and also to describe
the condition of those who are assistants in this great ofice.
. No dignity is higher in the eyes of God than royalty ; and those
who me wise, drink from its auspicious fountain. A sufficient proof of
this, for those who require one, is the fact that royalty is a remedy for
the spirit of rebellion, and the reason why subjects obey. Even tlle
meaning of the wold PAdishih shews this ; for prid signifies stability
and possession, and shdi means origin, lord. A king is therefore the
origin of stability and possession. If royalty did not exist, the storm of
stlife would nevcr subside, nor selfish ambition disappear. Mankind,
being under the b d e n of lnwlessness and lust, would sink into the pit
of destruction ; the world, this p e a t market place, would loso its pros-
perity, and the whole earth become a barren waste. But by the light of
imperial justice, somo follow with cheerfulness the road of obedience,
whilst others abstain h m violence through fear of punishment ; and out
of necessity make choice of the path of rectitude. &lrrilb is dso a name
given to one wlio surpasses his fellows, as you may see from words like
shrift-aulrcir, shah-r.dh ; it is also a term applied to a bridegroom-the
worltl, ns thc bride, bctrotllcs herself to the Iring, aud beoomes his
worshipper.
 Silly and shortsighted men cannot distinguish n f r ~ wking Gom a .
x*P*k ruler. Nor is this remarkable, as both have in common a largo
treasury, a numerous army, clever servants, obedient subjects, an abun-
dance of wise men, a multitude of skilful workmen, and a superfluity of
means of enjoyment. But men of deeper insight remark a difference.
In the case of tlie former, the things just now enumerated, are lasting ;
but in that of the latter, of short duration. The former does not attach
himself to these things, as his object 'is to remove oppression, and provide
for every thing which is good. Security, health, chastity, justice, polite
manners, faithfulness, truth, an increase of sincerity, &c., are the result.
The latter is kept in bonde by the external forms of royal power, by
vanity, the slavishness of men, and the desire of enjoyment ; hence every-
where there is insecurity, unsettledness, strife, oppression, faithlessness,
robbery.
Royalty is a light emanating from God, and a ray from the sun,
the illuminator of the universe,' the argument of the book of perfection,
the receptacle of all virtues. Modern language calls this light ,firrr i izirN
(the divine light), and the tongue of antiquity called it kiycin khtrttrnh .
(the sublime halo). It is communicnted by God to kings without tho
intermediate assistance of any one, and men, in tlie presence of it, bend
the forehead of praise towards the ground of submission. Again, many .
e x d e n t qualities flow from the possemion of this light. 1. A pnterncl
bw tormrda fhe srchj~cta. Thousands h d mt in the love of the king ;
and sectarian differences do not raise the dust of strife. I n his wisdom,
the king will understand the spirit of tlie age, and shape his plans
accordingly. 2. A k r g e iwnrt. The sight of anything disagreeable does
not unsettle him ; nor is want of discrimination for him a source of
dieappointment. His courage steps in. His divine firmness gives
him the power of requital, nor does the high position of an offender
interfere with it. The wishes of great and small are attended to, and
their olaims meet with no delay at his hands. 3. A rtaily i)acreasing
trrcat in God. When he performs an action, he wnsiders God as the
real doer of it, (and himself as the medium,) so that a wnfiict of
motives mn produce no disturbanoe. 4. Prayer and devotion. The success
of his phimi will not lead him to neglect ; nor will adversity oause him
to forget God, and madly trust in man. H e puts the reins of desire

' AkUthr worshipped the Run as the

risible repwnentative of' Cod, and the inl- 1 mediate source of life. R e g d i n g his
form of worship, vidc below.
 illto t11,. I ~ a ~ i0l'd ~I*ts:lqt)n : i l l thc n.i,lo fic.111of l ~ i sclt.5ir~s11c tlocg 11ot
llt*~~ii~it 11i111~rlft~ 1 ~ !.I . I I [ ~ I(lo\!
I I > I11~ 11y r ~ - . t l ~ . - ~ ~ ~11or
s q , will he w:lsto
i s~ r t i Ii 1 I I i i i n o r IIa makes
w ~ . i ~ t tilt:
l ~ , tyr:~nt,llny lloll~n~c, to \vi-tlolri, so tll:~t llli1111mgr m : ~ ynot
g ~ tllrt ul)lwr hnntl, :lrltl inco~~sirl~br:~ttb~lc.hs c)vt.rst~spthe Ibrcllwr lilimit5. IIP
bits on the cnlincnce of pmpricbty, so that tllobt' who lmve gone astrny
h : ~ \ ea way lcfi to rrturn, without rslwsilig thtkir b:~d clceds to tllo
pul~licgnzt3. TVli1111 Ile sit$ in jlltlgmcnt, thc petitioner st.cnls to he tho
jutlgc, uncl he lliniself; on account of Iiis ~ i i i l t l ~ i ~tlic ~ s ssuitor
, fLr justice.
1Te tlors riot permit prltitio~lrrsto bc tlt~lilyctlor1 the. l ~ t t l of l ilope ; Ile
eiltlravoum to promote tlic llnl)l~i~i(~sq of tllr t~r(~:tt~~re:, ill ol)f~tli(~luce
to
thi. will of tllc Creator, ;~1lt1nevcsr st'clis to 1)le:ist~tlir people in c,ontra-
dictiori to reason. I l o is fnr thvcr st~nrt~l~iilg after tliosr~who spe:~lithe
trutll, and is not disple:lsr.tl \\-it11 \vortls t1i:lt crrm hittrr, but me in
r(3:llity sweet. I l c considers tht. 1i:ltllr.e of the \vords rlnd tlie rank of
the speaker. I I e is ~ i o t roiute~itwit11 not c~o~lniiitting viulcnce, but Ile
must see that no i ~ ~ j ~ i is b t(lone
i ( ~ within llis rc:~lrn.
I I c is continually attclntivc to the Iicnlth of the body politic, and
applies remccli~s to the sc~vcml ciisci~ses tlir~roof. An11 in the enme
niauncr that the rquilibriunu of tho nnim;~lctoristitution tlcpe~ldsupon
an r~lnalmixtlire of' the clt.nlt~nts,'so illso doc:, thc politiral constitution
beronue well trrnperetl hy n propcr tlivisioli of r:lnks ; nnrl hy rncnns of
tllc rnnl~nthof the ray of imnnir~lityn~itlc,o~icord,n multitutle of' people
become fusc~dinto ollr body.
Tlic people of the world may 1)e divitletl into four c.lasses.'-
1. FJTnt.,.io,:~,who in tile politic8:ll body 1i:~vrthe xii~tlirrof fire. Their flames,
direrttd by uindcrstnntling, corislunt~the s t r : ~ ~nl~tl v rubbish of rebellion
ant1 strifc, but brindle also thr ln1111) of' rest ill this worltl of tlistur-
bnnces. 2. At.f(fic.crs nncl ~ ~ I I W ~ ~h Ihold oI I ~the ~ pl:lcr
, c~fair. From
their labours and tmvc~ls,God's gifts become universal, axucl the breeze
of contentment nourishes the rose-tree of litil. 3. Tkc. Ii,nt-ttr(/,such as
the philosopher, tho ~~hysicinn, tho nrithnletic*inn,tlie geometrician, tho

' T~IILR, cording to the nlcdicnl theo- h. X.~ilri:;. It is also found in t h r

ries of tile middle ages. zlXhl,ig i .lfuh.5i/1i, chnl,tc,r SV., d u ~
a Tliis pashnge resemblrs one in 'nrlf, in the A , l X h f t i i~ Juldli, and the
F i d a a s i ' ~ Shihntimah, in the ch:~pter -4 k h f l i q i Sfifin', the oldest of the three
entitled dar dn'fifdn i Jcz~twhPd; vide Akhluqfi mentionrd.
also Vullers' Persian Dictionary, II., 766,
astronomer, who resemble water. From their pen and their wisdom, a
river riees in the drought of the world, and the garden of the creation
receives from their inigating powers a peculiar freshness. 4. 1iu.rlmnd~nen
and &4rers, who may be compared to earth. B y their exertions, the
etaple of life is brought to perfection, and strength and happiness flow
&om their work.
It is therefore obligatory for a king to put each of these in its
proper place, and by uniting personal ability with a due respect for
others, to cause the world to flourish.
And aa the grand political body maintains its equilibrium by the
above four ranks of men, so does royalty receive its find tint from a
&nhr fourfold division.
1. The nobles of the state, who in relianca on their position lead
everything to a happy issue. Illuminating the battle-field with the halo
of devotedness, they make no amount of their lives. These fortunate
oourtiers resemble fh, being ardent in devotion, and consuming in dealing
with foes. A t the head of this class is the Vakil, who from his having
attained by his wisdom the four degrees of perfection,' is the emperor's
lieutenant in all matters connected with the realm and the household.
H e graces the Council by his wisdom, and settles with penetration the
great affairs of the realm. Promotion and degradation, appointment
and dismissal, depend on his height. It requires therefore an experien-
c d man, who possesses wisdom, nobility of mind, affability, h n e s s ,
magnanimity, a man able to be a t peace with any one, who is fhnk,
singleminded towards relations and strangers, impartial to friends
and enemies, who weighs his words, is skilful in business, well-bred,
esteemed, known to be trustworthy, sharp and farsighted, acquainted
with the ceremonies of the court, cognizant of the State secrets,
prompt in transacting business, unaffected by the multiplicity of his
duties. H e should consider it his duty to promote the wishes of others,
and base his actions on a due regard to the different ranks of men,
treating even his inferiors with respect, from the desire of attaching to

' Alrbo.r said that perfect devotedness Akbar much coveted-promised to shew
consisted in tho readiness of sacrificing this devotedness, and then belonged to
four thing,j d n (life), mdl (property), the din i ildhi, or the Divine Faith,
'

din (religion), w ' m b (personal honour). the articles of which Akbar had laid
Those who looked upon Akbar a s a guide down, sa may be seen below.
in spiritual mattera @ir)-anhonour which
 himself the hearts of all. H e takes care not to oommit improprieties in
conversation, and guards himself from bad actions. Although the
financial offices are not under his immediate superintendence, yet he
receives the returns frolll the heads of all financial offices, and wisely
keeps abstracts of their returns.
The Mir-ma,' the Keeper of the seal, the Mir-bakhshi," the Bhr-
bdgi,' the Qurbhgi,' the Mir-t~kak,~ the Mir-bahri: the Mir-barr,' the
N i r - M a d , ' the KhwAnsi'il.lk,' the Muushi," the Qush-bkgi," the Alrhtnh-
bt!gii', belong to this class. Every one of them ought to be sufficiently
acquainted with the work of the others.
2. The maistatrts of cicfory, the collectors and those entrusted with
income and expenditure, who in the administration resemble wind, a t
times a heart-rejoicing breeze, a t other times a hot, pestilential blast.
The head of this division is the Vizier, nlso called Dtlrcit~ H e is the
lieutenant of the Emperor in financial matters, superintends the imperial
treasuries, and checks all accounts. H e is the banker of the cash of the
revenue, the cultivator of the wilderness of the world. I I e must be a
member of the Dit-ine Ffiifl~, a sliilful arithmetician, h e from avarice,
circumspect, warm-hearted, abstinent, active in business, pleasing in his
style, clear in his writings, truthful, a man of integrity, condescending,
zealous in his work. H e is in reality a book-keeper. H e explains all
matters which appear too intricate for the 3fustccliji ;Is and whatever ia
beyond his own ability he refers to the V(/kil. The Mustaufi, the Sbhib
i Taujih," the Awbrjah Nawis,I5 the Mir-S&mhn," the N&zir i BuyGtht,"
the Diwbn i BuyGtAt," the Mushrif '' of the Treasury, the Wbqi'ah

Perhaps an officer in charge ot'the lo Private Secretary.

Emperor's Privt~tepurse. Superintendent of the aviaria (fal-
Paymwter of the Court. cons, pigeons).
' An officer who presents people a t '" Superintendent of the Stud.
Court, their petitions, &. H e is also Is Deputy Diwrin.

called Mlr 'Am. The Acconntnnt of the Army.

Bearer of the Imperial insignia " The Accountant of the daily ex-
' Master of Ceremonies. penditure at Court.
Harbour Master General and Admiral. la The officer in charge of the Court-

' Superintendent of the Imperial For- furniture, stores, &c.

esh. " Snperintendrnt of the Imperial
Quarter Master General of the Court. workahops.
Akbar's court wnn frequrutly tn~velling. la The Accountant of the Imperial
a Superintendent of the Impcrial workshops.
Kitchen. l a Clerk.
 vii
Nawis,' the ' A d ' of the domains, are under his orders, and act by the
form of his wisdom.
Some princes consider the office of the Vizier as a part of that
of the Vnkil, and are anxious to find in their realm a man who
posseeses the excellent qualities of these two pillars of the edifice of the
State. But as they are not always able to find a person qualified for
the office of a Valiil, they make choice of a man wlio has some of his
qualities, and appoint him as Xurrhrif i Ditru~l,which office is higher in
rank than that of the Diwhn, but lower than that of tlie Vakil.
3. The comprinio~rsof t h kirtg,
~ who are the ornaments of tlie court by
the light of their wisdom, the ray of their sharpsightedness, their h o w -
ledge of the times, their intimate acqunintance with liurnan nature, their
frankness and polite address. Through the excellence of their religious
faith and good will, thousands open in the market place of the world
the storm of Grtue. Wisely fettering ambition on the battle-field of
the world, they extinguish the sparks of wrath by the rain of their
wisdom ; whence they resemble water in the affairs of the body political.
When they are of a mild temperament, they remove the dust of afiction
from the hearts of men, and bestow fi-eshness upon the meadow of the
nation ; but if they depart from moderation, they inundate the world
with a deluge of calamity, so that numbers are driven by the flood of
midortunes into the current of utter extinction.
A t the head of this class stands the philosopher, who with the
assistanca of his wisdom and example purifies the morals of the nation,
and gird^ himeelf with the noble aim of putting the welfare of mankind
upon a sound basis. The Sadr,' the Mir-'Adl, the Qitzi,' the physician,
the astronomer, the poet, the soothsayer, belong to this class.
4. The eerrcrnte who at court perform the duties about the king.
They occupy in the system of the State the position of earth. As such,
they lie on the high road of submission, and in dust before the majesty
of the king. If free from chaff and dross, they are like an elixir for
the body ; otherwise they are dust and dirt upon the face of success.
The table servant, the armour bearer, the servants in charge of the
drarlnl and the water, the servant in charge of the mattresses and the
wardrobe, belong to this class.

'

I
The Hecoder. CuIItxL.tor. empire.
Alrio cdled Sadr i Juhdn, tlie Chief- Tlrc Q6xi hevlw the coao : the Mir
Juticy and Adminiatrator Genenrl of the 'Ad1 pwses thc sentence.
 I f the king be waited on by servants to whom good fortune has
given esceuent qualities, there arises sometimes a harmony, which is
like a nosegay h m the flower-bed of auspiciousness.
Just as the welfare of the whole world depends upon the successful
working of the above mentioned four classes, ss settled by kings, ao
does the body politic depend upon the proper formation of the latter
four divisions.
The sages of antiquity mention the following four persons as the
chief supports of the State-1. An upright collector ; who proteats the
husbandman, watches over the subjeots, develops the country, and
improves the revenues. 2. A conscientious cmnmnder of the army, active
and strict. 3. A chief justice, free from avarice and selfishness, who sits
on the eminence of circumspection and insight, and obtains his ends by
putting various questions, without exclusively relying on witnesses and
oaths. 4. An intelligencer, who transmits the events of tlle time without
addition or diminution, always keeping to the thread of truth and
penetration.
It is moreover incumbent on a just king to make himself acquainted
with the chariwters of the following five kinds1 of men of whom the
world is composed, and act accordingly. 1. The most commendable
person is the sagacious nann who prudently does that which is proper and
absolutely necessary. The fountain of his virtues does not only run
along his channel, but renders verdant the fields of other men. Such a
one is the fittest person for a king to consult in State affairs. After him
comes, secondly, the nlnn of good intentiom. The river of his virtues does
not flow over its bed, and does not therefore become an irrigating source
for others. Although it may be proper to shew him kindness and
respect, yet he does not merit so high a degree of confidence. Inferior
to him is, thirdly, the simple vmn, who does not wear tlie badge of
excellence upon the sleeve of his action, yet keeps the llem of his garment
free from the dust of wicked deeds. H e does not deserve any distinction ;
but ought to be allowed to live at his ease. Worse than he is, fourthly,
the ittcotlsidtrnte man, who fills his house with furniture for his own
mischief, without, however, doing harm to others. Him the king should
keep in the hot place of disappointment, and bring him into the road
of virtue by good advice and severe reprehension. The last of all is the

XXXII., entitled dar siydcrat.

The following is afree pamphntne of o
passage in the Akhlhq i Muhsini, Chapter 1
rieiou.9 tjaan, whose black deeds a l a m others and throw, on m u n t of their
viciousness, a whole world into grief. If the remedies employed in the case
of men of the preceding class, do not amend him, the king should consitler
him as a leper, and confine him separate from mankind ; and provided
this harsh treatment does not awaken him from his sleep of e m r , he
should feel the torture of grief, and be banished h m his dwelling ; and if
this remedy produce no effect either, he should be driven out of t l ~ e
kingdom, to wander in the wilderness of disappointment ; and if even
this should not improve his vicious nature, he should be deprived of the
instruments of his wickedness, and lose his sight, or his hand, or his
foot. But the king ought not to go so far as to cut the thread of his
existence ; for enquiring sages consider the human form as ns edifice
d e by Gocl, and do not permit its destruction.
It is therefore necessary for just kings, to make themselves first
acquainted with the rank and charachr of men, by the light of insight
and penetration, and then to regulate business acoordingly. Andllence
i t i that the sages of ancient times have said that princes who wear tho
jewel of wisdom, do not appoint every low man to their service ; that
they do not consider every one who has been appointed, to be deserving
of daily admittance ; that those who are thus favoured, are not therefore
deemed worthy to sit with them on the carpet of intercourse ; that those
who ar*! worthy of this station, are not necessarily admitted to the
p:rvilion of familiar address ; that those who have this privilege, are not
therefore nllowecl to sit in the august :~ssexully; that those upon whom
tlJs m y of good fortune falls, are not therefore let into tlluir secrets ;
and that those who enjoy the happiness of this station, are not therefore
fit for iulmiion into the Cabinet Council.
1'& be to God, the Giver of every good gift! The exalted
monarch of our time is so endowed with these laudable dispositions, that
it is no exaggeration to call him their emrdititn. From the light of his
wisdom, he discern the worth of men, and kindles the I m p of their
energy ; wllilat ever clear to himself, and without an effort, he adorns
his w d o m with the beauty of practice. Who can measure, by the rules
of speech, his power as a spiritual leader, and his works in the wide field
of holiness ;' and even if it were possible to give a description of it,

Akbar as the *piritual 1adc.r of thc arc related in the seventy-brvcnth Sin of
m e u r h r ~h4ooging to thc Divinr Fi~ith, this book.
viwujiht many mir.wles. 01' which sonlc
2
wlto woultl 1x1 nhlc to 11~4:rr:inti 1 or~il~r~~ltr.ritl it :C Tl_lc 1)r.fit thillg I cnn
do is to abstain from such an :tttt~t~lld, :lli(l to c*onfil~~, niyscblf to the
d~~se~ril~tioii of sllcli of liib \voti(li~rfiddoings ah ill~istrutotlte wvrldly side
of liis i~:lturc, ant1 liis grt~atnc-, :is a kilig. I $hull spcdi-
A t . \ t , of lus rc,gulrltions roncel~lillgt/,c /,o~r\,I~o/// ; a~'c>o,r/I/!/,of the
regulations col~c-crniligI l r ~/rrttr!/ ; tllit~//!/,of' tlie reg~dntionsc+onc~inirig
thca rtt~pii.ca, as tltrsc. tlirecl colltnin tlit~w l i o l ~duty of' n king. In doing
so, I sliall lcnvch ~~r:ic.tica:ilc~lrlltir~rs a prc~sc~rit, wliic.11 n1:ly ~ ( ~ t >difficult
rtl
to nnderstnncl, but ~vliichin ; or mthcr, nliich riiny nernl easy, but
is in rcdity difficull.

ant1 vcl.scd in the Iiistury of t l t ~pist, c:lniiot cuntprehelid, how nloriarchs

Iiitvc hitherto govex-nt~d wit111)nttlieso wisi. r.(>gnlntion~, and how the
garden of royalty could Ilavc. l~cen Srrsli and verd:~rit, without Leillg
irrig:~tcaclby tllis fi)~liitninof wis~loni.
u~idcrtl1rc.c llcads : it crlables
Tliis sublilne vulul~it.tllcsi~,is ni~:~ngc~tl
I ~ I C ~ill
, ~ 0 1 1 1m:asure,
~~ to r.\I)ress ruy fielings of' gratitude for favours
receivud.
R e m a r k I,,y the Auflror. As I had son~etit~uw to ose Hindi words, I hnve carefully
descriLed the t.ollsonants and vuivels. E~~cluirtbrs will tllcrcl'ore 11;lve no difficulty i n
r e d i n g ; nor will any c o n f i ~ ~ i o;iviw n fi.0111 ~~iistalic's in copying. L e t t e n like a l i f , Ztim.
slid a lbw morc, are sufficit-1111~ clcnr ti-ol~lt l ~ c i nanies.
r Some letters I hnve distinguished
w )rrcoqzi!uW, and letter* sirriilnr in 1;)rin. w i t l ~ o u t.;ut.11 a lin~itation. Letttbm which iue
purvly I'ersian, have been distinguishvd as sue11 ; ~ I I I I . tlw p inI)uelitl, the chd in clrtct~tan,
the gev in ~ ~ i g dtlie r , z/t ill ~nrrrhcltrh. So1nt.ti111es1 Ilave added to tlie names of these
letter, I l rI ~ t t t . L t . t t c ~ spcc~~li:trt o the 1ii11di language I hnve
d i s t i ~ ~ g u i s l ias
~ t liindi.
l T11c lt.tt~r,t/~i. :I> ill rtiy, I 11;lvc called tuictdiri, and the /c?, as

in dust, Juuqcitli. Tlre I, i l l ctclrth, 111:ivt. 111t~rcs1y cal11.d I,{. Si~nilarly,the letten niin,
wciu*, yn', m t l hP, ,11en clc.:uly so~ll~dctl, I~;rvc!1nar11l ~ i e r e desc*ribrd
l~ as ~ r r i a ~sciw,
, 8;c.
The nusal ~riitrI hitve cilllcd ~ttiai X.h~~/i',or nlin i p;/~icrii~.The final and silent h,
. in f ~ r ~ ~ k ~ u ~ rIt have
a3 l o h , c.;lllcd iitcrX/til,, i. (.., ivrittc-11,but not pro~~or~nccul. The iirnd
u, w l ~ c n~nodifitdt o k or 4,I h;trc <.;illctl ~ ~ ~ c ! ~ l r uAs ' l .C O I I ~ O I I ~ U I ~tblluwed
N l?y a alif
havt: thc vowel CL, it \v;L< 1101 I I I ~ c ( * ~tu s . spt,cifj.
L~~ t11t:ir vowL'k.
 BOOK FIRST.
T H E I M P E R I A L HOUSEHOLD.

Am 1.
THE HOUSEHOLD.
H e is a man of high understanding and noble aspirations who, without
t h e help of others, recognizes a ray of the Divine power in the s m d e s t
things of the world ; who shapes his inward and outward character accordingly,
and shews due respect to himself and to others. He who does not possess
these qualifications, ought not to engage in the struggle of the world, but
observe a peaceable conduct. If the former be given to retirement, he will
cultivate noble virtues ; and if his position be a dependent one, he will put
his whole heart in the management of his affairs, and lead a life free from
distressing cares.
True greatness, in spiritual and in worldly matters, does not shrink
from the minutis of business, but regards their performance aa an act of
B r i n e worship.'
If he cannot perform every thing himself, he ought to select, guided
by insight and practical wisdom, one or two men of sagacity and understand-
ing, of liberal views in religious matters, possessing diligence and a
knowledge of the human heart, and be guided by their advice.
The wise esteem him not a king who confines his attention to great
matters only, although some impartial judges excuse a king that does eo,
because avaricious sycophants who endeavour by cunning to obtain the
position of the virtuous, often remind him of the difference of ranks, and
mmeed in lulling d e e p such kings as are fond of external greatness, their
only object being to make a trade of the revenues of the country, and to
promote their own interests. But good princes make no difference between
great and s m d matters ; they take, with the assistance of God, the burden of
this world and the responsibility of the world to come on the shoulder of
m l u t i o n , and are yet free and independent, as is the case with the king of

A phrase which Akbar often used.

 o111.time. Tu lliu wisdo~n,he rnnkvs himsolf ncquainted with the mrro~uful
working of every drpnrtmont, whidl, although formor monarchs havo thought
it doroantory to their greatness, in ynt tho first ntep hwnrds the establish-
melit of a good government. For every branch he has mado proper rcguda-
tions, and he seen in the performauco of his duty a means of obtaining
Ood's favour.
The suwess of this vast undertaking depends upon two things : $rat,
wisdom and insight, to call into existence suitable regulations; aeeondly, a
watchful eye, to see them carried out by men of integrity and diligence.
Although many servants of the household receive their salaries on tho
list of the army, there was paid for the household in tho thirty-ninth year of

.rthe Divine era, the sum of 309,186,795 dgms.' The expenses on this account,
, aa also the rovenues, are daily increasing. There aro more than one hundred
offices and workshops, each resembling a city, or rather a littlo kingdom ;
1and by the unremitting attention of his Majesty, they are all conducted with
regnlarity, and are constantly increasing, their improvement being accom-
panied by additional care and supervision on the part of his Majesty.
Some of the rcgulntions I shall transmit, as a present, to future
enquirers, and thus kindle in others tho lamp of wisdom and energy.
As regards those regulations which are of a general nature, and which
from their subject matter, belong to each of the three divisions of the work,
I have put them among the regulations of the Household.

THE IMPERIAL TREASURIES.

Every man of sense and understanding knows that the best way of
worshipping Ood, consists in allaying the distress of the times, and in
improving the condition of man. This depends, however, on the advancement
of agriculture, on the order kopt in the king's household, on the readiness of
the champions of tho empire, and the discipline of the army. AU this again
is connected with the exercise of proper care on the part of the monarch, his
love for tho people, and with an intelligent management of the revenues and
the public expenditure. I t is only when cared for, that the inhabitants of
the towns, and those of the rural districts, are able to satisfy their wants, and
to enjoy prosperity. Henco it is incumbent on just kings, to caro for the
former, and to protect the latter class of men. If some say that to collect

Or, 7,729,669h Rupees. One rupee the commrnremrnt of which fillla on the
(of Akbnr) = 44) d81ns. The Divine era, 19th FcLru:try l55(i ; hence the thirty-
or Thrikh i Ilithi, is Akbar'~solar era, ninth year corresponds to A.D. 1695.
a d t h , and to ask for more than is absolutely necessary, is looked upon r t ~
contemptible by people given to retirement and seclusion, whil~tthe opl~osite
is the case with the inhabitants of the towns, who livo in a depcmdent
position, I would answer that it is after all only shortsighted men who make
this assertion ; for in reality both classes of men try to obtain that which
they think necessary. Poor, but abstemious people take a sufficient quantity
of food and raiment, so as to keep up the strength necessary for the pursuit
of their enquiries, and to protect them against the influence of the weather ;
whilst the other class think to have just sufficient, when they ELI their
treasuries, gather armies, and reflect on other meam of increasing their
power.
It was from such views, when lifting the veil and beginning to pay
attention to these weighty concerns, that his Majesty entrusted his innlost
secrets to the Khirjah sarii I'timrid Khbn,' a name which ILis Majesty had
&wed u p n him as a fitting title. On account of the experience of the
m j a h , the reflections of his Majesty took a practical turn, widened by
degrees, and shone at last forth in excellent regulations. An enquiry .
r e p d i n g the income of the different kinds of land was set on foot, and
successfully concluded by the wisdom of upright and experienced men. With
a comprehensiveness which knew no difference between friends and strangers,
the lands which paid rents into the imperial exchequer were separated from
the Jigir lands ; and zealous and upright men mere put in charge of the
revenues, each over one kr6r of d h s . Incorruptible bitahAbS were selected
to assist them, and intelligent treasurers were appointed, one for ench. And
from kindness and care for the agricultural classes, it was commanded that the
colledora should not insist upon the husbandman paying coin of full weight,
but to give him a receipt for whatever species of money he might bring. This

Tlimcfd meam trusttoorthinas. W&- t o Akbar's satisfaction. I n 1565, he

jab &i in the title of the chief eunuch. conveyed the daughter of Mirhn 3111bti-
His ml name ww Phlil Malik. After rik, king of Khbndkuh (1635 to l566),to
w m n g S d m Sliirh (1585 to 1553)' who A k b a r ' ~harem, took nfterwards a part
&towed upon him t h h i t l e of ,Wuham- in the conq~lestof Bengal, where hc tlis-
mad h-ha'n, he entered Akbnr's service. tinguishcd himself, and was, in 1576,
A k h r , after the death of Shamsuddin appointed governor of Bhakkar. Wl~rn
Muham~lled Atgah KhLn, his foster in 1578 Akbar's presence w.w required in
father, commmced to look into matters the Pmjnjib. I'timid Khbn desired to
of finance, nnd finding the Revenue De- join him. In order to equip hiu contin-
a d m of thieves, he appointed gent, he colleztcd his renh and out-
t o remodel the finances, standin s rm it appears, wit11 much harsh-
mati- him a commander of One Thou-
sand (ride Abulf.:~I'slist of Akbnr's gran-
noas. kd
ri lrd to a mnapinrcy against
hin life. I n the same year he w.w mur-
d m . in part second. Nn. 119).and ronfer- dered by a man named Maqclid 'Ali.
ring upon him the title ot'l'fimcid Khn'n. ilfacfsir n l umard.
He nppears to hirve performed his duties Writers.
 laudable regulation removed the ruet of uncertainty from the minds of the
collectors, and relieved the subjects from a variety of oppremions, whilst tlle
income became larger, and the s t a h flourished. The fountain of the revenuee
having thus been purified, a zealous and honest man was selected for the
general treasurership, and a dilrjgah and a clerk were appointed to assist him.
Vigilance was established, and a standard laid domi for this department.
Whenever a (provincial) treasurer had collected the sum of two lakha of
d h s , he had to send it to the Treasurer General at the Court, together with
a memorandum specrfSlng the quality of the sum.
A separate treasurer was appointed for the pblrkaeh' receipts, another
for receiving heirless property, another for plazar receiptels and another for
the mo~liesexpended in weighing the royal person,' and for charitable
donations. Proper regulittion~were also made for the disbursementa ; and
honest fiuperintondents, dhr6gahs and clerks were appointed. The s u m
required for the annual expenditure, aro paid at the Oe~leral Treasury to
each cashkeeper of the disbursements, and correct receipta granted for them.
A proper system of accounts having thus been inaugurated, the empire began
to flourish. I n a short time the treiisuries were full, the army was augmented,
and refractory rebels led to the path of obedience.
In rrirn and T G h , where only one treasurer is appointed, the accounta
are in a confused state ; but here in India, the amount of the revenues is so
great, and the business so multifarious that h e l v e treasuries are necessary
for storing the money, nine for the different kinds of cash-payments, and
three for precious stones, gold, and inlaid jewellery. The extent of the
treasuries is too great to admit of my giving a proper description with other
matters before me. From his knowledge of the work, and as a reward for
labour, his Majesty very often expresses his satisfaction, or conveys repri-
mands ; hence everything is in a flourishing condition.
Separate treasurers were also appointed for each of the Imperial
workshops, the number of which is nearly one hundred. Daily, monthly,
quarterly, and yearly accounta are kept of the receipts and disbursementa, so
that in this branch also the market-place of the world is in a flourishing
condition.
Again, by the order of his Majosty, a person of known integrity keeps
in the public audience hall some gold and silver for the needy, who
have their wants relieved without delay. Moreover a kr6r of dkms is kept
in readiness within the palace, every thousand of which is kept in bags made
of a coarse material. Such n bag is called in Hindi aahaah, and many of

' Tributes.
P T ( , HVOWS,
C ~ ~&c.
~
I
I
Vide the cigilteenth Sin of the
~econdbook.
them put up in a heap, ganj. Besides, his Majesty entrusts to one of the
nobility a large sum of money, part of which is carried in a purge.' T h i ~is
the reason, why ~ u c hdisbursements are called in the language of the cou~ltry
)Aarj i kAkah.
All these benefits flow from the wonderful liberality of his Majesty, and
from his unremitting cate for the subjects of the empire. Would to God
that he might live a thousand years !

THE TREASURY FOR PRECIOUS ETONES.

If I were to speak about the quantity and quality of the stones, it
would take me an age. I s h d therefore give a few particulars, " gathering
an ear h m every sheaf."
His Majeety appointed for this office an intelligent, trustworthy, clever
treasurer, and as his assistants, an experienced clerk, a zealous dk6gah,
and a h skilful jewellers. The foundation therefore of this important
department rests upon those four pillars. They classified the jewels, and
thus removed the rust of confusion.
Rub&.-1st class rubies, not less than 1000 m u h m in value ; 2nd class,
from 999 to 500 m u h m ; 3rd class, fmm 499 to 300 ; 4th class, from 299 to
200 ; 5th class, from 199 k~100 ; 6th class, from 99 to 60 ; 7th class, from 59
b 40 ; 8th claes, from 39 to 30 ; 9th dass, Gom 29 to 10 ; 10th clasa, Gom
9f to 5 ; 11th class, from 43 to 1 muhur ; 12th class, from ) muhur to f
rupee. They made no account of rubies of less value.
Diamonds, cmeralh, and the red and blue ydqits, were classified as follows :
let class, from 30 m u h m upwards; 2nd class, from 293 to 15 muhurs; 3rd
class, from 142 to 12; 4th class, from 113 to 10; 5th class, from 93 to 7; 6th
class, from 63 to 5; 7th class, from 43 to 3; 8th class, from 23 to 2; 9th class,
&om l f to 1 muhur; 10th class, from 83 rupees to 5 rupees; 11th class,
from 44 to 2 rupees; 12th d w , from 13 to f rupee.
The Pearls were divided into 16 claases, and strung by scores. The first
atring contained twenty pearls, each of a value of 30 m u h m and upwards ;
2nd class pearla varied fro111 29) to 15 muhurs; 3rd class, from 143 to 12;
4th class, from 114 to 10; 5th clam, from 92 to 7; 6th class, from 6: to 5;
7th h,h m 43 to 3; 8th class, from 23 to 2; 9th class, from 13 to 1;
10th c h , less than a muhur, down to 5 rupees; 11th class, less than 5, to
2 rupees; 12th h,less than 2 rupees, to I f rupees; 13th class, less than 1)

A purse in Hiidi is called buhkab.

rupees, to 30 dink8 ; 14th class, less than 30 & h a , to 20 dims; 15th class, leas
tlian 20 d , h s , to 10 dims; 16th class, less than 10 d h , to 5 d h v . The
pearls are strung upon a number of strings indicating their dm, so that
those of the 16th class are strung upon 16 strings. At tho end of each
bundle of strings the imperial seal is affixed, to avoid lossov arising from
w r t i n g , whilst a description is attached to each pearl, to prevent disorder.
The following are the charges for boring pearls, independent of the daily
and monthly wages of the workmen. For a pearl of the 1st class, Q rupee ;
2nd claas, &; 3rd class, GE rupee; 4th class, 3 &ms; 5th class, 1 sGki ; 6th
class, 1 d h ; 7th class, $ dfams; 8th class, 3 dhm; 9ih class, 4 dAm; 10th class,
+;
3; 1l t h class, 4; 12th claas, 13th class, &; 14th class, +; 15th dass, i$ ;
16th class, i\ ddSm, and less.
The value' of juwels is so well known that it is useless to say anything
about it; but thoso which are at present in the treasury of His Majesty may
be detailed as follows :-
Rubies weighing 11 tkh, 20 surkha,' and diamonds of 5$ W s , 4
surkhs, oach one lakh of rupoes; emeralds weighing 172 thnks, 3 s u r k b ,
52,000 rupees; yriqGta of 4 t k k s , 73 sukha, and pairk of 5 W s , each 50,000
rupees.

AI'N 4.
THE IMPERIAL Ikl.INT.
Aa the successful working of the' mint increases the treasure, and is the
source of despatch for every department, I s h d mention a few details.
The ixha1)itants of tho towns and the country perform their transactions
by moans of money. Every man uses it according to the extent of his
nucussities; tho man whose heart is free from worldly desires sustains by it
his life, and the worldly Inan considers it the finid stage of his objects-the
wants of all are satisfied by it. Tho wise man looks upon it as the founda-
tion, from which the fulfilment of his wol.ldly and religious wieishes flows. I t
is absolutely necessary for the continuance of the human race, as men obtain
by money thoir food and rlotlling. You may indeed gain those two t h i u p
by undergoing some labour, m sowing, rearing, reaping, cleaning, kneading,
-

* Surkh means red ; also, a Iiftle seed 1 mbhah ; 12 mhhahs = 1 t6lirh. and 80
with u 1)ltcrrl: dot on it, called in Hind. tolahs = 1 n6r. A tirrlk is valued at 4,
q h ~ u ~ c hAbrus
i, precatorius. Thc Pcr- mLhuhs ; but it must have weiXlled a
srnns called it cltuahna i khu&, cwk's little more, DS in thc tc.nth Sin, Aln~lfuzl
eye. The set& are oilen wed Ibr rrt3teR that the weight of 1 dir~u was
rhildren's bracelets. Abulli~zl means 6 th~lliri,o r 1 lolah, X ~ n i ~ s h a l7>url;ha
~s, ;
here the weight c:illed in Iliud. r u f i , i. e., 1 kink = $$' rrlLhahs = 4
vulgo ruftee. 8 surkhs, or 8 rirtb, = mkrhahs, 1: surhhu.
fqhbking; twisting, spinning, wenring, &r.; hut thrsc nctiolii vnnunf n 1)c
1)l.rfoliuecl without scrc~rulhelpers; for t h e qtrcngth of :I single uinn is not
suficicllt, nnd to do SO (lay after day would be tliffi~~ult,if not ~ I I I ~ I O L -
silllc. Again, mnn r c q ~ ~ i r cas d ~ ~ c l l i n gfor , kct.r;pi~ig Iiis provision.:
Thus he c d s his hot ti^, wliothcr it bo a tent, o r n vavc. JI,III'.: ( > \ I - [ -
c,nr.P, mid t h e continuance of his life, dupentl on five tll~~l(r---n ' : I ~ ~ I I ~ I - .
n mother, childreu, servants, food, tho last of rrhic.11 i q rt t j ~ ~ i r c ~ 1 ,t ~l -<ill.
M ~ ~ r c ~ o money v r ~ , is r ~ r ~ u i r c dns, our furnitllrc. iu11111to11silq111.(~11<: tlli > l i i - I
in no c:~severy long. But nionc~ydoes last l o ~ i g ,011 L L I . I . OofU ~ t 1~1 ~ s t i . ~ . ~ ~ c t l ~
a r ~ dt ~ ~ ~ n l ~ n r . tof i i eits
s s nintcrinl, and evcw n liltlr of it 111uy111otli1< I, 11
It 111.0 c~n:11)1t~s lileri to tmvcl. 111)~ diffic~ult~ o u l t itl 1 ~ 8to I ,~I.I.J~ ~ l o \ i - ~ o l ~ s
fix cc\ i.ml (lilys, 1c.t ;~Ii,i~e for scveral ninnths or y n r s !
By t h e 111,lp of (iod's goot1nc.i tlli\ c~.\ct~llcllt prcv iolli 111rt1:1l gold htls
m~mc.to t l ~ cchore. of esi\tenc.e, nnd fillecl tl113store of lik. n itliol~tJ I I I I ( . ~ I lti11o111.
oil the ~ m - of t man. Uy nicnns of gold, nlan vnrrics ont 1io1~lcl ~ l a i ~tu111 s,
f A r tI I p e r f i m w 1)ivinc worsl~il) in a 1Jrol)cr manllcr. Gold ]la.: 1111111y v,1111'11,'o
(lllalitic:* : it posscssc.~softnr.ss, a goo(1 i ~ s t r ~lntl , ~ n l e l l .I t s l'l)llllil~lll:llt11ili.i~
W I - ncnrly equal1 ill rrcight ; ~tntltho nittrks of tlic fbur t~lt.~ilc~nts arc. vi;ilb11.
ilr its prulberties. I t s ccllour re~liinds118 of firo, its purity of irir, it*
q~ftnpss o f n-ater, its hc!nviness of oartli ; 1ic111:egohl ~ ) : ) < s I ~ ~ < I I~ IYI , I I I ~
lift:-$\ing mys. Xor can any of tlic four clement* i ~ ~ j r it~ r; efin it I ~ ~ J I *I .I O ~
in tho fire ; i t rcmnins unrlffc~*trtl1)y air ; rctitins for ng:::; its ~ : ) ~ ) c ~ I I I , : L I I ~ ~ ~ :
t water ; and docln not get a1tc:rcd \vlr[.n 1)uric.ll in tllc: gro1111(1,
n i t l l t ~ t gIl <~ t . ~ill
n11c~c.L~- gold is distinguisllecl from t h e othr!~:mc:tnls. It is fOr tllis I . I ~ . L . - O I I
that in 0111 111~oks on l ) l ~ i l o s o l ~in
l ~ y\\-llic.h ninn's i~~t(sllcc't is tcr111t.d r'hr. yrr.r;ft 1 .
J'~-<'II~~!C,, is cd11.tl the /rsro yrr'~rc/>lr,' as t11c things rc~tlllircxtlCOi. II::III:II~
lift, dty~.1111up011 it. A I I I O I I its ~ (:l)itliots I 111aynl~litinn' t 1 1 ~g i ~ : : i ~ l i ;of~ l i
jwticc;' ' thc univerniil ncl.jrl~itc~r;'-:~~~tl ilul\,*&tl tl~,. n ~ l j u s t ~ i l coi' ~ ~tl~i~i;,:;
~t
dq,c.n~lson goltl, m ~ t tllu l I ~ a s i sI I ~ j~~::tic.tl
' r1'5t.; upoil it. 1'0 rc!ntlc.r it sr.1.-
\-it.r., Gocl h a s i~llowed silvc-1- zcnd I ~ r n nto t8oillr! into osch, tllus crr,:ltil~;:.
~cltlitiont~l means fin- tho wclfiire of 111.111. IIoi~('cj114 lii11;~ mitl c s ~ ~ c . r g ~ , f : ~ ,
nllers h n r c ptiitl 1nllc.11 ntt~~ntiorl to tlic,c mc>t:~l\,nud rrc,i I i 11 ~ i i i ~ ~J\t l1i1 ,i . i (1

thvir 1,ropertics nlny ht' thort~ughlystutiicd. T l ~ c<ucc8c>-.i of this 111>p;irtn1~>11-

lif4 ill the apl~ointniex~t of i u t c l l i g ~ ~ ~z i( t~, t l n ~:un11
i \ 111)rigl~t ~ v o r k m e ~:luc1
i , i11u
cdifivc. of t h e n-orld is l ~ u i l tI I ~ J I I I Itheir rittc~~tiun nil11c:~rtd'11111c's~.
 1. TIP Ddrdgnh. TIC must be n circ~m~fipcct and intelligent man, of
broad principles, who takcs the cumbrous 1)urden of his colleagues upon tho
shoulder of despatch. He must keep every one to his work, and shew zeal and
integrity.
2. The Snirnfi. Tho snccess of this importnnt department depends
upon his esperienco, as ho dotermines the degrees of purity of the coins. On
account of tho prosperity of the present we, there nre now numbers of skilful
sarrifs ;' and by the attention of his Majesty, gold and silver are refined to
tho highest degree of purity. The highest degree of purity is celled
in Pemia dahrlahi, but they do not k ~ ~ oabovel r teu degrees of fineness ; whilst
in India it is called bcirukb61~i,a6 thoy have tusclrc debnees. Formerly the old
hut?, \\-hichis a gold coin current in the Deccan, was thought to be pure, and
reckoned at ten degrees ; but his Mnjebty hm now fixed it at 8&: and the
round, small gold din& of 'AlJudilin, which was considered to be 12 degrees,
now turns ont to be lo$.
Those who are experienced in this business have related ~ o n d e r f u l
stories of the purity of gold at the present time, and referred it to aitchcrnft
and alchemy; for they maintain, that gold ore does not come up to this
fineness. But by tho attention of his Najosty, it hns come up to this degree ;
hence tho astollishment of people acquainted with this branch. I t is, however,
certaiu, that gold cannot be Inado finer, and of a higher degree. Honest
clescribcrs and truthful travellers haye indeed never mentioned this degree ;
but, whon gold is put into fusion, small particles sopnrate from it, and mix
w-itl~the ashes, ~ l l i c hignorant ulcll look upon as usc~lessdross, whilst the
rrkilf~~lrecover the metal from it. Althoi~ghn~all(~:~l)lr gold ore be calcined
and reduced to arrllcs, yet by a certain ol)eratitiou, it is brought bnck to its
original stnte ; but a part of it is lost. !l'hrough t l ~ owisdom of his llajesty,
tllo real circumstances connected with this loss, n-ere brought to light, aud
tho fraudulent practices of tho workmen thus l)ut to the test.

An nbhrevintion fin- btiwtcdri. ASlthougllin this country clover Sairafis

rtre nblc from espcric~iccto tell tho dcgl.eo of fillonelis 11) tile tolour m d the

' T l ~ csnnlr ;u:Sairxfi ; hence n ahf.ofl, This Ilinil. word ~\.liichis not girrn
a 1 1 1 0 1 1 ~ 1~11dit1..
~ I in t l l v diction:~rirs, writus the tcrting of
! !,dd.
 h r i g h t n w of the metal, the following admirablu rule has boen intrvduccd, for
the aatisfaction oP othors.
To the en& of a fen- long needles, mado of brass or such like mctul,
small pieces of gold are a i h o d , having their tlogreo of finanosa written
on thom. When tho workmen wish to assay a new piece of gold, they first
draw with it a few lines on a touchetono, and some other lines wit11 the
needlee. By comparing both seta of lines, they discover the degroo of
fineness of the gold. I t is, however, necessary that the lines bo drawn in the
same manner, and with the same force, so as to avoid deception.
To apply this rule, it is necemary to have gold of vnrioue dopees of
henees. This is obtained aa follows. They melt together one mbhali of
pure s i l ~ o Kith
r the snme quantity of the host copper ; and let it got solid.
Thie mixture they again melt with 6 mhhahs of pure gold of 10& d r k ~ c c sof
fineness. Of this composition one m6ahah1is taken, and dividotl into hixtocn
parts of half a surkh each. If now 7) surkhs of puro gold (of l o b
degrees) are mixed with one of the sixteen parts of tho composition, the
touch of tho new mixture d l only be 10f b h S Similarly, 7 surklls pure
gold and 2 parts of the composition melted together, d givu gold of 10 1 1 h;
6 ) a: pure gold and 3 p a r b compsition, 9% b h ; 6 8. gold and 4 p a r h
composition, 9) b h ; 5) a. gold and 5 parta compsition, 9f birn; 5 8. gold
and 6 part8 compo.rjition, 9 bib ; 4$ a. gold and 7 pcL1.ts composition, 83 b6n ;
4 a. gold and 8 parts composition, 84 b h ;3) 8. gold and 9 parts composition,
S f bAn ; 3 8. gold and 10 parts composition, 8 b h ; 2) 8. gold and 11 parta
composition, 73 b h ; 2 8. gold and 12 p a r b composition, f + b6n ; 1) 8. gold
and 13 part8 composition, 7+ b h ; 1 8. gold and 14 parts composition, 7 b6n ;
and lastly, ) 8 . gold and 15 part8 composition, 6) bin. Or generally, evory
additional half surkh (or one part) of the composition diminishes the hones8
of the gold by a quarter k, the touch of the composition itself being 6&bin.
If it be required to have a dogee less than 6$ bin, they mix together 4
snrkh of the first mixture which consisted, aa I said, of silvor and copllor,
*th 7$ surkhs of the secodd composition (consisting of gold, copper
and silrer), which, when melted together, gives gold of 6$ b5n ; and if 1
surkh of the h t mixture be melted together with 7 surklls of the second
composition, the reeult will bo 6 b6n ; and if they require till bmer composi-
tiom, they increase the mixtures by half surkhs. But in the Banwiii, they
d o n to 6 b h s only, rejecting all baser compositions.
All this is performed by a man who undcrstallds the tests.
3. The A~nfn. He must possoss impartidity and iutegrity, so that

Thb mbhah conLtinx 6 parts p l d , The Hind. term bn'n means temper,
1 p r t silvrr, and 1 part copper, I. e., cEey~.ee.
: :
gold jlrd alloy.
I I I ' I : I I of i S I I I I I I t1111rt~
I I ~ 1 ) 811,T
~ (lifft~rello(~~, 1111
:I- i-1- 1 1 1 , . ~l;ii,~'t;;il,
;!III~ tl11. fi1111t.r~ v o r k ~ ~ ~~ait~~ti~, i l ~ that
t ~ i i \n~sl ~ i c .inh rigllt.
:lll~l lI1,l \ . * , I l l \ l , l l i l ~ l ~ ~ ~ l . .
1. I 1 l 1 1 T l ( . n.1.itl.c clown tllc. tlnil- e s p c ~ ~ d i t uin r r ~ I I I111)rigllt
nliil l ~ ~ . i i ~ . t 11~:111111~.
i~.;il :111,1 1<(.1,11' 11 hystenliltie dny-?)ook.

3 . ' iI . 111.1111y* up gold, si1rc.r a ~ i t lcol)per, 1)s which hrl

giii~isZ L 11rotit Sol I I ~ I I I ~ Iiis.*istc * ~ ~ , the d ( t l ) t l r t l u ~ ~and
~ t , 1)ellcfits the re\-chllues
of 1 1 1 ~st:ltc..
. 'I'~,:~tlc- n-ill tloiiri-!I? when justice is cvciyvhere to Ilt~d,
2i11t1 \\.II(TI rl111.r~ ,ires 11ot n\-aric.iou?c.

ti. 'I;Iw 7i.,,i.x11rrjr.n-ho n-;rtc.l~c,so r c r tllr pmfits, n11d is upright i11 all his
~l~i~lii~p.
TIII: hnlarins of tho first ~ ~ I I Ln11d P tho sist11 offii.ors differ from each other,
the l o n c ~ o~ft t l i ( ~ 1 1 1Ilolcli~~x 11111 1si111kof a n d k c ~ / f i . '

7. 7 X e ll>cl/ii~,~ctrc, \I-110 n.1.ig11st h e coin*. F o r \ r r i g l ~ i n g100 jnlrili gold-

nl~lll~~rci, 11(* gvts 19 (L:i1114; for w~ig-]ling1000 ruI)t3cs, (;++ dbnls; i111t1 for
wcbigling 100o c.ol~lrc~rt l h i ~ s ,;:$ elf 11 d h m ; a ~ l d aftc9r , this rate, according to
the ~ I L ~. i t i t y .
8 . Z%c Jh~/!t,r of IAP 01.e. Hr n i a l i e ~snlall nnd large trclllc*hesin a t:11)1~t
of \\.hich h o l r ~ ~ s ~ ~ iwith c ~ n r~s C ; L S andC , pours into thcin the ~neltodBold
ailtl hil\~*r, to c:ist ~IIPIII into ipgots. I u tho case of coppcr, instead of using .
gr(ase, it is sl~fficirrlltto s1)rirtklr nshus. F o r tllo nlrovca .ule~~tioliod qunl~tity
of go111, 111 g(bts 2;- tl;inlr; ; for the s:nilo quarltity of silrrr, 5 d5ms and 13+
j 6 t i ~ i - i fur
; ~ tllc* >:illl(' clrin~!:ityof collx.r, 4 d : i i ~ ~alld s 214 j&tds.
9. 3%t,I'/(~,',,ilv!l.c.r. IIc. 111ltkcsthe cldr~lterutedgciltl iuto plates of s i s o r
seven n i : i d ~ u l ~t,:~c.li, s six f i ~ ~ g c in r x length tuld brontlth; theso ha eni-riet) to
the! ns,<iljmastcar, \vIio ~ n r ~ : ~ h ~tlit~m r r . - s in 11 nloldd mntlu of cbol)pclr,and stanll)s
fiu(.l~11snrc b ~ ~ i t i ~ ill l ~ lor ,r d ~ rto ~ ) r t ~ \ -:~ltt*l.i~tions,
v~~t and to shew the work
(11)1it'. I l c recci\-c.a ah n.i~gt~s fin- th11 ilhovc ~ i l c n t i o ~ ~ceidl ~ u ~ ~of t i gold,
5 4.'f
11iilI13.

X h c n the nl~orcmr~ntio~~t.tl
l~ltltes c bcru btl~ml)ed,thc owner of t h e
gold, for tho J\-dght of rrclry 100 j:ll:lli goltluluh~lrs,must furnish 4 &rs (If

Tile dhudis corrty)ond to our Ilir1.- \ r o d :lhudi, tilo h of which in the Ar;~l,ic
vul,/(:cl o!/ir>cirs. llont clcrlis ot' t l l c ~1111- C . \\:is sprlt ill ofiici:~lreturns with the
l)cri:~lotl;~*c~ti,tllc. p:~ir~tt.rsof tiits cot1l.t. I,, 8 , si,dee ooted, says ~ d i ~ ) ~ ~ i ,
till, 1;,1.1.111cnin .\kb;ir's worksl~t~ps, 8c..
1r:lr iii;1,:il'~ 11atredfor every tllillg which
I t o t i o r . TIlt,y I V C c.111ed~ ~
\vnr Ar;!l,ic.
Ahrr(/i.s.I I siltgle
~ IIIC11, I~cc,iinsc
I hcy bto~xl
' I ' \ ~ 1 ~ : ~ t ~ - fj/'luIs
ive lllake one dhm.
uuder AliLar's imnlcdiiltc ordcrs. 'l'lw 1 T;Je the. I,,th .liI1.
s:iltpetre, and 1 s6rs of l~rickdli\tof rnq- 1,rit1;s. Tlie ltltitct- after I I ~ Li\~ l g
IHWII wnhhcd in c.le*ar~ l-iatc'r, arc stmtific>d n it11 thc. nbove ~l~isturc? ,of tllc.
kiiltpetre nrld lrickdust), mid put one cd,ovu the otlicr, tho ~vliolobeing c,ovf.rcd
Kith coadung. which in IIincli is calletl ryluh. I t ic tho dry dung of the I l i l d
Lbtr. Then they cet fire to it, and let it gently b~irri,till the dmlg ir rc~duct~cl
to ashes, when thc~ylcnve it to cool ; then theso tlshes 1)eing removed froru
t h c sides, are preserved. They aro called in I'crsian X.ltdX: i khnld~, and in
Hindi anl61ti. By a process to be mentionetl hereafter, they recover silver
from it. The plates, and the ashes below tlien~,arc left na they are. Thifi
process of setting fire to tho dung, and removing t l ~ utislles at tho hides, iti
twice repeated. \\%en t h e e fires h a w been applied, t11c.y call tlic ltlntex
situi. They are tlicn agairi wnhhcd in ~ler71iwater, alld stratified three tiuics
with the above mixture, tho ashes of tlir sitlcs being removed.
T h i ~operution muht be repeated, till six ~nixture,aud cightccn fhc9 l ~ a v o
heen npljlied, whcn the plates are again wasl~rd.Then the a s n y ~linstcrltrr,~kr
oue of tliern ; and if there comes out a soft nud mild sound, it is n sip11 c ~ its f
k i n g ~uffitiently pure ; hut if the sound is harsh, the plates n11i.~tundergo
thrcr more fires. Then from each of the platchs olio nl6hllal1 is taker1 a\\:iy,
of which aggregate a plate is made. This is tried on tho touclistolle ; if it is
not sufficiently h e , tho goltl has again to I)asb tl~roughoue or two fires. I n
moat cases, howercr, tho ilesired effect is obtail~edby tlucc or four fires.
The following method of assaying is also used. They take two tGlillis of
pure gold, and two tilahs of tllv gold which passed through tho fire, and
make twenty plates of each, of equal n cbigl~t. They then sprtlnd the a1)o~u
mixture, apply the fire, mash them, and 15-cigh then1 ~ i t an h c1xnc.t balance.
If both kinds are found to be rqunl in weight, it is a proof of pureness.
10. The X e l t ~ rof lltc r<ji/irdsirfnl. Hu melt9 the refined 1)later of gold,
and casts tliem, as described aljove, iuto ingots. His fee for 100 gold m u l l u s
ih thrce d6ms.
11. The Zlrrcib. R e cuts off the gold, silver and copper in~ot,, as
exactly as he can, romld piclees of tho size of coined morlcy. His fees arc,
for 100 gold muhurs, 21 dLms, 11 j 6 t d s ; for the n-eight of 1000 rul,cscs
53 dlinls, 8 3 jGtitls, if he cuts rupees; and 28 d6lns in adtlition, if lie cuts tho
Barno ncight of silver into quarter rupees. For 1000 c o ~ ) l ~d6ms c ~ r his fee? i.r
20 d h s ; for the same weight of half and quarter dims, 23 (15111,; and for
half quarter dcrns, which are called dtlntrih, GD d6ms.
Lu Prlin ant1 Tilrlin they cn~lnotcut these piece? x-iitllctut a itroper a ~ l v i l ;
hut H i n d w t a ~workmen
~i cut them without such an i l ~ z t r u ~ ~ ~eo
c n rscic
t , tlv,
that there is not the difkrenre of a single hair, which is reninrk,iltlo e n o ~ l ~ i ~ .
12. The E~~gi.nr cr. IIc engraves the (lies of t l ~ cwins on stc el, ant1 till. 11
like m ~ t p h .Coins are then htnmped wit11 those dies. .It t L b t l . ~ ~ ~faul6uir
,
'Ali Ahmad of T)cfillii,who li& not his eq~inlin any country, cut* differt>nt
kinds of lcttors in stocl, in such a manner aa equals the copydips of the most
skilful caligral~liers. Ho holds tho rank of a ykzbduhi ;' and two of his men
servo in the ~nint. 130th havo a monthly salary of 600 diims.
13. Tho Sikknehl. IXe places the round pieces of motal boheen two
dies ; and by the strength of the hamrnoror (putkchi) both sides are stamped.
His fees are for 100 goldmuhurs, 1: d h s ; for 1000 rupees, 5 dims, 9b j6tals ;
and for tho weight of 1000 nipoes of small silver pieces, 1 d6m1 3 jGt& in
addition; for 1000 copper dims, 3 d i l l s ; for 2000 half drillm, and 4000
quarter dinns, 3 dims, 18%j4tals ; and for 8000 half-quarter dims, 10b d h s .
Out of thoso fees tho sikknchi liaa to give one-sixth to tho hammeror, for
whom thero is no separate allowance.
14. The Snbbdk makes the refinod silver into round plates. For every
1000 rupees weight, he receives 54 dims.
!The diacocery of alloy in silcer. Silver may be alloyed with load, tin and
copper. I n Prhn and Tliriin, they also c d tho highest degree of fineness of
silver dahdnhi; in IEindustLn, the sairafis use for it tllo tolm list biuicnh. Accord-
ing to the quantity of tho nlloy, it descends in degree ; but it is not made loss
than five, and no one would care for silver baser than ten degrees. I'rmtical
men can discover from tho colour of tho compound, nliic.11 of the alloys is pre-
vailing, whilst by filing and boring it, the clunlity of tho inside is ascertninod.
They also try it by boating it wlieu hot, and then throwing it into water,
when bluch~rssdenotes lead, redness copper, a white greyish colour tin, and
whiteness a large proportion of silver.

TIIE METHOD O F REFINING PILTER.

They dig a hole, and haring sprinkled into it a small quantity
of wild COIF dung, they fill it wit11 the ashes of J f i l g k i l n t ~ wood;
~ then
they moisten it, and work it up into tho shape of a dish; into this
they put the addtcratod silver, together with a pmportionate quantity
of lead. First, they put a fourth lmrt of the lend on the top of the
silver, and having surrou~ldodthe whole with coals, l)lo\\- tho h e with a pair
of bello~vs,till tho motnl~are meltcd, which operation is generally repeatad
four times. Tho proofs of the n~etctlbeing pure are, a lightning-like briglit-
ness, and its beginning to hmden at tho sides. As soon a8 it is h&ened in

' This Turkish word ~i~mifies a cum- nlpeesper memern ; ids the third A h
mnnder c?f unc hun17rrd men, n capt:rin. of tho ~econdLook.
Ah(rdL of di.sti~~ctio~~
nc-re promotcrl to Csllrd in Ilind. bnhil, R kind of
this ~l~ilibrry
rank. T l ~ rnal,rry of n l'ilz- acwia. 1ta balk is used iu h~luing.
b&u vari~dfrom five to aeveu hundred 1
the middle, they sprinkle it with water, when flames resembling in shnpr tho
horns of wild goats, issue h m it. I t then forms itself into a dish, and is
perfectly rofined. If this dish be melted qrrin, half a surkli in every t6lah
d burn away, i. e., 6 mfialinhs and 2 surkhs in 100 tllnhs. The ashen of
the dish, which are mixed 6 t h silver and lead, form a kind of lilknrgc, c~nllud
in Hindi k'iraral, and in Persian h-uhnnh ;' the use of ~vhiclid lbo hcronfter
explained. Before this refined silver 'is given ovor to the Z a d b , 5 misllahs
and 5 surbhs are taken away for the Imperial exchequer out of every liundrod
t6lahs of it ; after which the assay master maxks the mass with the usual
stamp, that it may not be altered or exchanged.
I n former times silver also was assayed by the banwtiri system ; now it
is calculated as f o l l o ~ :-if
s by refining 100 tolnhs, of ehu'hi silver, which is
current m 'Ir6q and Khurhs$n, and of the Idri and misqali, which are curront
in T6&, there are lost threo t6lahs and one surkh ; and of the snme quantity
of the European and Turkish nu@, and the mahnritdi and tnrtznfnrf of
ffujnit and Mdwah, 13 t6lahs and 6) miishaha axe lost, they become of tho
imperial standard.
15. Tho QarqkGb having heated the refined silver, hammers it till it has
lost all smell of the lead. His fee for the weight of 1000 rupees, is 41 dams.
16. The Chdshnigir examines tho refined gold and silver, and h u s its
purity as follows :-Having made two tblnhs of the rofined gold into eight
plates, he applies layers of tho mixture as above described, and sets fire to
it, keeping out, however, dl draught ; he then washes the l~lates,and melta
them. I f they hnvo not lost anything by this process, tho gold is pure. The
assay-master thon tries it upon the touchstone, to satisfy himself and others.
For assaying that quantity, he gob 1+ d h s . I n the case of silver, he takes
one tblah with a like quantity of lend, which he puts together into a bone
crucible, and keeps it on the fire till the lead i~ d hurnt. IIaving then
qrinkled the silver with water, he hammers it till it has lost all smoll of the
lead ; and having melted it in a new crucible, ho weighs it ; and if it has lost
in weight three' birinj (rico grains), it is s ~ ~ c i e n tpure;
l y othenvise he melts
it again, till it comes to that degree. For assaying that quantity, his feo is
3 dims, 44 j6tnls.
17. The A-idriyah collects the khdk i khnldf, and washe8 it, taking two
at the time ; whatever gold thcre may be arnongst it, will s~ttlu,h n l it8
weight, to the bottom. The khrik, whcn thus wmlied, is c.alletl in IIindi
kukrnl~, and still contailis some gold, for the rccovory of n-liiel1, tlircction~
shnU h e r e d e r bo given. The nbovomcntiont~tl ndultcrt~tod sudimc~lt is
rubbed together with quicksilvor, at tho rate of six nlkrhuhx p o 8+. Tlio

' Some SISS. have kntah. I * 0 1 i e MS. hnr; ats.

 rl~~ic~ltsilrc~rfrom its lw(~clil(~c.tirc~ nffil~ity, d m n s t l ~ cgold to ithcslf, nncl f o ~ n ~ s
:HIrlnll~lginnn-11ic.his k(ll)t ovc?r tllc! f i r t ~in n rc:tort, till tllc! ~ o l t is
l sfl11nrntc.11
fro111 t 1 1 ~ l ~ ~ i ( ~ l i s i l v ~ ~ r .
F o r estrnc.ting tho gold fi*onl this quantity of! k h d , tho L?7iy(iriyclh
reccivca SO ~~BIIIS, 2 jGtnls.

The process of h-ukrnh.

They mix with t h c AttXt.rrh an cciud q n a ~ l t i t xof p~trzhor, tmtl fornl ;t
past(%of /.(/hi ( i ~ ~ lforti\), ~ t l t ~ ~ l twild l c o ~ r d ~ m g T11c.y. tllcn 1,oulltl the t i n t
c o n ~ l ~ o ~ i t allcZi o ~ ~~,l l i s i r ~itgn it11 the ~ I L I S n~ ork ~ , it u11 into b d s of t\vo bQrs
wcigl~t,1v11ic.h tl~(lydry on a cslotl~.
I'utlhni. is o1)tuirlccl as follo~rs:-
They niako a 11010 in the eirrtll, and fill it with tllc nsllc>s of Bnbril-~voodr
at the ruto of his fingers of nsllcs for every m a u ~ l t of l Iccld. Tllu lctld itsolf is
1)11tnt tllo bottom of the Ilole, n-llich 11nu 1~ckc11smootl~cd; thr.11 t l ~ c ycovt.~.
it wit11 c.l~arcouls,rlnd 111elt tl~talend. M t c r that, h n ~ l n grcnlovcd tho coals,
tllc~y1)luu.c over it two platttq of day, fixed 1)y nleculs of tllorlls, and closc~111)
tllc l)cllo\vs hole, l ~ u nc~t t t h e vent. This t11c.x keep c.o\-cred n i t h l~ricks,till
t l ~ cnl;hc>ahnro t l ~ o r o ~ ~ g sonkctl l ~ l y up t l ~ cIentl. Tlle lrriclts they frc~qut,~ltly
rcnluvc, to loarn tho stilt0 of t110 lt'ild. F o r t h e a h o ~ e ~ ~ i e l l t i oc~ pl c~d n ~ ~uft i t ~
lo:rd, t11r:ro ltro 4 r~l:ishallsof silvcr n ~ i s c i lup wit11 tho asllcs. Tllesc ashos
t11c.y (v101in \\;c~tc~, rrllcn t11cly 1u.c cnllcd prcnhtrr. Out of every man of lend
two S'IY arc l ~ r l n l ;t ljut the ~llilssis i~lcrensctl11y four sQrsof ushou, MO t h a t
t h e \ v ~ , i g lof ~ t the u-llolv 111nsswill 112 I ~ I U I I and t ~ v o siars.
Rnsi i~ :L kind of clc.id, nlude of nsltbl,ci/.' ulltl saltl~ctrc.
I I ~ l \ i ~ tllus
l g ~ s ~ ) I ; ~ i \\-ll:~tn e d j110ihtii.ant1 rtrri arc1, I return to the cl(lsc.ri11-
tion of tho l)roctassof Lirl;~.cth. T11t.y I I I ~ nu I ~o\-en-like
~ vcsscl, narrclw 11t 1)otll
cr~tls,t111t1\vide ill ~ I I Rnliddlc?, one nlld a half ynrtls in Ilcigl~t, \vitl~a Ilolc a t
the 1,ottonl. The11 lloving filled tllr rrssc~lwith comla n-it11i11f i ~ u rfingc?rn of
tilt! t011, tllcy plocc i t orer o pit d u g in t h e r>nrth, und blow tht* fire with two
l~r:ll~~n.s. iwtftrlr tllrrt, the nfi)rc~~lol~tir~rled b d s bciug l)rok(>r~illto ~~ir:c*cs,
t11c-y tllro\r tllcnl into tllc~ fire rnltl 111c.1tt h e ~ n , u-hell the golrl, silver, copper
:ill11 Ic.ni1, fall t l ~ r o i ~ gtlll~ o110lc ill tllc l ~ o t t o ~of l l the vessel into the 11it l)clo\r.
\\'l~:ltovrr ren~ninsin tllo r c s ~ c l in , snftcncd tlnd washeil, nlld t l ~ ule;~(lsop:lrut-
( a t l fro111 it. 'rh(sy likc!~vi::c (.ollt~ctillc ttsl~(>s, fro111 I \ * ~ ~ C I I ( .r11so
~> 11yn cortai11
~woc~~:.:: l'rofit nlay 11edrrivt,tl. Tllc. 1nc~ti11 is t,ll(,l~t i ~ l i O( I~I ~~of~t11~'l,it, : I I I ~
1 1r i ~ to gI I I . T11in l(*il(l\\,ill 1tii.x wit11 tl118 ;L:.II~~S,
Gom which thirty s6rs will be recovered, and ten S&R will be burnt. The
gold, silver and copper, remain together in a mass, and this they call bugrdwati,
o r socording to aome, g d r d ~ a t i .

Theproce8u of Bugrd~onti.
They make a hole, and fill it with the ashes of babiLLwood, half a d r for
erery 100 t6lahs of bugra~citl. Those ashes they then make up in form of
a dish, and mix them up with the bugrbwati, adding one t6lah of coppor, and
twenty-five t i l a b of lead. They now the dish with coals, and cover i t
with bricks. When the whole has melted, they remove the coals and the
bricks, and make a fire of babdrl-wood, till the lead and copper unite with the
ashes, leaving the gold and silver together. These ashes me also called
k'lrard, and the lead and copper can be recovered from them by a process,
which d lbe hereafter explained.

THE =OD OF SEPARATINQ T H E SILVER FROM T H E GOLD.

They melt this composition six times ; three times with copper, and three
times with uu&hur, called in Hind. ehhnchhiyci. For every tSlah of the alloy,
they take n mhhnh of copper, and two mhshahs, two surkhs of sulphur.
First, they malt it with copper, and then with sulphur. I f the alloy bo of
100 tGlnhs weight, the 100 mlishahs of copper are employed as follows :-they
f i s t melt fie mhhahs with it, and then twice again, twenty-five mhhahs.
!lLe sulphur is used in similar proportions. After reducing the mixture of
gold and silver to small bits, they mix with it fifty mhhahs of copper, and
melt it in a crucible. They have near at hand a vessel full of cold water, on
the surface of which is laid a broomlike bundle of hay. Upon it they pour
the melted metnl, and prevent it, by stirring it with a stick, h m forming
into a mass. Then having again melted these bits, after mixing them with
the remaining copper in a crucible, they set it to cool in the shade : and for
every Glah of this mixture, two mhhahs and two surghs of sulphur are
need, i.e., nt the rate of one and one half quarter sCr (19 s6r) per 100 tdhhu.
When it has been three times melted in this manner, there nppears on the
s&e a f i t & kind of ashes, which is silver. This is taken off, and kept
separate ; and its process shall hereafter be explained. \%%en the mixture
of gold and silver has thus been subjected to three fires for the copper, and
three for the sulphur, tho solid part loft is the gold. I n the language of the
Panjhb, this gold is called kail, whilst about Dihli, it is termed prirjar. If
4
 tho mixture contained much gold, it generally turns out to be of 64 bdn, but
i t is often only five, and even four.
In order to r e h e this gold, one of the following methods must be used :
Either they mix fifty tblahs of this with 400 tblahs of purer gold, and refine
it by the Snldni process; or elso they use the Aldnt process. For the latter
t!ley make a mixture of two parts of wild cowdung, and one part of saltpetre,
Haring then cast the aforesaid pinjar into ingots, they make it into plates,
none of which ought to be lighter than I$ tblahs, but a little broader than
those which they make in the saloni process. Then having besmeared them
with sesame-oil, they strew the above mixture over them, giving them for
every strewing two gentle fires. This operation they repeat three or four
times ; and if they want the metal very pure, they repeat tho process till it
comes up to nine bdn. The ashes are also collected, being a kind of k'haral.

THE METHOD OF EXTRACTING THE SILTEZl FROlU THESE

ASIXES.
Whatever ashes and dross have been collected, both before and after the
process of a16ni, they mix with double the quantiQ of pure lead, put them into
a crucible, and keep them for one watch over the b e . When the metal is
cold, they refine it as described under the article Sabbdk, p. 22. The ashes of
it are also k'haral. The aaldni process is also performed in other ways well
known to those conversant with the business.
18. The P a n i ~ d having
r melted the k'hnral, separates the silver from
the copper. His fee for every tblah of silver is 14 dfims. As a return for the
profit 11c makes, he payR montllly 300 d h s to tho diwfin, Having reduced
tlle k'hnral to ?mall bits, he adds to every man of it I$ sErs of tangdr (borax),
and three sCrs of pounded natrum, and kneads them together. Ho then
nits this mass, sCr by s&r,into the vessel above described, and lneltg it, when
lead mixed with silver collects in the pit. This is afterwards rofined by the
process of the sabbdk, and the lead which soparates from this, and mixes
with the ashes, turnsprrnhnr.
19. The Pnikdr buys the saldnf and k'haral f h m the goldsmiths of the
city, and carries them to the mint to be melted, and xnakoea profit on the
gold and silver. For every mnn of saldnt, he gives 17 dims, and for the
same quantity of k'harnl 14 d h s , to the exchequer.
20. The A7ichciitcdlnR brings old copper-coins which are mixed with .
silver, to be melted; and fi-om 100 tblahs of silver, 34 rupees go to the
diw6n ; and when he wishes to coin the silver, he pays a fixed quantity for it
as duty.
21. The Ehkehda. When the owners of the metals get their gold und
silver in the various ways which have now been described, the Khakshbe
meeps the mint, takes the sweepings to his own house, washes them, and
gains a profit. Some of the sweepers carry on a very flourishing tradu. The
s t a b receives from this man a monthly gift of 126- rupees.
And in like manner all the officers of the mint pay a monthly duty to
the state, a t the rate of three dims for every 100 d h s .

APN lo.
THE COINS OF T B I S GLORIOUS EMPIRE.
As through the attention of his Majesty, gold and silver have boon
brought to tho greatest debqee of purity, in like manner the form of the coins
hm a h been improved. The coins are now an ornaruent to the treasury,
and much liked'by the people. I shall give a few particulars.
A. Gold Coine.
1. Tho S'hanaah is a round coin weighing 101 t6lahs1 9 mhhahs, and
7 surkhs, in value equal to 100 kall i jnldli-muhurs. On the fiold of one side
is engraved the name of his Majesty, and on the five arches in tho border,
aladtditu a l a l ~ t n ualkhciqdtru alnru'nzzamu khallada alkdhu mulkuhu wa sultdtaahu
aarbu duri-lkhildfati Agrnh,-" The great sultin, the distinguished emperor,
may God perpetuate his kingdom and his reign! Struck at the capital
Agrah." On the field of the reverse is t k beautiful forn~ula,' and the
following verse of the Q o r h :LAlldhu yarzaqu qnun yashdu bighairi hiadbin,-
God is bountiful unto whom H e pleaseth, without memure;"-and
roundahout are the names of tho first four califs. This is what was firfit
cut by Maulbin8 Maq+d, the engraver; after which Mullir 'Ali Ahmutl
mnde with great skill the follo~riiigadditions. On one side, Afsaltc dii~dri,~
~ h ~ dinciru~a yanfuquhtc 'ala afhdbilti ji sabili/ldh,-" The beat
y ~ ~ f u qndraj~clrr,
coin which a man expends, is a coin which he spends on his co-religionists
in the path of God."
And on the other side he mote,
Algriltdtru aPdli alkhulv(~tualtltlda'dli khallada nllcihu ta1d7smulkahu tca
8dtd,(l/lu, coa dbada 'adlahu wa ihscinaht4,-" The sublimo sulkin, the exalted

1
ALqo callcd Guliiiulh, or the Confession
, d i d i l l n - 1 dtcn ranti/-ufltih.
a Qr. Llr. 11, 208.
calif, may God the Almighty perpetuate his kingdom and his reign, and give
eternity to his justice and bounty !"
Afterwards all this was removed, and the following two Rubbyis of
the court-poet and philosopher Shaikh Fait were engraved by him. On ono
side,
Khurshc'd kih haft bahr n.rG gatchar ydfl
Sang k siynh a2 partaw i d g jauhar ytifd
K d n aa nazar t: tarbiyat i ti e m ydft
R d g zar sharaf aa sikkah i Shdh Akbar y e .
' I I t is the Sun' from which the seven oceans get their pearls,

The black rocks get their jewels from his lustre.

The mines get their gold from his fostering dance,
And their gold is ennobled hy Akbar's stamp."
~ is great, may his E i s gloq- shine
and, d l l d h u akbar, jalla j a Z d l ~ h t c , - ~God
forth !" in the middle. And on the other side,
f g sikkah kih p frciyah i umlnkd buwad
Bd naqah i cEamdn8 tc ncim i jdmid burad
Sivci i sa'ddatash hamig baa kih baduhr
Yak w r r a h nazar-kardah i khurskkd burad.
" This coin, which is an ornamont of hope,
Carries an everlasting stamp, and an immortal name.
As a sign of its auspiciousness, it is sufficient
That once for all ages the sun has cast a g h p s o upon it."
and the date, according to the Dicine era, in the middle.
2. There is anothor gold coin, of the same name and shape, weighing
91 t6lahs and 8 milshnhs, in rnluo equal to 100 round muhurs, at 1 1 &MIS
each. I t has the same impremion as the preceding.
3. The Rahm is the half of each of the two preceding coins. It is
sometimes made square. On one side it h a the same impression as the
s'hamrah, and on the other side the following Rubti'i by Faizi :-
r~naqd i raw& i gnr9 i shdhimhdhl
Bd knukab i iqbcil Awnad hamrdhi
Xhurshkd It$ancaradr ara'mti kih b&r
Yiibad sharaf nz sikkah i Akbarahhht.
'' This current coin of the imperial treasure
Accompanies the star of good fortune.
0 sun, foster it, because for all ages
- I t is ennobled by Akbar's stamp !"

AccordingtotheNnturnlPhilofiophem cious stones into existence ; vide the thir-

of the Middle Ages, the iniluencc of' the kcnth din. The nll~~~ion to the sun is
snn calls the met&, the pearh and pre- csplnied by the note to page 111.
 4. The A'tmah is the fourth part of the e'haneah, round and square.
&me have the same impression as the e'hunanh ; and some have on one ~ i d e
the following RubPi by Faizi-
Pn aikkah kih duat ibakht r6 zktmr blid
Pirdyah inuh elpihr u hnft akhtnr bdd
Zhrrin naqde'at kdr azh chlin znr bdd
Dar duhr ratcdrj bandm i shdh nhbar bdd.
" This coin-Nay it adorn the hand of the fortunate,
And may it be an ornament of the nine heavens and the seven
stars !-
I s a gold coin,-Nay golden be ita work !
Let it be curront for all ages to the glory of Sh& Akbar."
And on the other side the preceding RubSl'i.
5. The Binant, of the same two forms aa the citjtzah, in value equal to
one-fifth of the firfit coin.
There are also gold coins of the same shape and impression, in value
equal to one-eighth, one-tenth, one-twentieth, one taonty-fifth, of the e'haneah.
6. The Chugul,' of a square form, is the fiftieth part of the a'hanaah, in
value equal to two muhurs.*
7. The round h ' l i Jakdi,' in weight and value oqual to two round
mulnrra, having on one side " Alkuhu nkbar," and on the other 1-'ci mu'inu-
" 0 helper."
8. The AJdbi is round, weighs 1 tblah, 2 mllillahs and 4 2 surkhs, in

' Or JU MI. A b u k l ' s spelling in the 3 t6lahs, 5) surkhs, worth 30 rupees ;

text is am~iguous. and then passes on to the eighth coin, the
' The 18s.differ. Most of them place Hf/cili
the Chugtcl as the sixth coin, Bfler the Two other MSS.-among them Col.
Biarat, and redad:- H:rmilton's-read afler tlie Binsut, ( i . e.,
" The Chugul, of a s nare form, weigh- after the twenty-fifthqine of p. 24 of my
% 3 Mlah.. 6 i .urEha; its value is text edition)-
thlrt m p . Also, of a round form, " 6. The Chnhdr,qd~hah (or squure),
weigting 2 t6hhs, 9 m6rhahs. having a weighing 3 t6lnhs, 6 t surkha, worth 30
d u e of three round muhurs, of 11 in&- rupees."
ahaha each, ( i . e., 27 N ~ ~ c E )But
. the " 7. The G i r d (or round) ; weighing 2
i m p m i o n of both is the same. They t6lnhs, 9 mbshahs, in value equal to the
are thejifrieth part of the S'hunsah." 3 round n~uhurxof 11 m k h a h s each."
The Lart aentence does not agree with " Both have the same impression."
the value and weight of the S'hansah ; " 8. The Chuyul, of a uquare form, the
for the two Chugul~,as Rit7en by Abul- fiftieth part of a S'homuh, in :due equal
fiz2 would each be the -1-yth part of the to two La'l i Jdlali Tnuhurs.
t r o kinds of S'haruah, not the fiSlieth This r e d i n g obviates all difficnlties.
~ r t . But the real question is whether the
Mr. Thomas in his excellent edition of Chahrirgish~rh,the Gird, und the Chupcl
Prinsep's Useful tnblee, pp. 5 and 6,.gives are three diitinct coins.
an u t r a c t from a MS. of the Ai'n in his ' For the round La'l i Jaldli,some
powxion, which a pears to agrce with MS8. only read, " The Gird," i. e., round,
the &re r e d i n g ; g u t he on1 nlrntions taking the wortla La'l i Jnldli to the
the q u a r e form ofthe ~ h u ~weighing
r l preceding. Vide the tenth coin.
 d u e eclual to 12 rupees. On one side, " Alkdhu akbar, jalla jtrlldluhu," arid
011 tho other the date according to the Divine era, and the place where it is

struck.
9. The Ildhi is round, weighs 12 mbshahs, 19 surlchs, bears the same
stomp as the Aftdbi, axid has a value of 10 rupees.
10. The square L ' l i Jaldli is of the same weight and value ; on one
~ i d eI' Alldhu akbar," and on the other 'I jalla jaltiluhu."
11. The 'Adlgutkah is round, weighs 11 rnlshnb, and has a value of
nine rupees. On one side 'I Alkihu akbar," and on the other, I'd ~nu'inu."
12. The Round muhur, in weight and value equal to the 'Adlgutkah, but
of a clifforont' stamp.
13. MihrdbP is in weight, value, and stamp, the eame as the round
muhur.
14. The dlic'ini is both square and round. I n weight and value it ia
equal to the h ' l ijala'li, and the round mulrur. I t bears the stamp "yd
~tiu'lnu."
15. The Chnhhgdahah, in stamp and weight the eame as the Aft&&.
16. The Gird is the half of the IIa'hl, and has the same stamp.
17. The D'han' is half a L ' l i Jaldli.'
18. The Salinri i~ the hnlf of the 'ddlgtitkah.
19. The Rub1 is a quarter of the Afttdbl.
20. The Man, is a quarter of the Ililrl, and Jakfli.
21. The ITclf Salimi is a quarter of the 'Adgutkah.
22. The Pfznj is the fifth pnrt of the Ildhi.
23. The Panku is the fifth part of the La'li Jaldli; on one side is a lily,
wid on the other a wild rose.
24. Tho Sunrni, or Ashtsiddh, is one-eighth of the Ildhi; on one side
" dlldhu akbar," and on the other "jalla jaldluhzc."
25. The Kald is the fiixteenth part of the Ildhi. I t has on both sides u
wild rose.
26. The Znrah is the 32nd part of an Ildhl, and has the same stamp as
the k(~l&.
As regards gold coins, the custom f o l l o ~ e din the imperial mint is to
coin Lu'l i jalu'lis, U'hroz8, and dlhna, each coin for the fipaco of a month. The
other gold coins are never stnmped e t h o u t special orders.

It hw the Eulimah. (Ssjyid -'a Sevcml IRISS. rcucl - -" 1111lf 11 qtrarbr
edition of the Sin). Ilbhi and La'l i Jalhli." Forks givm s i r
rlipees (?).
Tl~efigurccalledmihru'bz',is ' Several RISS. have Buh". I'erhapa we

I u Forb~s'aDictionary, duha,l.
 B. Silcer Coins.
1. The Rupw is round, and weighs eleven and one hnlf mifihnhs. I t
was first introduced in the time of Shhr K h d n . I t was perfected during this
reign, and received a new stamp, on one side " Alldhu akbar, jalla jala'lzchu,"
and on the other the date. Although tho market price is sometimes more or
less than forty cEm~,yet this value is always set upon it in the payment of
salaries.
2. The Jakilah is of a square form, which was introduced during the
present reign. In ralue and stamp it is the same as No. 1.
3. The Barb is half a Jakdah.
4. The Cirarn is a quarter Jakilah.
5. The PatuEau is a fifth of the Jalhkah.
6. The AeAt is the eighth part of tho Jalilah.
7. The B a d is one-tenth of the Jakilah.
8. The Xal&is the sixteenth part of tho JalAlah.
9. The SGki is one-twentieth of the Jukilah.
The same fractional parts are adopted for the [round] Rupre, which are
however different in form.

C. Ccyper Coine.
1. The D h weighs 5 tlnks, k. c., 1 thlah, 8 mishah?, and 7 surkhs; it is
the fortieth part of the rupee. At &.st this coin was called Puisnh, and also
BahUli; now it is known under this name (dLm). On one side the plnco is
given where it was struck, and on the other tho date.
For the purpose of calculation, the dim is divided into twenty-five parts,
each of which is called a je'tal.' This imaginary division is only used by
rcconntante.
2. The AdhClah is half of a d h .
3. The Pd&A is a quarter dd~~z.
4. The Dat)&rlis one-eighth of a d i m .
In the beginning of this reign, gold mas coined to the glory of his
Majesty in many parta of the empire; now gold coins ure struck nt folw plac*es
only, riz., at the seat of the govermuent, in Bengal, Ah~nadibBd(Gujr6t),
and Kkbul. Silver and copper aro likoaise coined in thoso four places, and
b i d e s in tho following ten places,-IlWlabBs, Agrah, Ujnin, SJrat,'DiNi,
Patana, Kashmir, U 6 r , Multh, T b d a h . I n twenty-eight t o n s copper
mine only are struck, riz., Ajmir, Audh, Atak, Alwar, Badiron, Banhas,

ORrn misspelt cL&al. The text gives I the correct npelling.

 K&lpi,Q d i i r , GArak'hpGr, Kulin\rar, Lak'hnnu, N a n d & , Nlq6r, Sarllind,
Siy&lklt, S a r l n j , Sahirollpiir, S&rangp&r,Sambal, Qanauj, RantunbhGr.
Mercantile affairs i n this country a r e mostly transacted i n rottnrl nruhtcrs,
rupeee, a n d d d ~ n s .
Un1)rincipled men cause a g r e a t deal of mischief b y r u b b i n g down t h e
coins, o r by employing similar methods ; a n d in consequence of t h e d a m a g e
done to t h e nation a t large, his Majesty continually consulta experienced men,
a n d from his knowledge of t h e spirit of t h e age, issues new regulations, in
order to prevent such detrimental practices.
T h e currency underwent several changes. Firet, when (in t h e 27th
year) t h e reins of t h e government were i n t h e hands of RBjah Tldarmal,'
four kinds of muhurs were allowed to b e current : A. There was a h ' l i
Jakiil, which h a d t h e name of his Majesty stamped o n it, a n d vieighed
1 t l l a h , 19 surkhs. It w a s quite pure, a n d h a d a value of 400 d h s .
Again, thore existed from t h e beginning of this glorioue reign, a m u h u r
with tho imperial stamp, of which three degrees passed as current, ciz.,
B. This muhur, a h e n perfectly pure, a n d having t h e full weight of 11
m i s h a h . I t s value was 360 dims. I f from wear a n d tear it h a d lost in
weight within throe grains of rice, i t waa still allowed t o b e of t h e same de-
gree, a n d n o difference was made. C. T h e same muhur, when it h a d lost in
weight from four to six rice grains ; iB value waa 355 d h s . D. T h e s a m e

RIijah T6d~rma1,a K'hetri by caste,

was born at Lilhbr. l i e appriua to
have entered Alibar'a service during
1 cial abilities. His eldest son D'ha'rti, a
comnlanbr of seven hundred, waa killed
in the war with T'hat'hah,
the eighteenth year of the emperor's Abulfazl did not like T6darmal per-
reign, when he was employed to settle ona ally, but praises him for his strict in-
the affairs of Gu'rbt I n the 19th year, tegrity and abilities ; he charges him
we find hirn iu !tk~;~al in company with with vindictiveness oftcmper and bigotry.
Mun'im Xhdn ; and three years later, Aurangzkb said, he had heard from his
again in Gujrkt. In the 27th year, he father, that Akbar complained of the
w u appointed Di~rn'n of the empire, nijnh's independenre, vunit.y, and biyoted
when he remodelled the revenue system. adherence to Hinduism. Abulfazl openly
atter an unsliccessful attempt on his life complained of hirn to Akbar; but the
made by a K'hetri in the Ydnd year. he clnperor with his 11sual regard for faith-
was sent against the Pilsufzais, to avenge ful services, said that he could not drive
the death of B i r Bay. In the 34th ycar, away. an old servant. In his adherence
old age and sickness obliged him to send to Hinduism, T6dannal may be contnst-
in his resignation, which Akbar u~l\vill- ed with B i r Bay, who a short time before
ingly accepted. Retiring to the bnnks his death had become a member of the
of the Ganges he died-or, went to hell,
as Bad6oni expresses hinlself in the m e
of Hindus--on tho elercnth dnv A. H.
D i v i n e Faith. Once when accom
ing Akbar to the Panjkb, in the
of the departure, Todarmal's idols were
K"z
-
998, or 10th Novenlber 1689, the snme lost ; and aa he transncted no businme
ear in which U j a h Bha.gaw&nD L died. before his daily worship, he remained for
%6darmaJ had reached the rank of a several days without food and drink, and
Chahdrhazdri, or commander of Four was at h t with difficulty cheered up by
Thousand, and was no less dintinguiahed the emperor.
for his personal courage, than his finan-
muhur w h e n it h a d lost in m i g h t from six to nine rice g r a i n s ; its value
wns 350 d h s .
Muhurs of less weight t h a n this were considered ae bullion.
Of Rupeea, three kin& were then current, oiz., A. one of a square form,
o f p u r e silver, a n d weighing 114 r n h h a h s ; it went under t h e name of
Jalriloh, a n d hod a value of 40 d6ms. B. T h e round, old Akbnrshdht
Rupee, which, when of full weight, o r even a t a s u r k h less, wae valued a t
39 d W . C. T h e same rupees, when in weight two s u r k h s less, a t 38
dhs.
Rupees of less weight t h a n this were considered a s bullion.
Secondly, on t h e 18th K h r of t h e 29th year of t h e Divino era, 'Azad-
ncldaulah A m i r Fathullah' of Shi& corning a t t h e head of affairs, a r o y a l
o r d e r waa issued, t h a t o n t h e muhure, m f a r a s three grains ; a n d o n t h e
rupc48, as f a r aa six grains short weight, n o account should b e taken, but
that they should b e reckoned of full weight. If m u h u r s were still less,
they should m a k e a deduction for t h e deficiency, whatever their deficiency
might be; b u t it waa not ordered, t h a t only muhum down to nine
p i n s less, should b e regarded as muhurs. Again, according to t h e same
regulation, t h e value of a m u h u r that was one s u r k h deficient, w a s p u t
down ae 355 h s a n d a fraction ; a n d hence they valuod t h e price of one

' Amh Fathullah of Shirbz was the twenty-fourth a n ) , which caused him
npil of Khhjah JamBluddin Mnhmdd, death.
b uddin of Shirwhn, and A l i r Ghih-
nddin ManqJr of ShlrBz. He so excel-
Next to A b u k l , Faizi, and Bir Bay,
the Amir was perhaps most loved by
led in all branches of Natural hilosophy, Akbar. S e v e d of his mechanical inven-
eqw~ially mshanics, that ~!ulfazl aa~d tions, mentioned below, are ascribed b
of him. " If the books of antiquity should ~ b u h z to l Akbar himself (!). The ~ m k
br lost. the Amir will restore them." At was, however, on the best tenns with
the earnest solicitations of 'Adil ShBh of Abulfazl, whose son he instructed. Ac.
Bijkph, he left ShirAz for the Dekh;m. cording to tlie author of tlie X i r - d l ul
I n A.H. 991, after the dent11 of 'Sdil 'A'lu~n,he waa " a worldly man, often
S U , he was invited by Akbar, who accompanyiug tlie emperor on hunting
raired him to the dignity of a Sudr, and partic*, with a rifle on his shoulder, and a
bestowed upon him, three years later, owder-bag in his waistband, treuding
the title ot dminulnrulk. He wua ap- {own science, aud performing feab of
pointed to assist T6durma1, and rendered strength, which Rustam could not have
good service in working up the old re- performed."
venue books. His title Aminnlmulk, I t is stated by the author of the X u d -
to which Abulfazl alludes (vide p. 28, 1. air ul umnurd that uccording to some, the
9 of my text edition), was in the eame Amir was a Sih-hazdri, or Commander
year changed to 'Azaddduulah, or the of three thousand ; but I do not find
a m of the em ire. The Amir went his name among the lkty of Akhar's
aftemardr to ~ h i n d k s h .After his return p n d e e s iven in the Tubnqdt i Akbari,
in 997 to Akhr, who wag then in Kwh- and the fsRt #in of thc second book of
mh, he wss attacked with fever, of which this work. Instead of A ~ n i rFathullah,
he d i d . Thinkine to understand the we also find, e s s i a l l y in Badiod, Skdh
mdicnl art, he retueed the ndvice of the Fathullah. e lies buried on tho
Lnloulc Hakim 'Ali, ar~dtried to cure Ttckht i Sulaintdn. Faizi's ode on hi*
tLtr ttver by eating lucriucch, (oitkc tho 1 dcatl ia very line.
5
m k h of coimd gold a t t h e low rate of four d6ms a n d a fraction. According to
Tbdarmal's regulation, a deduction o f j c e d b s was made for a deficiency o f
one surkh ; and if t h e muhur h a d lost something moro than t h e three grains,
for TFhiCh h e h a d made n o account, even if it were o d y 4 surkh, f d five
dhm were subtraded ; a n d for a deficiency of 14 surkhs, h e deducted ten
dsms, even if t h e deficiency should not b e quite 14 surkhs. B y t h e n e w
lam of 'Azaduddaulah, t h e value of a m u h u r was lessened b y six d&ms a n d a
fraction, as its gold was worth 353 d h s a n d a Gaction only.'
'Azacluddaulah abolished also t h e regulation, according to which the
value of a rdund rupee h a d been h o d at one d h less than the square one,
notwithstanding its perfection in weight a n d purity, a n d fixed the value of
t h e round rupee, when of full weight or not l e a than one surkh, a t forty &m ;
a n d whilst formerly a deduction of two d i m s was made for a deficiency of
two surkhs, thiynow deduct for the same deficiency only one d8m a n d a frac-
tion.
fiirdly, when ' A d u d d a u l a h went to K.hirnd6sh, t h e Rhjah estimated
t h e value of m u h m that h a d been expressed in J a l d a h rupees, in round
rupees ; a n d from his obstinate hnd wrangling disposition, fixed again t h e
deficiencies on muhurs a n d rupees according to t h e old rates.
FosrrtMy, when Qulij KhhY received tho charge of t h e government,
h e adopted t h e Rbjah's manner of estimating t h e m d u r s ; b u t h e dodnded

' For 'Azaduddaulah havin 6xed the dksh, he was governor of A@. !L'wo
value of 1surkh of coined golf at 4 d m s yean later he was promoted to the go-
and a small fmction, the value of a mnhur vernonrhip of the Panjrib and Kirbul. A t
of full weight (11 mthhahs = 11 x 8 the accession of Jnhbngir, he w& stat ta
+
surkhs) wes only 11X 8 X (4 a small Gujrbt, but returned next ear to tho
fraction) dims, i. s., amording to Abul. Pujbb, where he had to !f ht against
fad, 363 dbxm and a fmction, instead of the Hhhaniyyaha. He dief, at an d-
360 d&ms. van& age, in 1035, or A. D. 1645-26.
Q u l i j ~ d a ifirst
s mentioned during A b u b l , in the last d i n of the second
the seventeenth year of Akbar'a r e i p , book, mentions him as Chahdrhazdri, or
when he was made governor of the Fort of Commander of Four Thousand, which
S6&, which Akbar after n siege of forty- high rank be must have held for some
aeven days had conquered. I n the 431d time, as iVizdmi d Hararci, iu his Tab&-
year he was sent to (3ujl.bt ; and after put i Akbam', mentions him as such, and
the death of Shrih Manpfir, he was, two luc DiwHn. When tutor to Prince Dan-
yearn later, appoiited as Dimdn. In 781, he was promoted to the command of
the 28th year he accompanied the army $our Thousand Five H~ndred. Qnlij
during the conquest of Gu'At. In the Khin was a pious man, and a stanch
34th year, lie received ~ana!?uzl.a jkgii. Sunnnni ; ho was much respeoted for his
Afbr the death of TWarmal, he was learning. As a poet he is known under
again appointed as Diwdiz. This is the the name of' i 7 ~ a / i ; some of his verses
h e to which Abulbzl refers. In 1002 may be found in the concluding chapter
he was made governor of Kribul, where of the Mir-dt ul '&lam. The high rank
he was not sncccssful. After his removal, which he held, was less due to his talents
he accompanied, in 1005, his son-in-law as a, statesman, t l m to his Cmil
Prince h n y a as Atdliq, or tutor, but
he soon rctunied to Akbar. During the
oonnenion with the kings of 'hi&.
his two sons, Mh7A Slrifullah and Mfrzh
6;
abticnce, in 1007, of the cnlptror iu Khln- l i k n Qulij, the latter ia betit known.
 I

'Omnr, it waR changed to a circular form ; and in the time of Zubair, it was
impressed with tho worda Alldhu (God), barakat (blessing). l T n j ( ; j stamped I
I
upon it the chapter of the &ortin called Ikhkiq; and others say that he imprinted .
it with his own name. Others assert, that 'Omar was the first who stamped
an impression on dirhams ; whilst, according to some, Greek, Khusravite,
and Himyarite dirhamswere in circulation at the time of Abdulmalik, the son
M-, by whose order Hajj&j, the son of Yhsuf, had struck dirhams.
Some say that Hajj@refined the bme dirhams, and coined them with the words
w ? is eternal) ; and these dirhams
Alldhu ahad (God is one), and Alllihu s a ~ ~ (God
were called marlrlhuh (abominable), because God's holy m e was thereby
dishonoured ; unless this term be a corruption of some other name. After
Hajj&j, at the time of the reign of Yazld ibn i Abdulmalik, 'Omar ibn
Hubairah coined in the kingdom of 'Mq better dirhams than Hajjtij had
made ; and afterwards Khhlid ibn Abdullah-Qasri, when governor of 'Mq,
made them still finer, but they were brought to the highest degree of purity
by Y6suf ibn 'Omar. Again, it has been said that Muq'ab ibn Zubair was
the first who struck dirhams. Various accounte axe given of their weights ;
some saying that they were of ten or nine, or six or five mispdla; whilet
others give the weighte of twenty, twelve and ten pirdta, assorting at the
same time that 'Omar had taken a dirham of each kind, and formed a coin
of fourteen qi*, being the third part of the aggregate sum. I t is likewise
said that at the time of 'Omar there were current several kinds of dirhams :
jirat, some of eight ddnge, which were called baghlC, after Rda baglcl who was an
assay-master, and who struck dirhams by the command of 'Omar ; but others
call them baghalli, from baghal, which is the name of a village ;' eecondly, some
of four d b p , which were called tabri; thirdly, some of three d&ngs, which
were known as maghribi; and lastly, some of one ding, named yananf, the
half of which four kinds 'Omar is said to have taken as a uniform average
weight. FW of Khujand says that in former days dirhams had been of
two kinds, j r a t :-full ones of eight and six dtings (1 dang of hie = 2 pirdta;
1 qirdt = 2 taaalj; 1 taaahj = 2 hubbah) ; and aecondly, deficient ones of four ,
d b g s and a fraction. Some hold different opinions on this subject.
The Din& is a gold coin, weighing one miapd, i. e., 1+ dirhams, a s
they put 1 mi8p81= 6 ddnga ;1 ddng 4 taaatij; 1 taaahj = 2 habbaha ;1 hubbd
= 2jazur (barley grains); 1jau = 6 khardala (mustard-grain) ; 1 khardal=
12 fate ; 1 fal = 6 fatila ; 1 fati1 = 6 naqfra ; 1 n q f r = 6 pitmlra ; and
1 pitmil. = 12 zarraise. One 91ziap61, by this calculation, would be equal
to 96 barley grains. Hipdl ie a weight, used in weighing gold; and
it is also the name of the coin. From some ancient h t i n g s it appeare

' According to some inferior MSS., the namc of a kind of gold.

that the Greek nrMqAl is out of use, and weighs two qdrdte lesa than this ;
and that the Greek dirhrun M e r s likewise from others, being less in weight
by & or f of a mi.#.

THE PROFIT OF THE DEALERS I N GOLD AND SILVER.

One round m u h of ~ 11 mhhahs buys one tblah of gold of 10 bcin ; or
one thlah, 2 surkhs of 9 9 bin ; or 1 tblah, 4 8. of 85 bBn ; or 1 tblah 6 8. of
94 b6n ; or 1 t6lah, 1 mhhah of 9 btin ; and similarly, according to the same
proportion, the decrease of one b8n increases the quantity of gold which a
muhur can buy, by one mhhah.
Tho merchant buys for 100 Lu'l iJalcilt muhurs 130 t. 2 m. 0%8. of Z u n
gold of 8) b h . Of this quantity 22 t. 9 m. 74 8. burn away in melting,
an& mix with the khdk i khaki$, so that 107 2. 4 m. 1& a. of pure gold remain,
which are mined into 105 muhnrs, leaving a remainder of nearly half a tblah
of gold, the value of which is 4 rupees. From the Ithdk i khuZdq are recovered
2 t. 11 m. 4 a. of gold, and 11 t. 11 m. 4) a. of silver, the value of both of
which is 35 rupees, 12) tang&,' so that altogether the abovementioned
quantity of Z u n gold yields 105 muhurs, 39 Rs., and 25 d8ms.
This sum ie accounted for asfollows. Firet, 2 a. 18 d. 12&j., due to the
workmen according to the rates which have been explained above ; secondly,
5 Ra. 8d. 8j. for ingedienta ; which sum is made up of 1 R. 4 d. 14 j . on
amount of articles used in refining the metal, ciz., 26 d. 16&j. dung ;4 d. 20j.
d b n i ; 1 d. 10j. water ; 11 d. 5j. quicksilver, and 4 Re. 4 d. 6)j. on m o u n t
of the khdk i khal4 (viz., 21 d. 7+ j. charcoal, and 3 Re. 22 d. 24j. lead) ;
thirdly, 6 Re. 37) d., which the owners of the gold take from the merchant,
aa a consideration for lending him the gold ; thia item goes to the Diwkn in
case the gold belongs to the exchequer ; fourthly, 100 Lu'l iJalhli muhurs,
which the merchant gets in exchange for the gold which he brought ;jfthly,
12 Re. 37 d. 34 j . which the merchant takes as his profit ; eizthly, 5 muhura
12 Rs. 34 d., which go to the e ~ c h e q u e r . ~According to this proportion,
morchanta make their profits.
Although gold is imported into Hindustan, it is to be found in abundance
in the northern mountaim of the country, m also in Tibet. Gold may also
be obtained by the Saldni-procoss from the aanda of the Ganges and Indue,

One tan& = 2 dbms ; now-n-days aa the several items added up give 105 m.
one tan& =2 paie.
There is a sbgbt miatake of I+jilalr, I 39 Ra.24 d. 233j,, but not 1% 11,. 39 Re.
85 d
 and several other rivers, ns most of tho waters of this country are mixed with
gold : however, the labour and expense greatly exceed the profit.
One Rupee buys 1 t. 0 m. 2 a. of pure silver; hence for 950 Rs.the merchant
gets 969 t. 9 m. 4 e. of silver. Out of this quantity, 5 t. 0 m. 4f a. burn away in
casting ingots. The remainder yields 1006 rupees, and a surplus of silver worth
274 dkms. The several items are---rat, 2 Ra. 22 d. 12j.,ae wages for the work-
men (&., The Weighittan 5 d. 7$j., tho Chtfahtifgfr 3 d. 4 i ;the Melter 6 d. 12hj. ;
the Zarrdb 2 &. 1 d. 0j. ;the Sikkachl 6 d. 124 j . ) ; accondly, 10 d. 15 j., on ac-
count of requisites (riz., 10 d. charcoal, and 15j . water); thirdly, 50 RB. 13 d. Oj.,
payable to the D i w h ;fourthly, 950 I&.,which the merchant gets in exchange
for the silver he brought ; and jftidy, 3 Ra. 21 d. 10& j., being the profit of
the merchant. If he refines the base silver at his own house, his profit will
bo much greater ; but when he brings it to be coined, his profit cannot be
so great.
Of the silver called l i r i and ahdhl, and the other above mentioned baser
coins, one rupee buys 1 1. 0 m. 4 a., so that 950 Rupees will buy 989 t. 7 m.
I n the Snbbdi process, 14 t. 10 m. 1 a. burn away, being at the rate of 13 t.
per cent. ; and in making the ingots, 4 t. 11 m. 3 a. are lost in the fire. The
remainder yields 1012 rupees; and from the khO ik'hnml3& Ra. are recover-
able. The several items are--rat, 4 RE. 27 d. 2 4 f j . on account of the wages
of the workmen (crir., the 7Pe@llnran5 d. 7 9 j . ; the Sabb&k2 Ra. 0 d. 19 j . ; the
Qurskdb 4 d. 19 j . ;the Chhhnigir 3 d. 4 j. ; the dlelter 6 d. 1 2 4 j . ; the Zarra'b
2 Ra. 1 d. ; the Sikkachi 6 d. 12A j . ) ; aemdly, 5 Ra. 24 d. 15j. for necesserieg
( c h . 5 RE. 14 d. lead ; 10 d. charcoal; and 15j. water) ; thirdly, 50 &. 24 d.,
payable to the state ; fourthly, 950 Re. which the merchant receives for hie
d v e r ; $ f y , 4 &. 29 d. his profit.' Sometimes the merchant gets the
silver cheap, when his profit is much larger.
1044 d b s buy one nzan of copper, i. e., at the rate of 26 d. 2*j. per a h .
Out of this quantity, one s6r is burnt away in melting ; and as each sEr yields
30 d h s , there are coined altogether 1170 d h s , from which the merchant
takes his capital, and 18 d. 194j. as profit. 33 d. 10j. go to the workmen ; and
15 d. 8 j. for necessaries, (cia. 13 d. 8 j. for charcoal ; 1 d. for water; and
1 d. for clay) ; 584 d. go to the state.

THE ORIGIN OF METALS.

into existence the four elements, has raised up
The Creator by ctrlli~~g
wonderful forms. Fira is absolutely warm, dry, light; air is relatively

The~eikmn added givo Bs. 1016,

26d. 14: j., i. r, a little nlorc than the 1 sum mentioned by Abnlfazl (1016 Ba.
20 d)
 rnokt, light ; water is relatively cold, moist, heavy ; earth is abolutely
cold, dry, heavy. Heat is the cause of lightness, and cold of heaviness;
moistness easily separatee particles, whilst dryness prevents their separation.
This wonderful arrangement calls four compounds into existence, jret, the
ddr i ' d w l ; ' escondly, stones ; thirdly, plants ; fourthly, animals. From the
hoat of the sun,watery particles become lighter, mix with the air, and rise
up. Such a mixture is called bukha'r (gas). From the same cause, earthy
particles mix with the air, and rise up. !l'hia mixture is called dukho'n
(-pour). Sometimes, however, airy particles mix with the earth. Several
philosophere crrll both of tho above mixtures bukhdr, but distinguish the
mixture of watery particles and air by the name of moiet, or watery btdkhdr,
whilst they call the mixture of earthy particles and air,dry bukhb, or dukhdnl
hkhdr (vapur-like gas). Both mixtures, they say, produce above the
muhce of the earth, clouds, wind, rain, snow, kc. ; and, buloa the surfaco of
OPT earth, earthquakes, springs, and minerals. They also look upon the buFhdr
as the body, and upon the dukhln aa the soul of things. From a diffurence
in their quality and quantity, various bodies are called into existence, as
described in boob on philosophy.
Miner& are of five kinds : #rat, those which do not melt on account of
their drynem, as the y6qLt; secondly, those which do not melt, on account of
their liquidity, as quicksilver ; thirdly, those which can be melted, being at
the name time neither malleable, nor idlanunablo, as blue stone ; fourthly,
those which can be melted, being however not malleable, but inflammable,
as sulphur ;jifthly, those which can be melted, and are malleable, but not
mflrvnmllble, aa gold. A body is said to melt, when from the union of
the inherent principles of dryness and moisture its particles are moveable ;
and a body is called malleable, when we can make it extend in such a
manner, as to yield a longer and wider surface, without, however, either
=parating a part from it, or adding a part to it.
When in a mixture of bukhdr with dukhk, the former is groator in
quantity, and when, after their mixturo and complete union, the heat of the
sun c a w the wholo to contract, QCICKSILF'ERd be produced. Since no
part of it is destitute of dukhdta, the dryness is perceptible; hence, on touching
it, it does not affect tho hand, but flees fiom it ; and since its contraction waa
produced by heat, no warmth can dissolve it. Again, when in a mixture of
U d r and dukhdn, both are nearly in equal proportion, a tenacious p o m y
nloisture is produced. At the timo of fermentation, airy particles enter, whon
cold causes the whole to contract. This mass is inflammable. If the dukltdtr
and the greasinees are a littlo in excess, SULPIIUR will bo l)roducod, in colour

' Or tloirtga from vn high, aa rain, mow, &c.

either red or yellow, or grey or white. If the proportion of the dukh4n is large,
and that of the grease less, MSWIC will result, which is red and yellow. And
if the quantity of the bukhdr is greater, pure, black and yellow NAPIFTEA will
arise, after the mixture geta solid. Since in all, cold was the cause of the
contraction, they can be melted ; and on account of the prevalence of greasi-
ness and tenacious moistness, they are also inflammable, though, on account
of the moistness, not malleable.
Although quicksilver and sulphur are the only component parts of " the
seven bodies," there arise various forms from a difference in purity, or from
peculiar circumstances of the mixture, or from a variety of the action of the
component parts on each other. Thus ailcer x d l result, when neither of the
two components mixes with earthy particles, when they are pure and become
perfectly united, and when the sulphur is white, and less than the quicksilver.
Or, when both are in equal proportions and the sulphur red, and capable of
colouring, gold will originate. Again, under similar circumstances, if both
contract after the mixture, but before a completo union has been effected,
khdrchinl will be produced. This body is also called Alianchini, and seems
really to be raw gold ; some say, it is a kind of copper. Again, if only the
sulphur be impure, and the quicksilver the larger component, with an
additional power of burning, copper will result. And if the mixture be not
thorough, and the quicksilver larger, tin will be produced; some say that
purity of the componel~tsis essential. I f both compounds be of an inferior
kind, closely mixed, and if the earthy particles of the quicksilver have a
tendency of separating, and the power of burning be inherent in the sulphur,
iron kill result. And if under similar conditions tho intermixture be not
perfect, and the quicksilver quantitatively larger, lead will come into existenca
These swen metals are called fh8 snen bodiea ; and quicksilver has tho name
of the rnother of the bodiea, and sulphur, the father of the bodiea. Quicksilver
is ale0 denominated the spirit, and arsenic and sulphur, tho pivota of Itye.
Jnat (pewter), which, according to the opinions of some, is Bhh i thtiyd,
and resembles lead, is npwhere nlentioned in philosophical books, but there
ie a mine of it in Hindustan, in the territory of Jdldr, which is a dependency
of the SGbah of Ajmir. Some practical mechanics' are of opinion that the
metal called riga'g is a silver in the state of leprosy, and quicksilver a silver in
the state of apoplexy ; that l e d is gold apoplectic and burnt, and bronze
crude gold ; and that ,the chemist, like the doctor, can restore these diseased
metals by the principles of similarity and opposition.
Practical men form of the abovo seven bodies several compounds, used for
ornaments, vossels, kc. Among them I may mention, 1. Snfidrti, which the

'. According to nome MSS., the IIiudlis.

p p l e of Hindustan call kcfgi. I t is a mixture of 4 sErs of copper to 1 sCr of
tin, melted together. 2. Rhd, 4 &I% of copper to 1& s6rs of lead. I t is called
in this country blngcir. 3. Brae, which the Hindus call pital, is made in
three ways, #rat, 24 861% copper to 1 s6r rirh i thtiya, which is malleable,
when cold ; sccdly, 2 sere of copper to 1 s6r of r J i tllrjrd, which is
malleable, when heated; thirdly, 2 sera of copper to 1 s6r of rhh i
taitiyd, not worked with the hammer, but by casting. 4. Si~nk eukhtah,
composed of lead, silver, and bronze ; i t has a black lustre, and is used in
painting. 5. naftjdsh, which, like the KAdrchlni, is nowhere to be found ;
it is said to consist of six metals. Some call it tciltphn, whilst others give this
name to common copper. 6. Aahtdhdt, a compound of eight metals, ciz., the
sis of the Lftjdeh, r6h i tirtiyd, and kdgf. I t is also made of seven
mmponenta. 7. Kaulpatr, 2 sera of eafirh, and 1 s6r of copper. I t is
celonred, and looks well, and belongs to the inventions of Ilia Majesty.'

Al'N 14.
O N SPECIFIC GRAVITP.
It haa been said above that various compounds result from a mixture
of b&r and dukhdn, which themselves consist of light and heavy olemcnt*J.
Besides, bukhC is wet or dry: and a complete union of the two sets in,
sometimes before and after the mixture, and solnetimee in either of these
conditions I t is on this account that a compound whose fiery and airy
particles are more numerous than its watery and earthy particles, is lighter
t h p a mineral in which there are more watery and earthy particles ; and
likewise, every mineral in which the bu* predominates over the dukhhn,
is lighter than a mineral, in which the opposite is tho case. Again, a mineral
in which the compleb union of the bukhk and dukh6n h m set in, is heavier
than one which has not reachod this degroe, because the intorstices between
the particles, and the entering of air, make a body large and light. Bearing
this in mind, we have a moans of discovering the weight and Lightnoas of
every body. Some one,# now long ago dead, has er1)ressed tho weight of
several bodies in versos, (metre dlujtaae)-
Zb riry i jweah a lftdd, u yak diram etmdb,
Chill e h h m t , u an arzia eiy u hmht ehumcir,
Ahab qdmt aurub panjah o nuh ciha~rchi1 ;
Birinj u mi8 dihil d panj nuprah panjah u chcir.

' This p h m seems 'to mean that lary in rhyme, entitled Niqdb rrlpil~,ydn,
(he invention wns made nt the tiine of which for centuries han bee11 ra~tl in
A4bar. nearly every Mdrasah of Pcnia :r11c1
d lu' f i ~ ri Farcihi,of Farirh, ntown India ; vitlc Jotu~ialBs. h.lhirgal, Ii)r
in Sijistin. Hin real name in Muhnmmd 1868, p. 7.
Badrud&. Hc lian writleu a Vocubu-
 " Ql~icknilrcr' it+ 71 ; Rili in 46 ; Tin is 38 ; &ld 100 : h a d 59 ; Iron 40 ;
Bra88 and Copper 45 ; Silver 54." Others havo ex+ the numbers
1~y~llncmotechnidwords in rhyme, (metre Bo?tuI)-
AJuhjlizll C micatatciyyd hnjm rci chti_nbarkaehi,
Iklrtildf k rcazn drirad hur yak; bt! iahtibdh.
&r lahn, z k b q alani, uarub dahau, arak hul,
Finah nud, rihnn yakf, miae o shabah mah, rOci nrcih.
" If you weigh equal volumea of the following ninc metals, you will doubtlessly
find their different weighta aa follows :--gold luhn,' quichilver atam, lead
dahan, tin hal, silver mad, iron yaki, copper and brsss mah, nii n~dh." If of
these nine metals, pieces be taken of equal dimensions, their weights will be
different. Some ~ q e ascnibea this variety in weight to the difference in the
qualitative constitution of the bodies, and trace to it their lightness or
heaviness, their floating or sinking in water, and their weights aa indicated
by common and hydrostatic balances.
Several deep-sighted philosophers compute the weight of bodies with a
reference to water. They fill a suitable vessel with water, and throw into i t
100 misq6la of each metal; and from the quantities of water thrown out
u p n the introduction of the metale, are-found the differences between them
in volume and weight. The greater the quantity of the water is which 100
misqila of a body displace, the greater ia its volume, and the lees ita weight ;
and reversely. Thna 100 m. of silver dieplaoe 95 m. of water, and the same
quantity of gold, 5 i m. If the weight of the water displaced by a body be
s u b t r a b d from ita weight in air, ita weight in water will be found. The M&E
of the air-balance are both suspended in air : those of the hydrostatic balance
are hot11 on the surface of the water. AB the heavier body poseesaes the greater
powx for sinking, it will, in any oase, move in the direction of the perpendi-
cular ; but, if either of the two scales be on the surf- of the water, and
the other in the air, the latter scale, although perhaps the lighhr, will
necessarily sink, as air, being a finer mbetance than water, does not offer so
much resistance. A body will sink in water, if the quantity of water
clisplacod by it be loss than the weight of the body; and a body w i l l float,
if that quantity be greater ; and if the water dieplaced be equal to the weight

We fix the specific vities ae fol- 10.40 ; Copper 8.67 ; Iron 7.76 ; Z n
low* :-Gold 19.26 ; E rnT 13.6 ; 7.3'2 ; R&i 8.86.
I d 11.325 ; Silver 10.47 1 Copper 9 ; The Arabic consonant, of the mnemo-
Tin 7.32 ; Iron 7.7, for which numbers technical words lakan, alum, &c., re.
water is unity. Abul Fazl takes gold as resent numbers; thua I + + k n=
standad ; and assuming, for his values,
19.26 MIih ~pecifir p v i , we would
50 +20+60;a+I+m=l+30+
4 0 ; kc.
gvt, 2 C i e r . c ~13.87
~ ?'
; Lend 1.36 ; Silvor
of the body. its upper aide will coincide with the surfnco of tho water. d b i b
Baihdn has drawn up a table. which I shall insert hero .
Quantity of w a t m diykaced by 100 Apparent toetght (meljht in water) of
miaqdh of 100 mieqdle of
MieqBls.D L g e .Tssdjea. Misqils . D 6 n p.Taashjoa'
Oold.I . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 2 Gold. 95
......a*.. 4 2
Quickdver. .... 7 2 1 Quicksilver. ....
92 3 3
Lead. .......... 8 5 3 Lead. ..........
91 1 3
Silver........... 9 4 1 Silver. ..........
90 1 3
Bhi. .......... 11 2 3 RQi. ............ 88 4 3
Copper. ........ 11 3 3 Copper. ........88 3 3
Brssa, .......... 11 4 3 Brasa ...........88 2 3
Iron........... 12 5 211-011 ........... 87 3 2
Tin............. 13 4 3 Tin............. 8G 2 3
YhGt (lightblue). 25 1 2 Ytiqilt (light blue. ) 74 4 2
Y4qGt(red)..... 26 3 3 YBqGt(recl.) .... 74 3 3
Ruby. .......... 27 5 2 Ruby. .......... 72 3 2
Zumurrud, ...... 36 2 3 Zmurrud. ...... G3 4 3
Pearl. .......... 37 1 3 Pearl. .......... 62 5 3
Lapis lazuli. .... 38 3 3 Lapis lazuli, .... 61 3 3
carnelian . . . . . . . 38 3 3 Comolian, ...... 61 3 3
Amber. ........ 30 3 3 Amber. ........ 60 3 3
Billaur. ........ 40 3 3 Billaur. ........ GO 3 3
Tibe wrkht (in a i r ) of thc undrrmen- Tnc rcrigkt ( i n nir) qf th undertttrn-
tioncd mrtnle. ths roluttr~of 100 ~nia- tiolacd preciorca atonen. the mltcn~r of
qdle of gold being t n h n #a the u n i t 100 minqdla qf the blue yciphl being
of rolztnrc. tnken n8 the unit of rolrcme.
Misqils . D k n p Tnsstijes. Misq6ls .Dings T n ~ G j e.o
Gold. .......... 100 0 0 Yirqi~t(light blue. ) 94 3 3
Quicksilver. .... 71 1 1 i t ( r e) .... 94 3 3
Lead. .......... 59 2 2 Ruby. ........... 90 2 3
Silver. .......... 54 3 3 Zumurrud. ...... 69 3 3
Rhi. ............ 46 2 3 Pearls. . . . . . . . . G7 5 2
Copper. ........ 45 3 3 Lapis lazuli. .... 65 3 2
Bmsa ........... 45 3 5(?)Cornelian. ...... 64 4 2
Iron. .......... 40 0 0 Amber. ........ 64 3 1
Tin. ............ 38 2 2 Billaw, ........ 63 3 3

' With the exception of Quickuilner, of the weighta of the water displaced and
Silvm. and Ydqut (light 1l1e). the the n parent weight. ou ht to givu 100
' oombem 'sen in the MI?$.. and the above miq& . . %: = 4 t.)
(1 1 = 6 d ; I But in
list. we sfghtig wrong. k u a e Lbc ~ u w wuat item there L ul r x c a of urc ddoy .
 XI'N 15.
TITE I M P E R W HAREM.
I IIis Y n j e ~ t yirr a great friend of good order and pmpricty in busineus.
Tllrough order the world becomes a meadow of truth and reality ; and that
which is but external, receives through it a spiritual meaning. For this
reason, the large number of women-a vexatiou~question even for great
statesmen-furnished his Majesty with an opportunity to display his wisdom,
and to rise from the low level of worldly dependence to the eminence of
I
perfect freedom. The imperial palace and household are therefore in the
best order.

i: His Majesty fonna matrimonial alliances with princes of Hindustan, and

of other countries; and secure8 by these ties ofharmony thepeace of the world.
As the sovereign, by the light of his wisdom, has raised fit persons from
the dust of obscurity, and appointed them to various offices, so does he
also elorate faithful persons to tho several ranks in the service of the seraglio.
Short-sighted men think of impure gold, which d gradually turn into pure
gold ;' but the far-sighted know that his Majesty understands how to use
elixirsnand chemical processes. Any kind of growth mill alter the constitution
of a body ; copper and iron will turn to gold, and tin and lead to silver ; hence
it is no matter of aatonishmont, if an excellent being changos the worthless
into men. " The saying of the wise is true that the eye of the exalted is the
elixir for producilig goodnees." Such also aro the resulte flowing from the
love of order of his Majesty, from his wisdom, insight, regard to rank, his
respect for others, his activity, his patience. Even when he is angry, he does
not deviate from the right path; he looks at every thing with kindly
feelings, woighs rumours well, and is fiee from all prejudice ; he considers it
a great blessing to have the good wishes of the people, and does not allow the
intoxicating plewures of this world to overpower his calm judgment.
( His Majesty has made a large enclosure with h e buildings inside, whero
he reposes. Though there are more than five thousand women, ho hae
,! given to each a scparate nprrtmcnt. H e has also divided them into sections,
and keeps them attentive to their duties. Several chaste women have been
appointed as dcirdghah, and superintendents over each section, and one has
boon selected for the duties of writer. Thus, as in the imperial offices, every
thing is here also in proper order. The salaries are sufficiently liberal.
Not counting the presente, which his Majesty most generously bestows, tho
women of the highest rank receive from 1GI 0 to 1028 Rs.per nmeem. Somo

So according tn thc opinion of tho

philosophem of the Middle Ages. I wurlhlcss
Elixirn change
into
qrirkly
pure gold.
that which
. is
 of tho somanta have &om 51 to 20, others h n l 40 to 2 Rs. Attached to tllo
private audience hall of the palace, is a clever and zealous d t e r , who
superintends the expenditure of the Harem, and keeps an account of the
caah and the stores. If a woman wants anything, within the limit of her
ealary, ahe applies to one of the Tahwflddrs (cash-keepers) of the seraglio.
The Tahwildtir then sen& a memorandum to the writer, who checks it,
when the &nerd Treasurer makes the payment in cash, cia for claims of
this nature no cheques are given.
The writer also makes out an estimate of the annual expenditure, writes
out summarily a receipt, which is countersigned by the ministers of the state.
I t is then stamped with a peculiar Imperial seal, which is only used in
grants connected with the Harem, when the receipt becomes payable. The
money itself is paid by the cash-keeper of tho General a e a s u r y to the
General Tahwildsr, who on the order of the miter of the Harem, hands i t
orer to the several Sub-Tahwildbs for distribution among the servants of
the seraglio. All monies are reckoned in their salaries at the current rate.'
The inside of the Harem is guarded by sober and active women ; the
most trustworthy of them are placed about the apartments of his Majesty.
Outside of the enclosure the eunuchs are placed ; and at a proper distance,
there is 8 guard of faithful Rrj,picte, beyond whom are the porters of tho
gates. Besides, on all four sides, there are guarda of Nobles, Ahadis,
and other troops, according to their ranks.
Whenever Iligume, or the wives of nobles, or other women of chaste
character, desire to be presented, they h t notlfy their wish to the servants
of the seraglio, and wait for a reply. From thence they send their request
to the officera of tho palace, after which those who are eligible are permitted
to enter the Harem. Some women of rank obtain permission to remain
there for a whole month.
Notwithatanding the great number of faithful guards, his Majesty does
I
not dispenso with his own vigilance, but keeps the whole in proper order.

THE ENC-ANPMENT ON JOURNEYS.

It would be difEcult to describe a large encampment; but I shall say
something on the equipage used for hunting parties and short journeys.
1. The Guldlbdr is a grand enclosure, the invention of his Majesty,
the doors of which are made very strong, and secured with locks and keys.
It ia novor less than one hundred yarda square. At its eastern end a

At 40 dkms per rupee.

 pavilion of two ontra~lccsis ercctcd, containing 54 divisions, 24 yarda long,
and 14 broad; and in the middle there stands a large C h d h rcioti,' and
round about it a Sardpwdah.' Adjoining to the Chubin, they built up a
two-storied pavilion, in which his Majesty performs divine worship, and
h m the top of which, in the morning, he receives the oomplimenta of the
nobility. No one connected with the seraglio enters this building without
special leave. Outeide of it, twenty-four chaubin rhtia are erected, 10 yarda
long, and 6 yards wide, each separated by a canvass, where the favourita

I
women reside. There are also other pavilions and tenta for the servants,
with S d i b h s of gold embroidery, brocade, and velvet. Adjoining to this
is a Sardpmduh of carpet, 60 yards square, within which a few tents are
I 1

1
erected, the place for the Urdtibdgie,' and other female aervante. Farther on
up to the private audience hall, there is a h e open space, 150 yarde long
and 100 yarda broad, called the Mahtdbi; and on both aides of it, a screen
I
is set up as before described which is supported by poles 6 yards long, fixed
in the ground at distances of two yards. The poleti are one yard in the
ground, and are ornamented with brass knobs on the top, and kept firm by
two ropes, one passing h i d e , and the other outaido of the enclosure. The
guards watch here, as has h e n described.
I n the midst of the plain is a raised platform,' which is protected by an
awning, or NamgirJ, supprted by four poles. This is the place, where hia
Majesty sits in the evening, and none but those who are particularly favoured,
are here admitted. Adjoining to the Guldlbtir, there is a circular endosure,
I
consisting of twelve divisions, earh of thirty yards, the door of the enclosure I
I
opening into the Mahtabi ;and in the midst of it, is a Chatdin rdotl, ten yards
long, and a tent containing forty divisions, over which twelve awnings are I
spread, each of twelve yards, and separated by canvasses. This place, in every
division of which a convenient closet is constructed, is called IbachHi, which i s
the (Chagatii) name uesd by his Majesty. Adjoining to this a Surdpardah is
put up, 150 yards in length and breadth, containing sixteen divisions, of thirty-
six square yards, the Sarzipardah being, aa before, sustained by poles with
knobs. I n the midst of i t the stato-hall is erected, by means of a thousand
carpets ; it contains seventy-two rooms, and has an opening fifteen yarcls wide.
A tentlike covering, or Qala~adnri,made of waxcloth, or any other lighter
material, is spread over it, which affords protection against the rain and the
sun ; and round about it, are awnings, of h e l v e yards each. The pavilion,
which serves as Dtlcdn i khdg, or private audience hall, has proper doors
and locks. Here the nobles, and the officers of the army, after having

*
Described in the twenty-first Xfu.
Awuiugs. 'Ar111etlw ~ m e n . 1 As n l y l~ still seen in the ruins o
FAIItirS k r i
obtained leave through the Bakkshia,' pass before tho Empel'or, the list of
officew eligible for admission being changed on the first of every month.
The place is decorated, both inside and outside with carpets of various
coloure, and reaemblee a beautiful flower-bed. Outside of it, to a distance
of 350 yards, ropes are drawn, fastened to poles,. which are set up at a
distance of three yards from each other. Watchmen are stationed about
them. This is the D i w h n i ' d m , or public audience hall, round which, as
above deecribed, the various guards are placed. At the end of this place, a t
a distance of twelve tenciba is the NqqCah Khdnah,' and in the midst of the
area the Akcfsdiah' is lighted up.
Some encampments, as just now described, are sent off, and one of them
ie put u p by the F a r r h h a on a piece of ground which the dilr diansih' have
selected ae an eligible epot, w h i l ~the
t other camp furniture is sent in advance,
to await the approach of his Majesty. Each encampment requires for its
carriage 100 elephants, 500 camels, 400 carte, and 100 bearers. I t is
escorted by 500 troopers, dlanaabddrs,' Aha&. Besides, there are employed
a thouaand Famishes, natives of P*, T h h , and Hindustan, 500 pioneers,
100 water-carriers, 50 carpenters, tent-makers, and torch-bearers, 30 workers
in leather, and 150 sweepers.
The monthly pay of the foot varies from 240 to 130 d h s .

17.
THE ENCAMPMENT OF THE ARMY.
Although his Majesty but rarely collects his armies, a large number of
troops accompany him in whatever direction an expedition may go ; but a
mnsiderablo number, in every province, are employed on various services,
and a m not allowed to follow him. On account of the crow* of camp-
followera, and the number of the troops themselves, it would take a soldier
days to find hie tent ; and how much worse would it be for a stranger P
EliB Majeaty has invented an admirable method of encamping his troops,
which is a source of much comfort to them. On an open ground they
pitch the imperial seraglio, the audience hall, and the Napqcircsh rlMnaR,
all occupying a space the length of which is 1530 yards. To tho
right and left, and behind, is an open space of 360 yards, ~ h i c hno one
but the guards are allowed to enter. Within it, at a distance of 100 yards to
I
P a p ~ t e r s . The Commanding 05- bend plays. Regarding the tancib, vide
eera were at the same time ~ymestera, the tenth #in of tho th~rdbook.
M they collected the renb of the landr ' A high pole to thc top of which un
w i p e d to them for the payment of their immense lamp in fixed. FTide p. 60.
ccmtingents. Q ~ ~ a r t emastem.
r
' A turret on the top of which tho ' Grandees.
 tho loft centro ~ r otho toilts of Maryani Mnkhi,' Oulbclclun B ( . p n , and
other chaste ladies, and tho tonts of Prince Dhyiil ; to the right, those of
Prince Sultan Salim ; and to the left, those of Prince 6h6h M d d . Behind
their tents, at some distance, the offices and workshops are placed, and at a
further distance of 30 yards behind them, at the four corners of the camp,
the bhira. " h e nobles are encamped without on nll sides, according to
their rank.
The guarde for Thursday, Friday and Saturday, encamp in the centre ;
those for Sunday and Monday, on the right; and those for Tuesday and
Wednesday, on tho left.

#I% 18.
ON IILUMINATIONS.
His Majesty maintains that it is a religious duty and divine praise to
womhip fire and light ; surly, ignorant men considor it forgetfulness of the
Almighty, and fire worship. But the deep-sighted know better. As the
ertornal form of the worship of " the selectns is baaed upon propriety,
and as peoplo think the neglect of some sort of worship abominable, there
can be nothing improper in the veneration of that exalted element which ie
the source of mm's existence, and of the duration of his life ; nor should base
thoughta enter such a matter.
How beautifully has Shaikh Sharafuddin Munyari8 said, What can be
done with a man who is not satisfied with tho lamp, when the sun is dam Tw
Every flame is derived from that fountain of diville light, (the sun), and beam
tho impression of its holy ossence. If light and firo did not exist, we should
bo destitute of food and medicines ; the power of sight would be of no avail
to the eyes. The fire of the sun is the torch of God's sovereignty.
At noon of the day, when the sun enters tho 19th degree of Arios, tho
whole world being then surrounded by his light, they expose a round pieco
of a whito and shining stone, called in Hindi Sitrq'kra'nt, to the rays of t l ~ o
sun. A piece of cotton is then held near it, which catches f i e from tho Ilclat
of the stone. This celestial fire is committed to the care of proper porwns.

' Ma ana Y a k d n i , (i.e., dwelling of Akbar's favonrite wives.

with the?ir$io Mary, who together with l The membem of the Diaine Faith.
Kaiah, the wife of P~IMW, Khadijnh, the ' This fnmoua saint d i d in the begin-
name of Muhmind'n first wlfe, and ning of the fihcnth cmtury. bfunnir is a
Fiitilnnh, hin dauqhter, are the fourperfeet town in BnhC ; vide Jo~in~al As. Soc.
women of the Inlam)i~ the title of Akbar's Ben ml, 1868, p. 7, 1. 3, from b l o w , and
mother. Her name WM litmiclah Bdnti the biogrn hles nf Indinn %inh in tho
B(q(~"m ;vide Bndtionl, d. Bibl. Ind. I, fourtlt boo!. Iiin work8 arc to be found

I 437. Odbdnn 136gn1ii (i. e., L d y

k n r t . body) oppcn1.a t,be tllr name ol' one
among tllc I'crsiali MSS. of thr Sucicty's
Librnrj.
The lamp-lighters, torch-bearers and cooks of the household use it for their
offices; and when the year haa passed away in happiness, they renew the
fire. The vessel in which this h e is preserved, is called Agingir, i. e.,
fire-pot.
There is 8180 a shining white stone, called Chundrkrdnt, which, upon
being erposcd to the b e a m of the moon, drips water.
Every afternoon, one g k l ' before sunset, his Majesty, if on horse-
back, alights, or if sleeping, he is awakened. H e then lays aside the
splcndour of royalty, and brings his external appearance in harmony with
his heart. And when the sun sets, the attendants light twelve whitu
candles, on twelve candlesticks of gold and silver, and bring them before his
Majesty, when a singer of sweet melodies, with a candle in his hand, ~ i n g ~
a variety of delightful airs to the praise of God, beginning and concludi~~g
with a prnyer for the continuance of this auspicious reign. His Majesty
attwhes the utmost importmce to praise and prayer, and earnestly asks
God for renewed light.
I t is impossible to describe the beauty and various forms of the candle-
sticks and shades, and to give an account of the offices of the worklllen.
&me of the candlesticks weigh ten mum and up\vards, and are adorned
with various designs ; some single, others of two branches and more : they
give light to the internal eye. His Majesty has invented a candlestick, one
ytml high. Five others are placed on tho top of it, and each is ado~n~jtl
with the figure of an animal. White wax candle^, throe yards and upwards
in lrngth, are -t for it, so that t i ladder is recjuired to snuff it. Besides
there are everywhere flambea~ls"Loth inside and outside, which increase the
light very much. The first, second, and third nights of every lunar month,
when there is moo~lliglit but for a short time, eight wicks are used ;'
h m the fourth to the tenth, they decrease one in number every night, so
that on the tenth night, when the moon is very bright, one is sufficient ; and
they continuo in this state till the fifteenth, and increase one wick every day
Gom the sixtoenth to the nineteenth. For the twentieth night the number
is the Bame as on tho nineteellth ; on the twenty-first and twenty-second
they increase one daily ; the twenty-third is the same as the twenty-seconti ;
an11 h m the twenty-fourth to tho last, eight wicks are lighted up. They
allow for every wick one s6r of oil, and half a si.r of cotton. I n sollle places
there are fat-burners, where grease is burnt illstead of oil. The alluwul~t~e
varies according to the size of the witbk.
In order to render the royal ru111p conspicuous t4) those w l ~ otnoriiofrom

I On,..qhuri = 2 b 111i111rtcr
' Oil-burucrs with hcvcr.rl w i c k h arc
I I I ~111dia.
v t ~ y~ O I I I I I ~ in
F o r c.;lcli H u ~ t b ~ i t u .
7
 far, his 1la.jesty has caused to be erected, in front of the Durbtir, a p I e
u p \ v \ ' ~ ~of~ lforty
s yards high, which is supported by sixteen ropes ; and on
the top of the pole is a large lantern, which they call Akciedkah.' Its light
is seen from great distances, guides the soldiers to the imperial camp, and
helps them to find their tents. I n former times, before the lamp maa erected,
tho men had to suffer hardships from not being able to find the road.
I n this department, Nansabdars, Ahadis, and other troops, are employed.
The allowance of a foot soldier never exceeda 2400, and is never less than
80 d h s .

#PN 19.
T H E ENSIGNS OF ROYALTY.
The Shan~anhaof the arch of royalty is a divine light, which God directly
transfers to kings, without the assistance of men ; and kings are fond of
external splendour, because they consider it an image of the Divine glory.
I shall mention some of the insignia used at present.
1. The Aurang, or throne, is made of several forms ; some are inlaid
with precious stones, and others are made of gold, silver, &o. 2. The Chatr,
or umbrella, is adorned with the most precious jewele, of which there are
never less than seven. 3. The Sdibcin is of an oval form, a yard in longth,
and its handle, like that of the umbrella, is covered with brocade, and
ornamented with precious stones. One of the attendants holda it, to keep
off the rays of the sun. I t is also called Aftdbyk. 4. The Kaukdah,' of
which several are hung up before the assembly hall.
These four insignia are only used by kings.
5. The 'Alam, or standard. When the king rides' out, not less than five
of theso are cnrried along with the Qw,. mapped up in scarlet cloth bags.
On days of festivity, and in battle, they are unfurled. 6. The Chtrtdq, a
kind of 'Alntn, but smaller than it, is adorned with the tails of Thibetan
yaks. 7. The fitnnntdq is like the Chtrtdq, but longer. Both insignia are
flags of the highest dignity, and the latter is bestowed upon great nobles
only. 8. The Jhanqld is an Indian flag. The Qur necessarily contains a
flag of ench kind ; but on great occasions anany are displayed.
Of musirnl instrunlenta used in the Naqgrirahkhdnah, I may mention,
1. the Iiuxn~-gnh, commonly called dnmdtnnh; there are eighteen pair of

v
From A'kds sky, and dinh Inmp. At night, these pictures are illuminated.
The XkLdiyah is also mentioned by ' J'ide the plates.
Bwn icr . * The Q u r 1s a collection of flogs,urns,
Shamsoh is n icturc of tlic unn trffixcd and other inrrignia, which follow the king
fa the g8teaur wulys dthrpalacn of kingr. wla.rever he gas.
them more or less ; and they give a deep sound. 3. Ths naqqbah, twruty
pair, more or less. 3. The duhul, of which four are used. 4. The Karatrk' i~
d e of gold, silver, brass, and other metah : and they never blow fewor
than four. 5. The e u d of the Persian and Indian kinds ; they blow nine
together. 6. The nufir, of the Persian, European, and Indian kinds ; they
blow some of each kind. 7. The aing is of brass, and made in the form of a
cow's horn ; they blow two together. 8. The eanj, or eynbbrd, of which three
pair are used.
Formerly the band played four g h q i s before the commencement of the
night, and likewise four ghnris before daybreak ; now they play first at
midnight, when the sun commences his ascent, and the second time at dawn.
One ghari before sunrise, the musicians commence to blow the surnh, and
wake u p those that are asleep; and one g h a ~ after i sun rise, they play a
short prelude, when they beat the kuwargah a little, whereupon they blolv
the karani5, the nafir, and the other instruments, without, however, making
nse of the naqqiirah ; after a little paU80 the surnh are blown again, tho
time of the music being indicated by the nafire. One hour later the naqqbahs
commence, when all musicians raise " the auspicious train."^ After this
they go through the following seven performances. 1. The Nureali, which
ie the name of a tune played by the mureil; and afterwards the bardhsht,
which consists likewise of certain tunes, played by the whole band. This is
followed by a pianisairno, and a crescendo passing over into a diminuendo ;
2. The playing of the four tunes, called ikMd#t, abtidcii, ahirhi, galandrsri
n9ar gdrah,. or ndhitd patrah, which occupies an hour. 3. The playing of
the old KhwBriPnite tunes. Of these his Maiesty has composed more than
two hundred, which are the delight of young and old, especially the tunes
JaIn'lahdhi, diaA&nfr Larkat f?), and the Naurdzi. 4. The swelling play of the
qmbah. 5. The playing of Bci miycin daur. 6. The passing into the tunes
oef~r,also called rM i b d d , after which comes a pianissimo. 7. The Khw'iiz-
mite tunes, played by the Nurail, after which he passes into the muraali ; he
then pauses, and commences the blessings on his Majesty, when the whole
band strikes up a pianisairno. Then follows the reading of beautiful sentences
and poems. Thia also lasts -for an hour. Afterwards the surna-players
perform for another hour, when the whole comes to a proper conclusion.
His Majesty has such a knowledge of the science of music as trained
mwicians do not possess ; and he is likewisc an excellent hand in performing,
especially on the naqqiirah.

Or Karranb. remain so. Perhap the words shirriz/

aProbably blessinga on his Majesty. qalandari, " a hermit of Shirirz," belong
Several of these names of melodies to each other. ATigar qalraA means,
are anclear, and will in all probability beAoW the teur.
 Blansnl,tliirs, Allntlis, nnd c btllur trclolr; we rn~l,lt)pot1 ill this dcpnltrncnt .
r 1
1 1 1 ~~tto~~tlily
11nyof a foot-sol~liu~~ ~ O L ' X not B S C ~ I CY-10,
~ ~ I U I A icl
~ uot less t l ~ a u

51 dllns.

THE ROYAL SEALS.

Seals are used in the three' branchefi of the Government ; in fact every
man requires them in his transactions.* I n the beginning of the present
reign, M a u l h i lldaqghd, the seal-engra~er,cut in a circular form npon a
surface of steel, in the r i p s character, the name of his Majesty and those of his
illustrious ancestors up to Timhlang -; and afterwards he cut another similar
fienl, in the nasta'liq character, only with his Majesty's name. For judicinl
transactions a second kind of seal was made, m i h d b i in form,' which llad the
fi~llom-ingverse round the name of his Majesty-
Hcixti mhjib i rizd i khuddst, kaa nadi&na kih gum nhnii nz rah i r h f .
" I'prightness is the means of pleasing God ; I never saw any one lost in
the straight road."
Tnnlkin made a new seal of the second kind; and afterwards Maul&nS'Ali
Ahnlrld of Dihli improved both. The round small seal goes by the (chagatiii)
nnlne of Czul, and is used for firrmhn iiabfis :' and the large one, into which
hu ( ut tho names of the ancestors of hie Majesty, was at fist onlypsed for letters
to foreign kings, but now-a-days for both. For other orders a square seal i s
nsrd, engraved with the worda Alltihu Akbar, jalla jaltiluh, whilst another
of a peculiar stamp is used for all matters connected with the sert~glio.
For the seals attached to f a r m d 9 , another stamp is used of various forma.
Of seal-enpavers I shall mention
1. diaula'nci XqqGd of Ukrdt, one of the servant8 of Hun15yiln, who
mites wall the riqd' and naata'ltq characters. Tho astrolabe, globes, and
various rnistare5 which he made, were much admired by people of experience.
l'he patronage of his Majesty perfected l i s art.

Corresponding to the threefold divi- of the same size an the paper on which
sion of'the d'z'?i,ld Akbari. they write. Then thcy draw two arallel
The word mrthur, a seal, means n h vertical lines, each about an in& from
a stump, and generally, the nigntctrre of the two vertical wides of the pasteboard.
a mtrn. We s i p documents, Orientitls Along these lines they mrke sluall holes
ntnrnp their u m e u to them. Sealing wax at equal intervals, and draw a string
in rurcly used 011 account of the climate ; from the first hole at the left hand to the
a tenacious black li uid, or the juice of firat hole of the right of the paateload.
the 6AP[d nut is p r e ~ r r e d . Similarly, the two second holes are jointd,
Ti'tle note p. 30. and so on, care being taken that the
Ji'ile the eleventh Xin of the second horizontel stringn are parallel. This con-
book. trivanm is callvd naixtar, from sntnr, a
C01)yiBta take a p i c e a paatcboard liue. The copyitit then p u b the bhnk
 2. TamAtki~bof Kdbul. IIo am educated in his native country, and brought
his art to such a perfection, as to excite tho joulousy of the preceding
engraver, whom he surpassd in the nmtcs'liq.
3. X b Ddmt of Ardbul. H e cuts both the r q d ' and naata'lip characters
in carnelian. H e does not come up to the preceding artists. His r i g s is
better than his mta'liq. H e also understands assaying.
4. Maddnci Ibrdhim. I n the art of cutting corllelians he is the pupil
of hia brother Sharaf of Yazd. H e surpasses the ancient engravers ; and i t
i s impo'isible to distinguish his riqd' and nmta'lfq from the m u t e r pieces of
the best calligraphers. He engraved the words la'l jaldli, or the glorious
ruby, upon all imperial rubies of value.
5. diaddnd ' A l i Ahmad' of Dihli who, according to all calligraphers,
standa unsurpassed as steel-ongraver, so much so that his engravingn
are taken as copies. His nmta'liq is charming ; but he Tnites a l ~ oother
characters well. H e lenrned the trade from his father Shaikh Husain,
studied the manner of Maulinti Maqqlid, and eventually surpassed all.

a i s Majeuty conuidors this department as an excellent dwelling-~~lnm,

a shelter from heat and cold, a protector against the rain, as the onlanlent
of royalty. IKo looks upon its efficiency as one of the insignia of a nller,
and therefore considers the care bestowed upon it, as a part of Divino
aorahip. The department has been much improved, both in the quality
and the quantity of the stores, and also by the introduction of new fashions.
I shall mention a few particulnr~as specimens for future enquirers.
1. The Bhgcih, when large, is able to contain more than ten thousand
people. I t takoe a thousand famishes a week to erect it with the help of
machines. There are genornlly two door poles, fastened with hinges. If
plain, (i.a., without brocade, velvet, or gold ornaments,) a b&rg,ihcosts 10,000
Rupees and upwards, whilst the price of one full of ornaments is unlimited.
The price of others may be estimated from the price of a plain one. 2. The
Chnabin rcilcnti is raised on ten pillnrs. They go a little into the ground, and
are of equal height, with the exception of two, which are a little higher, as

1
sheeta on the top of the mien?, and prwsea N i z d m of Herlt, in his TahqRt i
on them with the hnncln, when the ~ t r i n Akbari, mention8 him among the conterll-
will leave marks on the p a p r aufXcinitr pontneow L'ei-aitm p t a , and givea a f i ' ~
elear to prevent the writer fro111writing 1 of hlll verses.
crookedly.
 the crosR beam rests upon them. The pillam have, above and below, a
drirah,' to keep them firm,and several rafters pass over the dbahs and the
crossbeam, the whole being kept tightly together by clamps and bolta
and nuts. The.w& and the roof consist of mats. There is one door or
two ; and at the height of the lower d b a h s there is a raised platform. The
inside is ornamented with brocade and velvet, and the outside with scarlet-
sackcloth, tied to the walls with silk tape. 3. The Dohhydnuh manzo'l, or
house of two stories, is raised upon eighteen pillars, six yarde in height,
which support a wooden platform; and into this, pillars of four cubits in
length are fixed with bolt and nuts, forming an upper story. The inside
and outside are ornamented, as in the preceding. On the march it is
used by his Majesty as a sleeping apartment, and also as a place of divine
worship, where he prays to the Sun; and hence the building resembles
a man who strives after God without forgetting his worldly duties, whose
' one eye is directed to the solitude of pure devotion, and the other eye

to the motly sarcii of the world. After the devotiom are over, the women
are allowed to enter, to pay their compliments, and after them, outsiders.
On journeys his Majesty inspects in this building the rations (of the
elephants, camels, &c.,) which is called jhardkah, or window. 4. The Zamindds
is a tent made of various forms, sometimes with one, sometimes with two
door poles ; screens are also hung up within it, so as to form divisions.
5. The 'Ajddbf consists of nine awnings on four pillars. Five of the awnings
are square, and four tapering ; sometimes they make it so as to contain one
division only, supported by a single pole. 6. The dlan&l is composed of
five awnings joined together, and is supported by four poles. Four of the
awnings are let down, so aa to form a private room ; sometimes all four are
drawn up, or one side only is left open. 7. The At'hk'humbah consists of
seventeen awnings, sometimes separate, sometimes joined together ; they
'. are supported by eight poles. 8. The Ehurgcih is a folding tent made in
various ways; some with one, others with two doors. 9. The Shdmydnah-awning
is made of various sizes, but never more than of twelve yards square. 10. The
' Qalandart has been d e s c r i b ~ d . ~11. The Sarciparduh was made in former
I times of coarse canvass, but his Majesty has now caused it to be made of

' carpeting, and thereby improved its appearahce and usefulness. 12. The

I GuZLlbcir, is a wooden screen, ita parts being fastened together, like the walls
of the Bhnrgdh, with leather straps, so that it can be folded together,
when the camp breaks off. The guldlbdr is covered with red cloth, tied with
tape.

A triangular iece of wood fixed into the crosa-heam, a ruppwt.

Ey
the angle formed the vertical h a m and ' P7i& p. 46.
 Carpeta.
His Majesty haa caused carpets to be made of wonderful varieties and
charming textures; he h m appointed experienced workmen, who have
produced many master-pieces. The carpets of Prhn and T 6 r h are no more
thought of, although merchants still h p o r t carpets from Gitshklin, W h i s t i n ,
f(irrmin,and Sabzwb.' All kinds of-carpet weavers have settled here, and
drive a flourishing trade. There are found in every town, especially in
A'grah, F a t h p h , and LBh6r. In the imperial workshops, single carpets are
made 20 qua, 7 taeeujaa long, and 6 gaz, 11* tasetijea broad, at a cost of 1810
rnpeee, which those who are skilled in the business have valued at 27 15
rupees.
TaAyahnamacte, or woolen coverlets, are brought from Ktibul and Persia,
but are also made in this country.
I t would take up too much time to describe the jdjanur, ehatrinjie,
ballichia, and the fine mats which look aa if woven with silk.

A m 22.
THE #13D#n KHANAH.
His Majesty calh this source of Life " the water of immortality," and
hss committed the care of this department to proper persons. H e does not
drink much, but pays much attention to this matter. Both at home and on
travels, he drinks Ganges water. Some trustworthy persons are stationed
on the banks of that river, who dispatch the water in sealed jars. When
the court was at the capital Agrah and in F a t h p h , the water came from the
district of S h i n ;' but nowa that his Majesty is in the Panjhb, the water is
brought from Hard&. For the cooking of the food, rain water or water
taken from the Jamnah and the Chanhb is used, mixed vith a little Ganges
water. On journeys and hunting parties his Majesty, from his predilection
for good water, appoints experienced men aa water-tasters.
Saltpetre, which in gunpowder produces the explosive heat, is used by
his Majesty aa a means for .cooling water, and is thus a source of joy for
great and small. Saltpetre is a saline earth. They fill with it a perforated
ressel, and pour some water over it, and collecting what drops through,

Gbhkdn, or Jhhuqa'n, a town ,in cities of the Pemian province KhurLirn.

' 1 4 i 'Ajami, half way botween KLhln between Maahhad (Meshed)and Ue Cas-
and I+hdn. WlizistAn is the Persian pian Sea.
province of which Shuahtar, or Shustar, ' The nearest station on the Ganges
u the capital ; the ancient Susiam. from X rah.
Kim& is the ca ital of the Pemian A%. 1196. & in 1686 Fathplir had
province Pimuin, rEioh borders on Ba16- ceased to be the capital, Akbar resided
chistin. W r w c f r is one of the chief mostly in the PanjB.
 tlloy boil it, (.loan it, and Ict it crystalizo. Ono d r of wntor is then put into
a goglot of pewter, or silver, or any other ~ u c h metal, and tho mouth c4osod.
Tho11two and a hnlfe6rs of snltlmtre are thro\m.into a vessel, together with
five s6rs of water, and in this mixture tho goglet is stirred about for a
quarter of an hour, when the water in the goglet will become cold. The
price of saltpetre varies from 8 to 4 m a n s p e ~rupee.
Since the thirtieth year' of the Dicim Em, whon the imperial standards
were erected in the Panjib, snow and ice have come into use. Ice is
brought by land and water, by post carriages or bearers, from the district of
I'anhfin, in the northern mountains, about forty-five kde from Lrih6r. The
doalers derive a considerable profit, two to three s6rs of ice being sold per
rupee. The greatest profit is derived when the ice is brought by water, noxt
when by carriages, and least whon by bearers. The inhabitants of the
nlountains bring it in loads, and sell it in piles containing from 25 to 30 seers,
at the rate of 5 dhms. I f they have to bring it very far, it costs 24 d. 17j. ;
if the distance be an average one, 15 d.
Out of the ten boats employed for the transport of ice, one arrives daily
at the capital, each being mannod by four boatmen. The ice bundles contain
from six to twelve skrs, according to the temperature. A carriage brings
two lo&. There are fourteen stages, whore the horses are changed ; and
besides, one elephant is used. Tn-clve pieces of ton to four s6rs arrive daily.
By this kind of transport, a &r of ice costs in winter 3 d. 21 j.; during the
rains 14 d. 20 j. ; in the intermotliato time 9 d. 211.j.; and in the averageg
5 d. 154 j. If it is brought by bearers, twenty-oight men are required for
tho fourteen stages. They bring every day one load, containing four parcels.
I n tho beginning of tho y o u tlie ice costs 5 d. 194 j. ; in tho middle 16 d .
2Q-j. ; and in the end 19 d. 1 5 t j.,per sCr ; in tlio avertlgeS 8Q d .
All r u k s wu ice in s w e r ; the nobles uso it throughout the whole
year.

THE IIZPERIAL KITCHEN.

His Majesty even e s t e n b his attention to this department, and ha9 givon
mnny wiso regulations for it ; nor can a reason be given why he should not
do so, as tho equilibrium of man's nnture, tho strength of the body, the

' A. D. 1586. 11ny be compnlad to the prices of tile

'I'lie text h w snrcfanrj, which may prcxent age. Here, in Cdcutta, one sCr
mean the nrlercrge ; but tho price given of linirrican icc coub two annas, or +
hy Abulfkzl ilr not an avern c The rupce, i. e., 'B = 6 d k u of A k b .
c l i q c , tbr icc, rl tllr t h o o f hhbir.
 capa1,ility of receiving external and internal blessings, and tho ncqui4tion of
rorlclly and religious advantages, depend ultimately on proper care h i n g
n h e m for appropriate food. This knowledge distinguishes man from Leasts,
with whom, aa far as mere eating is concerned, he stands upon the same
level. If hie Majesty did not possess so lofty a mind, so comprehensive an
understanding, so universal a kindness, he would have chosen tho path of
solitude, and given up sleep and food altogether ; and even now, when he
has taken upon himself the temporal and 8piri~IIalleaderahip of tho people,
the question, What dinner haa been prepared to-day ?" never passes over his
tongue. I n the course of twenty-four hours his Majesty eats but once, and
leaves off before he is fully satisfied ; neither is there any fixed time for this
meal, but the servants have always things so far ready, that in the space of
an hour, after the order haa been given, a hundred dishes are served up.
The food allowed to the women of the seraglio commences to be taken
from the kitchen in the morning, and goes on till night.
Trustworthy and experienced people are appointed to this department ;
and all good servants attached to the court, are resolved to perform well
whatever service they have undertaken. Their head is assisted by the Prime
Minister himself. His Majesty haa entrusted to the latter the affairs of the
atah, but especially this important department. Notwithstanding all this,
his Majesty is not unmindful of t h i conduct of the servants. He appoints a
d o u e and sincere man aa Mir Bakciwal, or Master of the Kitchen, upon
w h m insight the success of the department depends, and gives him several
upright persons aa aesistanta. There are also treasurers for the cash and
t h e 8torea, several tasters, and s clever writer. Cooks from a l l cmmtrie~
prepare a great variety of dishes of all kinds of grains, greens, meats ; also
oily, sweet and spicy dishes. Every day such dishes are prepared as the
nobles can scarcely command at their f e ~ t s &om , which you may infer how
exquisite tho dishes are which are prepared for his Majesty.
I n the beginning of the year the Sub-treasurers make out an annual
estimate, and receive the amount ; the money bags and the door of the store-
huuse being sealed with the seals of the MIr BakBwal and the writer ; and
every month a correct statement of the daily expenditure is drawn up, the
receipt for which is sealed by the same two officers, when it is entered under
the hoad of the expenditure. At the beginning of every quarter, the Dtwcin
i bmy ti tdt' and the Nir Bakdiral, collect whatever they think will bo necessary ;
e. g., SuWhdd8 rice from Bharhij, B i ~ z i r a hrice from Qwlilih, Jinjin rice from
RdjGrf and Nimlah, g'hr from Xiqdr Ffrziznh; ducks, water-fowls, and

Snlwrintendent of the ntoren, workshops, kc.

8
 vertnin vegt*tl1111~s
fi'onl Kt1~111l1ir.Patterns are alwny~kept. The shrep,
gotrta, herberies, fowls, ducks, kc., are fattened by the cooks ; fowls are
never kept longer than a month. The slaughter-house is without the city or
the camp, in the neighbourhood of rivers and tanks, where the meat is wmhed,
when it is sent to the kitchen in sacks sealed by the cooks. There it is
again washed, and thrown into the pob. The water-carriers pour the water
out of their leather bags into earthen vessels, the mouths of which are
covered with pieces of cloth, and sealed up ; and the water is left to settle
before it is used. A place is also told off as a kitchen garden, that there
may be a continual supply of fresh greens. The Yir Bakiwal and tho
writer determine the price of every eatable, which becomes a fixed rule ;
and they sign the day-book, the estimates, the receipt8 for transfers, the list
of wages of the servants, kc., and watch every transaction. Bad characters,
idle talkers, unknown persons are never employed ; no on0 is entertained
without security, nor is personal acquaintance sufficient.
The victuala are senred up in dishes of gold and silver, stone and
enrthen-ware; some of the dishes being in charge of each of the Sub-
Bnkriwals. During the time of cooking, and when the victuals are taken
out, an awning is spread, and lookers-on kept away. The cooks tuck up
their sleeves, and the hems of their garments, and hold their hands before
their mouths and noses when the foo& is taken out; the cook and the
Bnkdwal taste it, after which it is tasted by the Mir Bakclwal, and
then put into the dishes. The gold and silver dishes are tied up in red
cloths, and those of copper and china in white ones. The Mir Bak6wal
attaches his ~ m l ,and mites on it the namea of the contexlts, whilst the
cslork of the pantry writes out on a sheet of paper a list of all ves~elsand
dishes, whiiah hu sends inside, with the seal of the Mir Bakhwal, that none
of tho dislios nlay be changed. The dirihes are carried by the Bakiwale,
tlic cooks, and the other servants, and macehearers precede and follow,
to prevent people from approaching them. The servants of the pantry
send at the stme time, in bags containing the seal of the Bakkwal,
various kinds of bread, saucers of curds piled up, and small stands
containing plates of pickles, fresh ginger, limes, and various greens. The
servants of the palace again taste the food, gpread the table cloth on t h e
ground, and arrange the dishes ; and when after some time his Majesty
commences to dine, the table servants sit opposite him in attendance : &st,
the share of the derkshes is put apart, when his Majesty commences with
milk or curds. After he lins dined, he prostrates himself in prayer. The W r
Bakriwal is always in attendance. The dishes are taken away according to
the abol-e list. Somu victuals are also kept half ready, should they be called
for.
 The copper utensil8 are tinned twice a month ; thoxo of the princos, kc.,
once ; whataver is broken is given to the braziers, who nl&o now O I I ~ Y .

RECIPES FOR DISRES.

There are many dishes, but the description is cLifficult. I shall give
mme particulars. Cooked victuals may be arranged uuder throe head8,
#rat, such in which no meat is used, cnlled now-a-tlaya yitlfyd~~cih ; aecotmdfy,
auch in which meat and rice, dc., are used ; thirdly, meata with spices. I
ahall give tan recipes of each kind.
Firrt, 1. B r d birinj. 10 a. of rice ; 5 a. of sugarcandy ; 33 8. of g'hi ;

I t dims &n,
*
raisins, almonds, and pistachios, 8. of each ; ) 8. of a d t ; b 8. of fresh ginger ;
2) misqila of cinnamon. This will make four ordinary dishes.
&me make this dish with fewer spices, and even without any : and instead
of without meat and sweets, they prepare it also with meat and salt.
2. K h d h h . 10 a. rice ; & 8. d t ; but it is made in different ways. This will
likewise give four dishes. One maund of BCtosirah paddy yieldn 25 a. of
rice, of which 17 d r s make a full pot ;jinjill rice yields 22 shrs. 3. AThiclrri.
+
Rice, split dd, and g'hi 5 a. of each; a. salt: this givea seven dishes.
4. Shirbirinj. 10 a., milk ; 1 a. rice ; 1 8. garca candy ; 1 d. salt : this gives five
i i ~ Udishes. 5. T'hLli. 10 a. of wheat ground, of which ono-third will be
lost ; half of that quantity of g'hi ; 10 misq6la of pepper ; 4 m. cinnamon ;
3) m. cloves and cardamurn ; t a. salt; some add milk and sweetmeats:
this gives four dishes. 6. CAik'hi. 10 a. of wheat-flour, m d o into a
paste, and washed till it is reduced to 2 a. h e paste. This is lllixed with
spices, and dressed with various kinds of meat. 1 a. g'hi ; 1 8. onions ;
&n, +
d a m u m s , and cloves, d. of each ; cinnamon, round pepper, and
coriander seed, 1 d. of each ; fresh ginger, salt 3 d. of each : this g v e s two
dishes ; some add lime juice. 7. Bddinjhn. 10 a. rice ; 1) a. g'hi ; 33 a. onions ;
.) a. ginger and lime juice ; pepper and coriander seed, 5 m. of each ; cloves,
cardaxnums, and aaaafaetida, each & m. This gives six dishes. 8. P ~ h i t .For
ten dm of diU, or vetches, or gram, or skinned lentils, kc., take 2& 8.
g'hi; 4 a. of Balt and fresh ginger; 2 m. cuminseed; 13 m. assafcetida:
thia yields i 3 h e n dishes. I t is mostly eaten with KhzrshhGak. 9. Sdg. I t is
made of spinach, and other greens, and is one of the most pleasant dishes.

of pepper ; 4 m. of cardam-
*
10 a. spinach, fennel, kc., 14 a. g'hi ; 1 8. onions ; a. fresh ginger ; 54 m.
and cloves : this gives six dishc?~.10. Ilnltcci.
Flour, eugarcandy, g'hi, 10 8 . of each, which will give fifteeu dibhcs ; it is
atten in various ways.
 TIII,YI> ; L I * ;~L~ ~ S Iv i ~ s of s11g;irctlfruits, tt~ltl(lri~iks,\vlli(.l~I c a n n ~ ~ t
J t ~ r i ~ ,kinllh

11,-re(lt~,t,ril)ts.
S I I V , / I I ~ / 1. , I / , (),~l,i~li. 10 8 . ric,c; 7 8 . n~c:nt; Sb x. g'hi; 1 a. gram
ski11111:tl; 2 8 . O I I ~ O I L ;S .1, x . stdt ; 4 X . f r ~ s l gi~iger i ; cinnn~non,round pclq)cr,
c.uni~i~lscv:d,of ct1c.11 1 rl. ; c~nrclc~nlunla and cloves, & d. of each ; sorlle add
nl~tlontbnntl r ; i i r i ~ ~: sthis givw fire ~Lslles. 2 . D~cz(lbr'rytEx. 10 s . rice, 31 e .
g1l1i ; I 0 s. nlrst~t; a. snlt : this gi\-c>s five dishes. 3 . Qinlah P n k i o . Rice
a111d 11leilt as in the prrc (ding ; 4 x . g'hi ; 1 8 . peeled bmnl ; 2 a. onions ;
4 a. salt ; 4 8 . frclq11 gi~lqer,mid l ~ p l w r ;cuniinwccl, cnrdam~unsand clorcs,
1 r/. of cant 11 : thib give\ fi\ e tli.lleb 4. S h t / / ( c / l . 10 a. meat, 34 a. rice; 2 8 . g'hl ;
1 s grnrli : 2 R. 01iiu11~ +
; X . snlt, 8 . frchcll gingrr ; 2 d. garlic, and round
l w l ' l ) ~ ~(ir~nt~mon,
, it1rda111111119,clove*^, 1 d , of e;i(.h : this gives six dishes.
5. U/rylcr(l. 10 x. nlcat ; 3 s fio~w; 1 4 a. g'hi, 1 a. gram ; 14 a. \inegnr ; 1 a .
s ~ ~ g i t r ~ a ;~ ioniolls, tly (tlrrots, I I C C ~ ~turnil)s,
, sl)inuch, fennel, gingur, ) a. of
e,lell ; snffron, clorcxq, cnrdtl~ilu~lly, t urninseed, 1 d. of oach ; 2 d. cinnamon ;
S 111. round pclq)er: this gives twelvo dishes. 6. Qitlruh Sirrirbd. 10 8 .
niuat ; 1 s. ricc ; 1 a. g'hi ; 2 a. gram, and the rest as in the Shtcllnh:
this givclr ten full di5hes. 7. Bc[rixoh. 10 8 . meat ; 5 a. crushed vheat ;
2 .u. g'hi ; 4 8 . salt; 2 d. cinnalllon : this gives five dishes. 8. Ai~ahX.. 10 a.
nlcxnt; 5 8 . crus11ed w-llent ; 3 a. g'hi ; 1 a. gram ; f a. salt ; 19 8 .
+
onions ; s. ginger ; 1 d. cinnnmon ; safli'o~i,cloves, cardamums, cuminseed,
2 111. of each : thus gives five disllcs. 9. X(lIirtc. The meat, wheat, gram,
bpi(.cbs, nnd saffron, ns in the preceding ; 1 8. g'hi ; turrlips, carrots, spinach,
fc.1111~81,a a. of oach : this girer ten disllcs. 10. Q~ttcib, which the people of
IIi~ldi~stiin call ~ n ~ ~ h i i x n i rThia . is made several ways. 10 8 . moat ; 4 a. flour ;
2 r . g'lli ; 1 a. onioxis ; 1 8. frcsll ginger ; 4 8 . salt ; 2 d. pepper and coriander
sccd ; cardam~um, cu~llinsecd, (&loves,1 d. of each ; 4 a. of alo~~rtt~ciq.This
ctin 110 cooked in twenty clifferc~lt wny8, and givos four full clislies.
Thr't.d/y, 1. U o . y d i ~ . For n ~ \ - l ~ o U l e~ d n r n ~ l rsheep,
li take 2 a. srdt ; 1 a.
g'hi ; 2 / / I . snfion, cloves, popper, cm~linsecd: it is niado in various ways.
2 . l i i k l i t l i . For 10 8. meat, ttikc 1 a. oniunfi, and a. salt. 8. Yululmnh.
A shecy is scaldecl in ~vatertill all tho hair conies off; it is then prepared
likc ynl./i~ti, or any othur way ; but a larnl~,or a kid, is moro prcftiritble.
4 . f i b d b is of various kinds. 10 a. 11ieut ; 4 a . g'hi; salt, fkesh ginger,
olliuus, f a. of cncli ; cumi~lseed, coriundc.r wed, pepper, cardanlum~
clovo~,18 d. of each. 5 . X t t a n ~ ~ r r ~ l u They t ~ . take all tlie bones out of a fowl
througl~the neck, the fo1~1reniaining whole, a. minced meat, & a. g'hl ; 4
5 eggs ; 1R . oniolis ; 10 I)(.corialidcr ; 10 111. fi,c>liginger ; 5 111. salt; 3 ?ti.round
pepper ; 4 nt. snfion ; it is propared as tho precetlirlg. 6. Uzcpiydzcrh. 10 a. meat,
nlidding fat ; 2 a. g'hi ; 2 8. olliolls ; a. salt ; & a. fresh popper ; cunlinseed,
coriander seed, curduniums, cloves, 1 d. of cac.11 ; 2 d. pepper : this will give
five dishes. 7. diidmianah aheep. 10 a. meat, middling fat; 2 a. g'hi ; 4 a.
gram ; f o. ginger ; 1 d. cuminseed ; round pepper, cloves, cardamums, corian-
der seed 2 d. of each ; this will give seven dishes f d . I t is also made of fowl
and fish. 8. Dampukht. 10 a. meat ; 2 a. g'hi; 1 a. onions ; 11 m. fresh ginger ;
10 m. pepper ; 2 d. cloves ; 2 d. cardamums. 9. Qalyah. 10 a. meat ; 2 a.
+
g'hi ; 1 a. onions ; 2 d. pepper ; cloves, cardamums, 1 d. each ; a. salt :
thie d l give eight dishes. In preparing qalyah, the meat is minced, and
the gravy rather thick, in opposition to the mutnnjaaah. Here in Hindustan
they prepare it in various ways. 10. MalghLbah 10 a. meat; 10 a. curds ; 1 a.
$hi ; 1 a. onions, f a. ginger ; 5 d. cloves : this will give ten dishes.

This belongs, properly speaking, to the preceding chapter. Broad is

made in the pantry. There is a large kind, baked in an oven, made of
10 a. flour; 5 a. mi& ; 1) a. g'hi ; a. salt. They make &o smaller ones.
The thin kind is baked on an iron plate. One s6r will give fifteen, or even
more. There are various ways of making i t : one kind is called chapciti,
which is sometimes made of khzbehkah; it tastes very well, when served
hot. For the bread used at court, one nran of wheat is made to yield m.
of fine flour ; 2 a. coarsely pounded flour ; and the rest bran ; if this degree
of fineness be not required, the proportions are altered.

Am 26.
THE 1)AYS OF A.BBTINKNCE. (gGfiy6nah.')
H i s Majesty Care8 very little for meat, and often expresses himsolf to
that effect. I t is indeed from ignorance and cruelty that, although various
kinds of food are obtainable, men are bent upon injuring living croatures,
and lending a ready hand in killing and eating them ; none seems to have
an eye for the beauty inherent in the prevention of cruelty, but makes
himself a tomb for animals. If hi^ Majesty had not the burden of the world
on hirJ 8houldem, he would at once totally abstain from meat ; and now, it is
his intention to quit it by degrees, conforming, however, a little to tho spirit
of the age. H i s Majesty abstained fiom meat for some time on Fridays, and
then on Sundays ; now on the first day of every solar month, on Sundays, on
mlar and lunar eclipees, on days between two fasts, on the Mondays of the

' Living according to the mmnor of the S~ifb.

M k h (akind of vetch)ptr man, 16 d. Lahdnrah, do. ............ 8 d.
M6t'h (do.), do. .......... 12 d. Kbdranl, do.. ............. 7 d.
White sesamo, do. ........ 20 d. KGri, do. ................ 7 d.
Black sesame, do.. ......... 19 d. Sham&kh(Hind.Sdnwn~k),do. 6 d.
Llbi-yii (a king of bean), do. 12 d. Ghl (Hind. A7athgni), do, .... 8 d.
J u w a (n kind of millet), do. 10 d. Millet (Hiud. chkah), do. .. 8 d.

Milng d d , par man, ........ 18 d. Lentils, per man, .......... 16 d.

h'ukhlid dd,do. .......... 164 d. M6t'h dfl, do. ............ 12 d.

Wheat flour, per man, ...... 22 d. NukhGd flour, per man, .... 22 d.
Do.coarse, do. ............ 15 d. Barley flour, do. . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 d.
C. Vegefabler.
Fennel, per man, .......... 10 d. Garlic flowers, per alr, .... 1 d.
Spinach, do. .............. 16 d. Upalhlk, (from Kashmir) do. 1 d.
f i t , do. ................ 40 d. JitG, do. ................ 3 d.
Onions, do. .............. 6 d. Ginger, do. .............. 24 d.
Garlic, do................. 40 d. P6i, do.. ................. 1 d.
Turnip,do. .............. 21 d. Kachnhrbuds, do. ........ 4 d.
Cabbage, per a&, .......... 1 d. Ch&k& (sorrel), do. ........ 4 d-
Kankachhli, fkom Kashmir, do. 4 d. Bat'hwah, do. ............ f d.
D u n d t G , do. ............ 2 d. RatsakB, do. ............ 1 d.
Shaqtiqul (wild carrot), do... 3 d. Chad&, do.. ............. f d-
D. Living anintale and meata.
Dirshmandi sheep, per had, .. 6+ R. Duck, per head,. .......... , 1 R.
A f g h h sheep, 1st kind, do. 2 R. Tughdarf (buetard), do. .... 20 d.
Do., 2d kind, do. .......... 14 R. K d a n g (heron), do. ...... 20 d.
Do., 3d kind, do. .......... I t R. Jarz (a kind of bustard), do. 18 d.
Kas- sheep, do. ........ 14 R. Durrilj (black patridge), do. 3 d.
Hindustani sheep, do. ...... 1 b R. Kabg, (partridge), do. ..... 20 d.
Barbari goat, 1st kind, do. .. 1 R. BGdanah, do. ............ 1 d.
Do., 2d kind, do. .......... 3 R. Lawah, do. .............. 1 d.
Mutton, per man, .......... 65 d. Kanvlnak (stone curlew), do. 20 d.
Goat, do. ................ 54 d. Fbkhtah, (ringdove), do.. ... 4 d.
Geese, p a r head,. ........... 20 d.
E. Butter, Sugar, kc.
Q'hi, per man, ............ 105 d. Refined sugar, pm air, ....
6 (1.
Oil, do. .................. 80 d. White sugar candy, do.. ... 5& d.
Milk, do. ................ 25 d. White sugar, per man, .... 128 d.
Curds, do. ................ 18 d. Brown sugar, do. ........
56 d.
 ...........
Saffron, per a h , . 400 d. Aniseed, per ~ k r ..........
,
Cloves, do.. ............... 60 d. Turmeric (Hind. haldi) do.. .
Cardamums, do. .......... 52 d . Coriander seed, do.. .......
Round peppor, do. ........ 17 d. Siy6hdhah(Hind.hluilnji),do.
I d n g pepper, do. .......... 16 d. Assafmtida, do. ..........
Dry ginger, do.. ........... 4 d. Sweet fennel, do.. . . . . . . . . .
Fresh do., do. ............ 2& d. Cinnamon, do.. ...........
Cummin seed,do. .......... 2 d . Salt, per man, ............
U. Pickles.
Sour limes, per adr, ........ 6 d. Pickled quinces, per air,. ...
Lemon-juice, do. .......... 5 d. Do. garlic, do.. ...........
\Vine vinegar, . . . . . .... 5 d . Do. onions, do. ..........
Sugarcane vinegar, do. .... 1 d . Do. bddinjb (egg-plant,) do.
Pickled ashtarghiir, do. .... 8 d. Do. raisins & munaqqa, do.
Mangoes in oil, do. ........ 2 d. Do. kachntir, do. ........
Do. in vinegar, do. ........ 2 d. Do. peaches, do.. .........
Lemons in oil, do. .......... 2 d. Do. sahajnah(horse-raddish),
Do. in vinegar, do. ........ 2 d. Do. karilbuds (capparis), do.
110.in salt, do. ............ 14 d. Do. karilberrios, do. ......
Do. in lemon-juice,do. ...... 3 d. Do. sbran, do. ............
Pickled ginger,. ........... 2& d. Do. mustard, ............
AdarshBkh, do.. ........... 23 d. Do. t6ri (a kind of cucumber,)
Turnips in vinegar, do. .... 1 d. Do. cucumbers, do.. .......
Pickled carrots, do......... 4 d. Do. bhdrang, (gourd) do. ..
Do. bamboo, do. .......... 4 d. Do. kachdG, do. ........
Do. apples, do.. ........... 8 d. Do. radclishes, do. ........

Al'N 28.
THE FRUITERY.
His Mnjosty looks upon fruits as one of the greatest gifh of the
Creator, and pnys much attontion to them. The horticulturists of Priin and
Tbrln have, therefore, settled here, and the cultivation of trees is in a
flourishing state. Melons and grapes have become very plentiful and
excellent ; and water-melons, peaches, almonds, pistachios, pomegranates,
LC., are everywhere to befound. Ever since the conquest of Kdbul, QandahAr,
and Kashmir, loads of fruits are imported ; throughout the whole year the stores
of the dealers are full, and the b h l r s well supplied. Muskmelons come in
season, in Hindbstcin, in the month of Furwardin (February-March), and
 plenty in Urdibihieht (March-April). They tire delicious, tender, opening,
sweet smelling, eepecially the kinds called n(iahp&tt, bcibhhaikhi, 'albALrt',
du, berg d mi, dhd i chir~iyh,kc. They continue in season for two months
longer. In the beginning of Shariwm, (August) they come h m Kashmir, and
before they are out of season, plenty are brought &om IIBbul ; during the
month of dsar (November) they are imported by the caravans fiom
B d a k h a h h , and continue to be had during Dad (December.) When they are
in season in ZibulistSn, good ones are dso obtainable in the PanjBb ; and in
Bhagkar and ita vicinity they are plentiful in season, except during tho
forty cold days of winter. Various kinds of g a p e s are here to be had f i o r ~ ~
K k d c i d (May) to Amurddd (July), w h h t the markets are stocked with
K i d m i r grapes during Sirahitoar. Eight J r s of grapes sell in K a s h i r
at one d h , and the cost of the transport is two rupees per man. The
KashmSans bring them on their backs in conical basketa, which look very
curiow. From Xihr (September) till Urdibihiuht grapos come from KBbul, to-
gother with chemes,' which his Majesty calls shdhdlti, seedless pomegranates,
apples, pears, quinces, guavas, poaches, apricob, girddbs, and Bllichas, kc.,
many of which fruits grow also in HindhstBn. From Samarqand even they
bring melons, pears, and applos.
Whenever his Majesty wishes to take wine, opium, or khknnr (he calls
the latter eabrm), the servants i n charge place before him stands of fruita ;
he eata a little, but most is distributed. The fiuita are marked according
to their degree of excellence : melons of the first quality are marked with
a line dram round the top ; those of the second, with two lines ; and 80 on.
In this department M a n a a b h , Ahadis, and other ~oldiersare elnployed;
the -pay of a foot soldier varies from 140 to 100 d.
~

The following tables contain particdam regarding the names, seasons,

task, and prices, of varioue fruits.

A. Ttirdni B u i t s .
BrAnngsmelons, let quality, @ 29 R. IIBbul and Europoan apples, 5 to
Do.,2ndand3rddo.,@lto 29R. 10for .................... 1R.
E i b d melons, I st do., @ 1 to 1+ R. Kashmb grapes, per man,. ... 108 d.
Do., 2ddo., @ 3 to ......... . 1 R. Dates,perakr, ..............10 d.
+
Do., 3rd do., @ to ........ 3 R. Raisins, do. ................ 9 L
Samnrqand apples, 7 to 15 for 1 R. f i j 5 s h (large misins), do.. ...
9 d.
Quinces, 10 to 30 for ....... .1 R. Plums, do., ................ 8 d.
Guavas, 10 to 100 for .......
. I R. KhCb&ni(clried apricots)ger skr, 8 d.
Pomegranates, per man, 6& to 15 R. &andnhh dry grapes, do., ..
7 d.

is
' The original hns :i word X,ilds, wl~it-h
lid to LK' found in our dictiuuarias. I It mny bc PCmSNS.
' A tor11ia UuilakhrhLi~.
9
Figa, pur a&, .............. 7 d. Chilghdzah nub, per a&, .... 8 A.
Munaqqa, do. ............ 63 d. Sinjid (jujubes), do.. ....... 63 d.
Jujubes, do. .............. 33 d. Pistachios, do. ............ 6 d.
Almonds, without the shell, do. 28 d. Jauz (nuts), do.. ........... 44 d.
Do., with do., do. .......... 11 d. Filberh, do. .............. 3 d.
Pistachios, do. ............ 9 d. Hazel nub, do. ............ 2&d.
B. The awaet fruita of Einduatan.
Mangoes, per hundred, up to . 40 d. Usirii,. ................... 8

Pineapples, one for ........ 4 d. Dates, per skr, ............ 4 d.

Ornnges, two for .......... 1 d. Angi~hal, ................ 8
Fiigarcanes, two for ........ 1 d. DblB, do. ................ 1 d.
Jackfruita, two for ........ 1 d. a h , .................. 8
Plantains, do. ............ 1 d. Bholsari, per a&, .......... 4 d.
BBr, per st+, .............. 2 d. Tarkul, two for ............ 1 d.
Pornrgranate~~pur man, 80 to 100 d. Panidah, per akr, .......... 2 d.
Guavas, two for.. .......... 1 d. Lahsaurah, do. ............ 1 d.
Figs, per akr, .............. 1 d. Gumbhi, do. .............. 4 d.
Mulberry, do.. ............. 2 d. Karahrl,. ................. 4 d.
~ustsrdapples,' one for .... 1 d. Tarri, .................... 8
Melons, per man, .......... 40 d. Bangah, two for .......... 1 d.
Wnter melons, one. ..... 2 to 10 d. Ghlar, per a&, ............ 2 d.
K'hirni, per skr,. ........... 4 d. Pi16, do.. ................. 2 d.
Mahuwti, do. .............. 1 d. Barautah, ................ 8
Dbp'hal, do. .............. 4 d. P i e , do. ................ 4 d.
TQnd6, do. ................ 2 d.
Mulberries and gjlars are in season during aping; pine apples, oranges,
sugarcane, bhrs, ilskh, bhbl~arls,gunlbhis, dbp'hals during winter; jackfruita,
tarkuls, figs, melons, lahsauras, h a h r i s , mahuwl, Gndds, pillis, barautahs,
during aurnmer ; and mangoes, plantains, dates, delas, @aha, pomegranates,
guavas, watermelons, panidas, bangahs, k'hirnis, p i y h , during the rains.
C. Dried Fruita.
Cocoanub, one for ........
4 d. Mak'hhB, per air,. ......... 4 d.
Dry Dates, per akr, ........ 6 d. 86py&ri, do. .............. 8 d.
Walnuts, do. .............. 8 d. Kaulgattah, do. .......... 2 d.
Chiraunchi, do. ............ 4 d.
Dates, walnub, chiraunehis, and kaulgattahs are in seaaon during
autnmur, and cocoanuts, mak1h&n8sand supytiris, during winter.

The ori ' a1 says that custard apples

are b be hpthrougbout the whole year.
*
I This seems a miatake of the MSS. The
remark auita the next h i t (melons.).
The Original does not mention the price.
 D. Pagetubla.
Pdwal, per sir,. ........... 2 d . KachdG, per 8 6 , .......... 2 d.
Gourd, one.. .............. 2 d. Chachind6, do. ............ 2 d.
Bbdinjb, per st+, ..........14 d. Sliran, do. ................ 1 R'.
Turai, do.. ............... 1) d. Carrots, do. .............. 1 d.
Kandhn', do. ..............1 9 d. Sing'hssah, do. ............
3 d.
&nb, do. ................1 9 d. Saak, do. ................ 2 d.
PGt'h, do. ................1) d. PinddG, do. .............. 2 d.
Kadah, do. ..............l * d . w1,...... ...........,..
*
m r a h , do.. .............14 d. K&ni do. ................ 3 d.
S h and &lis axe in season during aunbmsr ; palmals, gourds, turais,
%ach6llis, chachindas, kandhrls, dnbs, p6t'b, karilahs, kaklirahe, and
sing'h8sahs during the r a i m ; and carrots, d a b , pind&l6s, and kadrhs,
during wintsr. BBdinjh are to be had throughout the year.
E. Sour hits.
Limes, fw up to .......... 1 d. Q'hkp, ....................
*
AmalGt, do. .............. 1 d. Bijaurfi, one for. ........... 8 d.
oalgal, fmo up to ........ 1 d. Anwlah,par ekr, ............ 2 d.
Limes and dnwlaha are to be had in summer, the others during the
roinJ.
F. h i l a aomatobt acid.
Ambili, per a h , ............ 2 d. Kait, four up to.. ..........
1 d.
Badhal, one f o r . . .......... 1 d. KhkG, .................. i f
Kamrak, four up to ........ 1 d. Pbkar, per s k , ............ +
d.
Nhangf, two up to ........ 1 d. Karn6, one for ............
1 d.
Mountain grapes, .......... * Labhid ..................
*
Jlman, per akr, ............ 1 d. Janbhiri, five up to ........
1 d.
P W ,do. .............. 1+ d. Garnah, .................. *
Karaundii, do. ............ 1 d.
Kamrnks and nilrangis are in season during winter ; ambilfs, badhale,
mountnin-grapes, p'hasas, labhiras, during aummer ; and kaits, phkara,
karnk, jsmans, liarctundl, jhaubhiris, during the rains.
The fruita of Hindustan are either sweet, or subacid, or sour ; each kind
is numerous. Some fruits ale0 taate well when dry; others as above
described are used when cooked. I shall give now a few detail.
'23s dianyoa. The Persians c a l l this fruit Naghaak, as appears from a
verse ofli7rwrau.' This fruit is unrivalled in colour, smell, and taate; and some
of the goutmundu of T h i n and P d n place it above muskmelone and grapes.

' TFie the fourth note on p. 75 of my I text edition.

* The Originel doea not meutiou the price.
111 -II:III,. i t I V S I , I ~ I I I ~ I \ :- ~ I I t111ri1,11t, or n quinc>e,or n penr, or n mc~lnn, and
\ \ . c ~ i ~ ov1.11 l l s oncbw'.r and u l ~ ~ ~ : r r d nT1lt.r~~ . are p e n , yollo\r, red, vari~pt.ntcd,
s n . ( ~ t ~an11 t , s1ll)uvitl t~iu~lgoc\w.Tlio trc,cb looks well, especially when young ;
it is largttr tlr:l11 11 nut trcac, ~ 1 1 its d IISLLVC.* r(rsoml)lo tllo~t'of t h e willow, b u t are
1:n.p.r. Tilt. I I I . \ V l ( ~ ~ ~~v~ t I~I nM s~ ~~ I~ - ~ t ~ : tllo ' f t ?fall
r of t h e old ones i n autuunn,
iir111look grc.c:rl ilnd yc~llr~m,orang(,, 11cfiac~li-c:olourrd,and bright red. Tile
flon-rv ~~11ic,ll olltalls i n spring, r c ~ s ~ ~ nthat ~ l ~ofl ~t h~e svino, hns n good smell,
il~ld l o o k r11ry ( . U ~ ~ I J I I~Si.I ) o ~nl 11111lltl1 t nfter the leaves have mnde their
~ ~ ) ~ H Y I ~ : I I H ~tllct ( : , fruit is sour, r~ntl is usotl for l1ruscarves and pickles. It
irl~lwvvc~stttle ~ (; 1 .: 11slollg as tho stone has not become hnrd.
t:lste of y , ~ / ! / ( r h(1,.
If fruit pbts i~~jmcbd \vl~ilht1111 tl~c!tree,, its good sniell will incroaso. Such
111:11lgo1~.i ilrc cai~llctl X.c;l'llix. The. fillit is gcriernlly tc~kcndown when unripe,
1111ll!..(-lit i l l II l~ilrti(.tlli~r Ilinrln(lr. ~ I : I I I ~ripenetl I , ~ H ill t h i ~lnnnnor are nlurh
fi11t:r. T111.yruo-tly coni111t~111.1~ to ri1)1*11 during stulinier, R I I ~m e fit to b e eaten
t 1 1 1 1 . i r l ; ~tl1t8 r:lills ; c~thclrs c*onlllltnllr,t* in tllc rainy etb:lson, and nre ripc in t h o
il*.gi~uli~ifi of wiuttar: 111~: latter :lrc c.cillcel Ill,trtf/:,/ynh. P o n ~ etrees bloom
: I I I I ~ ?-i~.ltl f r ~ d tt l ~ cwl~olcyexi. ; 11uttllis is rime. Otllcrs c:ulnnlence to ripen,
a l t l ~ o r ~ g tllcg. ll look u11ril)e ; tlicby n n ~ s t1)c quickly taken tlov-11; calse tile
t i \ ~ ( ~ ~ ~n-oultl t ~ ~ e 11r81duce
ss ~vorills. Nnrlgocs :ire to l a found every \\-here in
I ~ ~ t l i aosl~t:c~itilly
, ill I l ~ , ~ i g aCi~ljriit,
l, JIN\r-111, l<l~;intl~~sll, t111tl t h e 1)el;htrn.
'l'111:y nrcb r t ~ r ~~I ~tI11, I r l ' < ~ ~ i j :\vl~crc>
~ l ~ . t l ~ ~ci~ri l t i v : ~ t illils,
o ~ ~1111\vuv~~, incro:~se~cl,
si~icchis ;U;ljt.$ty I L I ~ I L;il~;r I ~ ~ Ilis c.al,itc~l. A young trccb will I~taarfruit nfter
f111~rjvanru T1lc.y put tilso 111ill; 11lltl trca~.lf* ro~lllda b o ~ i ttllc tree, which
111tt1;esthe fruits s w i ~ c t c ~ .S ~ I I Itrthcts I ~ > - i ~ ~irl l t lunc \-car u rich harvt!st, and
I,.:.s ill t l ~ c~ i e s :t utllers yic.111for on(- year no fruit kit nu. n71icn 11t@ople eat
n ~rc.:ttdeal of nlnngc.)c8s,t1i1.y I I I I L ~1)rt~illutc.digttstio~lljy partnkiug of milk
\vifh tl~cnkc~rnc*ls of tho rllu~~gou s t o ~ ~ c sThe
. kcnlcls of ultl stones aro subacid,
: ~ n dt;lst~: well : \vllcu t\vo or tllrct. ycnrs old, tllcy a r c u n r d a s n~cdicine.
I f 11 llalf ripc ~l~tuugoo, togct11c.r with it* sttllk to a l u n g t l ~of about two fingers,
be titkc11 fru~llthe trec, u11t1tlie brokull on11 of its h t u k be closed wit11 w a r n
ax, nnd kept in buttc!r, or honey, t h e fruit nil1 rcti~iuits tiisto for two or
three n ~ o ~ l t l i~vllilst s, tile c-olour will rclilnin c r e n fi)r n ycnr.
l ' l ' ~ t v r r ~ ~nrr ~ k also
~ s ~ c1111~'d1T17~t11rn/i Scdirri, or tllu jnckfruits for travcls,
bracausc. y o ~ u ~~gl ; l l ~ l)ut t ~ , illto c~ ve.~lic~l,Inny bo taken or1 travtrla, a ~ l d
will yirltl fruits. 111 colour a ~ slli~l)c? ~ d tllcy rcse~llble1111 ol~longo m n g e ;
a1111in titsttr tind snlrll, n lllnngoe. Tllc 11lli1ltis a1)out a yard long, a n d its
leaves have tlio shnpo of a hand. Tho etlgcs of t h e leaves nro liko n saw.
Tho fruit furnls a t tlie end of tho stalk, nnd hns u f e v leaves on its top.
\\'llcn tho fruit is pl~uckod, t h y cut out tliosc leaves, fiopnrnto thorn, nud

' .J:~ll:i~~gir ill his .lfemoi~..s(7Lo:ctX. i t l l : ~ ! ~ I I I~,il~c.nl~pl~.s,

* at his tirnc-. (.:line from
J I ~ / I ~ I I ~(-11. . I , A ~ I I I I1,.. I3,)
I I IS:ryyid ~ , s1;ktt.h tl~vIl;trbor~rtowllti hcltl 1111ht- l ' r ~ t t ~ ~ g ~ ~ c s r
put them singly into the ground : they are the seedlings. Each plant bears
only once, and one fruit only.
Orangb~have the wlour of saffron, and the shape of quinces. Thoy
belong to the best fruita to be had in Hindhetiin. The tree resembles tho
lime tree; ita flower haa a weak, but fine smell.
.
Sugarcane, which the Persians call iVaiahahr, is of various kinds ;
one species is so tender and so full of juice, that a sparrow can make
it flow out by pecking i t ; and it would break to pieces, if let fall.
Sng-e is either soft, or hard. The latter is used for the preparation of
h w n sugarcandy, common sugar, white candy, and refined sugar, and
thus becomes useful for all kinds of sweetmeats. I t is cultivated as follows.
They put some healthy sugarcane in a cool place, and sprinkle it daily with
water. When the sun enters the sign of Aquarius, they cut off pieces, a
cubit and upwards in length, put them into soft ground, and cover them up
with earth. The harder the sugarcane is, the deeper they put it. Constant
irrigation is required. After Seven or eight months it will come up.
Sugarcane is a h used for the preparation of intoxicating liquor, but
brown sugar is better for this purpose. There are various kinds of preparing
it. One way is aa follows. They pound Babiil bark, mixing it at the rate
of ten &rs to one man of sugarcane, and put t h e e times as much water
over it. Then they take large jars, fill them with the mixture, and put them
into the ground, m o u n d i n g them with dry horse-dung. From seven to ten
days are required to produce fermentation. I t is a sign of perfection, when
it has a meet, but astringent taste. When the liquor is to be strong, they
again put to the mixture some brown sugar, and sometimes even drugs and
yerffunee, aa ambergis, camphor, kc. They let also meat dissolve in it.
This beverage when strained, may be used, but it is mostly employed for
the preparation of arrack.
They have several methods of distilling i t ; jiret, they put the above
liquor into brasa vessels, in the interior of which a cup is put, so aa not to
shake, nor must the liquid flow into it. The vessels are then covered with
inverted lids which are faetened with clay. After pouring cold water on tho
lids, they kindle the fire, changing the water as often aa it gets warm. As
soon as the vapour inside reaches the cold lid, it condenses, and falls as arra~k
into the cup. Secondly, they close the same vossel with an earthen pot,
h a t e n d in the same manner with clay, and fix to it two pipes, the free ends
of which have each a jar attached to them, which stands in cold water. The
v8pou.r through the pipes will enter tho jars, and condense. Thirdly, they
fill an earthen veeael with the above mentioned liquor, and fasten to it
a large spoon with a hollow handlo. The ond of the handle they attach
to n p i p , which leads into a jttr. Tho vo~solis covered with a lid, ~-1~icilis
Ireltt full with cold autor. Tho arrack, when condensed, flows thruugh tho
spoon into the jar. Some distil the arrack twice, when it is called Dudtaahah,
or twice burned. I t is very strong. If you wet your hands with it, and
hold them near the fire, the spirit will burn in flames of different colourg
without injuring the hands. I t is remarkable that when a veaael containing
arrack, is set on fire, you cannot put it out by any meane ; but if you cover
the vessel, the fire gets at once extinguished.
The Jackfruit has the shape of a black pudding, looke greenish, and is
sometimes a yard long, and half a yard broad. When small, it resemblee
a water melon ; its peel is full of thorns. I t growa out of the branches, the
trunk, and the roots. Those that grow below the ground are eweetest.
On opening you see round clusters, so viscous, that the fingers stick
together, when you take them out. The tree looks like a nut tree, but is
somewhat bigger, and haa larger leavee. The flower, like the fruit, haa a
good smell. The fruits are a h taken down, whe; unripe. They then apply
chalk, h.,when the fruits will get ripe.
The Plentain tree looks straight like a spear ; the leaves come out of the
sunk thick and soft, and resemble an unsewn plaited sleeve, but are much
larger and wider. Out of the middlo rises something looking like a spindle,
of a lilac colour ; this is the bud. The fruit consists of a cluster of seventy to
eighty plantains. I n shape they resemble small cucumbers ; the peel is
easily removed. As plantains are very heavy, you cannot eat many. There
are various kinds of plantains. The plant is every year cut down, and a
stump only is left of it : if this is not done, it will no longer bear h i t . The
vulgar believe that the plantain tree yields camphor, but this is wrong ;
for the camphor tree, aa shall be hereafter explained, is a different tree,
although it has the same name. They also say that pearb originate in plan-
tain trees,-another statement upon which the light of truth does not shine.
The MahvwB tree resembles the mangoe tree ; its wood is used for
building purposes. The fruit, which is also called ffilaundah, yields an
intoxicating liquor.
The Bhdlairl tree is large and handsome ;' the fruit haa an orange
colour, and reuembles jujubes.
The TarXrcl tree, and its fruit, resemble the cocoanut palm and its fruit.
When the stalk of a new leaf comes out of a branch, they cut off its end,
and hang a vessel to it, to receive the out-flowing juice. The vessel will fill
twice or three times a day. The juice is cnllod tdri ;when fresh it is sweet ;
when it is allowed to stand for some time, it turns subacid, and is inebriating.
The PanidInh h i t resembles the Zbrddlti ;and its tree, the lime tree ;
the leaves are like those of the willow. Whon unripe, the fruit is green ;
and red, when ripe.
#

The text has here n few words the I meaning of which I do not understand.
 The Qumbhi haa a stem the branches of which are like creepers; its
leawe and fruits, aa those of the kO(n&r,.come from below the roots.
The T d forms at the root; it grows mostly in the mountains, and
weigh a man, moro or less, when the creeper is a year old ; and two, when
two yeam old. I t looks like a millstone. When older, it grows larger according
to the same proportion. Its leaves resemble those of the water melon.
The Piy6r is like a small grape ; brownish and sweet. The inside of
the kernel is like butter, and is used in the preparation of food ; it is called
Chiradcy?. Its tree is about a yard high.
The Cocoanut is called by the Persians Jaw i Hindi; the tree resembles
the date tree, but is larger ; its wood, however, looks better, and the leaves
are larger. The tree beam f h i t throughout the whole year ; they get ripe
in three months. They are also taken down, when unripe and green, and
kept for some time. Their inside contabu a cup full of milk-like juice, which
tastes well, and is very often drunk in summer, mixed with sugar. When
ripe the fruit looka brown. The juice haa now become solid, and gets black
when mixed with butter ; it is sweet and greaay. When eaten with pdn-
leavea, it makea the tongue soft and fresh. The shell is used for spoons,
cups, and ghichdn (a kind of violin). There are nuts having four, three, two,
and one, holee or eyes ; each kind is said to possess certain qualities, the
last being oonsidered the best. Another kind is used for the preparation of
an antidote against poison. The nuts weigh sometimes twelve s6m and
upwards. The bark of the tree is used for ropes ; the large ropes used on
a h i p are made of it.
Datsa are called in Hindi Pinr2k1hajtir. The tree has a short stem, rising
little above the ground, and produces from four to five hundred fi-uits.
The Shpydri, or betel nut, is called in Persian fitful. The tree is
graceful, and slender like the cypress. The wind often bends it, so that i b
crown touches the ground ; but it rises up again. There are various kinds.
The fruit when eaten raw, b t e s somewhat like an almond, but gets hard
when ripe. They eat i t with betel leaves.
The Sing'hdrd is a triangular fi-uit; its creeper grows in tanks, and
the fruit is on the surface of the water. They eat it raw or roasted.
The Scilak grows in tanka under the earth. They go into the water
and dig it up.
The Pi&&& is reared on lattice work, and grows about two yards high.
Its leaf resemblea the betel leaf; they dig up the root.
The KmCrh grows in tanks. When the water gets low, they take it
out of the ground and eat it, raw or boiled.
The Se'dlf root is long and conical ; the plant is a creeper, to whoso root
the k u i t is attached.
 Tho Orujcgr 1111s t l i ~~hit111'
of an egg. One kind is called k h g k z f .
Bct~vottn tho peel and the fruit is a thin white membrane. The fruit is
juicy, and taatcs well ; one kind is to be had throughout the whole year.
The Amalbe't is like a lime, and very sour. If you put a steel needle
into this fruit, the needle in a short time will diesolve; and a white shell
when put into ite juice, will soon disappear.
The Kim6 resembles an apple, and appears after the plant has reached
the third year. At first thefruit is green, sour, and also somewhat bitter,
but turns aftorwards yellow and bitter; when ripe it is red and sweet.
When it is kept long, it turns green again. The tree looks like an orange
tree, but the leaves are somewhat broader, and the buds like h e arrowe.
The flower is white, and has four petah and yellow stamens. I t has a fine
sniell, and is used for ambergis ; but it is beyond my power to describe the
process of the manufacture.
The Betel leaf is properly speaking a vegetable, but conmisscure call it an
excellent fruit. Mir Khusrau of Dihli in one of his vcmes says, " I t is an
excellent fruit like the flower of a garden, the finest fruit of RindCstBn." The
eating of the leaf renders tho breath agreeable, and repasta odorous. I t
strengthens tho gums, and makes the hungry satisfied, and tho satisfied
hungry. I shall describe eome of the variow kinds. 1. The leaf called Uilahri
is white and dining, and does not make the tongue harsh and hard. I t tastes
best of d kinds. After it has been taken away from the creeper, it turns
white, with some care, after a month, or even after twenty days, when greater
efforts are made. 2. The KikCr leaf is white with spota, and full, and has
hard veins. When much of it is eaten, the tongue gets hard. 3. The Jaietclir
leaf does not get white, and is profitably sold mixed with other kinds. 4. The
h>pirrl leaf is yellowish, hard, and full of veins, but has a good taste and
smell. 5. The h'aphrkdnt leaf is yellowish-green, and pungent like pepper ;
it smclla like camphor. You could not eat more than ten leaves. I t is to be
had at Banbas ; but even there it does not thrive in every soil. 6. The
Ili,tglah leaf is broad, full, hard, plushy, hot, and pungent.
The cultivation is as follows. I n the month of C h i t (March-April),
about New-Year's time, they take a part of a creeper four or five fingers
long with A'iirhunj leaves on it, and put it below the ground. From
fifteen to twenty days after, according as leaves and knots form, a new
rreoper will appear from a knot, and as soon as another knot forms, a leaf
n ill grow up. The creepers and new leaves form for seven months, when
the. plant ceases to grow. No creeper has niore than thirty leaves. As the
plant grows, they prop it with canes, and cover it, on the top and the sides,
with wood and straw, so as to rear it up in the shade. Tho plant requires
continually to bo watered, except during the rains. Sonlethes they put
milk, sesame oil and its seed8 premed out, about the plant. There are seven
kinds of leaves, known under nine names : 1. The Kariranj leaf, which
they separate for seedlings, and call P k f . The new leaf is called Gahutnh.
2. The Nautlleaf. 3. The Bnhutileaf. 4. The CAAiw leaf. 5. The
A d A i d leaf. 6. The Agahniyah or I;kwdr leaf. 7. The K~riranjleaf
iteelf. With the exception of the OadautaA, the leaves are taken away from
the creeper when a month old. The laat kind of leaf is eaten by some ;
others keep it for seedlinge: they consider it vefy exoellent, but w n n o M s ~ ~ r r
prefer the Pdfi.
A bundle of 11,000 leaves was formerly called L h h a h , which name is
now given to a bundle of 14,000. Bundles of 200 are called DMli ; a hhciaah
is made u p of &lia. In winter they turn and arrange the leaves after four
or five days ; in summer every day. From 5 to 25 leaves, and sometimes
mom, are placed above each other, and adorned in various ways. They also
put eome betelnut and kat'h' on one leaf, and some chalk' paste on another,
and roll them up : this is called a bkral,. &me put camphor and musk into
if and tie both leaves with a silk &read. Others put single leaves on plates,
and use them thus. They are also prepared as a dish.
-- - -

Am 29.
ON FLAVOURS.
Ba I have mentioned various kinds of food, I &all also say something on
flavom. Hbot renders pungent that which is agreeable, bitter that which
is greasy, and brackish that which has the proper flavour ;wld makes the first
acid, the second astringent, and the third tart. Batringency when affecting
the tongue merely is called in Arabic qads ;and 'ufhqat, when affecting the
whole W e . A modcrate temperature renders the first quality greasy, the
m n d meet, and the laat tasteless. These are the fundamental flavours.
Othera count four, via., the sweet, the bitter, the acid, the brackish. The
flavours produced by combinations is endless ;some have however names, e. g.,
U ' d is s bitter and tart flavour, and m'irqah a combination of the brackish
and the bitter.

30.
ON PERFUMES.
His Majesty
. .
is very' fond of perfumes, and encourages this department
from religioue motives. The court-hall is continually ecented with ambergis,
aloewood, and compositions according to ancient recipes, or mixtures invented
' An astringent v etable extmct eaten
I
the urns red.
h j the natives of 111% with thepdn leaf. &
Pamian chinuhi but Anyla-I~dice,
chusdm.
It lwkr brown, end h i m the tongue and
10
by his Majesty ; and incense is daily burnt in gold and silver censers of
various shapes, whilst sweet-smelling flowers are used in large quantities.
Oils are a h extracted from flowers, and*used for the skin and the hair. I
shall give a few recipes.

;.
1. Santhk is used for keeping the skin fresh: 1) tblahs Civet; 1 t.
Chtiwak 2 mLhahs Chumbkli essence ; 2 bottles of rose-water. 2. Argnjah,
3 8. sandel wood ; 2 t. I k s h and Mid ; 3 t. Ch6wah ; 1 t. violet root, and g6hlah
(the seed of a plant) ; 4 m. eamphor ; 11 bottles of rose-water. I t is used in
summer for keeping the skin cool. 3. Gulkcimah. Pound together 1 t. best
Ambergis ; ) t. U d a n ; 2 t. best musk ; 4 t. wood of does, and 8 t. Iksir i
'abir ; and put it into a porcelain vessel, mix with it a s6r of the juice of the
flower called Got1 I eurkh, and expose it the sun, till it dries up. Wet i t in
the evening with rose-water and with the extract of the flower called Bahdr,
and pound it again on Sanuiq stone. Let it stand for ten days, mix it with the
juice of the flower called Bahdr i Ndranj, and let it dry. During the next
twenty days, add occasionally some juice of the black Raihh (also Galled
black Ncfibtii). A part of this mixture is added to the preceding. 4. Rkhafi,
5 a. Aloewood ; 1) a. sandelwood ; 1) 8. LBdan ; Ibsir, L h b h , Dh6p (a
root brought from Kmhrm'r), 3) t. of each ; 20 t. violet root; 10 t. Uehn&h,
called in Hind. Chhurilah. Press till it gets tenacious like syrup. To be
made into cakes with four bottles of rose-water. I t is burnt in censers,
and s m e h very fine. 5. Opatnah is a scented soap. 23 8. U d a n ; I&8.
5 d. Aloewood ; the same quantity of B a h h i Nhanj, and 1f 8. of its bark ;
1 8. 10 d. sandelwood ; 1 8. 5 d. Sumbul uttib, called in Hind. Chhar ; the
same quantity of Ushnah; 3 8 t t. musk; 1 8. 4 t. pdchh leaves; 36 t.
apples ; 11 t. Su'd, called in Hind. dldt'h ; 5 d. violet root ; 1 t. 2 nl. Dhhp ;
I) t. Ikanki (a kind of grass) ; the same quantity of ZurumbBd, called in
Hind. kachtir, (zerumbet); 1 t. 2 m. L6bBn; 106 bottles of rose-water ; 5
bottles of extract of Bahh. Pound the whole, sift it, and boil slowly in rose-
water. When it has become less moist, let it dry. 6. 'AbirmdyJ,s 4 d.
Aloewood; 2 d. sandelwood; 1 d. violet root; 3 d. Sumbuluttib ; 3 d.
Duwaak ; 4 t. musk of KhatB (Cathay) ; 23- d. ~ d d n n; 7+ d. Bahkr i Nhanj.
Pound, and sift, boil over a slow fire in 10 bottles of rose-wator, and put it
into the shade to dry. 7. Kiuhtah, 24 t. Aloewood ; G& E d a n , L h b h , and
Bandelwood ; Ikair and DhGp, 2 t. of each ; violet root and musk, 2 t. ; 1 t.
Ushnah ; mix with 50 t. refined sugar, and boil gently in 2 bottles of rose-
water. I t is made into cakes. I t smella very fine when burnt, and is
exhilarating. 8. BukhGr, 1 8. Aloewood and sandelwood ; t 8. U d a n ; 2 t.

' This and the followin names of per- cha ter.

fumea are explained furtier on in thia a Jd. below the twcllth f l o w .
mwk ; 5 t. Ikulr; mix with two sere of refined sugar nnd one bottle of
rosewater over a slow fire. 9. FatLlah, 5 a. Aloewood; 72 t. Sandelwood;
Iksir and IAdan, 20 t. of each ; 5 t. Violet root ; 10 t. LJbQn; 3 t. refined
augar; mix with two bottles of rose-water, and make into tapers. 10.
Bdrjdt, 1 a. Aloewood; 5 t. U d a n ; 2 t . musk; 2 t. Sandelwood; 1 t.
+
L h h ; t. Camphor. Then distill it like ChGwah, (cia2 below). 11 'Abbs-
&w, # a. Sandelwood ; 26 t. Iksir ; 2 t. 8 m. musk. Pound it, and dry it
in the shade. 12. O h t i 2 (a liquid soap),. 35 t. Sandelwood; 17 t.
Katlil (?)I ; 1 t. musk ; 1 t. Chdwah ; 2 m. Camphor ; 2 m. Mid. Mix with
2 bottlee of rose-water.

A Liet of Perfurnas and tkir Pricm.

'Ambar i aehhab,. ....................... 1 to 3 Muburs, par tdlah.
ZaMd (civet), .......................... 4 R. to 1 M.,do.
Musk, ................................ 1 to 4) R., do.
Lignum aloes, Hind. Agar, ..............2 R. to 1 di., per a&.
ChJwah (Distilled wood of Aloes), ........ +
R. to 1 R., per trikzh.
Qaurah,' .............................. 3 to 5 R., do.
Bhimeini Camphor, ...................... 3 R. to 2 di., do.
Mid, .................................. 1 to 3 R., do.
Za'ferBn, ..............................12 to 22 R., per a&.
Za'farh i Kamandi, .................... 1 to 3 di., do.
Za'farh (from Kaahmir), ................ 8 to 12 R., do.
Sandalwood, ............................ 32 to 55 R., par man.
Nafahimushk, ........................ 3 t o l 2 M . , p e r a k .
Kalsnbak (Calembic,) .................. 10 to 40 R., per man.
8ilh, ................................ 3 to 5 R., par a&,
'Ambar i M a n , ........................ 1) to 4 R., do.
KHhr i Chinah, ........................1 to 2 R., do.
'A- i Ktnah, .......................... 1 to 3 R., per bottb.
'AmqiBiXiMushk, ....................lto4R.,do.
Rawwater, ............................ to 1 R., do.
'Araq i BahC, ..........................1 to 5 R., do.
'Amq i Chambbli, ......................# to R., do.+
Violet-root, ............................4 to 1 R., pet a&.
Azfib uflib, ............................
14 to 2 R., do.
Barg i M6j (brought from Gujdt), ........4 to 1 R., do.
Bugandh GGgaU, ........................
10 to 13 R., do.

1
-

According to tmme MSS. Kanwal. l n the text, 86, by mistake Kawah.

Ymt of the following namea are ex- Pda my texte&tion p. 94, I 6.
plained below.
Li~bAu(f~am8argard ?), .................. f to 3 R., per tdlah.
Li~Lbn(other kin&), .................... 1 to 2 R., per a h .
Alnk, Hind. C k , ...................... ) to ) R., do.
D u w b k , Hind. CMmilah, ................ 3 to 4 d., do.
Oi-hlah, ................................ *
Su'd, .................................. *
Ikankf, ................................ *
ZununbIid, ..............................

A f i t of j n a amelling Fbwt%-8.
1. The Sewti. Whitiah ; bloom the whole year, especially tow&
the end of the rains.
2. The BMlaMf. Whitish ; in the rains.
3. The Chambkli. White, yellow, and blue. In the rains, and partly
during winter.
4. RdibCZ. White and pale yellow. In the end of the hot season, and
the beginning of the rains.
5. Thedidngrd. Yellow. In summer.
6. The Cirampah. Yellow. All the year; esp@ally when the sun
stands in Pisces and Aries.
7. h-itki. The upper leavee are green, the inner ones yellowish-white.
I t blooms during the hot season.
8. E k d h . White. During the hot season.
9. The PdduZ. Brownish lilau. In spring.
10. The Jhhf. White and yellow, like jasmin. During the rains.
11. The Niw&rl. Whitish. In spring.
12. The Nargh. White. In spring.
13. The Eharah. From Leo to Libra.
14. The C'hdtah.
15. The W d l . In epring.
16. The T e b M i @d#. White. I n winter.
17. The Singdrhir. I t haa mall white petals. In the hot season.
18. The Piobt. Violet. In the hot semon.
19. The Earnah. White. In spring.
20. The X q h r bCl.
21. The f i l i Zb'farain. Lilac. In autumn.

A f i t of 3 ' h ~ l . e t~tablsfw thir beauty.

1. The Qul i A ' & r Yellow.
2. The Chcl iKanwal. White, and also bluish. In the rains.

* The original text does not mention the prices.

 3. The Ja'fwi. A golden yellow, or orange coloured, or greenish. I n
qring.
4. The Qudhd. Of different colours, red, yellpw, orange, white. In
the raine.
5. The Raiknmarjani. Bright red. I t is smaller than jasmin. All
the year.
6. The KdeiL. In the hot season.
7. T h e Sknbal. Dark red. In spring.
8. T h e Ratcu,dl&. Yellow. In spring.
9. The S & d . Yellow. In spring.
10. T h e QuE i H i t i .
11. T h e Barn p'hiLZ. A golden red.
12. T h e IibrU. In spring.
13. T h e Kaskr. Red and white.
14. T h e Xadam. Outside green; in the middle yellow threads; the
inaide leaves white. In spring.
15. T h e Nifgkhw. In spring.
16. T h e Surpan. White, with red and yellow stripea in the middle.
Daring the rains.
17. The Sirl k'handi. h i d e yellowieh white, outaide reddish. In
'Tr;ng.
18. The Jait. Inside yellow, outside a blackish red. In the rains.
19. The Champalah. White, like orange blowma. In spring.
20. The Mhl. I t blooms in Pisces.
21. The W iXwaundah. White. It ie d e r than the ChamMl, and
bloom during the rains.
22. The Dhanuntar resembles the Ntlirfw. During the rsins.
23. The & iIEinntf.
24. The lhqahriycf. Bright red, and white. All the year.
15. The Bhhn Chanyld. Peach coloured.
26. The Stdarean. yellow ; it resembles the N{lOfw, but is smaller.
27. The XangZdl. There are two kin&, red, and white.
28. The Sirs. Yellowish green. I t ie full of stemens. In spring.
29. The Sam. Yellow. During the rains.

1. 'Ambar. &me say that 'Ambar grows at the bottom of the sea,
and that it is the food brought up again after-eating, by various animals
living in the aim. Others say that fishes eat it and die from it, and that it is
taken h m their intestines. According to some, it is the dung of the sea-cow,
called 6 d r d ; or the foam of the eea. Others again say, it trickles from the
mountain8 of islands. Many look upon it as marine gum; others whose opinion
I adopt, take it to be wax. I t is said that on some mountains a great deal
of honey is to be found, so much in fact that it runs into the sea ; the wax
rises to the surface, when the heat of the sun reduces it to a solid state.
118 the bees collect the honey from sweet smelling flowers, 'Ambar is,
naturally, scented. Bees are also occmionally found in it. AbG Sind thinks
that there is a fountain at the bottom of the sea, from which 'Ambar rills,
when it is carried by waves to the shore. 'Ambar, when fresh, is moist ; the
heat of the sun causes it to dry up. I t is of various coloura : the white one
is the best, and the black is the worst; the middling sort is pistachio-
coloured and yellow. The best kind goes by the name of ashhb. I t feels
greasy, and consists of layers. If you break it, it looks yellowish white.
The whiter, lighter, and more flexible it is, the better. Next in qualtity is the
pistachio-coloured 'Ambar ; and inferior to -it the yellow kind, called
Xhuahkhdahf. The black kind is bad; it is inflammable. Greedy b M r -
dealers will mix it with wax, Xandal, and U h n , kc. ; but not every one he9
recourse to such practices. Xandal is a kind of 'Ambar taken from the
intestines of dead fishes ; it does not smell much.
2. Lddun is also often called 'Ambar. I t is taken from a tree which
grows in the confines of Qibm (Cyprus) and QiaGa (Chios) or Qietrie. I t is a
moisture that settles on the leaves of the tree. When goata in grazing pass
near it, the hairs of their legs and the horn of their hoofs stick to it, and
the whole then dries up. Such U d a n as is mixed with goat's-hair, is counted
superior. I t looks greenish, and has a good smell. But U d a n which is
mixed with horn is looked upon as inferior. Sometimes people tie ropes
round about the trees, and collect the U d a n which sticks to them. Aftor-
wards they boil it in water, clean it, and make it into cakes.
3. The Camphur tree is a large tree growing in the ghauta of Hindustan
and in China. A hundred horsemen and upwards may rest in the shade of
a single tree. Camphor is collected from the trunk and the branches. Some
say that during summer a large number of serpents wind themselves round
about the tree, for the sake of its coolness ; people then mark such trees by
shooting an arrow into the trunks, and collect the camphor during the
winter. Others say that camphor trees are much frequented by leopards, which
like camphor so much as never to go away from the trees. The camphor
within the tree looks like small bits of salt ; that on the outside like resin.
I t often flows from the tree on the ground, and gets after some time solid :
I f there are earthquakes during a year, or any other cosmical disturbances,
camphor is found in large quantities.
Of the various kinds of camphor, the best is called Rib&/, or
Qaiqhrf. Although different in name, they are the same; for it is Baid
h t the first camphor was found by a king of the name of Rib& near
Mi&-, which is a place near the island of Ceylon. According to some
book& i t is white like snow : and this is true, for I have broken it myself
from the tree. Ibn Baith, however, said that it wm originally red and
shining, and only got white by artificial crystallization. Whatever the
case may be, there is certainly a kind of camphor which is white in ita
natural state. And of all other kinds it is the best, the whitest, which has
the thinnest layers, the cleanest, and the largest. Inferior to it is the kind
c d d &rtrpici, which is blackish and dirty. Still inferior is the light brown
kind d e d K ~ d a b . The worst camphor is mixed with pieces of wood ; i t
p s under the name of BBlics. By artificid crystallization each kind will
become clean and white. In some books camphor in its natural state is
called Jirddnah or Bhiwl-einl. If kept with a few barley grains, or pepper-
corns,' or mrkh ddnahu, it will evaporate the less. The caniphor which is made
of Zutstmbdd by mixing it with other ingredients, is called C h k l or Hayyit-
camphor. White Zurumb4d is finely pounded, and mixed with sour cream,
of cow or buffaloe's milk ;'on the fourth day they put fresh cream to it, and
beat it with the hand till foam appears, which they take away. With this
they mix some camphor, put it into a box, and keep it for some time in the
husks of pains. Or, they reduce some white stone to h e powder, mix it at
the rate of ten dirhams of it with two dirhams of wax, and half a dirham of
oil of Violet, or oil of Surkh Gul. The wax is first melted, and then mixed
with the powder, so as to form a paste. They then put it between two
&ones, and make i t thin and flat. When it gets cold, it looks like camphor,
b i b of which aro mixed with it. Unprincipled men profit in this manner
by the lobs of others.
4. Zzbcid (civet) is also called Shdkh. I t is a moist substance secreted
during the n ~ t t i n gs e w n by an animal which resembles a cat, having,however,
a larger face and mouth. The zabid which is brought from tho harbour-
town of Sumatra, h m the territory of Achin, goes by the name of Sumatra
zobM, and is by far the bost. The moist substance itself is yellowish white.
The &d has below its tail a bag, of the size of a small hazel nut, in which
there are from five to six holes. The bag may be emptied every week or
fortnight, and yields from half a t6lah to eight mhshahs. Some civet c a b
become so tame as to hold quiet when the bag is being emptied ; but in the
cam of most animals, they have to catch hold of the tail, and draw it through
the cage, when they take out the zab4d with a shell, or by pressing
gently against the bag. The price of a civet cat varies f+om 300 to 500 Rs.
The z a W of the male is better than that of tho female, because in the latter
tho d v a is just above the bag. When removed, the zab4d is washed, and

' dealers here give a few pepper- I corns along with every piece of oamphor.
becomes afterwards one of the finest pefumes. The smoll will remain a long
time in the clothes, and even on the skin. There are several ways of washing
it. If the quantity be mall, they put it into a cup, or if greater, into a
larger vessel, and wash it thirty timw in cold water, and three times in warm
s thin and removes impurities. Then they wash
water. The latter ~ e n d e r it
i t again in cold water till it gets solid, when they w d it three times in
lime juice, which removes all unpleasant smell. &r this, they wash i t
again three times in cold water, pass it through a piece of cloth, put it into
a China cup, and wash it three times in m e water. They then amear the
z a b a on the inside of the cup, keep it a t night inverted in extract of
ChambBlf, or R1Gb61, or Surkh gul, or Qul i Karna.h, and expose it at day-
time to the rays of the sun, covered with a piece of white cloth till a l l
moisture goes away. I t may then be used, mixed with a little rose water.
5. Gaurah l o o h greyish white, but does not amell so well as t h e
preceding. I t is a moisture secreted during the rutting season by an animal
like the civet cat, but somewhat Isrger. I t is a h brought h m the confines
of Achin. The price of this animal varies from 100 to 200 Re.
6. M&dX resembles the preceding, but is inferior to it. They mix it
with other substances ; hence they sell it in larger quantities. The animal
which yields Mid, is found in varioue countries, and only sells from five to
six d h s . Some say that X d ia the dried bag of thc civet cat, pounded and
boiled in water ; the g r e w substance which rises to the surface is the Mid.
7. 'Vd,or wood of Aloes, called in Hind. Agar, is the root of a tree.
They lop it off and bury it in the earth, when whatever is bad rots, and the
remainder is pure aloes. Some say that they do so with the whole tree.
The statement occaaiondy found in some old books that the habitat of the
tree is Central India, is an absurdity of fanciful writers. There are several
kin& : the best is called Xandali, and the second in quantity, Jaball or Hindi.
The ,smell of the wood, especially that of the first kind, is a preventive
against fleas ; but some think both kin& equal in this respect. Of other
good kin& I may mention the SamandGrt ;the Qumriri, which is inferior to
it ; the Qdquli, next in rank ; the Bani; the &ity€; and the Chime, also
called QiamGri, which is wet and sweet. Still inferior are the Jalfli, the
Miiyatdqi, the 1;Rw(iPt, tho BStali.' But of all kinds the biandalI, ie the best
SamandGri is grey, fatty, thick, hard, juicy, without tho slightest aign of
whitishness, and burns long. The best of all is the black and heavy; i n
water it settles at the bottom, is not fibrous, and may be easily pounded.
The wood which floats is looked upon as bad. Former kings transplanted
the tree to Qujdt, and now-a-days it grows in C h h p h i r . It is generally

' J" wit11 the kasrah, a kind of per- .

fume. Yushjiullughdt. I The last thrcvt nllnles an! doubtful.
hmught from Xchfn and Dahnhari. Nothing is known of tho hbitst
me~itiuneclin old books. Aloewoud is often ueed in compound perfumes;
when eaten, it is exhilarating. I t is generally enlployed in inceuse ; the
hetter qualities, in form of a powder, are often used for rubbing into the skin
and clothes.
8. Chtiwah is distilled wood of aloes; it is in general use. The
preparation is aa follows: They take h e clay, mix it with cotton or rice
bran, and beat it well. When properly intermixed, they take a small bottlo
large enough to put a finger into it, smear it all over with the clay, and let
it dry. After this, they put very small pieces of wood of aloes into it, so as
nearly to fill the bottle. The wood must have hcon kept wet for a week
before. Another vessel, with a hole in the middle, is now placed on a
three-legged stand. Into this vessel, they p a s the neck of the little
bottle inverted, placing a cup full of water at the bottom of the vessel,
in mch a manner that the mouth of the bottle reaches the surface of the
water. On the top of the vessel they then put wild COW'S dung, and light
a gentle fire. Should flames break out, they extinguish them with water.
Tho wood of aloes will then secrete a moisture which trickles on the surface
of the water, where it remains. This is collected, and washed several times
Kith water and rose water, to take off all smell of smoke. The oftener it is
washed, and the older it gots, the better will be the scent. I t looks black,
although experienced people make it white. One s6r of wood of aloes will
yield from two to Hteon tcilahs of Chriwah. Some avaricious dealers mix
sandalwood or almonda with it, trying thereby to cheat people.
9. Sandalwood is called in Hind. C'handan. The tree grows in China.
During the present reign, it has been successfully planted in India. There ,
arc throe kinds, the white, the yellow, the red. Some take the red to be more
refreshing than the white ; othors prefer the white. The latter is certainly
more cooling than the red, and tho red more so than tho yellow. The best is
that which is yellow and oily ; it goes by the name of Xuqdcarl. Sandalwood
is pounded and rubbed over tho skin ; but it is also used in other ways.
10. Sildruu (storax) is called in Arabic Aii'uh. I t is the gum of a tree
that grows in Turkoy. The kind which is clear, is called X k h i eciilah
(liquid) ; the other binds, Xi'ah i ye'bimh (dry). The best kind ie that which
epntaneoudy flows out of the trunk; it is yellowish.
11. Kalanbak (calembic) is the wood of a troo brought from Zirb6d (?) ;'
it is heavy and full of veine. Some bclicve it to bo raw wood of aloes.
H'hen pounded, it looks grey. They uoe it for compound porfumes ; m d
they aLjo make roeeries of it.
 12. The Maldgk is a tree resembling the former, only that the wood is
lighter and not veined. When pounded, it l o o h reddish white.
13. m d n ((frafigincense) is the odorous gum of a tree which is found in
Java. Some take it to be the same aa Mi'ah i ydbiaah. When exposed to
fire, it evaporates like camphor. The L u b k which the Persians call
Eundur i darycii (mastix), is a resin brought from Yaman; but it is not
odorous.
14. Aefdr uffib, or scented finger nails, are called in Hind. Arak'B, and
in Persian A'ciklrun ibdy6. It is the house of an animal, consisting, like a
shell, of two parts. They have rt good smell, as the animal feeds on eumbuls,
and are found in the large rivers of Hindustan, Baprah, and Bahrain, the
latter being considered the best. They are also found in the Red Sea, and
many prefer them to the other kinds. They warm them in butter ; others
expose them afterwards to the fire, pound them, and mix them with other
perfumes.
15. Sugandh gtigald (bdellium) is a plant very common in Hindustan ;
it is used in perfumes.

Ae I have said something on perfumes, I shall make a few remarks on

several beautiful flowers.
1. The Sdwti resembles the Gtul i Burkh, but is smaller. I t has in
the middle golden stamens, and from four to aix petals. Habitat, Oujnit and
the Dek'han.
2. Of the C h b k N there are two kinds. The Rdi Chambklt has from
five to six petals, outside red. The Chambdli popor is smaller, and has on
the top a red stripe. Ita stem is one and a half or two yarda. high, and
hangs over the ground. I t has many long and broad branches. I t flowers
from the b t year.
3. The R6i bkl resemblee the jasmin. There am various kinds; some
are simple, double, kc. A quintuple is very common, so that each petal
might be separated as a distinct flower. Its stem grows a yard high. The
leaves of the tree resemble those of the orange tree ; but they are some-
what smaller and softer.
4. The dlungrd re~emblesthe Rdi bkl. I t is larger, but inferior in
amell. I t has more than n hundred petals ; the plant grows to a large tree.
5. The Champahjmer has a conical shape, of the size of a finger,i and
consists of ten petals and more, lying in f o l b one above the other. I t h~
several stamens. Thc tree looks graceful, and resembles in leaf and tnrng
the nut tree. I t flowers after seven years.
--
a Orientals, ee a rule, have very small hands and fingers.
 6. The Eitka' has the form of spindle, of the size of a quarter of a
-yard, with twelve or more petals. Ite smell is delicate and fragrant. It
bears flowers in six or seven years.
7. The Kiwrah resembles the preceding, but is more than twice as big.
The petals have thorns. As they grow on different places, they are not all
equal. In the midst of the flower, there is a small branch with honey-coloured
threads, not without smell. The flower smells even after it is withered.
Hence people put it into clothes, when the smell remains for a long time.
The atem of the tree is above four yarda high ; the leaves are like those of
the maize, only longer, and triangular, with three thorns in each corner.
It flowers h m the fourth year. Every year they put new earth round about
the root.. The plant is chiefly found in the Dek'han, Gujnit, Mawah, and
%Mr.
8. The Chultah resembles a large tulip. It consists of eighteen petals,
trix green ones above; six others, some red, some green, some greyish
yenow ; and six white. In the midst of the flower, as in the flower called
Haduhzh Balrcir, there are nearly two hundred little yellow leaves, with a
red globule in the centre. The flower will remain quite fresh for five or six
days after having been plucked. I t smells like the violet. When withered,
the flower is cooked and eaten. The tree resembles the pomegranate tree ;
and its leaves look like those of the orange tree. I t blooma in seven years.
9. The Tarbihgukil has a fine smell. The petals have the form of a
dagger. The stem of the plant is two yards high. I t flowers after four
yeare. They make rosaries of the flowers, which keep fresh for a week.
10. The Bhlsarf is smaller than the jasmin ; its petals are indented.
When d q s the flower smells better. The tree resembles the walnut tree,
and flowers in the tenth year.
11. The Singdrhair is shaped iike a clove, and has an orange-mloured
stalk. The stamens look like poppy seeds. The tree resembles the pome-
granate tree, and the leaves are like the leaves of a peach tree. I t flowers
in five years.
12. The XLzah looks like a Uul i aurkh; but the plant and the leaves
are larger. I t has five or a hundred petals, and golden coloured stamens in
the middle. They make 'Ablrufyah and an extract from it.
13. The PMn2 has five or six long petals. I t gives water an agreeable
flavour and amell. I t is on this account that people preserve the flowers,
mixed with clay, for such times when the flower is out of season. The leaves
and the stem are like those of a nut tree. I t flowers in the twelfth year.
14. The Jhhi has small leaves. This creeper winds itself round about
treee, and flowers in three yeara
15. The Niw&L looks like a simple R&ibhl, but hw larger petals.
 The flowera are often so numerous, as to tr)nceal the leaves and hranrhos of
thtb plant. I t floworo in the first year.
16. The h7apilr be'l has five petals, and resembles tlie saffron flower.
This flower was brought during the present reign from Europe.
17. The Zu'jarcin (saffron).' I n the beginning of the month of
Urdil)iluslit, tho saffron seeds are put into the ground which has been
carefully prepared and rendered soft. After this, the field is irrigated -5th
rain water. Tho seed itself is a bulb resembling garlic. The flower appears
in the nliddle of the month of XbBn ; the plant is about a quarter of a
yard long; but, accordiiig to the difference of the soil in which it stands,
thcre are solnetimes two-tliirds of it above, and sometinios below the pound.
The flower stt~ndson the top of tlie stalk, nnil consists of six petals and six
stamens. Three of the six potnls ht~vua fresh Lilac colour, and stand round
about the remaining three petals. Tho stanlens are siniilnrly placed, three
of a yellow colour standing round about the other t h e e , which are red.
The latter yield the saff'ron. Yellow stamens are often cunningly intermixed.
I n former times safiou was collectc*dby compulsory labour : they pressed
men daily, and made them separate the safion fkom the petals and the
stamens, and gave them salt instead of wages, a man cleaned two
pale receiving two pals of salt. At the t h c of G h k i KhiinlS the son of
(KhLji) Chak, another custom became general : they gave the workmen
eleven twb of saffron flowers, of which one tark was given them as wages ;
and for the remaining ten they had to furnish two Akbarshai sCrs of clean,
dry saffron, i. e., for two Akbarshhhi mans' of saffron flowers they had to
give two sGrs of cleaned saffron. This custom, however, was abolished by
his Najc~hty,on his third visit to Kaehmir, to the great relief of the people.
N%en the bulb hau been put into the ground, it will produce flowers
for six years, providctl the soil be annually softcnod. For the first two
years, the flowers will grow sparingly; but in the third year the plant
reaches its state of perfection. After six years the bulbs must be taken out ;
else they get rotten. They plant them again on some other p1nc.o; and
leuve the old ground uncultivatrd for five years.
&&on corues chicfly from tho plttce l'anpGr, which belongs to the
district of Nururij4 ((1. The fields thero oxtond over nearly twelve kds.
- --

' Vidc a uimilar account of the salfron aOne KuYhn1L.i Turk = 8 s k r s (of
flower in tllc t1.1rct book (Silh;~li
KLbnl). Alibar) = 4 Kwlrrn. m n n s ; 1 Kmh.
l i e war tllc contruiporary of Sldr nrun = 4 Kwh. s k s ; 1 h h . s C = 78
K11ilr1; vide Ab111f;tzl's11ht of Kunlin~ir ytrls.
Huler* in thc third book. A good These place5 lie to tlie sonth of Sri-
blvgral,liy of GhdsiKhcin may be found nagar, the capital of Kaahmir; fbr
ill thr I , c g i ~ ~ ~or
i i lthe
~ g ,Uud.sir i Bcthit~d, &u~.urtij the terrt has Vidc Sibah
Perbi,rii MS. Ko. 45, of the Asiatic I(iLbu1, third book.
Society of Ikngal.
Another place of cultivation is in the Parganah of Paraaphr, near Indmklil,
not far from I(ltnmlj, where the fields extend about a Ma.
18. The A'ftdbi (sun-flower) is round, broad, and large, has a large
number of petals, and turns continually to the sun. Its stem reaches a
height of three yards.
19. The hknual. There are two kinds. One opens when the sublime
E m shines, turning wherever he goes, and closing at night. I t resembles
the rhqriiq-lily; but its red is paler. Ita petals which are never less
than six in number enclose yellow stamens, in the midst of which there
ie an excrescence of the form of a cone with the base upwards, which
is the fruit, and contains the seeds. The other kind has four white
petals, opens at night, and turns itself according to the moon, but does
not close.
20. The Ja'farf is a pretty round flower, and grows larger than the
q&rg. One kind has five, another a hundred pet&. The latter remains
h h for two months and upwards. The plant is of the size of a man, and
the leaves resemble those of the willow, but are indented. I t flowere in two
months.
2 1. The 6b$halresembles the joghbari-tzslk, and has a great number of
petals. I t s stem reaches a height of two yards and upwards ; the leaves
look like Mulberry leaves. I t flowers in two years.
22. The Ratanmanjani has four pet&, and is smaller than the jamin.
The tree and the leaves resemble the nBibC.1. I t flowers in two years.
23. The hFiaG h a five petals resembling a tiger's claw. In their
midst is a yellow stamen of the shape of a tongue. The plant is very large,
and is found on every meadow ; when it flowers, it is a if a beautiful fire
murounded the scenery.
24. The hisndr remains a long time in bloom. I t looks well, but it is
poisonous. Whoever puts it on his head, is sure to fall in battle. I t has
mostly five petals. The branches are full of the flowers ; the plant itself
grows to a height of two yards. I t flowers in the first year.
25. The A4Isdarn resembles a t u m d g h h (a royal cap). The leaves are
like those of the nut tree, which the whole tree resembles.
26. The Xdg kbar, like the Gul L eurkh, has five petals and is full of
h e stamens. I t resembles the nut tree in the leaves and the stem, and
flowers in seven yeurs.
27. The Surpan resembles the Sesame flower, and has yellow stamens
in the middle. The stem resembles the ZIiknd plant, and the leaves those
of the willow.
28. The Srik'haadi is like the Chambdli, but smaller. I t flowers in
 29. The Zinna has four petals, and resembles the flower called
Ndfarmdn. Different plants have often flowers of a clifferent colour.
30. The Dupahriyd is round and small, and looks like the flowe;cded
Eanti8hah balulr. I t opens at noon. The stem is about two yards high.
31. The Bhhn c l m p d resembles the filhfar flowers, and has five
petals. The stem is about a span long. I t grows on such places as are
periodically under water. Occasionnlly a plant is found above the water.
32. The Sudarsan resembles the Rddil, and has yellow threads in-
side. The stem looks like that of the Sdeon flower.
33. Sknbal has five petals, each ten fingers long, and three fingers
broad.
34. The Rafanmdlri is round and small. Its juice is cooked out, and
when mixed with vitriol and Muadar, furnishes a fast red dye for stuffs.
Butter, sesame oil, are also boiled together with the root of the plant, when
the mixture becomes a purple dye.
35. The Sinzdrd resembles the jasmin, but is a little larger, and has
from five to six petals. The stem is like that of the Chambkli. I t flowers in
two years.
36. The Mdltl is like the Chamhkli, but smaller. In the middle there
are little stamens looking like poppyseed. I t flowers in two years more or
less.
37. The llnrll has three small petals. I t flowers luxuriantly, and
looks very well. The flower is also boiled and eaten ; they make also pickles
of it.
38. The Jait plant grpwe to a large tree; its leaves look like
Tamarind leaves.
39. The L'hnnpa2ah is like a nosegay. The leaves of the plant are like
nut leaves. I t flowers in two years. The bark of the plant, when boiled
in water, makes the water red. I t grows chiefly in the hills ; its wood burns
bright like a candle.
40. The Ldhl has a stem one and a half yarde high. The branches,
bcfore the flowers appear, are made into a dish which is eaten with bread.
When camels feed on this plant, they get fat and unruly.
41. The Karaundah resembles the Jhhi flower.
42. The Dhanantar resembles the Niltifar, and looks very well. I t ie
- a creeper.
43. The Sire flower consists of silk-like threads, and resembles a
tumhgkh. I t sends its fragrance to a great distance. I t is the king of the
trees, although the Hindus rather worship the Pipal and Bay trees. The tree
grows very large ; its wood is used in building. Within the stem the wood
is black, and resists the stroke of the axe.
 44. The Xaqldi has five petals, each four fingers long, and looks very
beautiful. Each branch produces only one flower.
43. The Sun flower (hemp) looks like a nosegay. The leaves of the
plant resemble those of the Chandr. Of the bark of tho plant strong ropes
are made. One kind of this plant bears a flower Like the cotton tree, and
ie called Patean. I t makes a very soft rope.
I t is really too difficult for me, ignorant as I am, to give a descrip-
tion of the flowers of this country : I have mentioned a few for those who
wish to know something about them. There are also found many flowers
of fnin and TLrBn, as the Gul i Surth, the Nargie, the violet, the Ya'samnan i
kabid, the Sdaan, the Raihcin, the & ' 7 ~ i , the 2.616, the Shapdip, the T4'i
k h u r b , the Qalgkh, the ATdfarmdn, the E h t a m l , 5.6. Garden and flower
beds are everywhere to be found. Formerly peeple used to plant their
gardens without any order, but since the time of the arrival in India of the
emperor BBbar, a more methodical arrangement of the gardens h a obtained ;
and trnvellers now-a-days admire the beauty of the palaces and their
murmuring fountains.
It would be impossible to give an account of those trees of the country,
whose flowers, fruits, buds, lenves, roots, &c., are used as food, or medicine.
If, according to the books of the Hindus, a man were to collect only one leaf
from each tree, he would get eighteen bdra, or loads, (5 eurkha = 1 mdahh;
16 m & h h = 1 karga ;4 hrgaa = 1 pala ;100 palae = 1 tuld ; 20 ttclcie = 1
bC) ;i.e., according to the weights now in use, 96 maw. The same books
also state that the duration of the life of a tree is not less than two g k r i s
(twice 24 minutes), and not more than ten thousand years. The height of
the trees is said not to exceed a little above a thousand jicjam.' \%hen a tree
dies, its life is said to paes into one of the following ten things : fire, water,
air, earth, plant., animals, animals of two senses, such as have threo, or
four, or five senses.

31.
THE WARDROBE' AND THE STORES FOR N;i'JTRESSES.
\
His Majesty pays much attention to various stuffs; hence P&f,
European, and Mongolian articles of wear are in abundance. Sliilful '

masters and workmen have settled in this country, to tonch people an

improved system of manufacture. m e Imperial workshops, the towm of

d i g this measure, vide the edition of the Tnznk i Jahbngiri ; but I

fo2xok. cannot find it in any Persian or Chq&i
s The text has a word 399 which Dictionary. The meaning a wardrobe is
mars abont three times in this work. f however elcur.
hare also found it in h y y i d Ahmad's
 tlic~g\\.~'ro~ I ~ I ) S C t~1 1~1 Y
~vlli~.Ii , ~: ,~, rI :I;.:I~II
~( ~, t i ~ l < t 111it
. l ~ f11r ~ I I < ~ I ( > I . ~ ~or
I , ~givtsn
L,

I I 1 I I to I I I I I I I I i t s . :irtic.I(.s nl1ic.h

at I I I Y W ~ :is I I ~:L, k ~ ~ c ~ \ v l t of . ~ ltlic~

g ~ , c1s:ic~t 11ric.c%s is c ~ ~ ~ i t l u ~to . i \tilo
- c ~ incwase
of t11c. stocmk. ~.:Y,>II tl~cs11ri1I , , ~ ~ I ~ I . ; I g1'11~'rt111y III~~ ~IIIYCT. T I I I I ~ picv-c n-oren
1)y t11tk ~ : I I I I O I I S Gl1i5s i K:II~~IIII:III(I 111:iy IIO\V 1~ ol)t:iirlt:(l for fifty U ~ I I I I I I ~ S ,
~ v l ~ i lits t 111111fi~nllc'rlyl1c>1.11 so111fi)r t\\-ic,o t11:it smli ; nr~tl11lost otllor artic.lcs
hi^^(! g ~ j tc.l~(,a~)cir nt t l ~ cr:~tr:
~ of t l ~ i r t xto ~ P I Ior , (>\-tL1l f i ~ r t yt o ten.' His
IlLicj~bsty also or111~r,(I t1111t ~ I ( Y I ~ Iof I ( : I . C J I . ~ Ir;1111is
I ~ U s1111ulclI+-cnr certain
rlrti1.11.s; ant1 this \Y:ISd1111cill 11r11131- t11rt.gul:itcb tl~c* (IOIII;III~~.
I s11;ill not h:~yIIIUI.II U I I t l ~ i s ~ ~ l ! j v ctho11g11 ~t, :I fiw 111lrtic~ulars regtuding
tlle artic.1c.s \vorll 1 1 1 hi.; Jl:!j~lsty 111;iy11cr of' i~~tt.rc*ht.
I . TIIC Y i / L ~ ~ / / ~ ~ is h / ~:i/ ~( I/I h; I ~ \\-itl~oittl i r ~ i r ~ gof , ill? 11111i:in form.
For1111~1.ly it 11:1d slits ill t111, sltirt, t111t1W:ISt i r d IJII thc~lcbf't sitlts : h i s Miij~~sty
hits ~~rtl~jrratl it to 111. I I I ~ I I ~ \vit11
C 11 ro1111d skirt, I I I I ~ to 11e t i ~ dOTI t h e right

bi~lt~.' It ~ I ' I ~ ~ sI~ ~~ \~- I I~y:11~1s ,I Is ill111~ I > V , ~ !I/ tI' r . l ' / l ~ , " 111id iivt? girills for the
l ~ i ~ ~ ( l i i'l'111:
~ g . 111.i1x;fi,r 111tiI;i11g ;I 111;ii11 IIII(: v:iri,~sfro111I I I I I , rul)tXcto t l i r ~
rlllKLcss; l ~ u if t (*oatI)(: : ~ d o r l ~ 11-itll c ~ ~ l o r ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ stit1.11i11g.
i c * ~ ~ t i l froml 0110 to

folcr a11t1 t l r r c ~cl~l:lrtt>rs rulJ(,vs. IJc~hidexa, nliscflil of silk is rt.cluirud.

' Or ns we \\-ol~lcl.tllc prirtts harc nlntl:~ns :rtl~)l~t t11v old Ili1111ufullion

bec0111t2lvss 11.v(ili'f,, ; L I I ( ~eve3ll75 ~ c , I I. . P I I ~ . oi' ~vcst~ri~~g it si111pIt3 IIIIK~Y\-II pitw of
9 "
1111,vo;tts I I > ~ Y II I I ~ \ - - ; I - ( ~ ; I ~ 1~11111
s ~ I I[I/UI.).
I I ~ I I I ~ I > I ~(,,/I
Ili11111is ;LIIII > I I I ~ I : I I I I I ~ Irt~st~l~lI~l<~
; I ~ ~ ; I I IinS It is 110t htiltt'11 ill tllt~dill l l o I~1 1 H I 1 ~
sl~,il~ta O I I ~(lr~t>si~~g ~ I I I V I I((;(,I.III.
~ SCIII;I~; ~I'I.;~st11eti~ilor's:/<I:. or y:~rcl.I.I)II~;L~IIS.
ro~.li),11ut fitting tight \\-11vrt~tllts Ic~\r-c.r 1 '1t is ~~rtrb:tt~lc tb;~iI(i yirihx = 1 !/(I:,
rills are. Tllcre t l ~ ec11:1t is t itltl ; the 1 \ v l ~ i < ,is l ~ 1 1 1II~II;LI
~ d i v i ~ i;it
~ ~j~rvwnt.
l~ For
~ I I I ~ ; ~ I ~ I III I :;LI ~ t11c
~C~ tit.; I ~011~ tllc, ? ~ I(:/!. otl~vry;ud Illc.:tsurrs, rirlr: tilr 37th and
: I I I ~t11v lIill(I~~s 1111 tl~t~ri!/h/ sicl(t. 111
t l ~ c b K i t h . l i l ~ sof' this 11oc1k.Tilt. I'twiitn w o d
E:~stcrrlparts of llc11~;~1, I I I U I ~Alt1l1:i111- , y i r i l ~is pronour~cudin lndiu yil.ulr.
 2. The P4ahwd.e (a coat open in front) is of the same form, but ties in
front. It is someti~nesmade witliout ~triligs.
3. The Dsrtdhi (a coat with lining) requires six yards and four girihs
for the outside, six yarth lining, four girihs for the binding, nine girihri for
the border. The price of making one varies from one to three rupees. One
misqiil of silk is required.
4. The Shaih-cijidalb (or the royal stitrh coat) is also cnllud Sha; tl;hu;
(or rows), a8 it 118s sixty ornamental stitches pergirilb. It ha3 generidy
a double lining, and is tiornotimes wadded and quilted. The cost of making
is tvio rupees per yard.
5. The Sdzani requires a quarter of a s8r of cotton and two dinis of
silk. I f sewed with bakhyah' stitches, the price of making one is eight
rupees ; one with 4'irlah stitches costa four rupees.
6. The Wrni requires # a. cotton, and one d4m silk. Cost of making,
two rupees.
7. The Qabd, which is at present generally called ja'tnah d pumbalddr,
in a wadded coat. It requires 1 a. of cotton, and 2 fn. ilk. Price, one rupee
b a quarter rupee.
8. The Gador is a coat wider and longer than the qabd, and contains
more wadding. I n Hindustan, it takes the place of a fur-coat. I t require8
seven yards of stuff, six yards of lining, four girihs hi~lriing, nine for
bordering, 24 a. cotton, 3 rn. silk. Price, from one-half to one and one-hdf
rupees.
9. The Farji h a no binding, and is open in front. Some put buttons
to it. It is worn over tho j&tmh (cvat), and requires 5 y. 12 g. stuff'; 5 y.
5 g. lining ; 14 g. bordering ; 1 a. cotton ; 1 m. silk. Price, from a quarter
to one rupee.
10. The E'argul re~erublesthe ydpanji,' but ifi more comfortable and
hemming. I t was brought from Xurope ;' but every one now-a-days wears
it. They make it of various stuffs. I t requires !I y. G& g . stuff, the same

' Bnkhynh. in Hind. bak'hi.yyri, cor- is what we cxll white embroidery.

what ladies call backatitching. 'A coatuqedin rainy weather. Culclltta
z%s?he button hole stitch. TLese, Chugatdi Diclionury.
at least are the meaning which bakhyaA The etymology of the word fargul
d djidaA now have. Sozani, a name is not known to me. The names of
which in the text is trnnnf~rredto the several articles of wear, now-&-daysour-
mat, is a kind otembroidcr resembling rent in India, are Portnguese ; 3a. sdgu,
.ar m l i v l i & h it in u a e i i o r working apetticoat ;fits, a ribbon. Among other
k r e n and flowers, &c.,on stuffs, the leaves P o r t q u e s e words, now comrnon in 1Iin-
Iring pretty loosely on the cloth ; hence duqtitni, are padri, clergyman ; g i ~ j d ,
r e otten find rozani work in r u p , small a church, P o r t . igr6j:i ; ko'hi, cabb rqe,
carp&, &. Thq rw themselves are P o r t . cu6vo; chdbi, a kcy. P o r t . chbvo.
dm called sozctrt. A term which is Abul F a z l ' ~explanation ( v i d e my text
aornetim~ rmi in Dictionaries as a edition, p. 10'2, 1. 16) correcb Vullera 11.
r p o n y m for mzuni u chikin ; but this p. 663 u .
12
quantity oflining, 6 m. silk, 1 r . cotton. It ie nlatlc. Loth sing10 mrd tloublr.
Pricc, from 3 to 2 R.
11. The Chukman' is made of broadcloth, or woollen stuff, or was cloth.
His Majesty hna it made of Ddrdi wax cloth, which is very light and pretty.
Tho rain cannot go through it. I t requires 6 y. stuff, 5 g. binding,
and 2 m. silk. The price of making one of broadcloth is 2 R. ; of wool,
14 R. ; of wnx cloth, 3 R.
12. The Shallcdr (drawem) is made of all kinds of stuff, single and
double, and wadded. I t requires 3 y. 11 g. cloth, 6 g. for the hem through
which the string runs, 3 y. 5 g. lining, I f m. silk, 4 8. cotton. Price, from
4 to R. a
There are various kinds of each of theso garments. I t would take me
too long to describe the chirnha, frrutahs, and dupattahslgor the costly dresses
worn at feasts or presented to the gmnd(~c.nof the present time. Every
season, thore are made one thousand coxnplctv silits for tho imperial wardrobe,
and one hundred and twenty, niade up in twelve bundles, are always kept
in readiness. From his indifference to every thing that is aorldly, His
Majesty prefors and aenrs u,oolltna etuffb, especially shawls; and I must
montion, as a most curious fiign of auapic.iousuoss,that His Majesty's clothes
becomingly fit every one whether he be it111 or short, a fact which has
hitherto puzzlccl many.

i
His Majesty has changed the names of several garments, and invented
new and plcnsing ter~ns.' Instead of jintct~h(coat), he says earbgdli, i. e.,
coveringtho whole body ;for k& (drawers:, he*says yhrpirhlran (the companion
of the coat) ; for nip~rtanak( a jacket), tantib; for fautah, patgat; for burqu'
(a reil), chiirngrcpitn; for h l d h (a cap), sin eobhd ; for milibcif (a hair ribbon,)
kkng'hnn ; for patkri (n cloth for tho lointi), kntrib ;for 5hdE (shawl), parmnurm;
for. . . .', pnr~ngarnt; for lapirdhlir, a Tibctnn stuff, kaptirntir; for pddafech.
(shoes), charndharlt ; and similarly for other names.

As this word is not ~ i v c nin any F a i r i who-like the poets of imperial

dictionary, the vo\vela are 8oubtful. So Rome-represents the emperor, as God,
iw Vnllers' form chaspcin. as nlny be seen in tlie poetical extracts of
Stliffk of difirent shapes, used for the second hook. But tho raises of tho
making turh:tns. two brothers throw a pecuL fight on
111a l l u ~ i o nto the pnctice of (!t{fi.s, Akbar's character, who received the most
who only \ve:lr g~irn~ents ninde of \\ ool i~nn~oderateencorniums with self-corn-
( ~ 1 l f l . Abul E':lzl often trim to represent ylacency.
Akbar as n q*pof' so high n dcgrrc as * Tlie following passage is remarkable,
to be able to work miracles, and h e states as it shews Akbar's predilection for Hindi
below that it W:L~ his inteution to u ~ i t e termrr.
a book on Akbar's nlimcles. The charge ' The MSS. have an unintelligibln
of fu1son:eneas in praise hne oAen been word. The Baniras MS. has pardak
brought ngainst Abul Fnzl, thongh it E'iru'ny, or European Pardak
would more appropriately lie against
 Am 32.
ON SHAWLS, S T U Y P , k c .
His Majesty improved this dcpartment in folir \cay. The improvement
is visible,firet, in the Tia shawls, which are nlado of tho wool of an auimul of
that name ; its natural colours are black, wl~itc,and red, but chiclfly black.
Sometimes the colour is a pure white. This kind of s11u1~1is ~~nrivuU(d for it4
lightness, warmth, and softness. People gc11~rt~Uy w(ur it witllo~~t altoring
its naturnl colour ; his Majesty hns hud it dyod. I t is c.urious that it will not
take a r d dye. Secondly, in the Safid Aklruk,' ulvo c.ulled Trtrhddrs, in their
natural colours. The moo1 is either white or black. These stuff> may be
had in three colours, white, black, or mixed. Thc first or whito Irind, mas
formerly dyed in three ways; his Majesty hnn givou the order to dytv it in
various ways. Thirdly, in stutfs na Z a r d d ~ i ,hitldbntci,~,
~ A-aehidah, Q,i[qhai,
Bdndhniin, Chhint, dlchah, Purzdcir, to which His lfaje\ty pays much pttentiou.
FoltrtlUy, an improvement was made in the ~ i t l t hof all btuffs ; E i s Majesty
had the pieces made large enough to yield tho lnuking of a full dress.
The garments stored in the Imperial \rardrobe ure arranged uccording
to the days, months, and years, of their outries, and according to their
colour, price, and weight. Such an arrangement is now-a-days c d o d tnial,
a get. The clerks fix accordingly the degree of overy article of wear, which
they write on a strip of cloth, and tuck it to t l ~ eend of tho pioces. IVIlatever
piems of the same kind arrive for the Imperial wardrobo on the Urnoc-d day
(first day) of the monthof Farrcardin, provided thoy be of a good quality,
have a higher rank assigned to them than pieces arriving on other days ;
and if pieces are equal in value, their precedence, or othonrise, is dettlrmined
by the character' of the day of their entry ; and if pioces are equal as fitr
as the character of the day is concerned, thoy put tho lighter stuff higher in
; and if pieces have the same weight, they arrange them according to
their colour. The following i~ the order of colours : t h s , aafidulclmh, ruby
colourecl, golden, orange, brass-coloured, crimson, grass greon, cotton-flower
colonred, sandalwood-coloured, almond-coloured, p u r p l ~ ,grapo-coloured,
m v c s like the colour of some parrota, honey-coloured, browxlish lilac,
-

' dlchuh, or Aldchah, any kind of is lush lihc.

corded (mukhatfat) stuff. Tarhddr a k b a i like all Pnrseea, believed in
means corak$. lucky nnd unlucky dnys. The nrrange-
' Zarddrt, Kaldbatu'n, (Forbes, kala- ment of the stores orclothing must strike
tbthiu), Kashidah, &a ha;, arc stuffs the reader ay ~nodtunpractical. Similar
with gold and silk threa? s ; Bdndhncin, 8arraugements, eq1l;dly curious, will be
ue stuff^ dyed differently in different I found in tho following .Uns. Parl~opr,
prte of the piece ; Chhint ia our chintz,
v h i h ie derived from Chhint. Purzddr
Ithey indicak a progress, as tllcy shew
that some orllcr at lewt WILY kept.
ue $1 kinds of stuffa tho outside of which i
coloured like the Ruta,rmanja?ll flower, coloured like t h e hiia?ri flower, appIe-
coloured, hay-coloured, pietachio, ........... bh4patra coloured, pi&,
light blue, coloured like t h e qalghah flower, water-coloured, oil-coloured,
brown red, emerald, bluish like China-ware, violet, bright pink, m a n p e
coloured, mu~k-mloured,coloured l i k e t h e F a h t a h pigoon.
I n former times shawls were often brought h m Kashmir. People
folded them u p i n four folds, a n d wore them for a very long time. Now-a-
days they a r e generally worn without folds, a n d merely thrown over t h e
shoulder. H i s Majesty h a s commenced t o wear them double, which looka
very well.
His lfajefity encouragex, i n every possible way, t h e manufacture of
silafflsi n K a s h i r . I n LtihAr also there a r e more t h a n a thousand work-
s h o p ~ . A kind of shawl, called nuiya'~,is chiefly woven there ; i t consists of
Bilk and wool mixed. Both a r e used for chirak (turbans), fautahe (loin
bands), kc.
I subjoin t h e following tabular particulars.
A. Gold etufi.
Brocaded velvet, from Yazrl,' per piece, ........ 15 to 150 Jf.
Do. from Europe, do. ...................... 10 to 70 Jf.
Do. from Gujrdt, do.. ....................... 10 to 50 dl.
Do. from Kcishdn, do. ...................... 10 to 40 ;il:
Do. from B r d t , do. ........................ 0

Do. from La&, do. ........................ 10 to 40 di.

Do. from Baraah, (?)do. .................... 3 to 70 X.
Hutnbbnq," do. ............................. 2 to 70 itf.
Yflnk, do. ................................ 3 to 70 M.
Brocade, from Gujrst, do.. ................... 4 to 60 N .
T6a'-Brocade, from do. do. .................. 1 to 35 M.
' The text contains two doubtful from Nazcaicdd in T u r k e s h . G h i w -
words. The next word bh6jpcztra is the lughat.
bark of a tree used for making hukka Th means enerally brocade ;Dd~rii-
tubs. b y i e a kind of&ocaded ailk ; dluyay.yud
Ihzd is the principal eit in the is silk with u t r i p ~of silver-the (;hicia
eoutl, of thePersian province of6urhBtin. eays that Mupnyyd co~uestiom the
Kdahdn lieu ill 'Irdq i 'A'ami, north of Hind. khh, hair, to which the eilver-
Iqfah6. "The Mae8 of I h b h h are etri a are compared. and that it is an
wiser than the men of Ivfahhn." which Ara.c%ed form of the Hindi word, u
latter to~vnis for Persia what h o t i a is qnranful, a clove, for the Hind. karn-
for Ancient Greece, or the Bretagne for plhul; itrifal, a kind of medicine, for tri-
France, or the kin dom of Fife for Scob p hul, aa it consists of three fruits ; &,
land, or the Lonu of Schilda for Germany, Mmlqiiar is a kind of silk lava
or Bahir for India,-the home of fools. branches woven in it ; Ddbd is coloured
Durin the time of Moguls, the Sayyide silk ; Xhdrd, moir6e antique ; Khazz is
of ~:tr%abenjoyed a similar notoriety. JNoNs-silk. For taf;ihh (.id. FR*
Jli~?ahbaq,a kind of cloth, chiefly 111. p. 353), we also find +ilah.
brought iYom Khallukh, and Milak
Da'rdi bdf, fronl Qujdt, .................... 9 to 50 Bf.
Mqayyauh, do. ............................ 1 to 20 M.
Shincdni Brocade, do. ...................... 6 to 17 lli.
Xkahajar, from Europe, per yard, ............ I to 4 H.
DCdd silk, do. do. .......................... 1 to 4 M.
Do.,fromYazd,do. ........................ 1toliM.
h'ldrd, do. ................................ 5 B. to 2 M.
Batin, from Chinese Tartary, ................ *
A>iocfr, from do. .......................... *
Xhzzsilk, ................................ *
Tcf#Iah, (a stuff Gom Mecca) ............from 15 to 20 R .
Kurtahicdr, Gom Qujrtit, .................... 1 to 20 M.
Mindil, .................................. 1 to 14 M.
Chirah, (for turbans) ...................... 4 to 8 M.
Dupatfd, do.. ............................. 9 to 8 R.
Fautahs, (loin bands) ...................... 4 to 12 W .
Counterpanes, ............................ 1 to 20 Jl.
* Tha Text doea not giee ths prices.
B. Silh, kc., plain.
Velvet, from Europe, per yard,. ............... Ito 43f.
Do. from Kbshin, per piece,. ................. 2 to 7 'W.
Do. from Pazd, do. ........................ 2to 4M.
Do. from Mashhad, do. ...................... 2 t o 4 M .
Do. from Hertit, do......................... l& to 3 M.
Do. Khw, do. ............................. 2 t o 4M.
Do. from L6h6r, do. ........................ 2 to 4 M.
Do. from Oujdt, per yard, ................... 1 to 2 R.
Qatifah i Phrabi,' do. ...................... 1 to 14 R.
........................
T6jah Bif, per picca, 2 to 30 M.
D M i Bif, do............................... 2 to 30 M.
Muplbaq,do. ............................ 1 to 30 M.
8 h h h i , do. .............................. 14 to 10 31.
Milak, do. ................................ I t o 7M.
Kamkhtib, from Khbul and Persia, do. ........ l t o 5M.
Taw&, (?) do.. ............................. 2 R. to 2 M.
IChivi (?) do............................... 4to10R.
Mushajjar, from Europe, per yard, ............ 2 R. to 1 M.
Do. h m Yazd, per picw, .................... 1 to 2 M.
&tin, from Europe, per yard, ................ 2 22. to 1 nr.

A kind of velvet.
 Sfitin, from Herit, per piece, ..................
Khi1-6, per yard, ............................
Sihrang,' per piece, ..........................
Q ~ t n i , ~ d o................................
.
KaMnlafrom Europe, per yard,. ...............
Thftah,' do. ................................
Anbari, do. ................................
DhBi, do. ..................................
Sitfpilri,per piece,. ...........................
Qabhband, do. ..............................
TAt bandphri, do.. ...........................
U h , per yard, ..............................
Miqri, per piece, .............................
Sir, per yard, ..............................
T m ~ a rper, ~ piece, ............................
Main Kurtahwh Satin,per yard, .,............
Kaphrnhr, formerly called Kaphrdhir, do. ......
Alchah, do. .................................
Tafqllah, per piece, ..........................
C. cot to^ cloth.
Kh~lqah,per piece, ..........................
Chautk, do. ..............................
Malrnal,do .................................
Tansak'h, do.. .............................
Sirigkf, do. ..............................
Ganejal, do. ..............................
Bhiraun, do. ..............................
Sahan,do. ................................
Jhtnah, do. .................................
Athn, do. ..................................
Askali, do.. ...............................
Bhftah, do. ................................
Mahmhdi, do. ..............................
PnnchtSLiyah,do. ..........................
Jhtlah, do. ................................
Sa6, per piece, ..............................
. .

Changing silk. moon shines on it ; it is Mwlin.

* A stuffmade of silk and wool. ' Proper1 woven; hence fafeta.
• Gonerally translated by linen. All ~ ~ s made in Bcrhun-
~ o r - a - i chiefly
Dictionaries agree that it is exceedingly pore and Patna ; vulgo, tessa
thhl, 00 much SO that it tea13 when the
 Dbri~ah,per piece, .......................... 6 R. to 2 M.
Bah6dur Shshi, do.. ......................... 6 R. to 2 Y.
Garbah S6ti, do. ............................ 1) to 2 N.
S h W , from the Dek'han, do. ................ 3 to 2 dl.
Mihrkul, do.. ............................... 3 R. to 2 N.
Mindil, do. ................................ 4 to 2 N.
Sarband,do................................. & t o 2 di.
Dupattah, do. .............................. 1 R. to 1 di.
KatAnchah, do. ............................ 1 R. to 1 M.
F a u e , d o . ................................ +to 6 R .
Gbsh@ch, do. .............................. 1 to 2 R.
Chhint, per yard, ............................ 2 d. to 1 R.
Qazinah, per piece, .......................... & t o 14R.
Silfiati, per ywd, ........................... 2 to 4 d.
D. Woollea strcfi.
Scarlet Broadcloth, from Turkey, Europe', and
Portugal, per yard, ........................ 2) R. to 4 M.
Do., from N456r and LBhhr, per piece, .......... 2 R.to 1 AK
9Gf i Murabba', do. ........................ 4 to 15 dl.
9&fi......',do ............................. 3R.to1.3-N.
Parmnarm, do. ............................ 2 h?.to 20 Jf
Chirah i Parmnarm, do.. ..................... 23.t o 25 iw.
Fautah,do................................. +to 3 J f .
JQm~hwiiri Parmnarm, do. .................. + to 4 M.
Ghfih~kch,do. .............................. 13 R. to 1) N.
Sarp&h,do. .............................. )to 4 M.
Aghri, do. ................................ 7 R. to 2) N.
Parmgarm, do. ............................ 3 B. to 2+ N.
~ 6 do. , ................................ 24~.to10 M.
P'hirk,pmpace, ............ ............... 2 b t o 15 R.
Durmah, do. .............................. 2 R. to 4 M.
PatG,do................................... 1to10R.
' The articles imported from Eu- woollen stuffs and, for the poorer classes,
rope were chiefly broadcloth; musical blankets. was much more general than
instmmenta. as trumpets ; pictures ; now. Even the light wps generally worn
curiosities (ride B a d b n i 11, p. 290, by Muhammadans in this country, c a l l 4
L 2 from below ; p. 338, 1. 7.) and, in Hind. thpt', and in Persian takhf&h
since 1600, tobacco. Of the namen ) (t,ide BahBr i 'Ajam) are nlostly imported
ofclothsmcntioncrl by Abulfazl, several from Englnnd. I an1 not aware that
are no longer known, as nntive weavers tho soldiers of the armies of the Moguls
annot com t~ with the English Long- were uuiformly dressed, thoogh i t nppea1.R
d o h and t%e cheap European Muslins, d e ~tile
that the c o m n ~ a ~ ~ of x contingbnb
Alp~ccrr. Chintzes, and Mohairs, which a t lemt looked to uniformity in the caps
u e now a d a y s in common use with the and t u r h n a .
nativpn all over the East. At the timo l l l e MSS. have an unintelligible word.
of tltc mogul^, and before, the use of
 Rewkiir, per piece, .......................... 2 R. to 1 dl.
Miqri, do.. ................................. 5 to 50 R.
Rurd i Yamani, do.. ......................... 5 to 35 R.
Minji (?) namad, do. ........................ 2 R. to 1 dl.
Kanpak(?) narnad, do. ...................... 2 R. to 1 dl.
Takyahnamad, from K & b dand Pereia, ........ *
DO., country made, do. ...................... 1+to5B.
L6i,do. .................................... 14 d. to 4 R. '

Blankets, do................................. 10 d. to 2 R.
Kashmirian Caps, do, ........................ 2 a. to 1 R.

xm 33.
ON TIIE NATURE OF COLOURS.
White and black are believed to be the origin of all coloum. They
me looked upon as extremes, and as the component parts of the other
colours. Thus white when mixed in large proportions with an impure black,
will yield yellow ; and white and black, in equal proportions, will give red.
White mixed d t h a large quantity of black, will give a dlz~iahgreen. Other
cola- may be formed by compounding these. Besides, it must be borne in
mind that cold makes a juicy body white, and a dry body black ; and heat
renders that which is fresh black, and white that which is dry. These two
powers (heat and cold) produpe, each in its place, a change ill the colour of a
body, because bodies are both qcibil, i. e., capable of being acted upon, and
muptaxa, i. e., ~ul)jectto tho influexlce of the heavenly bodies (chiefly the sun),
the active origin of heat.

Am 34.
T H E ARTS OF WRITING AXD PAMTING.
What we call form lenda us to recognize a body ; the body itself leads
UR to what we call a notion, an idea. Thus on seeing the form of a letter, we
recognize the letter, or a word, and this again will lead us to some idea.
Similarly in the case of what people term a picture. But though it is true
that painters, especially those of Europe, succeed in drawing figures
expressive of the co~lceptionswhich the artist has of any of the mental

* The price is not given in the text.

stat~q,' R n much m, that people may mistnke a picture for a reality : yet
pictures are much inferior to the written letter, innsmmic~haa the lettilr nlny
cruttwly the wisdom of bygone ages, and become a means to intellttc.tun1
~lK)~?Y'SS.

I shall first say something ahout the art of miting, as it is the more
important of the two arts. Hi9 Majosty pays much t~ttentionto hoth, a1111is
an c~xr.c.llt~lt
judge of form and thought. And inclecd, in the eye* of' the
friencLs of true beauty, a lotter is the sourre from which the light cmdined
within it beams forth; and in the opinion of the far-sighted, it is the world-
reflecting cllpP in the J)stract. The letter, a mngiral power, is ~ p i r i t u d
geometry emanating fiom tho pen of invention ; a heavenly writ from the
hand of fate ; it contains the secret of the word, and is the tongme of the l~tlud.
The q o k e n word goes to the hearts of such tie are present to hear it ; the
letter gives wisdom to thoso that are near and far. If it was not for the lc~tter,
the spoken word would soon die, and no keepsake would be left us of those
t h t are gone by. Superficial observers see in the letter a sooty figire ; but
the decpsighted, a lamp of wisdom. The written letter l o o h black,
notwithstancling the thousand rays within it ; or, it is a light with a mole
on it t h a t wards off the evil eye.' A letter is the portrait painter of
*om ; a rough sketch from the r e d m of ideas ; a dark night ushering in
day ; a black cloud pregnant with knowleilgo ; tho n a n d for the trewures
uf imight ; penk king, though dnmb ; stationary, and yet travelling ; stretched
on the bhetrt, and yet sonri~lgupnards.
\\Then a ray of God's knowledge fulls on man's soul, it is carried by the
mind to the r e h of thought, which is tho illternleclinte station between
that which is conscious of iildividual existencw ( n ~ x j z r m dnnd ) that whir11 is
material (mciddi). The r r ~ i u t 'is a conc~retething mixed with the nl)solute,
or an absolute thing rniscd nit11 tllat w11ic.h is caoncretc. This colnpo~~nd
Ftrps forwan1 on man's tnnguo, ant1 cntcrs, \\,it11 the as.sisttince of the
ci)nr~ying&, into the wi~ldonsof tho ears of otllcrs. I t then drops the
burden of its c ~ n r r c t conlponrnt,
r ant1 rcfiturnsas a hiligl(8 rax, to its old plnce,
tho of thought. But t l ~ heiivcnly
r tra\ uuer O~(3114i~nldl~ gives his rourse
a different cLirection by merms of man's fillgcars, I L I ~hnving ~ p n s ~ c d along

' the rhcrk of' his hwcctht art, Hhfiz would

Khilrli (from X4ilqnt) referrinq to
atat*% of the mi:d n~tur:tlto 11.i. aq, bbce-
~olrncc,wrath. Ac. Tl~c+.sc>,
Abulfi~zlrays, n
1 make n prewnt d S.i1n:tn1:md:and B l k -
hrirh. Othcr poc~tarqjoicr tn st-e at lemt
pai11a.r may nucred in rrl~rrhe~~ting ; but one I>lnck$pot on the brnntit'ul fncc ofthe
the wer of writing is greater. t a l o v ~ lwho, without ailrl~nn ~rnlllet,
F1e Lhr~lcrupcup of king .Ia~nsb&i, wonltl be uul,jec-t to the infli~rr!ceof the
which rrr~alnlthe secrch of tt~escvtan evil rye.
bt-awns. 'I'hr spoken \vord, t l l ~idra t.sprlnhed
' I1 umnn hcanty is imlwrftsct 1111111sq h> ,Ih ~ ~ l l d .
amon~yanirdby n molc. For tllc. n~olv011
the continent of the pen and crossed the ocean of the ink, alights on the
plrasa~ltospallse of' the page, and returns through the eye of the reader to
its wontc1d habitation.
As the letter is a repre~entation of an articulate sound, I think it
necessary to give some information regarding the latter.
The sound of a letter is a mode of elristeuce depending on the nature of
the air. By para1 we mean the striking together of two hard substances ; and
by gala', the separation of the same. I n both cases the intermediate air,
like a wave, is set in motion ; and thus the state is produced which we call
round. Some philosophers take sound to bo the secondary effect, and define
it as the air set in motion ; but others look upon it as the primary effect, d. e.,
they define sound to be the very para', or the pala', of any h a d substances.
Sound may be accomptmied by modifying circlun~tances: it may be piano,
deep, nasal, or guttural, as vhen the throat is affected by a cold. Again, h m
the nature of the organ with which man utters a sound, and the manner in
which the particles of the air are divided, another modifying circumstance
may arise, as when two piano, two deep, two nasal, or two guttural sounds
separate from each other. Some, as AbG 'Ali Sin&, call t,his modifSing
element ('hriz) the sound of the letter ; others define it as the original st&
of the sound thus modified (nw'rhz) ; but the far-sighted define an articulate
sound as the union of tlie modifying element and the original state modified.
This is evidently the correct view.
There are fifty-two Itrticdato sounds in Hindi, so and so many' in Greek, .
and eighteen in Persian. In Arabic, there are twenty-eight letter8 represented
by eighteen signs, or by only fifteen, when we count the joined letters, and if
we take the Han~eaha s one with the ALif. The reason for writing an Alif and
a Ldnt, (3) separately at the end of the single letters in the Arabic Alphabet, is
merely to give an example of a 86kirb letter, which must necessarily be
joined to another letter ; and the reason why the letter l h is preferreds

Abul Fazl hm forgotten to put in the when you say the Alphabet : look u y n it
number. He counts eighteel1 lett('rn, or as a mere example of a ahkin letter.
rather signs, in Pemian, because p, & The tern lramzah, a8 used here in
lrndQ, have the same fundamentalR I ~ . native schools, i carefully distinguished
n Or rather, the alif mas referred to from the terms S h k l i Humzoh and
the wdlo or d , because these two letters Markiz i IIumzah. Shakl d Hammh
may be e i t L adkin or mubhorrik. i.the 8mall sign consisting of a semicinle,
But the custom ha4 become established to one extremity of which stands upon
-llthe alif, when mutaharrik, hamzah; straight line slightly slanting. Markiz i
and to call the alif, when sikin, merely liamzuh is either of the letters alif, zoriw,
dif. 'Aldalwdsi', of Iiciwah, in his ex- or y6, but chiefly the htter, when m o m -
cellent Persian Grammar, entitled Bia.d- panied by the Shakl k H a m a h . Hamzuh
&h i ' A b J u l ~ d s i which
', is read all orer is a general term for either of the three
India, says that the Zdm-alif has the letters alif, wdw d , when sccompani~d
lnesning of r o t , i. e., 'do no1 read this by the Shukl i g m z a h . I n European
componnd 2dm-alg but pass over it, grammars, the chapter on the Hmzah is
aa an example, is became the letter kim is the middle letter of the aord al$
and the letter ally the middle letter of the word ldtn.
The vowel-signs did not exist in ancient timos, instead of which letters
wore dotted with a different kind of ink ; thus a red dot placed oc~ra letter
expressed that the letter was followed by an a ; a red dot in front of the
letter signified a u ; and a red dot below a letter, an k. I t was Khslil ihn i
Ahmacl,' the famoue inventor of the Metrical Art of the Arabians, who
fixed the forms of the vowel-signs as they are now in use.
The beauty of a letter and its proportions depend much on personal
taste ; hence it is that nearly every people has a separate alphabet. Thus
we find an Indian, Syriac, Qreek, Hebrew, Coptic, Ya'qali, KGfi, Kaullmiri,
Abyssinian, Raihhl, Arabic, Persian, Himyaritic, Berbery, Andaluqian,
R h h h i , and several other ancient systems of writing. The invention of the
Hebrew characters is traced in some poems to Xdam i Hafth&i;* but
some mention Idrb' as the inventor. Others, however, say that T(lris
perfected the .3&a'qaZ& character. According to several statements, the Kiific
character was derived by the Khalifah 'Ali h m the Na'qali.
The difference in the form of a letter in the several systems, lies
in the proportion of straight and round strokes : thue the Ki~fiocharacter
consists of one-sixth curvature and five-sixths straight lines ; the jiar'qali has
no curved lines at all ; honco the inscriptions which are found on ancient
buildings are mostly in this character.
I n writing we have to remember that blwk and white look well, as
these colours best prevent ambiguities in reading.
I n TELU and T6r$n, India, and Turkey, thero are eight caligraphical
qstema' current, of which each one is liked by some people. 8ix of them
were derived, in A. H. 310, by Ibn k Ncplah from the Ma'qali and the Klifio
cluwacters, ciz., the Suk, Tmqi", Xuluzqqaq, ~ l k ~ k Raihdn,
h, Rips. Some add
tho Ghlcbdr, and my that this seventh character had likewise been invented
by him. The ~VasHhcharacter is ascribed by many to Ykqilt, a slave of the

M l g treated, because all explain the

word Ifamzol a9 the nnme of r aign.
Another peculinrity of Europenn gmm-
man is this, that in arranging the Icttera
I his death, h d reached the nrllnber seven
thousand. A better explanation is given
by B . d b n i (11.p. 3ii7, 1. lo), who p u b
the creation of Xdam nenen thousand c e m
of the alphabet, the rodto is placed a j f e r before 11is time. the first Ain of the
the hC; here, in the East, the M is Third Book. Id&, or Enoch.
i n v h b l y put before the yd. I t is remarkable that, in the whole
IIe in mid to have been born A. H. cha ter, there is not the slighteat allusion
100, and died at &Fmh A. 11. 176 or 190. toe!t ark of printing. Nor do Abulfazl'~
He wrote wveral works on the ucience letters, where nearly the whole of this
which he had established, as a l ~ owveral Xin is repeated, contain a reference to
h k s on tbe rhyme, lexiciogrsphical com- printed books. " The first book printed
pbtionw. &c in India was the Doctrina Chriattana of
' A h i~ called Hafl-hazdri, because Giovnnni Gonsalvez, a la brother of the
the number of i n h a b i e n b on earth, at order of the Jesuits, wlo, o. far 1
K h i ~ l i f a h 3Eu.ti~'qani Billiil~.' T h e SzcL a n d t h o iJTn~kh t * o ~ l s it)n4' ~ t 11 of
0110-tl~ird'I urvetl Imp.;, 11nd two-tllirds s t r a i g h t l i n e s ; t h e f o r m e r ( t h v s~clx)
is jrrli;' whil\t tlie lutter ( t h e 9~aaEh)is khufi'. The yi6tqi' a n d Riyd' c o ~ i s i s of t
t1irt.e-fourth? curved line,, a u d one-fourth s t r a i g h t l i n e s ; t h o f o r m e r i s juli,
t h e l a t t e r i r XRqfi. T h c JIuhnqqag a n d RniirBth contain three-fourths straight
Lines ; t h o f o r ~ n e r a , q i n t h e prececfing, is,juli, and t h o Rilihkn khnfi.
Ax~iox~g f2~1n1)llb c o ~ ~ y iIs m t ~u s t 1ne11tio11 '.Ui i b u i I I i l U , b o t t c r k n o w n
u n d v r th11 I I ~ I I ~ of L ' Ibn i B N I L I h Ce ~m~o ;t e~ well t h e s i x c h o r w t r r a . Pkqtit
c t o pcrfecdtion. S i x of Ykq6t's pupils a r e n o t i c t ~ a b l e; 1. S h a i k h
b r o l i g l ~ t l ~ In
Alinliitl, so ntsll k n o w n u n d o r t h e n a m e of S h : ~ i B l ~ ~ & t l i i hS u h r w d i ;
2. Arglliln of li&l111I; 3. N ~ i u l i r i iY i ~ s u fSlirill of 3 1 : ~ s f i a d; 4. Muul&nh
1111llkik S l i i h , btylod Z n r r i ~ r qnlnnl ( t h e g o l d e n pen) ; 5. Htiidar, called
G N I L ~ ( I ~i.~ ( tlio m i t e r of t h o jdi) ; G. Mlr P u l i y n .
I / ((d'~. Ie.,
Tho follo~r-ir~g a l i k e \ ~ i b owell knou-n : (ji~fi
~ t & g r ~ l ) h i h f two Nnpdlah,
also called qaclr i 'Ir&y~ ; Arqiin ' A l ~ d u l l a l l; Khtijall '.U,rl~rllid i $~iraiY ;
H 6 j i M u h a m u l a d ; Ma&id ' X l ) d ~ l l a l ii K\hl)az ; Aluul;inh 3lulli of S l i ~ r h ;
Mu'inuddin i T a n h i ; Sllamsudtlin i K h a t i i ; ' A b d l ~ r m h i m i Khaliili ( l );
A h d u l h a y ; M a u l h 8 Ju'fur' of Tn1)rlz ; ~iaulB116Sh&h of N a s l h u d ; N n u l i n h
Ma'rhf of Ungrhdbd ; i \ l t ~ u l 6 n iShamsudtlim i U+a,suughur ; M u ' i n u d d i u of

know, fimt c:~st Ti~mulic ch:tmctcrs in ibu i H;~5anihu i XIn(llnl~.nns the vizier
the year 1577. Attcar this :11)1)t~:u'c~l, in of the K l ~ i ~ l i i31110t;~dir
~ ~ l ~ s biIl;111, AIq&l>ir
1578, a I)uol; cntitlcd N u s , \ ; ~ I I I . / I ) I . U ~ , billall, and ArItizi billuh, nllo rtaignd
mlii~hw;~sfbllo\v,~tl (?) by tile T:un~~lic f m ~ uA. 1). !)07 to !).I(). Thc last cut off
l)it,tio~~i~ry of' lJ:ctl~crA n t o ~ ~dci o I'ror>nz:r, ILn i &luqlah's right hand. 1Ic d i d in
p r i ~ ~ t cin d I(;;!), ;it A~nL:tlilc;ltr.on the prison, A. 11. 327, or A. I). Y;itj-:l9.
con.st of' JI:tl;lL;~r. Fro111t l ~ : ~ ~t r r i uthe d l h n i U~rtrzc-db,or hbul H;rsan 'Ali ibn
Danisl~Alis>io~~aricfi at Tr:u~c~nc~l):rr hare i Hilid, lived undcr t l ~ c twenty-filth
1nn11y\vorks. a c.~t:~Ioguc of'\vl~ich Khalifi~h,Alqhdir billah (A. D. 'J!PL-I0:30),
may 1)e I'orll~din All~vrti I":~l)ril.ii S/r/tc- the r o n t t ~ n ~ p of o rI\Ialln~idof' (ihnzu j
i(o.;.v l r t s S~.cc~t!/c./ii.".JjR~zstr~/~'s f i ~ r ~ ~ s - and died A. H. ,l,l(j, or A. D. lo%.
lation ot' &'/.II 1'. Ua &zw lltrrlulunrc~o's liiytit, or Shaikh Jan~illuddin,was
s , 3!)5. Tllu
T;?,/rrgc to fhc. l:'r18t l ~ r ~ f i c11. born at Bagl~d~id, aud was the Librarian
Itilliiln Origin:~l h u the S ; I I I I ~ yci~rn: of hTust+~'p:un11illd1, the thirty-seventh
1577, 1578, ltii9. and laqt KlialiCdi, who inlprisuntd i i i ~ t ~
l i t : was the lmt cnliph, and r e i q e d solue tirne on 'wount of his Shi'ah
from 1212 to l%H, \v11(:11 11eI\-ns put to tendencies. IIe survivtd the g e ~ ~ e r a l
deitfh by IIulJgti, grlmdson of Chiligiz ~ t r r of 1iul;bni KhLn, l u ~ d
r l : ~ ~ ~ g l(1258)
Kllan. dicd,:tt tllc age of one l~undrctland twenty,
Hence the namc mtls, or onc-/Air.i?. A. H. C O i , or A. I). 12!17, during the
Jil/z' (i. c., c1~~:tr)is a tc3r11111qtvl 11y rt.ign of (ihilzhn Khin, 1FulJgi's g m t
copyifits to csl)rcrr. that 1rttcl.s :~rctlli~.li, gr:uiclw'11.
anct \vritttsn \\it11 n lje11 f'11ll of' i111i. ' HC lit~t,lin tile beginning of the
Ghid~.-Kh(!fi' ( l ~ i ~ l ~ifil tllc c ~ ~ol~l~r~sitc..
) fiflrn~thcentury, a t the time of NirzB
l b r i AII~/q/~rh, 1611 ~ ~ I I I C I lt11c1 C ~ ~ ~ I ShLl~rulth.
, (l,lO.b14Al).
Yi.ii7tit, :ire t l ~ cthrcc oldest c.;ilig~.:~l)liists a A conten~porsry and rive1 of the
mer~tioncd in v:~riorls I~ihto~.i<~s. Tlir p e a t p w t Hnlrnitn of Sbwah (din1 769).
foilo-uing notw are cllicfy t ~ s t r : ~ ~ .ii.olu trtl Tllc name Jhi'rtif appeara to hare h n
hkht6w:lr KIIAII'SJ f i r - ( ; / ~';~'/IIIII// :- coulmon iu B:qhdSd ~ i u c ethe t i ~ n e sof
l h n Il/~ry/irh.or ;Iccor~lin:: to his f'l~ll ~ s iWa'&f of E u r k h (a
t l ~ ci h ~ n o ~saint
name, ALL 'Ali A I u l i a n ~ ~ ~ibu ~ a d i 'Ali part of' Baglidici).
F d ; Ahclulhq of Snbm&r; Maultin6 Ni'matullnh i B a m ~ 6 h; Klhjagi
M i ~ n ~ ii nMorwirid, the invcntor of variegated pal1ctm ant1 snuds for strewillg
c~utlie pa1,c.r ; Sultiin 1br&l&, son of MirA ShBhrukh ; Ms11161r8Yulurnlnltld
H&im Utiiiz; Maul&~l& Mahn~GdSiyBGsh; MaulLni Ja~llbluddinIIusain ;
MaulhtA M r Muhammad ; Mauliinl Bmlulhaq of Qcmvin'.
A acrenth kind of s r i t i n g is culleci Ti'liq, \vl~icllhas heon derived from
the Riqci' mid the i'niqf. I t contains very few straight Lines, and was
bn,nght to pcrfcctio~iby Khijnh Tiij i S&11h',~who nlso m o t e well the other
Ei-r cllarltcters. Some say that 110 was tho inventor.
Of modern caligruphiats I may mention : Maultin8 'Abdulhay, tho
Private S ~ z r e t n r yof~ Sulkin Mil Su'id Mir& who wrote Ta'lip well ; Aiaullu6
Uarwish;' f i r Manqilr ; Nauliinii ILrBhini of r l a t d b & d; Kh:ijnli Ikhtiyir ;'
Munshi Jamduddin ; Muhaniulnd of Qxmin ; MnulAnii Idris ; I<likjt~h
Muhnnl~undHusain Mnnshl ; and Ashraf Kli&ulethe Private Socrutary
of R i a blrijesty, \rho improvcd tho ITc'lip very much.
The eighth character which I have to mention is the Araatc6'l4: it
consists entirely of round linos. They say that Mir 'Mi of TuGriz, a
cvntemporary of Timiir, derived it from the Naskll and the Tn'licl ; but this
a n ~ - a r c e l ybe correct, hecausu thore exist books in the N R S ~ L Lc,llamctc.r,
'~~Q
m i t t e n beforo Timilr's time. Of Nir 'Mi's pupils I may mention two : 7
Maulin6 Ja'ftw of Tabriz, and hfuulBnii Azllnr ; and of othor cci1igral)hists
in Tu'licl, JIaulL~liiM U ~ H I I ~of ~ R ~ (near IEerBt), an escolltllit writer ;
I LAulmh
lLt11l611i IJari of I I c d t ; a11t1AIiidirrib Sultin '1Ui9
of M\ln4tlid, who surpasses
- - - - - - -- -- p~ --
' The _ItrX./;;J,iit nn~l this .lli~.-dl ' 3Iir 3Iunsl1i, JIir 'Arai and 3Iir AIAli:
alw I ~ I ~ . I I ~ ~JIulli
C ~ I I Ab6 h k r , and Shaikh IIe avru~~~l,i~r~it.cl T:u.di N g on his
31-:l1111ircl. fliglit, l'rtj111I)il~li,wits i111pris011id l1y
* Arcording to the Mnktilbht and B,~iri~n, :i11(111:tcl to g o to ~ I P c , ~l1c :~.
~ v ~ r ;NSS.,tl S~/(!~III~II~. rc;joil~t*clAkl);~r, in ri. 11. UtiH, when
' I n the ori:i11:11 ttbst, 1. 114, 1. 5, by 13iiir&111 11;rd j114t fl11le11 in ilisgrice,
mistake, I x t ~ l A ~.~1)elllbt:1~
d Y~U(tb m.(bived it1 the tijIIsri~~g ymr t~ t i t l t b uf
Mrlllsl~iof' Sulrht~Abir %'id. Ashqf'h hiin, and ntbrved u~~der Alun'iln
?Ilaul.it~L1)i~nviahJIuhnn~n~d wa.3 a KIILII111 lic~~igiil.11e d i d ill t11v tenth
frirnd of tile f!~nou..i Alnir 'Ali, SllGr, the year of Akbln's reip:, A. H. $173. I n
vizier f u 1 i 1I :I of Abnlfiizl's list of gralldecs, ill tlic. ricsci~t~d
Khu&&~ (A. U. l4i" to 1 5 U ) . iltlfthe book, Asllr;d lillll~ is ~ ~ u ~ t ;W t . ( l":
tmtt of the p~wt Jillli. Nnlllh~lB cunl111~11t1t.r uf two ~ ~ : O U S :Uilcl:ion~
III~.
Earnitib e t ~ t r n lntterwards the starvice rneetiol~rbin, illnolig 111cc o ~ ~ t t ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ o ~ i i n e -
of LhAh .lunaid i Cdiui, liitlg ul' LJc,aiib, 1 11113 11011s. A11t11JInzi~lBtr,.4.bnlt Kbdn'a
(-4. I). 1499 to 1:~25). A I)itlgntpby of son w:~s,A. D. 1.596, i r co~r~tn:~ndt.r 01' five
tbt Nanlinh m:~yIw found in the iUucisir hundrril.
i l f , ~ / t i ~p. i ~7Gl.
i, ' Tllc. Mir-dt menfions:L third inlme-
' Kh:ij;~l~ Iklltiyir, tlle contemporary diiitv 1111pil uf JIir Ali. A1lll,!(ilti; hh({jith
'

and aucc.ta>f'ul rival of tile prc*rreli~~g X~ctrrl~~rrnud, n~id rcl:~tt.s that 11e put
nrliKr.tpLi>1. Ilia was Private Sccrutwy 3Iir Ali's nir~ne to his ow11 writit~e,
to >III&,II HIL-:I~II Mimi. w i t h e ~ giving
~ ~ t otlLllc:c to hi* m:~stc~r.
"I71is iti t l ~ r title of >Iul~nn~mad He :tl..io w:ls tr 1i.ie11dof' A111ir 'Ali
I r I 1 o n l:~I~l~d- rSIlFr, i ~ l r c lditd A. 11. !)l0,dllri1lathe r c n i K ~ ~
~ n . c ~ t ~ I i to
t ~ *tlic
r T:thnqht i Aklitrri. fru~r~ of S11lth11 Iluri;iit~hIi1-~6,
I I I ~ I I ~ill~ the
~ I I ~ ~
' h b h ~ : f j l i 11~.served l111~1hjil11 i l ~ hurt11 IIO~L'.
 them nll. He imitated the writing of hinulanl Azhar, thollgh he did not learn
from him personally. Six of his pupils are well known : 8111th Muhammad
i K h a n d b ;' S u l t h Muhammad Nilr ; ~au&nB 'iUBuddinS of Hertit;
Naulhti Zninuddin (of Nishlpbr) ; &fa~~lBn& 'Abdi of Nishlpbr ; Muhammad
Qhim Shldi Shlh, each of whom possessed some distinguishing qunlities.
Besides these, there are a great number of othor good caligraphists,
who are fnmous for their &ill in Nnsta'liq; as &iaulbB Eultin 'Mi, of
QByin ;* &IaulBn&Sari 'Ali of Maqhhad ;* Maullnl Hij Ani ;'and after
them the illustrious M a u l h l Mir 'Ali," tho pupil, as it appcnrs, of Maulin4
Zninuddin. He brought his art to perfection by imitating the writing of
S u l t h 'Ali of Mashhad. Tho new method nhich he established, is a proof
of his genius ; he has left many ma-qter-pioecs. Some one asked him once
what tho difference wrts between his writing and that of the> 3IanlbnB. He
said, " I hnve brought his writing to perfurtion; but yot, his method has
a peculinr charm."
I n conc~lufiionI may mention :-Shih &iahrnbdTof Nishbplir ; Mahrnhd
Is-hBq ; Shamsuddin of Kirmln ; Naullnl Jamsh6d, the riddle-writer ;
Sultan Husain of Khujnnd ; Naullnri 'Aislli ; Ghil~uddin, the gilder ;
Maulln6 'Abtll~qqamad; Nau~lBnl Malik ; NnulBnP 'Abdulkarim ; Maullni
Abdurrahi~nof Khbizm ; Biaullnl Shaikh Muhammad ; Maudlnh Shih
Mahm6ci i Zarrinqalam (or gold pen) ; MnulL114 Muharnmnd Husain8 of
Tabriz ; Mnuullnl Hnsnn 'illi of Nashhad ; Mir Nu'izz of KBshln ; M ~ r d
Ibrhhim of Iqfnhan ; m d sevural others who have devoted their lives to the
.improvement of the art.
His Ifujesty shens much regard to the art, and takes a great interest
in the afferent systerns of writing; hence the largo number of skilful
caligraphifits. Nnnta'liq has especially received a new impetus. The nrtist
wllo, in the shndow of tho throne of His Majesty, has become a master of
cnlipaldlly, is Muhanl~nadBusnine of Kad~mir. H e has hnen honourcd
-
IIe s.u calliqi Xhnndn'n, nn he wrrs mentioned together with Mir B h m d , son
nln.:ryn hrtpp!/. IIe nu.? a friend of Amir of Mir Khusrau of Dihli, and l h i r i m
'Ali SliCq and d i d A. H. 915. KhLn, Akbsr's KhBnkhinin, as amaster
111 t h r -lfukfdbdt, 'Alirudclin Muham- of Dakhl poetry. Dakhl, or entm'ng,
mncl of Herit. is the ski5ful use which s oet makes of
H e wan the instructor of SulGn
Husnin M i r h ' s children, and died A. H.
91 1.. Qriyila is a I'ersian town, S.E. of
vcraerr, or pa* of verses. oranother
mlz!
According to the d l u k f l b d t
N i r - d l , S h l h Muho~nmadof Ninhtipfir.
KhurLsAn, nenr the frontier of Afghbnis- Both mention another c ; d i p p h i t , Xa'r
bin. I t i~ ~ p l Ghuynn t on our maps. Suyyid Ahmad of Murhhod.
Arcording to the ,Uaktzibdt, Msulb- @ H e was the teacher of the celebrated
nli' Sultirn 'Ali shPr of M w h h d , which i
r v i d ~ ~ n t the
l y correct reading.
' A et and friend of A n ~ 'bli h ShCr.
t3"''ph ist 'Imdd, whose biography will
ound in the Mir-dt. T7dc nlso the
preface of Dr. Sprenger'~Galisfrin.
11~ dim!?^. I f . 941.
M:~nlCnhnIir 'Ali, a St~yyidof IIerilt,
O l i e died A. l1. 10'20, nix g e m &r
Akbar'n death.
died A. 11. Vd4. As a poet he is o t b n
c~ollvc~tc.(lJ : , I S I I ~ L W Ijf~ S h ~ i i k lN~i ~ A l i ~ it,h o \vorku of K ~ I L R a~n R U
d hI1iu16nB
JBml, thtx U i w i n ~o f Iilri~~ili~, A n w a r i , a n d s e v o r a l w o r k - o n H i h t o r y , trre
v o n t i n u d y r o a d out to H i s hfajcrsty. P h i l o l o g i s t s n r u c*onsk%ntlymgqrtl
i n tranrtlrtting H i n d i , G r e e k , i h a l ~ i c a, n d P e r s i a n btmks, i n t o o t h e r l u n g n a g c s .
' f i u s a part o f t h o Z i c h i J a d i t l i Mir& (rirlc LIIrd b o o k , Ain 1 ) was t r a n s l a t t d
und(1r t h o s u l ~ c r i n t e n d e n c eo f h i r Fathullah of S l i i r b (rib p. 33), and
a l s o t h e K i s h n j b s h i , the Onngzidhar, the M o h e s h N a h i u a n d , f r o m H i u d i
( S a n s c r i t ) i n t o l'crsian, a c c o r d i n g to t h e i n t e r y r e t a t i o u o f t h o n l i t l ~ o ro f t h i s
b o o k . T h o S I a h t i b l ~ i i r a tw h i c h b c l o n g u to t h o anciexit hooks o f Hi11cllist8n ha^
l i k ~ l w i h ol,c,eu t r a n s l a t e d , f i o m H i n d i i n t o I'rrsian, u n d e r t h e s l ~ p c ~ r i x ~ t r ~ l d e n c e
of N a q i b Khiinl, M a u l i n i t ' A b d u l &&r of Brrdhon,s ~ l l dShnikh Sultfin of
T'hanBsar.' Tho b o o k c o n t a i n s n o a r l y o n e hundx.rc1 tholisalid v e r s e s : I I i s
M;ijc.hty c& t h i s a n c i e n t h i s t o r y Brtzninciinnh, t h e b o o k o f JVnrs. Tho finme

Ilcg:~r(lingtll is r c ~ n o m e dman, vit?e in its ~ m n d c l ~tlnd r its fiiilinp, is rnncl~

Ahnl!;~~l'sliht of Gr:~ndccs, 1111d h k , n ~ o r pl r ~ b ~ ~ ~ tll:rn
i ~ l cin: ~t ltr t ~ : I X l , c r ~ ~ s , i ~ ~ ~ r r h ,
KO. 1Ii1. or the Il;rl/trg<if i ,4X,h~r1~', or t l ~ -ll,r~isir.i
c
,\.I 111lk 'Abdul Q:\tlir, l)nctic:illy ~ t y l e d Hcrkt'l~ri. I t is csl~~ci;tlly of value fbr the
Q<;,/ir.i, \v;w k ~ r nA. 11. !I17 Lor !)I!).;zit religious vitbws of' t h r emprror, and con-
I ~ ~ I I ~a~town I I I I nv:ir
, l)il~li.lit, w:ts ~ I I I I S t ; ~ i ~ intc~r~.>ting
~x I>iogn~l~lric>s of 111ost.
tn.0 ycars oldcsr than Akl~ar. His fitthcr. ~ ~ L I I I O I nlcn
IS and ports of Akl~nr's tinle.
w l ~ o ~hncb lost in !)ti!), w w e:rllt.(l Shnikh T l ~ rIlistory (a1111s with the I)t>xir~nir~g of
A11111ikS11fil1,:111d \v;t* ;I 1111pilof t11t-S i ~ i n t A 11. 100-t, or clrvcn :cars I ~ e f i ~Akbarr'n rr
k3:cllil of' S a n ~ l ~ l ~ nAlxlul I. QAtlir, o r dt.;rtli, and \I-(, lnny C O I I C ' I U thnt
~ I ~Ijjldio~li
Utrc/tioai.at~wv generally call him, studied dicrl soon after that p a r . The h ~ was k
variot~riaric~ncrrr~ndt*r tllc ~nohtT ~ ~ I I ~ I I ~ IkVpt
I ~ ~ secret, and ;~ccording to a rctntcn~rrit
a ~ npl i c ~ mrn ~ ~ s ot'l~isnxc, ~ n o r of t vr.110n111e in t l ~ cXir-tilrtl'ril(rt~r,it waq nmad puhlic
ctnu~nc~ect~~r in tl~c.In~ginr~ing of t l ~ rthird d r ~ r i n g the reijin of Jahitngir, who
volrunc of'hin ~~I~ttzl~rX~httl,. 1Ic esccllcvl shewed Ilia disl~l(,;~surr by tli>lclirrin:: the
in JInsie, IIistory, ant1 Astronon~y, m ~ d st:attmt.rit of' Ib~tlioni'scl~ildrrnt l ~ : ~thvy t
was on WU.(.OIIII~ of his b t v ~ ~ ~ t ivoice ti~l tl~riusclveshall Iwrn un&are oftlle exis-
a p p o i ~ ~ t cCdo l ~ r tItrlri~tlfor 1Ve~tlnc~stl;rys. t c * ~ ~of' c r the \took. The Tuzuk i .JallLn-
1Ie h i ~ dearly 11~t.nintrotlnced to AkLar g i ~ i: ~ n f i ~ r t u ~ ~ says: t l y n o t l ~ i ra~l ~ >~: l t
by . J ; I I ~h ' l ~ i n Qilrvl~i (ride List of thin circ~u~~st;u~c.r ; hut lladkolza work
G n ~ n d v t ~IsInti , book, S o . 213). For l i ~ r t y W ; L ~ccrtainl)- not known in A. 11. lIU.5,
vc.nlli 13;ltl:ioni livrtl in con1p:my with the tcnth yrnr of . J a I ~ L n ~ i r 'rsc i p , in
S I I : I ! ~ I I 3111I)hrik,;rr~dF:iizi and ALIIIII~IZI. \vhirh the -1lttdsir i lZtrhi,,ri \v;w written,
t11t-S11:rikh'ssons; 1 ~ 1ttl ~ r r\~v wl no s i n r ~ ~ ~ r e n l ~ o s cauthor conrplains of' the \\.ant of'a
fi-it.ntlsIlil~ l~et\vc.e~~ t l ~ t ~ mas, ll:~dAcrni hihlory I)rqidt! tl1c3 T:rl)nclilt, a n d t h e
luokt~1I I I I ~ I I Itl1e111I L ~l~crc~ti(~s. At tI1c3C-OIII- AI<I);I~IIAIII;LII.
n1;111d 01' ;\k11:1r. he t~i11~1;1tvd ill111fu1,~d- 111 point of style, R;ulAoni ir 1nnr.11
y(rn (Ihrt/t;~,~tZ' 11, 1111.:3:jti, 31;(i,) ~ ' ~ ~ Ithe III infi.rior t o I ~ ~ I I ~ I I ~ ;KIII'III ' I w : I ~(AIIi,.-&f~c/
'~:rnscrit~ I I ~ ( I ~ ' ~ rIr.(~v~i v; Ii ~I fI~i,yr t ~ v t ~ n t y - ';lltttn) and J I : I I I ; I I I I I I I :KAsi~n I~ (the
fonrtl~ol~aanil x1d.x l.-d ),\sl~r:tfis a r ~ d l).(W( 1) ' A ~ : I I I I ~ ~ ~ I I ~1)11tI I I~II: II I~II I! ~. \ superior
V~I:I~
T : L I I ~ : I;~;:nd I S 11:rrtsof'tl~t*Al:~hhl~l~Ar:~t ; t o I ~ i stiicnd Jl irzA S ~ L A ~ I I I I A I I~~ II I~I~II: ~ ~
extl:~cts iktl~nthe I I i h t ~ ~ of l : \li,i~.sl~id;
. nr~d of Ilt,r:it. :111tllor of t h c 'lirb(trld/. t ~ n d
tilt. l k i l ~ ul r :w~nAr.n work on t l ~ rIlrrrl&. to 'Al~tll~l 1I:tlniri 111'LihSr,a u t l ~ o rof the
A c.oj,y of :~notllerol' I ~ i sworks. c.ntitl~~d lJdtli.~h~;h ~rfitl~trh.
,~t!jrrtrr~.rtrshilrnily IN- L111nd:1111ongthe 'Al~ltrl QAtlir of n:ldhon muat not be
1'c.rri;rn NS8. of' tllc AH. SIW. l k 1 1 ~ 1 1 . c.onli~~u~dcd with ?II:L:II~III~~ QAdiri, i111ot11t.r
I f i s l~istcsic:~l work. c~otitlctl.l/tc~rlctAJ~tC- Ir:rrnc~lrnnn ( Y I I I t ~ ~ m ~ m r : u ~with r o ~ Akl~ar.
rs
vt 'I'tr~c-tiriX~l~. is I I I I I C ~ I 11ristd as 1s-rittixn I-~I/I, 13;r~IAoni 111, 1). 11H ; and 1L1r
by ILII e ~ ~ e n of l y Aklur, whose cl~rrncc.tc.r, IIfiji IbrLl~irn,111, 11. 13:).
learned m e n translated also into Persian t h e RamBy,yrtn, likewise a book of
a n c i e n t Hindustan, which contains t h e life of R6m Chandra, b u t is f d l of
interesting points of Philosophy. HBjL Ibnihim of Sarhind trandated into
P e r s i a n the At'lrarQanlwhich, according to t h e Hindhe, is one of t h e four divine
boobe. T h e Lilawati, which ia one of t h e most excellent works written by
Indian Mathematicians o n Arithmetic, lost its Hindh veil, a n d received a
Persian garb from t h e h a n d of m y elder brother, LJhaikh 'Abdul Faiz i Faizl.'
At the command of His Majesty, Mukammal K h k of Qujrht tranelated
into Persian t h e TAjak, a well known work on Astronomy. T h e Memoirsm
o f Bkbar, t h e Conqueror of t h e world, which may b e called a Code of
practical wisdom, have been translated from Turkish into Persian b y Mird
- -

I " In this year (A. H. 983, or A. D. by Naqib K h h and Mull15 ShBri, and
1575) a learned Brahmin, Shnikh Bh4- another part by Sulkin Hhji of T'hanBsar ;
ran, had come from the Dek'han and then Shaikh Faizi wan appointed, who
tnrned Muhammadan, when His Majesty wrote two chapters, prose and poetry;
gave me the order to translate the then the Hriji wrote two other parts,
dl'htbon. Several of the religious pre- addin a verbul translanon of the pa&
of thin book resemble the laws of the
. As in translatin I found many
that b been iett out. ~e thus got a
hundred juz to ether, close1 writtrn, so
difficult passages, which h i k h Bhtiwan exactly rendemf that even t t e accideutsl
could not interpret either, I re rted the dirt of flieson the original wes not left out;
ciwumatance to Hi.Majesty, w g ordered but he wes awn Rfter driven from Court,
Shnikh Paid, and then H$ Ibrirhim, to and is now in Bhnkkar. Other translators
banalate it. The latter, though willing, and interpretern, however, continue now-
did not write anything. Among the a-days the fight between PandGs and the
p ~ ~ p p oft s the At'harban, there i one Kurlia. May God Almighty protect those
r h h eap that no man will be saved that are not engaged in this work, and
unless he read a certain p a s q e . Thii w e p t their repentance, and hear the
r-@ contains many hmes the letter
and resembles very much our Ld illah
W a A . Besidee, I found that a
p e r - o f r d o n of ever one who does not
rde 61s ~sgust,and wiose heart reata in
the Islim ; fbr ' He allows men to return
to Him in repentance !' This Razmnitrnah
Hindb, under certain conditions. may eat
a m flesh ;and mother, that H i n d b bury was illuminated, and re eatedl copied ;
their dead, but do not burn them. With the grandees were order2 to mate copies,
sneh pe~sagesthe Shaikh used to defeat and Abdul Fazl wrote an introduction to
other Brahmins in argument ; and they it of about two jw,&c." B a d h i 11.
hd in fact led h i to embrace Xs16m. p. 302. A wpy of this translation in
Let us praise God for hi conversion !" twq volumes, contsiuing eighteen fans
Baddmi 11. p. 21'2. ( d )s nmon the MSS. of the Bs. h.
W translation of the Mahhbhkat
m m not quite a failure. " For two nights,
of Bmgal, &. 1339. One jus (I%)
= sixteen pages quarto, or two sheeta.
His Majesty himeelf translated some paa- This work has been printed. Abulfazl's
srge4 of the IvIahBbhht, and told Naqib w o d ~Hind6 veil are an allusion to Lile-
k h b to write down the general meanin wati's sex.
in Peniao ; the third night h e u a a e i a d Vide Tuzuk i J a h i t n d i p. 417.
me with Naqib KhiLn ; and, after three or The Wiiqibt i 'I'imur were translated into
four monthe, two of the eighteen chapters Persian, durin the reign of Shhhjahin,
of tbPse =less abnnrdities-enough to by Bfir Ab6 ~ f l i ih Tnrbatf. P d h d l -
mnlbund the eighteen worlds-were laid ndmah 11, p. 288, edit. Bibl. Indica
before Hin Majeety. But the emperor " Congueror of tbe world," gGti aa'tdni, is
b k exception to my translation, and BBber s title. Regarding the titles of
alM me n HardnEhur and a turnip- the Mogul Emperors from BBhr to
eater, ss if that was my share of the book.
A&r pert was subsequently finished
14
1 Bahhlur 811611, vide Journal Bs. Soc.
Bengd for 1868, Part 1.p. 39.
'Abdurrahim KhBn, the present Khan K h 4 n h (Commander-in-Chiqf). The
History of Ka~hmir,which extends over the last four thousand years, has
been translated from Kashmirian into Persian' by Maulha ShBh Muhammad
of ShBhiib4d. The liluliarn ul Uuldcin, an excellent work on towns and countries,
haa been translated from Arabic into Persian by several Arabic scholam,
as Mull6 Ahmad of T'hat'hah, W i m B&, 8haikh Munawwar, and others-
The Zarihanu, a book containing the life of Krishna, was translated into
Persian by Maulfin6 Shed ( rids the poetical extracts of the second book).
By order of His Majesty, the author of this volume composed a new
version of the Kalilah Damnah, and publiahed i t under the title of 'Aydr
Ddniah.' The originnl is a mastar-piece of practical wisdom, but is full of
rhetorical difficulties; and though N a ~ r u l l a h i Mustaufi and M a d h 4
Husain i WB'iz had translated it into Persian, their style abounds in rare
metaphors and difficult words. The Hindi story of the Love of Nal and
Daman, which melts the heart of feeling readers, has been metrically
tranalated by my brothor Shaikh Faizi i FayyBzi, in the masnawi metre of
the Laili M a j n h , and is now everywhere known under the title of NaZ
Daman.'
Aa Hie Majesty has become acquainted with the treasure of history,
he ordered several well informed writers to compose a work containing the
events which have taken place in the seven zones for the last one thousand
years. Naqib K h h , and several others, commenced this history. A very
large portion was subsequently added by Mull4 Ahmad of T'hat'hah, and
the whole concluded by Ja'far B6g i #qaf K h h . Tho introduction is
composed by me. The work has the title of Tarikh iA f i 5 the History of
a thousand years.

"During this year (A. H. 999, or A. we^ put among the set of books read at
D. 1690-91,)I received the order from Court, and Naqib K h h wna appointed
His Majesty, to re-write, in an easy style, to r e d it out to His Majesty. It is, indeed,
the History of Ksshmlr, which Mullh s masnawi, the like of which, for the
Sh& Muhammad of ShBhbbM, a very last three hundred years, no poet of
learned man, had translated into Persian. Hindustan, after Mir Khusran of Dihli,
I hished this undertaking in two months, has composed." BadbnI, 11. p. 396.
when my work was put into the Imperial ' In A. H. 1000, A. D. 1691-92, the
Library, to be read out to IIis Majesty belief appears to have been current amon
in its turn." Baddoni, 11.p. 374. the Muham~nadansthat the IsUm an$
Regarding the tragic end of this the world were approaching their end.
Isheretic," vide Badbni 11. p. 364 Various men arose, pretending to be
Notices regsrdin the other two men will Imdm Mahdi, who is to precede the map-
be found in the tgird volume of Bsrlbd. rance of Christ on earth ; and even
' For ' l y d r i Ddnkh. Such abbrevia- E b n i * s belief got doubtful on tbii
tions are common in titles. point. Akbnr's diwiples rraw in the com-
' Faizi's ~Valdamun(for Nal o Da-
I' mon rumour a happy omen for the pro-
m n contains about 4.200 verses, and was pagation of the B a n t Ilrihi. The TciriEh
, A. H. 1003,in the short s am 8 dl@ r a a likewise to give proxninence to
~ ~ r m o n t h sIt. was presend to this idea.
Ubar with a few ashr* na nazar. It The copy of the TLrikL i dlfi in
 The Art of Painting.
Drawing the likeness of anything is called tagwir. His Majesty, from his
earliest youth, has shewn a great predilection for this art, and gives it overy
encouragement, as he looks upon it aa a means, both of study and amusement.
Hence the art flourishes, and many painters have obtained great reputation.
The works of all painters are weekly laid before His Majesty by the
W 6 g h a h a and the clerks; he then confers rewards according to excellence
of workmanship, or increases the monthly salaries. Much progress was
made in the commodities required by painters, and the correct prices of
such articles were carefully ascertained. The mixture of colours has
especially been improved. The pictures thus received a hitherto unknown
finish. Most excellent painters are now to be found, and master-pieces,
worthy of a B i W , ' may be placed at the side of the wonderful works of the
European painters who have attained world-wide fame. The minuteness
in detail., the general Gnish, the boldness of execution, &c., now observed in
pictures, are incomparable ; even inanimate objecte look as if thoy had life.
Yore than a hundred painters have become famous maaters of the art,
whilst the number of those who approach perfection, or of those who are
middling, ie very large. This is especially true of the Hindus :* their
pictures surpass our conceptions of things. Few, indeed, in the whole world
an, found equal to them.
Among the forerunners on the high road of art I may mention :
1. Mir Sayyid 'Ali of Tab&.* H e learned the art from his father.
From the time of his introduction a t Court, the ray of royal favour has
ahone upon him. He has made himself famous in his art, and hss met
with much success.
2. Kh6jah Abduqqamad, styled Shirhqalam, or mact pen. H e comos
from Shh-6~.Though he had learnt the art before he was made a grandee of
the Court, hi8 perfection was mainly due to the wonderful effect of u look of
Ilis Yajmty, which caused him to turn from that which is form to that which
is epirit f i m the instruction they received, the Khhjah's pupils b o r n e
IIla8tm-a

the Library of the Bs. Soc. of Benpl wl of Persia." Sir&ullughdt.

(So. 19,) contains no preface, co~nmencev ' Compare with Abulfbzl's opinion,
with the events subsequent to the denth Elphimtone's History of India, secoud
of the Prophet (8th June, 631), and ends edition, p. 174.
abruptly with the reign of 'Umar ibn i a Better known as a t under the
'AWul hialik (A. H. 99, or A. D. 717-18). nuns of J ~ L L ~d . t C poeticd c i -
The yearn are reckoned from the death of tracts of the second book. He illurnina-
the Prophet, not from the Hijrah. For ted the S h y of Amir H a m m h , men-
furtber particulars regarding thie book, tioned on the next page.
ride Badhni, 11. p. 317. He wes a Chahdrpadi. P i tho
' " Bihzad wan a fsmous painter, who l i t of grandees, in the second book,
lived at the Court of Shih Isma'il i Qafa- No. 266.
 3. Daawant'h. H e is the son of a palkee-bearer. H e devoted his
whole life to the art, and used, from love to his profession, to draw and
paint figures even on w a h . One day the eye of Hie Majesty fell on him ;
his talent was diecovered, and he himself handed over to the Kh4jah. In
a short time he surpassed all painters, and became the first maater of the
age. Unfortunately the light of his talents was dimmed by the shadow of
madness ; he committed suicide. H e has left many master-pieces.
4. Badwan. In back grounding, drawing of featuree, distribution of
colours, portrait painting, and several other branch-, he is most excellent,
so much so, that many critic0 prefer him to Daawant'h.
The following paintem have likewise attained fame : K6s6, LB1,
Mukund, Mushkin, Farrukh the &alm6q ( C h u c k ) , MBdh6,' Jagan, Mohesh,
K9hi.mkaran, TBrs, 88r_lwlah, Haribaes, Rbm. I t would take me too long
to describe the excellencies of each. My intention is to pluck a flower
from every meadow, an ear h m every sheaf."
I have to notice that the observing of the figures of objects and the
making of likenesses of them, which are o b n looked upon aa an idle
occupation, are, for a well regulated mind, a source of wisdom, and an
antidote against the poison of ignorance. Bigoted followem of the letter of
the law are hostile to the art of painting ; but their eyes now see the truth.
One day at a private party of friends, His Majesty, who had conferred on
several the pleasure of drawing near him, remarked: " There are many
that hate painting ; but such men I dialike. I t appears to me as if a painter
had quite peculiar means of recognizing God ; for a painter in sketching
anything that has life, and in devising its limbs, one after the other, must
come to feel that he cannot bestow individuality upon his work, and is thue
forced to think of God, the Giver of life, and will thus increase in
knowledge."
The numbor of master-pieces of painting increased with the encourage-
ment given to the art. Persian boob, both prose and poetry, mere
ornamented with pictures, and a very large number of paintings was thue
collected. The Story of Zamzah was represented in twelve volumes, and
clever painters made the most astonishing illustrations for no loss than one
thousand and four hundred passages of the story. The Chingiznhah, the
Zafarnhah,' this book, the R.aPnnBmah, the Ram4yan, the Nal Daman,
the Kalilah Damnah, the 'Ayh Dbnish, &c., were all illustrated. His
Majesty himself sat for his likeness, and also ordered to have the likenesses
--

l Mentioned in the Madair i Bahimi ' A History of the H o w of Timiu,

( . 763) as in the nerviw of Abdurrahim by Sharafuddfn of Y R (died
~ 144.6).
$in K l h i n , A k l u ' s CO-udrr-in- Vide Morleg's Catalogue of Hintorid
Chief. MSS., p. 9k
taken of d the grandees of the realm. Au immense album was thue
formed : those that have paseed away, have received a new life, and those
who are still alive, have immortality promised them.
In the same manner, as painters are encouraged, employment is held
out to ornamental +ts, gdders, line-drawers, and pagers.
Many Mauiabdare, Ahmlis, and other soldiers, hold appointments in
this department. The pay of foot soldiers varies from 1200 to (j00 d h w .

A'PN 35.
THE ARSENAL.

i
The order of the Household, the efficiency of the Army, and the
.welfare of the country, are intimately connected with the state of this
department; hence His Majesty gives it every attention, and looks
m t i n i z i n g l y into its working order. H e introduces all sorb of n
methods, and studies their applicability to practical purposes. T h u a
plated armour was brought before His Majesty, and set up as a target ; but
no bullet was so powerful as to make an impression on it. A sufficient
number of such armours has been made so as to supply whole armies.
His Majesty also looks into the prices of such as are sold in the b&s.
All weapons for the use of His Majesty have names, and a proper rank
is aseigned to them. Thus there are thirty swords, (khcigah swords) one of
which i daily sent to His Maje~ty's sleeping apartmente. The old one is
returned, and handed over to the servants outside the Harem, who keep it
t;n its turn comes again.' Forty other swords are kept in readiness : they
m called k o t d aworde. When the number of khdral, swords (in consequence
of presents, h.) haa decreased to twelve, they supply new ones from the kotd
rnords. There are also twelve Yakbandt f?')', the turn of every one of
which recure after one waak. Of Jdmdlrara and hqhapwahu, there are forty of
each. Their turn recurs every week; and each haa thirty kt&, from
which deficiencies are supplied as before. Besides, eight knives, twenty
spe- and barchhau are required monthly. Of eighty-six Maehhadi bows,
BMdyan bows, and twenty-four others, are returned monthly. * ...
In the eame manner a rank is assigned to each.
Whenever His Majesty rides out, or at the time of the Bdr i ' d m , or
Levee, the som of the Amirs, and other Mansabdhs and Ahadh, carry the
Qw in their hands and on their shoulders, i. I?.,every four of them carry four

a I doubt the correctness of tho trans-

htion. The word yuk6undiis not in the
Dictionaries. I tence.
The text has an unintelligible sen-
 cl~~ivc.rs,fi~iirl,ons, foi~l*s ~ o r d s ,foilr s l ~ i ~ l d and s ; besides, they take lip
~ ~ . S , ~ISI'*,1)oiiltl.d iixos, yi!/d:i n-ar-clul,~, @ticks, 1,ullet I)o\\-s,
I ~ I I I I . ~sl)~':irs,
I , I 1 f ' i t t i l , I i l l y r r a 1 1 . Several pitcirx' uf cnnlels
u11t1 I I I ~ I ~:~rct
I * ~ Ii,adi~~l \\-it11n-c2al,onsand kel,t in reuclil~ess; arltl on tral-t~ls,
tl~l,?.ust: E;ic.trian I ~ ~ L I I kc'., I I : ~ f~i,~ that
r purl~osa. At Court rec:eptions tho
A l l ~ i r s:irld o t l l c ~~)cbl~l,le stt111d ol,l,ositt! tho Qur, ready for a n y r;en*ic,c~;
nlld 011 tllo I I I : L ~ It111.y . ~ I , fi,llow l , e l l i ~ ~it,i l n-ith t h e c~sc:eptionof a few who
urc IIC'iLr ITis lIi!jt>htV. I < l , ~ l ~ lin~ ifull ~ ~ ~trappings,
t~ cn~iic~ls,c,nrrit~ges,
n ; ~ ( l ~ ~ h r iflll;~l ~s s, tllc~
, k i i ~ ~ l < ; i l ~ i~iid
; ~ h ' iother
, I n l ~ ~ c r iinsignia,
al i~c.c.onipiir~y
the
(IIw, ~rllilue:lgcar ~~~ac.cl)c.;lrc.rs snl)c.riritcnd tlic nlarc.11, assistctl by ill(! Mir-
l ~ n l i l ~ s l ~hl i ~ I~unitilig
. csl~c~tlitions scvoral ssnift runncru .ire i n ~lttendnncs,
alltl i~ fc\v otllerd 111'0 ill (.~I:LI.~o of 1 1 ~ r n e ~ s e s .
I n ortlt:r to sllortcr~t l ~ utroul~lcof ~ n a l t i n grefercnccs, I filinll cnuxller:~tc
tho \vc;~l)o~is IION- in usc ill for111of a table, a n d give pictures of sollle of
t110111.

1. Swortls (slightly l,t.nt), .............. 4 R. to 15 ,Ihrhurcr.

2. K'hhntli~l~ (straight s\\-ortls), . . . . . . . . . . 1 to 10 R.
3. Crul)ti 'Aqi (a sn-ortl in ;L \\-alltil~gstick), 2 to 20 R.
4. J ; L I I I I ~
(;I' 1)roi~cl
~ L ~ d;~gg,ir),
V .......... 3 1:. to 2; AT[.
..........................
5 . Kliilr~jur, 4 to 5 B.
........................ B. to 1.4 ,If.
6. l i ' h ; i ~ ) \ v ; ~ I ~ ,
7. l<'hbk,. ....................... 4 B. to 1 : ;9r.
JLLII~
8. IIBck, ............................ 4 12. t o 1 N .
9. t l l ~ i ~ ~ ~........................
l~~i~h, ;3 R. to 1 31.
10. lilitiirt111, .......................... i h!. to 1 JI.
11. Kllr~ilikl\Iotyh, .....................
4 R.to 2 21.
11'. K I I I I I ~(1)on-s)
II ...................... a
11.to 3 N.
13. Tt~kllxlil<i111lhu, ....................
1 to -1 R.
1-1. T\'i\~llli, ............................
4. R. ti1 1 211.
15. :\rrow~,1)(v.h1t11110, .................. 4 to 30 A.
16. Quivers, ..........................
1 R.to 2 ill.
17. I?ii(Ji,. .............................
4 to 5 11.
18. Tirbnrdhr (Arrow drn\rcbrs),' ..........
4 to 2; d.
19. l'i1ik6likii~h(DO.), ..................
to 3 R.
20. Nl~izuh(a lallce), ....................
1 3 R. to G 3f.
21. U ~ ~ c l d i u h , ..........................
3 It. to 2 di.
2". Pi&, ..............................
) t o 13R.

Fire mmt.1~an. c:rlled n i!dr, in put on the backs of their mothem.

I .I . ~ ~ t l ~ $ If this spc.lling h correct, it is the
A strille of s o l ~ , r \ ~ is
titrl to tllt, tail of tllc fi.ont c1i111cl:rlld is s;1111r n.~the nest (90.19) ; but it may
~ ~ . : I \tllr011g11
\.II the IIOIC 1101t*sot' t11c1118xt In, lip i prrr,firr, ; ~ I I arrow wit11 a feather
hllind it, i~udso 011. Youllg caluels iue at thc Lottvlll of the ahaft, a k h d i m w .
 23. Saigt'hi,. ........................... f to 1 B-
24. f!&irah,. ........................... 10 d. to 8 R.
25. Gun (a war club,) .................. f to 5 R.
26. Shaahpar (do.), .................... + 3. to 3 M.
27. KBstan (P)' ........................ 1 to 3 R.
28. Tabar (a war axe), .................. f R. to 2 M.
29. PiyBzi (a club), .................... + to 5 R.
30. Z&hn61 (a pointed axe). .............. R. to 1 x.
31. Chakar-Basblah, .................... 1 to 6 R.
32. Tabar dghn61,. ..................... 1 to 4 B.
33. Taraqpllah, ........................ f to 2 R.
34. Kbrd (a knife) ...................... 2 d. to 1 M.
35. Qupti k M , ........................ 3 R. to 1 ) M.
36. &amchi W, ....................... 1 to 3 ) R.
37. Ch6qq6 (a clasp knife) ................ 2 d. to R. +
38. K a m h i Qur6hah (bullet bow) ........ 2 d. to 1 R.
39. Kamt'hah,. ......................... 5 d. to 3 B.
40. Tufak i d a h h (a tube ; Qerm. Bla~erohr) 10 d. to R. +
41. Pushtkh&,' ........................ 2 d. to 2 R.
42. ShaqtBwS,' ........................ 2 d. to 1 R.
43. Girihkushh ........................ 1 d. to f B.
44. Kh6r i Mbhi,. ....................... 1 to 5 B.
45. Q6bhan (a sling) .................... 1 ) d. to f B.
46. Oajbtig, ............................. 1 to 5 R.
47. Sipar (a shield), .................... 1 to 50 R.
48. DM, .............................. +R.to4M.
49. K'herah, .......................... 1 R. t o 4 N .
50. Pahri, ............................. 1 R. to 1 M.
51. UdBnah, .......................... +to5R.
52. Dubulghah, ........................ ) R. to 34 bl.
53. K'hbg'hi, .......................... 1 to 4 R.
54. ZirihKuhth, ........................ 1 to 5 B .
55. G'hAg'huwah, ...................... 1 R. to 2 X.
56. Jaibah,' ............................ 20 R. 30 bf.

This name is doubtful. The MSS. can hook unythi In Vullers' Ponian
ive all sorts of s Ilin . Vide my Dicty. 11. p. 426,?;read Mz forpanir (!I.
t e x t edition, p. 1 2 1 , E . ' K e Dictionaries ' This r o d is used in a general scnae,
give no information. an armotrr. It is either IlicrRkh, or a
* Vide Journal An. Society, Bengal, for corruption of the Arab. jtihbuh. The
1868, p. 61. fonu juibci is occasio~~allynet with ; but
A weapon resembling the followin . jnhah, as given by Vullers I, v. 608 a..
I b e word Shaptdwb, or more cor.ect& is wroug, and against the meire of' h&
s h t d e h , meane a thing by which yocl quotation.
 57. Zirih, .............................. 1p R. to 100 M .
58. Bagtar, ............................ 4 B. to 12 H.
59. Jlshan, ............................ 4 R. to 9 dl.
50. Chas #inah, ........................ 2 R. to 7 dl.
61. Kot'hi, ............................ 5Rto8M.
62. qfidiql, ............................ 3 R. to 8 M.
63. Angirk'hah, ........................ 13 B . t o 5 M.
64. Bhanj J, ............................ 3 B . to 2 M.
................
65. Chihrahzirih i f i a n i , 13 R. to 1 d%
66. Salhqabh .......................... 5 R. to 8 M.
67. Chihilqad, .......................... 5 to 25 h?.
68. I)astwhah,. ......................... 1* B . to 2 dl.
69. RBk,' .............................. 1 B.to 1 0 d l .
70. Kant'hah sobhti,?. .................. 1 to 10 B .
7 1 . M6zah i &mi. ...................... *to 1 0 B .
............................
72. ~ a j 6 . m ~ 50 to 300 R.
7 3 . Art& (the quilt) i Kajcm, ............ 4 B. to 7 M.
7 4 . Qsshqah,. ........................... 1B.to2+M.
7 5 . Qardani,' .......................... 1 B . to 1x.
7 6 . Matchlocks,. ......................... 4 B . to 1 M.
7 7 . 138n (rockets),........................ 28 to 4 R.

#I%' 36.
ON GUNS.
Guns are wonderful locks for protecating the august ed%ce of the
state; and befitting key^ for the door of conquest. With the exception
of Turkey, there is per hap^ no country which in its guns has more meane
of securing the government than this. There rue now-a-days guns made
of such a sizo that the ball neighs 12 maw; several elephants and a
thousand cattle are required to transport one. His Majesty looks upon the
care bestowed on the efficiexlcy of this branch as one of the higher objects
of a king, and therefore devotes to it much of his time. Dbbghaha and
clever clerk^ are appointed, to keep the whole in proper working order.
His Majesty has made several inventions, which have astonished the
whole world. He made a bwn which, on marches, can easily be taken to

According to some MSS, rd.q. ' A round shield-like plate of iron

The figure repmentu n long clprnr; attnched to the neck of the horse and
but the etymology, as also its position in hanging down so ae to protect the chest
the list of WenPonu, nhews that it m o ~be
t of the animal.
a part of the arulour, a neck-piece.
pieces, and properly put again together when required. By another
invention, His Majesty joins seventeen guns in such a manner as to be
able to h e them simultaneously with one match. Again, he made another
h d of gun, which can easily be carried by a single elephant ; such guns
have the name of Qajncils. Gum which a single man may carry, are called
Ilbm&h.
The imperial guns are carefully di?tributed over the whole kingdom,
and each Slibah has that kind which is fit for it. For the siege of fortrefiges
and for naval engagements, His Majesty haa separate guns made, which
m m p a n y his victorious armies on theu marches. I t is impossible to
count every gun; besides clever workmen make continually new ones,
especially Gajdle and NarndZa.
Amirs and Ahadis are on staff employ in this branch. The pay of the
foot varies from 100 to 400 d.

Am 37.
ON MATCHLOCKS, kc.
These are in particular favour with His Majesty, who stands unrivalled
in their manufacture, and as a markman. Matchlocks are now made SO
strong, that they do not burst, though let off when filled to the top. Formerly
they could not fU them to more than a quarter. Besides, they made them
with the hammer and the anvil by flattening pieoes of iron, and joining the
flattened edges of both side;. Some left them, from foresight, on one edge
open ; but numerous accidents were the result, especially in the former kind.
IIis Majesty has invented an excellent method of construction. They flatten
iron, and twist it round ohliquely in form of a roll, so that the folds get longer
at every twist ; then they join the folds, not edge to edge, but so as to allow
them to lie one over the other, and heat them gradually in the &e. They also
take cylindrical pieces of iron, and pierce them when hot with an iron pin.
Three o r four of such pieces make one gun ; or, in the case of smaller
ones, two. Gum are often made of a length of two yards; those of a
smaller kind are one and a quarter yards long, and go by the name of
fidd. The gunstocka are differently made. From the practical
howledge of Hia Majesty, guns are now made in such a manner that they
can be fired 0% without a match, by a slight movement of the cock. Bulleta
made, m as to cut like a sword. Through the assistance of the
inventive genius of His Majesty, there are now many masters to be found
among gunmakers ; e. g., Ustiid Kabir, and Husain.
h n , when heated, loses about one-half of ite volume.
15
 11-111.n 11 11;lrrc.l i n c o ~ n l ~ l c t tl~cdn ~ t h ~ ~ n 11c.forc ys, the trnnsvcrse 110t-
tc1111 l)i~*r.e,i y f i ~ rto ~ it,l tl~tfiy( ' I I ~ ~ I I V I '011 it thc: (111;lntityof its iron a n d the
I l .II:~ 11. 1 I of11 111,ingesl~rossi~cl ill I I I I I ~ I ~ ~ A ~ ; 1)nrrc.l
I ~ ~ . thus frir t i n i s h d , i s cnl11.d

I 111 t l ~ i - i~npcrfrbc:ttituto tllc~yaro S I ~ I to I ~ I I ~ hfajrsty,

R mltl tlolivere~l,
ill 11r111)ikrur11c.r~i ~ ttl ~ e I ~ I L ~ I 'to I I I\vhi('h
, 1)1:11'(~ tl~('yt l r I 1 illso brought for... . .'
At th~bs:lr,~t> t i ~ i ~ r ttllc!
, n.c.igllt of tl112112~11 is fixcall, x11t1the order is given for
tl1c1 t r i ~ ~ ~ s ~ s1~ctio11
~ ' r c ( :of thu 1i1iitc1~lo1.k. F o r long guns tho ~veig1:lltof n 1):ill
do~:s not caxcc>cd tn-1211ty-fivetrirlks, nrld for snlallc~ronc!s, fiftcon. But bnUa
of tllc f c ~ r ~ ~.c\-cipht ~ c r no orle 11ut IIis X I i i j ~ ~ t ywoulil ' dnro to fire. TVhon
thr: 1,arrels :1ro l)olislled, t1lt.y arc3 ngi~instint to the I I a r c ~ n nncl , prc.qervcd
in 11r111)11r or(1t'r. They nre nftcrn-tlrtls tnlrc~n out, nntl 1.111sc~l 113't11o vrllrr
of i s l i t I a t r ~ s r ts tI . I l i ~ v i 1l 1~ r~~put
n to a11 old
titor.l;, they aro fil11.d to orle-tlurd of' tho 1):~rrc.lwith 1)11adt?r,nlltl iirc\d off.
If 11o tcc,.tit~.i*.h-' t:ikes 111;1(.(',an111t111: t r i i ~ lin satihfilctory, they t ~ k othe
l ~ i l r r ~ ilgaiu
~ l s to H i s lIi~,i(*bty, V ~ ~ L I~I i v 1 . s
the? or111>r to fillis11 t11c 111011tl~1,ic.ra
f 1 l r l ilftchr this t11(~~ I I I iI n : ~ g : ~ i11l;~c.t.tl u on t110 stock, nntl s1~11jcc.tt.d
to n tri:lI. I f thr: 1,811 is>l~c~s in n cn~okc>tilint., t111) 1)arrc:l is hentcvl, n ~ l d
strrripl~tc~nc~cl I)? nlc:lns of 1~ rot1 introd~l(.c~~l i n t r ~it, :tn11, in the l)rc>st~n(.t,
; of IIis h r n j ~ - ~h;un111>11 t~, I I ~ I T to :I filer. 111.ii~lonlsthct ontsiclc' of tllc? hnrrc.1
i i n \.nric~ns n-nys, nr~i~c,rtling to ortlrrs, w-hc'n it is tnkcn to t h c nttrcm. Thr.
i n.oo(l nncl tllc shnpcx of tlut >to1.1<nro t1lc.11 tlr,tc?rmincd on. S(.reral t h i n g s
I
V n r o rn:u.l;cvl on cBvcbry~~~i~t(nhlo(ak, riz., tho xc.ig11t of the rnxr nnd t h e
nlnn~lfi~c.tl~rotl iron, t l ~ cforlllcr narks hcting non- rcmovcd; tho plnco
n-l~c~rc. tl~c,iron is t:~l;csn f r o ~:~tll ~ c\rorkni:~n; the 1,lnc.c ~ h ( tho ~ op111 is
I I t o its 1 1 1 r S~nic~tinies n-itllollt r c f e r e ~ ~to~ oa p r o p c r
or~lpr,onc of t11t. 11nfinih111~d l)ilITcl~is selrc:tutl, and romploted nt EIis
3i;ljr.sty's c-ornmnnrl. I t is th1.n rrltorctl in nnothcr p1nc:o ; tho t r a r ~ s r c r s e
F,ottonl 1)icci. is fiscsd ; and tho ortlrr is givcan to 1n:11<11tho coc.k, tho mmrod,
thta l,r/ly,t:," + r . An soon ns nU tl~c>so things I1:lrc) ~I(Y,II co~nplctrd, a n e w
trittl is 11rt1crc.d; n11d w11c11 it s ~ ~ c , ~ ~ ct ~h tryt l send s, in the gun, c~nddeliver
it a tllird ti~nt!nt thc. T I : I ~ ~ I I II n. this st:~tc!tho g u n is (~:~lltld ~ d d ( t h(plain).
Five 11ullt:ts :irc sent nlong wit11 it. Ris Af:~jrrtp,nftcr trying it in t h e m a n n e r
al)ovc! t l r ~ s ~ ~ ~ . ireturnsl ~ r t l , it ~ i t hthe ffth hullrt. Thn order for the colonr
of t h e 11:1rrrl nnil t h e stork it; now pivon ; onc of tho nine kind8 of colouu
in st.lec~tot1for t11c stock. Cmix nlso cliffihr in the qunntity of inlaid gold

Tlic text hns nn rmintelligihlc word ; Tnr(izri8h Inennu a trirK?in.p; the

tllr ivz,.irr,,lra lr,r.tionr.~arc ~n;cl.krtlon particular meaning wl~ichit here has, is
p. 1.25 nl' lny tr,xt cditif~>Note (13). urlclmr and not pivcn ill the Dictionaries.
Tllc B:~n:ir:~s ITS. Iia?; &j. The word P n m n z , or P ~ r q n : , mav mean the
nl)lx3:tm to br R fol.cizn t ~ ~ r n l . groove into which the ramrod is put, or
' Alihar wns rc~niinkzl~lefir Imdily tl~rramroditsrlf. Tlle word in not in the
strength. ride W z u k i Jnhirngiri, p. 16. Di(-ts.,and appears to be unknown at the
prevcnt day.
and enamel ;the oolour of the barrel is uniform. A gun thus far complctt~d
is called rmyin (coloured). I t is now, as hefore, handed over together with
five bulleta; His Majesty makes four trials, and returns it with the lmt
ball. When tan of such guns are ready, His Majesty orders to inlay t11e
mouth of the barrel and the butt end with gold. They are then again sent
for trial into the Harem, and whenever ten nre quite complete, they
are handed over to the Blavea.

38.
T H E MANNER OF CLEANING GUNS.
Formerly a strong msn had to work a long time with iron instruments,
in order to clean matchlo&. His Majesty, from his practical knowledge,
has invented a wheel, by the motion of which sixteen barrels may be
detlned in a very short time. The wheel is turned by a cow. The plate
m
d best ahew what sort of a machine it is.

m 39.
. THE RANKS OF T H E GUNS.
The Imperial Arsenal contains manufactured, purchased, and pecrentad,
guns. Each of them is either long, or a b t ;and these are again subdivided
into a$&h (plain), rangin, (coloured), and kojtkdr (hammered) guns. His
M R ~ chas A selected
~~ out of suveral thousand guns, one hundred and five as
wd, i.s., for his ~peeialuse. Firet, twelve in honour of the twelve months ;
each of them is brought back in its turn after eleven monthe. Swmdly,
thirty for every week ; nfter every seven days one goes out, and another is
Lrtrught. Thirdly, thirty-two for the solar days ; one for every day. Fourthly,
thirty-one k o t d . Sometimes there are only twenty-eight. Whenever some of
the fonner guns have been given away, kotak are brought, to supply their
places. The order of precedence is as follows : the guns for the month ;
the week ; days ; kotala ; plain; coloured; koftkir, not handed over to
the slsvee; ko*, handed over to the slaves ; long ones, selected h m
g i P M preeonta, or from such aa were bought; Darnhnaka, selected from
pkd&& or from bought ones ; such as have been chosen from selections '

of both. The one hundred and five k h d ~ d guns are divided into aeven
parb ; every &n form a kiaM, or guard, and are always kept ready by the
alrives. On Sundays, two are taken from the fist ; four from the second ;
fire from the third ; four from the fourth. This order is also followed on
Mondaya, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays. On Thursdays, two are again taken
6um tho first, aud four from the s m n d ; POW f i . 0 ~the third ; five from
the fourth. On Fridays, one is taken from the first ; flve h m the second ;
four h m the third ; five from the fourth. 80 also for Saturdays. In
order to supply the places of such khdqali guns aa have been given away, five
other claeaes have been determined on : half k o t . , fonrteen ; quart.cn kotsls,
-

seven ;one-eighth kotals, four; one-&teenth kotab, two ; one-thirty second

kotals, one. When kotal guns are given away, they bring half kotds ;
similarly,the place of a gun, when given away, ie taken by the next ; and the
place of the last is supplied by one selected from such as have been bought.
One hundred and one guns are continually kept in the Harem. Their
order is as follows. On the first day of every solar month eleven guns are
handed over to the servanta of the Harem, one of each of the guns for the
months, the weeks, the days, the kotals, the plain ones, the wloured ones, the
koftkir not in charge of the slaves, the koftkk in their charge, the selected
long ones, the selected Damdnake, the chosen ones of the selected ones. On the
second day only the guns of the months (i.s., ten) are handed over in the
same order. For ten days an equal number is sent to the Harem.
His Majesty practises often. When he hae tried each gun, he commences
from the beginning ; and when each gun has been used four timea, it
is sent away and replaced by a new one of each kind. If guns have been
left unused at the beginning of a new month, they are placed last, and the
gum for the current month are put first.
An order has also been given to the writers to write down the game
killed by His Majesty with the particulars of the guns used. Thus it was
found that with the gun, which has the name of Sangrdm, one thoueand
and nineteen anixnals have been killed. This gun is the first of His
Majesty's private guns, and is used during the F m w d i n month of the
presont era.

ON T H E PAY O F T H E MATCHLOCK BEARERS.

The pay of a iUirdakh1 is of four grades, 300 d b , 280 d., 270 d., 260 d.
The pay of the othew is of five grades. Each grade is again subdivided into
three c h e s . FTratgrd, 250 d., 240 d., 230 d. Smmd pads, 220 d., 210 d.,
200d. Thirdgradc, 190 d., 180., d., 170d. F w t h pd, 160 d., 150 d.,
140 d. Futh grada, 130 d., 120 d., 110 d.

A man placed over ten. The rank differs in w e , and signifies a man in
of the MinZuhah appears to have been command of ten. The rank of a D&bL
the only nvn-commissioned rank in the shi was the lowest Man~abdbrmnk ( n i b
M o p h i e n . The lowest commisri~d the second book). Mirdahah is also
ran was that ofa Dahbhhi, which word, wed in the sense of a servant who hoke
thoughof the same etymologicalmeaning, ctfl'er tan Rorcer.
 #l'N 41.
THE W E R I A L ELEPHANT STABLES.
This wonderful animal is in bulk and strength like a mountain ; and in
murage and ferocity like a lion. I t adds materially to the pomp of a king
and to the success of a conqueror ; and is of the greatest use for the army.
Experienced men of Hindustan put the value of a good elephant equal to
fivehundred horse ; and they believe, that when guided by a few bold men
m e d with matchlocks, such an elephant alone is worth double that
number. I n vehemence on one side, and submissiveness to the reins on
the other, the elephant is like an Arab, whilst in point of obedience and
attentiveness to even the slightest signs, it resembles an intelligent human
being. I n restiveness when full-blooded, and in vindictiveness, it surpasses
man. An elephant never hurts the female, though she be the cause of his
captirity; henever will fight with young elephants, nor does he thillg it
proper to punish them. From a sense of gratitude, he does his keepers no
harm, nor will he throw dust over his body, when he is mountecl, though he
often does eo a t other times. Once an elephant, during the rutting season,
was fighting with another. When he was in the height of excitement, a
d elephnnt came in his way : he kindly lifted up the small one e t h his
trunk, ~ e him
t aside, and then renewed the combat. If a male elephant
breaks loose during the rutting season, in order to have his own way, few
people have the courage to approach him ; and some bold and experienced
man will hare to get on a female elephant, and try to get near him and tie a
rope round his foot. Female elephants, when mourning the loss of a young
one, d l often abstain from food and drink ; they sometimes even die from
grief.
The elephant can be taught various feats. H e learns to remember
wch melodies as can only be remembered by people acquainted with niusic ;
he will more his limbs, to keep time, and exhibit his skill in various ways.
Be w i l l shoot off an arrow from a bow, discharge a matchlock, and will
learn to pick u p things that have been dropped, and hand them over to the
keeper. Sometimes they get grain to eat wrapped up in hay ; this they hide
in the side of their mouth, and give it back to the keeper, when they are
alone with him.
The teata of a female elephant, and the womb, resemble those of
roman. The tongue is round like that of a parrot. The testicles are not
rieible. Elephants frequently with their trunks take water out of their
he, and sprinkle themselves with it. Such water has no offensive
Imell. They also take out of their stomach grsss on the second day, without
i14 having undergone any change.
 The prico of an elophant varies from a lakl to one hundred rupees ;
olophanta worth five thousand, and ten thousand rupees, are pretty common.
There are four kinds of elephants. 1. Bhiihr. I t is well proportioned,
has an erect head, a broad chest, large ears, a long tail, and is bold, and can
bear fatigue. They take out of hie forehead an excrescence resembling a
large pearl, which they call in Hindi Gaj manik.' Many properties are
ascribed to it. 2. dfand. I t is black, has yellow eyes, a uniformly sized
belly, a long penis, and is wild and ungovernable. 3. blirg. I t has a
whitish skin, with black spots ; the colour of its eyes ia a mixture of red,
yollow, black, and w&te. 4. Hir. I t has a small head, and obeys readily.
I t gets frightened, when it thunders.
From a mixture of these four kinds are formed others of different
names and properties. The colour of the skin of elephants is threefold:
white, black, grey. Again, according to the threefold division of the
dispositions assigned by the Hindus to the mind, namely, eat benevolence,
raj love of sensual enjoyment, and tam irawibility, which shall be further
explained below,' elephants are divided into three classes. Firet, such in
which eat predominates. They are well proportioned, good looking, eat
moderately, are very submissive, do not care for intercourse with the female,
and live to a very old age. Secondly, such in whose disposition raj prevails.
They are savage looking, and proud, bold, ungovernable, and vorauioua
h t l y , such as are full of tam. They are self-willed, destructive, and given
to sleep and voraciousness.
The time of gestation of the female is generally eighteen' lunar months,
For three months thofluidu germinalia intermix in the womb of tho female ;
when agitated, the mass looks like quicksilver. Towarb tho W month
the j t ~ i d asettle, and get gelatinous. In the seventh month, they get more
solid, and draw to perfection towards the ninth month. I n the eleventh, the
outline of a body is visible ; and in the twelfth, the veins, bones, hoofs, and

' During the rei s of Akbar'a succes- wi~hto have the time of estation of the
sor, the price of a we~traintdwar elrphmt female elephant correct1 fetemind. It
m e much higher. Tide Tuzuk i JahBn- is now certain that a &male birth takes
giri, . 108. At the time of Shkhjirhbn, place after sixteen, and a male birth after
the R t white elephant waa bmuglit nineteen months [the emperor means
from YBgli, Pddishdhnamah, I. . 267. evidently solur months] ; and the procMle
This excrcscence is ako call2 Guj- is different from what it is with man, the
mti, or elephants' pearl. F o r b has, fetus being born with the feet foremost.
a so (f jmanih, and the Dalil i Sdti, Aftergivingbirth, the fumale at oncecovers
+fgaj mti~). the youn one with earth and dwt, and
1 In the fourth book of this work. continudy cnrwes it, whilst the louog
The time is differently given. The one sinka down every moment t r y l n ~to
emperor JahLn@ says in his Memoira reach the teats of the mother." F-Je
( . 130) :-During this month, n femde Lt. Johnstone's remnrka on the same
erephantin my atablea ve birth ~ubject,in the Proceeding of the Asiatic
y O W e m . I had o g n e x p d the Soc~etyof Bengal for May, 1868.
hairs, make their appearance. In the thirteenth month,, the genitalin become
rlintinguishable, and in the fifteenth, the process of quickening commences
If the fomale, during gestation, gets stronger, the foetus is sure to be a
msle ; but if she gets weak, it is the sign of a female. During the sixteenth
month, the formation' becomes still more perfect, and the life of the foetus
becomes quite distinct. In the seventeenth month, there is every chance' of
a premature birth, on account of the efforta made by the fatus to move,
till, in the eighteenth month, the young one is born.
According to others, the sperm gets solid in the first month ; the
qm, ears, the nose, mouth, and tongue, are formed in the second ; in the
third month, the limbs make their appearance; in the fourth month,
the foetue grows and gets strong ; in the fifth, it commences to quicken ;
in the sixth, it gets sense, which appears more marked during the seventh
month ;in the eighth, there is some chance of a miscarriage ;during the ninth,
tenth, and eleventh months, the foetus grows, and is born during the twelfth. I t
w i l l he a male young one, if the greater part of the sperm came from the male ;
and it will be a female young one, if the reverse i the case. I f the sperm of
both the male and female i equal in quantity, the young one will bo a h e m -
aphndite. The male fmtus lies towards the right side ; the female towards
the left ; a hermaphrodite in the middle.
. Female elephants have often for twelve days a red discharge, after
which gestation commences. During that period, they look startled, sprinkle
themselves with water and earth, keep ears and tail upwards, and go rarely
away from the male. They will rub themselves against the male, bend their
heads below his tusks, smell at his urine and dung, and cannot bear to see
another female near him. Sometimes, however, a female shews aversion
ir~ intercourse with the male, and must be forced to copulate, when other
p a l e elephants, at hearing her noise, will come to her rescue.
In former times, people did not breed elephants, and thought it unlucky ;
by the command of His Majesty, they now breed a very superior class of ele-
pbnte, which has romored the old prejudice in the minds of men. A female
elephant h m generally one young one, but sometimes two. For five years tho
yrmng ones content themselves with the milk of the mother; after that period
they commence to eat herbs. In this state they are called bdl. When ten
years old, they are named pCt ; when twenty years old, bikka ; when thirty
yearsold, kalhlr. In fact the animal changes appearance every year, and then
gets a new name. When sixty yeam old, the elephant is full grown. The
rknll then looks like two halves of a ball, whilst the ears look like winnowing

' The rnrda of the text are ambiguous.

m y a h mean : h thekieuentomth I month, tho effort of the fcptna to move
C 8 U m the female to .ink d o n .
 fans.' ' \ l l ~ i t crycs nlisrcl m-it11 yollon-, l~lnck,ant1 rctl, nro looked upon ns n
sign of c ~ s t ~ c ~ l l o ~T~ IcIcI.fi~rc.l~c>i~tl
~ nlust 1~1% tlnt without swcbllings or \vrinklt~s.
TIII: t r ~ n l kis tllc. llos~!of tlllb nllilll:l1, llnd is so 1011:: ns to tollt.ll t h e jin~und.
1Vitl1 it, it ttlkcs 111) tl~c:fond i~ntlpr~t.;it i11t11 tlica niouth; si~iiilnrly,it sucks up
\vntckr nit11 it, rind then thrn\r-s it illto tlic. stonulc.11. 'It has eighteen teeth;
sistcvln of tllc,ni nrr insi~lc~ the. n i ~ ~ u teight
l ~ , :il)ovo nncl right below, and t n o
RPO t h t~~ ~ soutsid('.
ks Tllc 1:ittcr arc ouo an111~norc:yards long, rounid, shining,
vary strong, n-hitr, or son~r*tillic~s rcitltlisl~,and straight, the end slightly bent
ul~\rards. Solno rl(~1111:mts11:1vct four tuslrs. \VitIl n viow to ~~sctfulness as
i11.io to ornmncxrit, tlicly cat ofl' ill(, to11 of thc tnslrs. \r-liicli grow :igriin. With
so~iic:clcl~linntst111.y Ilarc! to 1.11tthc t11.4ksnr~nr~;illy : n-itll others after tryo nr
tllrc!cb yc*:~rs ; luit they 1111not lilio to c ~ t11c.nit \-ihi~nn11clcph;int is tun and eigl~ty
yoi~rsold. A n el1~11111int is l ~ ~ f i 8 1\v11(~11
. t it is (aigllt ( ~ I I Slligl~,
~ nine daat ltlng,
nntl tc.11n'lrst r o u n ~ thca
l 111811y,ant1 111oligtl~c:11;lc.l~.A g i ~ i l ~nint? , li1n11s o~igilt
to touc.11 tho gromld, nnnicsly, thc~ftirc! ftac-t,the I~illdf i ~ ~t110 t , trunk, t h e tnsks,
tl~c! l ~ e ~ ~tho i s , tuil. '\\-hito s11ots 011 t l ~ o1 i ~ r t ~ I i 1211'0~ i ~ dc o l ~ s i i l ~ r e11i(.liy,
d
\vl~ilzt11t11ic.k nvck is lot11i1~11 ul)on as a ~ i g nof Leauty. Long hairs
011 nrltl nlbo~lttllc cBarx11oi11t to gootl origin.
~ o n l t :csl(.l~lluntsr u t in \~illtl:r, holllo i n humnlcr, fionio i n t h e raius.
T11c.y arc? tl1~11very ficr(~t~, t l i ~ yI)ILUdo1r.11 11011~~5, t l w ~ \ v(lo!\-n st1)11ewi&,
ant1 \\-ill lift u p wit11 their t r u l l l i ~it horso arid nlitl its ridcr. B u t elephunts

\Vllrn tl~cly are hot, a 1)lac.kish clisc.liarge csutles from the soft parts
c ~ s , llas a moat off'cnsive smell ; i t is
b c t ~ c c ntho ear8 and tllu t ( ~ ~ u l ~ l\vlicl1
bon~utimes ~vliitiah,111ist.d nit11 red. T l ~ e ysay that eIephants have h e l v e
likowiso discliargo the off'ensivo fluid. The
holes in tllosc soft l ~ a r t s~vllic.ll
,
disc*liargois nl~~uutlr~nt i n lively animills, b u t triclilcs drop by drop in slow
ones. As soon ns t l ~ udiscllarge btops, tho elepllant gets fierce and loolis
g r a n d ; i n this stato h e gets tllc liarno of Iligti or Snrluoi. W h e n t h e
nbuvo disc~l~argo esu(1es fi-on1 a plncc a little I ~ i g l ~ ethan r tile boft parts be-
t ~ n w nthe oars and the t e n i ~ ~ l ~tht)
a s , c d e ~ ~ h i ~isnca;~llcd
t cV~tytitEhcil; and when
the fluid trivldcs from d thrcu l)liice?i, Xlg(;r. \vllen h ~ t ,elephants
got ilttucl~ed to pnrticlllrlr living crcirtures, as men, or horses ; b u t soxlle
elcpliants to any a n i ~ n i ~ l So. zit lcnst c~ccordingto Hinclu books.
Tho ,!?hrr(ldrtr ruts in Libra nlltl S(.orl~io ; tho J h ~ t ~ind ~ p r i n g; the Birg
i n Capricorn and Sirgittilrills ; the dlir i n any season. FJephant drivers

Ghallcrh oJ~hd~t.This word, thougli nicnt wit11 110thhands, they throw up the
common, is not in our dictionarirh. It xrain, till tlic I I I I ~ atones,
~ R , nnd all other
is a fl:~t11ict.e of wicker work, fro111 onc ~.clilhc,c01I~ctne:Lr the sido which iu not
to two fi.1.t sqonrr. Tllrcc hitley ul' the u~~w:wdh,
Itc811t wl11~11tllr ref'ufieis removed
hqu:tre are sligl~tlybent r~p\v:crtl.;. Tlic,~. with tilt, 11:nld. We use sieves for such
put gritin on it, and xeizing tho ilistru- purposes.
havo a drug which causes an artificial hoat ; but it ofton endangore the life
of tho be&. The noiso of battlo makea Bomo superior elephants just as
&ma as at the rutting sesson ; even a suddon start may havo such an effoct.
Thne El3 Ahjeety's elephant Qajrnuktah ;he gets brisk, aa soon aa ho hears
the eonnd of tho Imperial drum, and gets the above mentionod discharge.
!t%hpeculiar heat generally makes its firet appearance, when elephants have
reached the ago of thirty ; sometimes, however, earlier, a t an age of twenty-
five. h e t i m e s the heat lasts for years, and Bome of tho Imperial
elephanta have continued for five yeam in an uninterrupted alacrity. But i t
is moetly male elephanta that get hot. They then commence to throw up
earth, and run &r a female, or roll about in mud, and daub themeelves
all over with dirt. When hot, they are very irritable, and yawn a groat
d 4 though they sleep but little. At laat, they even diecontinuo eating, and
dislike the foot-chain ; they try to get loom, and behave noisily.
The elephant, like man, lives to an ago of one hundred and twonty
Yet"=
Tho Hindi langungo haa aeveral worda for an elephant, as h t l , gaj,
pU, a'&, Bc. Under the hands of an experioncod keeper, it will much
improve, ao that its value, in a short time, may rieo hom one hundred to tun
t h o d NPeeS.
The Hindus believe that tho eight points of the oarth aro each gusr&d
by a heavenly being in the ahape of an elephant ; they have curious legends
r c g d n g thom. Their names are as follows : 1. Awdwatcs, in the EaYt ; 2.
Z ~ 60uth-eaat
~ ; 3. Bcimn,
, 0011th; 4. Kumada, 0011th-west ; 5. Anjlcn,
Weat ; 6. Fbhpuknta, North-wost ; 7. 8&rhhabhGn~,North ; 8. Supatika,
North-emt. When occasions arise, people read incantations in their names,
and address them in worship. They a h think that every elephant in tho
world is tho offspring of one of them. Thus, elephants of a whito skill
and white hnirs are related to the first ; elephants with a large head, and
long hairs, of a fierce and bold temper, and eyelids far apart, belong to thc
etnund ; such ae nre ... .I, good looking, black, and high in the back, cue tho
offilving of the third ; if tall, ungovernable, quick in understanding, short-
b i r d , and with red and black eyes, they come from the fourth ; if bright
Ili~ck,with one tusk longor than tho other, with a whito broaat and belly,
and long and thick fore-feet, from tho fifth ; if fearful, with prominent
-

veins, with a ehort hump and e m , and a long trunk, from tho sixth ; if
t h i n - W e d , red-oyd, and with a long trunk, Gom the,seventh ; and if of a
w~illinationof the p d n g eoven qualitius, from tho eighth.

' The M W . rvean u~li~itrlligiMa

muni. l'erhapu k h u s h u n ~ ,gnwful, ire
I the correct rwdiug.

16
 The Hindus nluo make the following division into eight classas. 1. E l e
phants whom skin is not wrinkled,who are never sick, who are grand lookiug,
do not run away from the battle-field, dislike meat, and prefer clean food at pro-
POT times, are said to be Dkw m i d j (of a divine temper). 2. Such as powas
all the good qualities of elephants, and are quick in learning, moving a b u t
tho head, ears, trunk, forelegs, hind legs, and the tail, and do no one h m ,
except they be ordered to do so, are Gandhurba nrridj (angelic). 3. If
irritable, of good appetite, fond of being in water, they are Barharnan miedj
(of a brahminicnl temper). 4. Such as are very strong, in p o d ~ ~ n d i t i o n ,
fond of fighting, ungovernable, are said to have the temper of a Khtrl, or
warrior. 5. Those which aro of a low stature, and forgetful, self-willed in
their own work, and neglectful in that of their master, fond of unclean food,
and spiteful towards other elephants, are Shdra nkdj. 6. Elephants which,
remain hot for a long time, and are fond of playing tricka, or destructive,
- - -

and lose the way, have the tempor of a serpent. 7. Such as squint, and
are slow to learn, or feign to be hot, have the temper of a PUMcha
(spectre). 8. Thoso which are violent, swift, and do men harm, and are
fond of running about at night, have the qualities of a R a ' c k (demon).
The LZindus have d t t e n many books in explanation of these various
tompera, as also many treatises on the di~easesof the elephants, their causes
and proper remefius.
Elophanta are chicfly fmnd in the Sribah of dgrah, in the forests of
BayBwh and N m a r l , as fus as Uadr ; in the SCbah of nsh6b.bb (mahabad),
in tho co~lfinesof I'attah ( P ) , and G'hoAglhit, and Ratanpcr, Nandanph,
Sargaclh, and Bustar; and in tho Si~bahof MBlwah, near Handiyah,
UcU~od,Chandcri, Snntwfrs, BijBgarh, RBisin, Hoshang&b&d, Gaph, H a ~ b -
gadh ; in the Si~bnhof UahL, in the neigh1)ourhood of RahMs and C%h
Ii'hu~ld; and ill tho Slibah of Belgal, in Oritid, and Sitgzigw (Hrigli). The
~ l e p l i u of
t ~Pattall (7) are the best.
A herd of elrphailts is called in IIindi aahn. They vary in number ;
sometimes a herd amounts to a thousand elt~phnntq.Wild elephants tire very
cautious. ln winter and summer, they seloct a propnr place, and break do-

Narmnr, whrrc AGnl Fnzl wns subse- ant1 2%"(GwQliLr). For Uchhod (J*I)
quently rnunllr.~c.d nt tile instix:.:ttionof the third book ~ U RUvchhod (b*>l)-
I ' r i ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~(.l:.:dtArlgir),I~o~~g.
S;~li~~i 7i05#,Lat. Tllr Fort of h h & , the scene of' Sher
25O :39' ; G ' I I O ~ ( ; ! ~llcn:ir
' ~ & /I-) i r t : ~ ~ ~ ~ ] ~ o r eF11Ah'*
. first exploit, lies Loug. MO,Lat.
Long. S!lo I'i', Litt. 25'. 12' ; R(t((rttpiir 2 b0 :W'. Tlie name Patlah is
(Al,lil E'.~zlr\.irlc~~tly Itlca:lnrctlw onc soutl~- donl~ttiil, each MY. having a direrent
v w t ut' S:i~.~ilvhh) I ~ . Lnt. *Lo 111.1;
I A O IXdO, rc:~(lill<.
&11:7uchX, Luug. 8:1O X', Lilt. 23O S f ; Wild rlepll:~ntclhave now-a-days dja-
U~rst,o.,Lull:.. 81° :IS', Ifit. l!jO 15'. The app(~.~n~CIin 11ear1yall the p h rnatj,,&
towns ti on^ Ilan~li,v:~h to Harykpili~lie
dl letwecu Loug.iGOa d 7'JO,u d Lrt.21" by Abull'd.
 a whole f o m t near their sleeping place. For the sake of ploasurn, or for
food and drink, they often travel over great distances. On the journey one
runs far in front of the others, like a sentinel ; a young femalo is goiicrally
selected for this purpose. When they go to sleep, they send out to tlie
four sides of the sleeping place pickete of four female elephants, which
relieve each other.
Elephants will lift up their young ones, for three or four days after
their birth, with their trunks, and put them on their backs, or lay them over
their t u s h . They also prepare medicines for the females when they aro
sick or in labour pains, and crowd round about them. When some of tholn
get caught, the female elopliants break through the nets, and pull down tlle
elephant-drivers. And when a young elephant falls into a snaro, they hide
themselves in an ambush, go at night to tho place where the young 0x10 is,
set i t a t liberty, and trample the hunters to death. Somotilvos its mother ,

slowly approaches alone, and frees it in some clever way. I havo hoard the
following story h m His Majesty.-" Once a wild young one had f d o n into
a pit. As night had approached, we did not care to pull it out immediately,
and lefi it; but when we came next morning near the place, we saw that
eome wild elephants had filled the pit with broken logs and gmss, and thus
pulled out the young one." Again, " Once a female elophant played us a trick.
&he feigned to be dead. TVe passed her, and went onwards ; but when at
night we returned, we saw no trace left of her."
Thew wae once an elephant in the Imperial stables, named Ayh. For
eome reason, it had got offended with the driver, and was for ever watch-
ing for an opportunity. Once at night, it found him d e e p . I t got hold
of a long piece of wood, managed to pull off with it the man's turban, seized
him by his hair, and tore .him asunder.
Many examples me on record of the extraordinary cleverness of
elephants ; in some cases it is difficult to believe them.
Kings have always shewn a great predilection for this animal, and done
eyer- thing in their power to collect a large number. Elephant-keepers
are much wteemod, and a proper rank is assigned to such as have a spocial
howledge of the animal. Wicked, low men see in an elephant a nicans of law-
leswess ; and unprincipled evildoers, with the help of this animal, carry on
their nefarious trade. Henco kings of former timos never sumeded in
suppressing the rebellious, und wero thus disappointed in their bust intentions.
But His Majesty, though ovemhohed with other important matters, has
been able, tlrough Cfucl's assistance and his numerous cblephants, to check
those low but hal~glitynl(%n; ho tc.nclles them to desire submiwion, and
beatowo upon the~u,by wise laws, tlio blossinga of peuco.
Yajeaty d i v i d d tho b p u r i d elephants into sections, which he
 were also doclarod
put in rhnrgtl of htlnust Dhogl~nlls. fitrtui~~c\lcl~l~antr;
kitciph, i. e., nppointcd for tho oxcluaive m e of His Majosty.

A M 42.
T H E CLASSIFICATION OF THE IMPERIAL ELEPHANTS-
His Majesty made a aoven-fold division, based upon experienco ;
1.niaYt (Cull blood) ; 2. Shmgir (tiger-seizing) ; 3. Sddah (plain) ; 4. Manj'holah
(middlelnost) ; 5. Earha; 6. P'handurkiyn ; 7. dlokal. The first class
coluprisos young elephants, poesessed of the peculiar heat which renders
the animal so strong. The second class contains likewise young ones, which
once or twice have given signs of perfection, and exhibit an uninterrupted
alacrity. The third class comprehends useful elephants, which are nearly as
good as the preceding. The fourth clam contains elephants of a somewhat
inferio~value. Those of the fifth class are younger than those of the fourth.
Tho elephants of the sixth class are smaller than those of tho fifth. The last
cltrstl contains all young ones still unfit for use.
Each clue is divided into throo subdivisions, viz., Inrge sized, mkidh,
young onos ; the last celass contains ten kinds. A certain quantity of food
hm buuu fixed for oach clastl.

Am 43.
T B E FOOD ALLOWEL) TO T H E ELEPHANTS.
of the elephants wm nover attended to ;
Formerly the cl[~8~ifictrtion
henco in feeding them a largo quantity of the stores was wasted. But whon
His Majesty, soon after lifting the veil,' commenced to care for tho happixlese
of his subjects, this matter was properly inquired to, and wise regulations
wore iesued for guidance. 1. dlast ebaplmta. Large onee get daily 2 mum
24 sere ; middle-sized, 2 m. 19 8 . ; small ones, 2 rn. 14 8 . 2. Shurgka. Largo
onos, 2 m. 9 8 . ; middle-sized onee, 2 m. 4 a. ; small ones, 1 m. 39 a.
3. Shahhe. Large ones, 1 m. 34 8 . ; middle-sized ones, 1 m. 29 a. ;small onesi
1 gtc. 24 a. 4. Mmjhhha. Large ones, 1 m. 22 a. ; middle-sized ones, 1 m.
ao 8. ; small ones, 1 m. 18 a. 5. h - ~ hLarge . onus, 1 m. 14 8 . ; middle-
sized onee, 1 m. 9 a. ;small ones, 1 nh. 4 8. 6. Phandurkiyaa. Large ones, 1 m. ;
middle-sized ones, 36 8. ; 8 m d ones, 32 8. 7. Mokda. Large ones, 26 a. ;
middlo-sized ones, 24s; third c h , 22 a. ; fourth class, 20 a. ; fifthclaas,

Tho auoo pl~naa a, on p. 13, 1. 12.

It rders k, the yciu 1660, when B i x h
1 fell ill disgrace, snd Aklu uauved tho
r e h of the govoruxucut.
 18 a. ;sixth clam, 16 a. ; sovonth class, 14 a. ; eighth c l w , 12 8. ; ninth c l m ~ ,
10 a. ;tenth h, 8 r.
Femnlo elephanta have been divided into four claws, vis., large onoa,
middleaized ones, m a l l ones, Mokals. The first two classes axe divided
into three; the third, into four; the fourth, into nine subdivisions.
1. Lurgs m a . Big, 1 m. 22 a. ; middling, 1 m. 18 a. ; small onos, 1 m. 14 a .
2. Mi&-uid M. Big, 1 m. 10 a. ; middling, lm. 68. ;small, lm. 28. 3. Small
o w . Big, 37 r. ;middling, 32 a. ;mall, 27 a. ; still m d e r , 24 a. 4. .&oknZu.
First class, 22 r. ;second, 20 a. ; third, 18 a. ; fourth, 16 r. ; fifth, 14 t. ; aixth,
12 8 . ;seventh, 10 a. ; eighth, 8 8 . ; ninth, 6 a.

m 44.
TIIE SERVANTS OF TEE ELEPHANT STABLES.
1. f i t olephanta. Thero are five and a half' servanta for each; mi.,
w,n Xuhdwat, who sits on the nock of the animal and directa ita movements.
He must be acquainted with ita gnod and bad properties, and thus contribute
b its usefulness. H e gets 200 d d m a per month ; but if the elephant be
Y&dar, i.s., wickod and addicted to pullillg down the driver, he gets
420 d. S s e o d y , a Bhi, who sits behind, upon the rump of the elephant, and
assists in battle and in q ~ c k e n i n gthe speed of the animal ; but he often
porforme the duties of the diahbwat. His monthly pay is 110 d. Thirdly,
tho WAa,of whom there are threo and one-half, or only throe in case of
d elephants. A met'h fetches fodder, and assists in ca~)arisoningtho
elephant. Met'hs of all claeees get on the march four d i h a daily, and at othor
times, three and a half.
2. For every S h g i r , there are five sorvante, vk., a Mahhwat, a t 180 d. ;
a Bhoi, at 103 d. ;and t h o Met'hs as before.
3. For e v e q Sddah, thore are four and a half servants, viz., a MahSwat,
at 160 d., a Bhoi at 90 d.; and two and a half Mot'hs.
4. For every Manjhokrh, there are four servants ; viz., a Mahiiwat, at
1 0 d. ; a Bhoi, at 80 d. ; and two Met'hs.
6. For every IkIkwk,there are three and a half sorvanta ; via., a Mahawat
at 120 d., a Bhoi at 70 d. ; and one a d a half Met'hs.
6. For every I"kn&rkiya, there are two servants ; via., a MahBwat, at
100 d., and a Mot'h.
7. For owry dlokd, there are likowiao two eorvants ; viz., a Mahsnat,
at j0 d., and n Mot'h.

' 1.t., either elurun wrvutu br two ( e l e l h u b , or t h o laat w w a Loy.

 F m a b Elpphnts. 1. Large ones have four servants, vie., a MahBmat
at 100 d. ; a Bhoi, at 60 d., two Mot'hs. 2. Middle sized ones have three
and a half servants ; viz., a M d w a t , at 80 d. ; a Bhoi, at 50 d. ; and one
and a half Met'hs. 3. Small ones have two ; viz., a MahBwat, at 60 d. ; and
a Met'h. 4. Mokals have likewise two ; viz. a M d w a t , at 60 d., and a
Met'h.
37M Faujdrir.
Hie Majesty has appointed a Superintendent over every troop of ten,
twenty, and thirty, elephants. Such a troop is called a L l p a h ; the superin-
tendent is called liauj'dhr. His business is to look after the condition and
the training of the elephants ; he teaches them to be bold, and to stand
firm at the sight of fire, and at the noise of artillery ; and he is responsible
for their behaviour in these respects. When a F a u j h is raised to the
dignity of a w i (a commander of one hundred), or higher, he has twenty-
five ?lephants assigned to himself, the other F a u j d h , as Bistia (commanders
of twenty) and Bai2dhhia (commanders of ten) being under his orders. The
same order is followed from the DahbdshL up to the Zazcirla (commanders of
ono thousand). The pay of officers above the Qadi is different. Some Fauj-
d h s have been raised to the dignity of grandees of the court. A (jadi m&
two horses. A Biati of the first grade has 30 Rupees per menaena ;second
grade, 25 R ; third grade, 20 R. A DahbBuhi of the f i s t grade h m twenty
R. ;second grade, 16 R. ;third grade, 12 R. Bisti's and Dahbbhis mark one
horse, and belong to the AhMEia. Such Faujdars as have thirty or twenty-
five elephants assigned to themselves, have to pay the wages of the Mahi-
wat and of one Bhoi of that elephant, which they select for their own use ;
but such as have twenty or ten, only pay for a Mahiwat.
The above arrangement regarding the servants was not thought
d c i e n t by His Majesty, who has much experience in this matter. He
therefore put several hulgaha in charge of every grandee, and required him
to look after them. The fodder also is now supplied by the government.
A trustworthy clerk has, besides, been appointed, who is in charge of the
correspondence of this branch ; he l o o h after the receipts and
and sees that the orders of His Majesty are carried out. He also pard?s
the elephants in the order described below ($in 78).

Am 45.
T H E HARNESS O F ELEPHANTS.
1. The Bhurnah is a large chain, made of iron, gold, or silver. It is
made of sixty oval links, each weighing three sera ; but the chain differs in
length a d thi~lillcssaccording to tho strellgth of the elephant. Olle end of
 the chain is fixed in the ground, or fastened to a pillar ; tho other end i8
tied to the left hind leg of the elephant. Formerly, they fastened this chain
to the forefoot ; but ae this is injurious for the chest of the elephant, I-Iis
Majesty ordered to discontinue the usage.
2. The And& is a chain, with which both forefeet are tied. As it
annoys the elephant, His Majesty ordered it to be discontinued.
3. The Beri is a chain for fastening both hindfeet.
4. The B n h d is a fetter for the hindfeet, an invention of His ?$ajestg.
It allows the elephant to walk, but irevents him from running.
5. The Qaddh bmi resembles the And& and is an additional chain for
the hindleg of unruly and swift elephants.
6. The h l
r Zungar is a long chain, suitable for an elephant. One end is
tied to the right fore foot, and the other end to a thick log, a yard in
lengh. This the driver keeps near him, and drops it, when the elephant
too swiffly, or gets so unruly as no longer to obey. !Che chain twi~ta
round his leg, and the log w i l l annoy the animal to such an extent that
it netwarily stops. This useful invention, which has saved many lives, aud
protected huts and walls, is likewise due to Elis Majesty.
7. The Charkhi is a piece of hollowed bamboo, half a yard and two
-6jea long, and has a hole in the middle. I t is covered with sinews and
fled with gunpowder, an earthen partition dividing the powder into two
halves. A fuzee wrapt in paper, is put into each end. Fixed into tho hole
of the bamboo at right angles is a stick, which serves as a handlo. Upon
lire being p u t to both ends, it turns round, and makes a frightful noise.
When elephants fight with each other, or are otherwise unruly, a bold man
on foot takes the burning bamboo into his hand, and holds i t before the
animals, when they will get quiet. Formerly, in order to separate two
elephants that were fighting, they used to light a f i e ; but people had much
trouble, as it seldom had the desired effect. His Majesty invented the present
method, which .was hailed by all.
8. Andhiycfri, i.c., darkness, a name which Hie Majesty changed into
q y c f l i i.s., light, is a piece of canvass above one and a half yards square.
It ie made of brocade, velvet, kc., and tied with two ends to the hi'ldwah
(& next). When the elephant is unruly, it is let fall, so that he cannot
we. This h a s been the saving of many. As it often gives way, especially
when the elephant is very wild, His Majesty had three heavy bells attached
to the ends of the w v a a e , to keep it better down. This completed the
Prrangement.
9. The EiZdwahl oomista of a few twisted ropes, about one and a half

' This should be Kala'rah. Abulfszl

@h tbe word wrung ; ride nly T e d I edition, p. 136, 1. 16. It looks as if
AbuUizkbad mirtrkcnthis Per8ian word
 1 I Tl~oyarc 1:11dat tllc~qidr of c.nc.11 othrr, witliont hclrrcrcr I,cinn
i ~ l t ~ l r r \ - o n~iio~ig ~ I ~\~Iiolo
v t ~ ~ ~ ~ I I C I ~ I tllc I ~ ( l~) ~ ,,i i:~Lg~ I ~(sight
I I ~ li~igtlre11ro:ul
A ring is tlratv~~ tl1ro11y1111otl1cll(lr of' tlrts ~ Y I ~ > iu~d
I > Sfr~stvncd
, n-l~crothe
tllront of tho c11ytli:lntis : tl118cbl~y)h:nlttbivor rests his feet in it, and tllw
s i t 4 fir~idy. So111ctinl~s it is ~iiatlo of sillr or lontllor. Others fix srnnll
l~1i1lt4.11 iron-spil<osto thrs ltallin-:~h,mhic.11 will prcvo~it nn unruly elephant
fronl tl~rowingdu\vn tllc driver by tihaking it3 head.
10. Tho U~tlt'lti is a rol)c, fivo yard^ long, ns thick as a stick. This
tllcy tic, over the knlhwah, to stro~i~tllc'n it.
11. The Katrdr is a ~luall11tli11tcdspiko, Ilitlf a yard long. This they
lilten-ihe i ~ t t u ~t~t ~l lthe kt~lii\villl,and prick tho 01el~hwt'soars with it, in
urdcr to ni:~kctlio a ~ i i ~ njrild, a l or to urgo it on.
14. The D;r is a t1lic.k rope passing fro111tho tail to tho throat. IVhcn
propwly tiocl, it is an ornnniont. Tllcy nlso catcll hold of it, ahon tllo
clcltl~ant~ ~ ~ n an k oawkward
s muvon~ont. They also attach Inany othor trnp-
l'ii~gsttuit.
13. Tho G(ldclnh, is n cushion put on tlio back of tho olophnnt, below
tho dnlt'hi. I t prcvents gulling, and is a sourco of con~fort.
1-1. 'nlo Gtctlnritl is a chain of hrass. Tllt~yutti1c.h it near tho tail, which
it p r ~ n * n tfron~ s gettirig il~jrucdby tho dult'hi. I t is also ornamontid. .
15. Tho Pirhrccth is n 1 ~ l nlado t of ropes, ant1 is fastened over the
buttocks of tho e1cl)liant. I t is a support for tho Uhoi, lrnd of much use to
hinl in Gring.
16. Tho Clrnlcrd~i consists of a num1)er of hclls nttarlled to a picco of
broatl(.luth, nllich is tied on Loforo alld Lohind with n striug passod t h o u g h
it. I t looks ornn~ilr~it:~l n ~ ptrnd.
~ d
17. I'i[l,rcc-hh is the llnnlo of two chains fnstonod over the elephant's sirlos.
Attncllctl to thorn, n Lull hangs below tho belly. I t is of grrjat boauty and
gra~ltlc~~r.
18. Lnrgc chni~ra. Tlicy attatah six on both siclea, and threo to the
hdrirrnh, tho lattor being atldcd by IIis 1L:;jcsty.
19. Qutn'~(tho tail of the T h i b ~ t ~ Yak). rn There aro about sixty, nlom
or lous, attncllod to tho tusk, tho furuhoncl, tho thoat, and the nuck. Tlley
aru eitl~orwhite, br black, or pied, and look vary ornamental.
20. Tho T n y y d consist3 of fivo iron plates, onch a span long, nnd four
fingers broad, fustenod to oach othor by rings. On both sidos of the T a L C ~ t i
tl~oroaru two cllains, each a yard long, ouo of which passes from abovu the
elm, ulld tlio other froxll below it, to the kal8n~~l1, to ~vl~icll 110th:wo a t t d u d .

1
l i ~ rn llixtli kin ; clscb, why slloulrl IIC khait for khcit, and (ru lunid for Lis
h:rve :rny sl)dlii~:: :rt :rU. 111 Vullcm' eluullhtiuu (P) u g i n .
l'eraim l)ictiuuiy, 11, 1,. 862 b, r e d
Beheen them there is another chain, which is paased over the head and tied
to the U w a h ;and below, crossways, there are four iron spikes ending in a
curve, and adorned with knobs. The @Ida are attached here. At their
b w a r end, there are three other chains similarly arranged. Besides, four other
chains are attached to the knob ; two of them, like the first, end in a knob,
whilst the remaining two are tied to the tusks. To this knob again three
chains are attached, two of which are tied round about the trunk, the middle
one hanging do- &u16s and daggers are attached to the former knobs, but
the latter Lee over the forehead. All this is partly for ornament, partly to
fnghten other animals.
2 1. The Pcik'icar is like an armour, and is made of steel ;there are sepa-
rate pieces for the head and the trunk.
22. The Gajaj-jhantpis a covering put aa an ornament above the pcik 'har.
I t looks grand. I t is made of three folds of canvass, put together and sewn,
broad ribbons G i g attached to the outside.
23. The Meg'h dambar is an awning, to shade the elephant driver, an
invention by His Majesty. I t also looks ornamental.
24. The Ranpiyala is a Wet for the forehead, made of brocade or
eimflnr stuffe, from the hem of which nice ribbons and pufh hang down.
, 25. The Qatell consists of four links joined together, with three above
them, and two others over the latter. It ia attached to the feet of the
elephant. Ita sound is very effective.
26. The Phi ranjan consiste of several bell8 similarly arranged.
27. The A n h is a small w o k . His Majesty calls i t Gajbbg'h.' I t
is used for guiding the elephant and stopping him.
28. The Gad is a spear which has two prongs, instead of an iron point.
The Bhoi makes use of it, when the elephant is refractory.
29. The Bangri is a collection of rings made of iron or brass. The rings
are put on the tu~bS,and serve to strengthen as well aa to ornament them.
30. The Jagdwaf resen~blesthe Gad (No. 28), and ia a cubit long. The
Bhoi uaes it, to quicken the speed of the elephant.
31. The Jhandd, or flag,is hung round with Qtcfh, like a togh.' I t is
fired to the side of the elephant.
But it is impossible to describe all the ornamental trappings of elephants.
For each Xaut and SJwrgir and Sdduh, seven pieces of cotton cloth am
annually allowed, each at a price of 84 ddm. Alao, four .coarse woollen
pim, called in Hindl bmbal, at 10 d. each, and eight ox hidea, each at 8 d.

' I.e., an cle hant-rein. Hin Mnj~rty Hence the Pelaims pronounce it
W ~ n toncianl;e the name J ~ t k u r ,
" which wunds o&aive to a Perwin11rsr." T$h ia the spine aa t6q. Vkie rYin
Elaahhii. 19, p. 50.
17
For dihnjicohah and Karhu elephants, four of the first ; three of the second ;
and seven of the third, are allowed. For P'hundurkiyas, and d i o h l a , and female
elephants, three of the first; two of the second ; four of the third.
The saddle cloth is made of cloth, lining, and stuff for edging i t round
about; for sewing, half a ser of cotton thread is allowed. For every
man of gain, the hIqd dcir is allowed ten am8 of iron for chains, kc., at
2 d. per am ; and for every hide, one am of sesame oil, at 60 d. per man.
&so, 5 a. coarse cotton thread for the kddwah of the elephant on which the
PavV& rides, a t 8 d. pm sar ; but for other elephants, the men have to
make one of leather, kc., at their own expense.
A sum of twelve d8ms i annually subtracted &om the servants ; but
they get the worn out articles.

46.
THE m U T S FOR HIS MAJES!I!Y'S USE (KHA'QAH).
There are one hundred and one elephants selected for the use of
His Majesty. Their allowance of food is the same in quantity as that of
the other elephants, but differs in quality. Most of them also get 5 a. of
sugar, 4 a. of g'hi, and half a man of rice mixed with chillies, cloves, kc. ;
and some have one and a half man' of milk in addition to their pain. In
the sugar-cane season, each elephant gete'daily, for two months, 300 sugar-
canes, more or less. His Majesty takes the place of tho Mahciwat.
Each elephant requires three bhoia in the rutting season, and two, when
-1. Their monthly wages vary from 120 to 400 d., and are fixed by His
Majesty himself. For each elephant there are four Met'ha. In the n d p a h ,
female elephants are but rarely told off to accompany big male ones ; but
for oach khdgah elephant there are three, and sometimes even more,
appointed. First class big female elephants have two and one-half met'ha ;
second class do., two ; third clam do., one and one-half ;for the other classes,
the same as in the Halpak.
As each Balqah is in charge of one of the Grandees, so is every kJuipA
elephant put in charge of one of them. Likewise, for every ten khdguh
elephants, a professional Illan is appointed, who is called Dahdidhr. !lley
draw belvo, ten, and eight rupeesper menam. Besides, an active and
honest superintendant is appointed for every ten elephants. He is called
fipi6 (matcher), and has to submit a daily report, when olephants eat little,
or get a shortened allowance, or in cases of sickness,or when anything unusual
happens. He marks a horse, and holds the rank of an Akdi. His Majesty

Liquida are sold in India by the weight.

aLso weekly dispatches some of the servants noar him, in the pmportion of
one for every tan elephants, who inspect them and send in a report.

Am 47.
THE MANNER OF RIDING KHIYQAH-ELEPHANT8.
Hh Majesty, the royal rider of the plain of auspiciousness, mounts on
every kind of elephants, from the first to the last class, making them,
notwithstanding their almost supernatural strength, obedient to his command.
His Majesty will put his foot on the tusks, and mount them, even when they
are in the rutting season, and astonishes experienced people.'
They also put comfortable turrets on the backs of swift-paced elephants,
which serve as a travelling sleeping apartment. An elephant so capari-
soned, is always ready at the palace.
Whenever His Majesty mounts an elephant, a month's wages are given
as a donation to the Bhois. And when he haa ridden ten elephants, the
following donations are bestowed, vh., the near servant who has weekly
to report on the elephants, receives a present; the former, 100 R.; the
Dahtii, 31 B. ;the Naqib, 15 R. ; the Mushrif (writer), 7& R. Besides,
the regal rewarda given to them at times when they display a particular
zeal or attentiveness, go beyond the reach of speech.
Each elephant has his match appointed for fighting : some are always
ready a t the palace, and engage when the order is given. When a fight is
over, if the combatants were MdqJ elephants, the bhois receive 250 &ma as
a present ; but if other elephants, the bhois get 200 d.
The BahdidJr of kh6sah elephants receives one ddm for every rupee
paid as wages to the Bhois and Met'hs ; the Mushrif is entitled to d., and
the Naqib to ) d. I n the case of Halqah elephants, the ~adiwdl,the
Ddbridl, and the Bistf, are entitled to 1 d. for every rupee ; and the Mushrif
and the Naqib receive the allowance given for kh8qa.h elephants.

ArN 48.
ON FINES.
In order to prevent laziness, and to ensure attentiveness, His Majesty,
as for all other departmental has fixed a list of fines. On t,he death of a
male or a female Hhdfah elephant, the Bhob are fined three months' wages.
If any part of the harness is lost, the Bhols and Met'hs are fined two-

' Jah&ngir, in his Mrmoim, gives

s e v d exau~pleaof QLWs daring in this I respect ; vide Tuzuk, p. 16.
 thirds 01 the vnlrtt. of' tl1c2 rrtic.ltt : hut in 1110 case of u saddle cloth, the full
1)ric.e. \\%en a ftbmttlc elcphant dies from s t m a t i o n , or through want of
cllre, the Illlois linvc to pay the cost prict~of the animal.
If a driver 1ni1c.s d r u p with tho food of an elcphant, to nlake the
aninla1 hot, nnd it rlirs in conspquence thereof, he is liable to capital punish-
ment, or to have a hand cut off, or to he sold as a slave. If it w m a khaqah
e l e p h a ~ ~tlic
t , Bhois loso three months' pay, and are further suspended for
one ycnr.
Tvio expcricnccd men arc monthly dispatcahd, to enquire into the
fntnt-s or 1~111111~~h of Lh~icnh r l e l ~ h a ~ ~ tIfs eltyhunta nre fouud by them
out of flt~sil, to tlic extcfint of n cjac~rtrr, ac~cording to the scale fixed by
the I'cigonl~t Rcgulntioii ( I tdt- Ail1 8J), the gr:~ndeesin charge are fined, and
the Llloih nre likc.niic lii11)lr to lose a m o ~ ~ t h 'wages. s I n the caw of
Ihlqcrh c.lepllants, Ahadis arc1 toltl off to t3xnlni11cthcm, nnd submit a report
to IFis hinj(3sty. I f an clc~plimitdies, tl1c5 ilIahriv~atand the Uhoi are fined
three montl~s'wngca. If part of nn c1rl)liunt's tusk is broken, and the
injury renchtas ns far as tlic kc~li-this is n place a t the root of tho tufiks,
which on bcing inj~lrcdis apt to fe+tt.r, wlicn the tusku get hollow and
hrc-orne uscless-a fine a~nountingto one-eighth of the price of the elephant
is csnctcd, the clfirognh paying t\ro-tliirds, and the Faujdlir one-third.
S h o ~ d dthe injury not rencll a s far as the Xnli, the fine is only o n e - h a of
the former, 1)11tthe pro1)ortions nrr the snmo. Rut, at prrsent, a fine of one
per cent. has beconin n r l d ; in tlio (nsc of khriqah elephants, however, such
~ ~ u n i s h l o is
n tillflictcd as His Najcaity niuy please to direct.

XI'N 40.
TI-IF, INI'ERLQL HORSE STABLES.
His M a j e ~ t yis very fond of horses, because he believes them to be of
p e n t importance in tho three branclios of the government, and for expeditions
of conquest, and becnutjo he sees in then1 a means of avoiding much
inconvenience.
Merchants bring to court good horsos from 'Mq i 'Arab and ' M q
i 'Ajwm, from Turkey, Turkestnn, Bndakhshh, Shimhn, Qirghiz, Thibet,
Kaxllmir, and other countries. Droves after droves arrive Gom Tilr$n and
Prin, and there are now-a-days trrelve thousand in the stables of His Majesty.
And in like niannor, as they nre continually coming in, so there are others
daily going out as presents, or for other purposes.
Skilful, experienced men hare paid much attention to the breeding of
this sensible animal, many of wl~ose habits resemble those of man; and
after a short time Hindustan ranked higher in t h i s respect than Arab*
rhilet many Indian horses cannot be distinguished from Arabs or from ' I d q f
breed. There are fine horses bred in every part of the country ; but those
of Cachh excel, being equal to Arabs. I t is said that a long time ago an
Arab ship was wrecked and driven to the shore of Caclh ; and that it had
seven choice horses, from which, according to the general belief, the breed of
that country originated. In the Panjib, horses are bred resembling 'Irtiqis,
especially between the Indus and the Bahat (Jhelum): they go by the
name of Sanbji ;' so also in the district of Pati Haibatp~ir,~ Bajwhah,
T a h h h , in the Shbah of &ah, Mewtit, and in the SGbah of Ajmir, where the
horses have the name of pachtcariynh. In the northern mountainous district
of Hindustan, a kind of amall but strong horses is bred, which are called
yht ; and in the confines of Bengal, near KGch [-Bahh], another kind of
horses occurs, which rank between the girt and Turkish homes, and are called
i h g ' h n : they are strong and powerful.
His Majesty, from the light of his insight and wisdom, makes himself
acquainted with the minutest details, and with the classification and the
condition of every kind of article ; he looke to the requirements of the times,
and designs proper regulations. Hence he also pays much attention to every
thing that is connected with this animal, which is of so great an importance
for the government, and an almost supernatural me- for the attainment
of personal greatness.
Firat, he has set apart a place for horse-dealers, where they may,
without delay, find convenient quarters, and be secure from the hardships
of the seasons. By this arrangement, the animals will not suffer' from that
hardnese and avariciousnew so often observed in dealers of the present
h e ; nor will they paee from the hands of well intentioned merchants into
those of others. But dealers who are known for their uprightness and
humanity, may keep their horses where they pleaae, and bring them at an
appointed time. Seumdly, he appointed a circumspect man to the office of an
dam iXdrwdnaarrf, who from his superior knowledge and experience,
keep the dealers from the path of disobedience, and ties the mischievous
tongues of such as are wihked and evasive. Thirdly, he has appointed a
clerer writer, whokeeps n roll of horses that arrive and have been mustered,
md who eees that the orders of His Majesty do not fall into abeyance.
-My, h e haa appointed trustworthy men, acquainted with the prices
of horsee, to examine the animals, and to fix their prices, in the order in
which they are importad. His Majesty, from hie goodnees, generally gives

' S c v d good MSS. read Satdji. domestic anbale. Towards the end of
&, Let. 290 bl', Long. 76. hie life, as shall be mentioned below,
2.; ~.hG.g,h t . 30' 670, Long. 760 he even gsve up hunting and animal
26'. fighte.
' Akhr abhorred cruelty towards
hulf as much again above the price fixed by them, and doee not keep them
waiting for their money.'
I

&'N 50.
THE RANKS OF THE HORSES.
There are two classes of horses : 1. E k i p h ;2. Those that are not
RhBFd. The Khdph horses are the following-six stables, each containing
forty choico horses of Arabia and Persia; the stables of the princes; the
stables of Turkish courier horses ; the stables of horses bred in the Imperial
s t u b . They have each a name, but do not exceed the number thirty.
His Majesty rides upon horses of the six stables.
The Second elma horses are of three kinds, v b . , al-mpf, bbt-aepi, dub-aepf
i. c., belonging to the stables of thirty, twenty, and ten. A horse whose
value comes up to tan muhurs, is kept in a Bah-muhri stable ; thoso worth
from eleven to twenty muhurs, in a Bbt-muhri stable, and so on.
Grandees and other dinngabda'ra, and Senior Ahdie are in charge of
the stables. Hay and crushed grain are found by tho government for all
horses, except for the horse which the Fat'ntcipda'r (guard) of every stable is
d o w e d to ride, and which he maintains in grain and grass at his own
expense.

A'm 51.
THE FODDER ALLOWED I N THE IMPERL4L STABLES.
A X-h6ph horse was formerly allornod eight sera fodder per diem, when
the aw woighed twenty-eight ddne. Now that the ser is fixed at thirty
ddrt~a,a khbquh horse gets seven and a half sera. In winter, they give boiled
peas or vetch ; in summer, grain. The daily allowance includes two sere
of flour, and one and a half sere of sugar. In winter, before the horse get8
fresh grass, they givo it half a ser of g'hi. Two d6m are daily allowed for

Abulfazl mentions this very often in a lot of transfer recei ts, and left him in
tlie Xin. Coutrxtors geuerally received the hands of the coylectors (muhap$),
cheques on a local trewury; but they who, like the clerks, always pretend to
might be sent fro111 there to another be in a hurry ; and although M i n B
local trewury, unless thcy bribed the Rahim, a relation of' his, tried to conie to
collector, or madc over their cheques. an undemtandin~with them, in order
for a consicierntion, tu Mdih.jans (ban- to help Mirzb q a l i h out of his wretched
krm). I t was the Name in Persia. plight, thcy ruined him, in a short
" The clerks whose habit it is to annoy time, to such an exter~t,t h a t they had
woplr, gave him (Wazir AlirzC Gklih, to provide in lieu a daily subtiiatence
kalthcr of tile great Peminn historian allowance. Ho died of a broken heart."
Sbku~tdarBeg) in payment of his claims TdAiv 2Vn~rdbddf'aI ' i k i r a h.
bey; b u t hay is not given, when fresh grass is available. About throe
big'icaa of land will yield sufficient fodder for a horse. \%en, instead of
eugar, the horses get molasses, they stop the g'hi ; and when the season of
fresh grass comes, they give no grain for the f b t three days, but allow
&mar& six aers of grain and two sers of molasses per diem. In other
'Irdqi and lfrrki stables, they give seven and a half sum of grain. During
the cool six months of the year, they give the grain boiled, an allowance
of one dAm being given for boiling one man of it. The horses also get once a
week a quarter ser of salt. When g'hl and fresh grass are given, each horse,
provided its price be above thirty-one muhurs, gets also one ser of sugar ;
whilst such as are worth from twenty-one to thirty muhurs, only get half a
mr. Horses of less value get no sugar at all. Before green grass is given,
horses of a dalue from twenty-one to upwards of one hundred muhurs, get
one matl and ten sers of g'hi ; such as are worth from eleven to twenty muhurs,
thirty sers ; but horses up to ten m u h m get neither g'hi, brown sugar,
nor green oats. Salt is given at the daily rate one-fiftieth of a diim, though it
is mostly given in a lump. 'Mqi and Turki horses which belong to the
court, are daily allowed two d. for grass ; but such of them as are in the
cnuntry, only one and a half. In winter, each horse gets a big'ha of fresh
oata, the price of which, a t court, is 240 d., and in the country, 200 d. At
the time of fresh oats, each horse gets two mnns of molasses, the same
quantiw bein$ subtracted from the allowance of grain.
Experienced officers, attached to the Imperial offices, calculate the
amount required, and make ou$ an estimate, which in due course is paid.
When a horse is aick, every necessary expense is paid on the certificate of the
h o r n doctor.
f i e r y stallion to a stud of mares recoives the allowance of a khd~ah
horse. The girt horses get five and a half sera of grain, the usual quantity
of d t ,and grass at the rate of one and a half d. per diem, if at court,
and at the rate of 1& d., when in the country ; but they do not get g'hi,
molaaw, or green oata. Qisrdqs, i. s., female horses, get, at court, four
and a half eers of grain, the usual allowance of salt, and one d. for grass ;
and in the country, the same, with the exception of the grass, for which only
three fourths of a &m are domed. Stud mares get two and three fourth
sera of grain ; but the allowance for grass, salt, and fuel, is not fixed.
A foal sucks its dam for three months ; after which, for nine months,
it is allowed the milk of two cows ; then, for six months, two and three-
fonrthy sern of grain per diem ; after which period, the allowance is every
air month increased by a ser, till it complotos the third year, when its food
is determined by the above regulations.
 ON HARNESS, &c.
I t would be difficult and tedious to describe the various ornaments,
jewels, and trappings, used for the khdqah horses on which His Y i e s t g
rides out.
For the whole ouffit of a kMgah horse, the allowance is 2774 d. per
annum ;ciz., an wtak, or horse quilt, of wadded chintz, 47 d. ;'a ydlpoeh
(a covering for the mane) 32 d. ; a woollen towel, 2 d.-these three articles
are renewed every six months ; in lieu of the old m a , half the cost price
is deducted, and one-sixth for the old ydlpoah-; a a d d l e cloth, the outside
of which is woven of hair, the lining being coarse wool, 4 2 d. ; halters for
the nakhtah (headstall) and the hind feet,' 40 d. ;a pusht-tang (guth),8 d. ;a
magaa-rd_n ( a horse tail to drive away flies), 3 d. ; a nakhtuh and q&ah (the
bit), 14 d. ; a curry-comb, 1) d. ;a grain bag, 6 d. ; a basket, in which the
horse geta its grain, 1 d.= These a r t i c l ~are given annual&, and fifteen
d h s , tenjetale, subtracted in lieu of the old ones.
In the other stables, the allowance for horses whose value is not lees
than twenty-one muhurs, is 196) d. per annum, the rate of the articles being
the same. Twenty-five and a half d h a are subtracted in lieu of the old
articles.
I n stables of horses worth twenty to eleven muhurs, the annual
allowance is 1 5 5 i d. ; cis., for the artak, 392 d. ;the ycilpoeh, 27f d. ; a
coarse saddle cloth, 30 d. ;the girth, 6 d. ; the nakhtah and qaiwh, 10 d., and
the nakhtah ropes and feet-ropes, 32 d. ; the magaarcin, 2 d:; a towel, 1+ d. ;a
curry-comb, I t d. ; a basket, 1 d. ; a grain bag, 4* d. Twenty d h are
subtracted for the old articles.
For horses worth up to ten muhurs, and qisrdqe, and g t t , the allowance
is 1174 d. ;* cia., an artak, 37 d. ; a ydlpoah, 24+ d. ; a jd, 24 d. ; a nakhtoh
band and a pdiband, 8 d. ; a nakhtd and qaizah, 8 d. ; a pueht-tang, 5 d. ;
a magaarn'g and a towel, each 1) d. ; a curry-comb, I f d. ; a basket, 1 d. ; a
grain bag, 4) d. The amount subtracted is the same aa before.

' In cons uence of the climate, horses word nakhtah, which, like hundreds of
7
are kept, in t e East, much more outside
than in the stables. When being cleaned
other words, is not given in our dic-
tionaries, is generally pronounced nuqtah.
or fed, w h of the hindlegs is faatened Similarly, qaizah is pronou~lcedqiizah ;
by means of a rope to a peg in the vide Journal As. SOC. Bengal for 1868,
ground. In the case of wicked horses, I. 36 b. c.
a ro e is attaahed to each side of the P'Altogether l96t d., and 81 d. an
hedstall, and fastened, like tent ropes, account of the first three articles renewed
to pegs in the ground. Native grooms a h r & months. The deduction in lieu
in feeding horses, generally squat on the of old articles refers, of course, to tho
ground, pushing the p i n in the basket wages of the groorns.
towards thc mouth of the horse. The The iteuin added only give 116i d.
 1. The KarM is an iron vessel for boiling grain sufficient for ten
horsea. The price of a karlfh is at the rate of one hundred and forty dhmspr
mas of iron ; but this includes the wages of the maker. 2. The Miaafn Safl,
or brasa bucket, out of which horses drink. There is one for every ten kMpA
horses. The price of making one is 140 d. For other horses, as in the
stablea of thirty, kc., there is only one. 3. The Kamand is a halter,
attached to iron pegs, for fastening the horses. In stables of forty, there
are three ; in stables of thirty, two ; in others, one. The weight of a halter
is half a man ;ita cost price is 140 d., and 16 d. the wages of the rope maker.
4. The dlranh mekh, or iron peg, of which there are two for every halter.
Each peg w e i g h five sers, and costa 15 d. 5. The TabartukAmdq, or
hammer, weighs five u r n , and k used for k i n g the iron pegs. There k one
in every etable.
All broken and old utensils of brass and iron, in the khcfqah stables, if
repairable, are repaired a t the expense of the Diroghahs; and when they
are past mending, their present value is deducted, and the difference paid
in cash. In other stables, a deduction of one-half of their value k made
every third year.
6. Na'l, or horseshoes, are renewed twice a year. Formerly eight d 4 m
were given for a whole set, but now ten. 7. hTGndkfn.One is allowed for
ten homes.' The price of it is 803 B.

THE OFFICER8 AND SERVANTS ATTACRED TO THE IMPERIAL

STABLES.
1. The Atbegl is in charge of all horses belonging to the government.
H e directa all officere ,charged with the management of the horsea. Thia
office is one of the highest of the State, and is only held by grandees of high
rank : at present it is filled by the Khdn Kluincinl (Commander-in-Chief).
2. The Ddroghh. There is one appointed for each stable. This post may
be held by ofIicors of the rank of commandera of five thousand down to
Senior Ahadis. 3. The Xwhrif, or accountant. He keeps the roll of the
horses, manages all paymenta and finee, sees that His Majesty's orders are

' Thin appears to be the same as the ' Or Mimd Khdn Xlrdndn, i.s., 'Ab-
Hind. YaJjS, which our meagre dic-
h& an " a kind of tank."
18
I durrahlm, son of Burhrn Khhn ; &
Liet of Grandees, IInd book, No. 29.
carried out, and prepares the estimate of the storee required for this depart-
ment. He is chosen from among the grandees. 4. The Dfdahwar, or inspector.
Their duty is occasionally to inspect the horses, before they are mustered
by His Majesty; they also determine the rank and the condition of the
horses. Their reports are taken down by the Mushrif. This office may be
held by hIansabdim or Ahadfs. 5. The Akhtachis look after the harnesa,
and have the homes saddled. Most of them get their pay on the list of the
Ahadis. 6. The Cltdhuk~uwdrrides the horses, and compares their speed with
the road, which is likewise tnlien down by the Nushrif. He receives the pay
of an Ahadi. 7. The IAIdai. This name is givento a class of R h j p i ~ twho
~ , teach
horses the elementary steps. Some of them get their pay on the list of the
Ahadis. 8. The dlirhhah is an experienced groom placed over ten servants.
He gets the pay of an Ahadi : but in other kha'vah stables, he only gets 170 d. ;
in the country-bred stables, 160 d. ; in the other Shapi stables, 140 d. ; in
the Biataapi stables, 100 d. ; and in the Bah-aepl stables, 30 d. Besides h e
has to look after two horses. 9. The Baitar, or horse-doctor, gets the pay
of an Ahadi. 10. The ATaqlh, or watcher. Some active, intelligent men
are retained for supervision. They report the condition of each &able
to the Dtiroghahs and the Mushrif, and it is their duty to have the cattle
in readiness. The two head Naqibs are Ahadis, and they have thirty people
under them, who receive from 100 to 120 d. 11. The Sdia, or groom.
There is one groom for every two homes. I n the Chihilapi stsbles, each
groom gets 170 d. ; in the tables of the e l d e ~ prince,
t 138 d. ; in the stables
of the other princes, and in the courier horse stables, 136 d. ; in the country
bred stables, 126 d. ; in the other Sfaxpi stables, 106 d. ; in the Bistaapi
stables, 103 d. ; and in the Baha*~pistables, 100 d. 12. The Jilauddr (rde
Ain 60) and the Paik (a runner). Their monthly pay varies from 1200 to
120 d., according to their speed and manner of service. Some of
them will run from fifty to one hundred kroh (kos) p. day. 13. The
Na'lbnnd, or farrier. Some of then1 are Ahadis, some foot soldiers. They
receive 160 d. 14. The Binddr, or saddle holder, has the same rank and pay
as the preceding. I n the Kh6qah stable of forty horses, one saddle is
allowed for every two horsos, in the following manner : for the first and
twenty-first ; for the second and twenty-second, and so on. If the &st horse
is sent out of the stable, the saddle remains at its place, and what was the
second horse becomes first, and the second saddle falls to the third horse,
and so on to the end. If a horse out of the middle leaves, its saddle is
given to the preceding horse. 15. The A'bkash, or water-carrier. Three
are allowed in the stables of forty ; two in stables of thirty, and only one
i n other stables. The monthly pay is 100 d. 16. The Farrbh (who dusts
the furniture). There is one in every khdvaA stable. His pay ia 130 d.
17. A Slpandaog' is only allowed in the stables of
forty horses ; his pay is 100 d.
18. The Kh&tib, or sweeper. Sweepers are called in Hindustan Haldlkhw ;s
Hie Majesty brought this name en vogue. I n stables of forty, there are
two; in those of thirty and twenty, one. Their monthly pay is 65 d.
During a march, if the d d r o g k l are in receipt of a fixed allowance for
mlies, they entertain some people to lead the horses. I n the stables of
thrty horses, fifteen are allowed. And in the same proportion does the
government appoint coolies, when a daroghah hus not received the extra-
allowance. Each cooly gets two dams per dietn.

A m 54.
THE BARGPR.
His Majesty, h m the regard which he pays to difference in rank,
believes many fit for cavalry service, though he would not trust them with the
keeping of a horse. For these he has told off separate stables, with
particular DBroghahs and Mushrifs. When their services are required,
they are furnished with a horse on a writton order of the Ritikchl (writer) ;
but they have not to trouble themselves about the keeping of the horse. A
man so mountad is called a Bargirsuicdr.

tYPN 55.
REGULATIONS FOR BRAN1)ING HORSES.
'In order to prevent ikaudulent exchanges, and to remove the stamp of
doubtful ownership, horses were for some timenlarked with the word$ (nruucr
aight), sometimes with the word 613 (ddgh, m a r k ) , and sometimes with the

' The seeds of sipand (in Bind. sar- Akbar was very fond of changing
mn, a kind of mustard seed) are put on names which he thought offensive, or of
a heated plate of iron. Their smoke is iring new names to things which he
sm effectual preventive against the evil R k d ; vide p. 46, 1. 28 ; p. 66. 1. 18;
eye ( m a r i bad, ehashm raa'dan), 65, 1. 16 ; p. 90, 1. 22 ; also Forbes'
which is even dangerous for Akbar's $ictionary under rangturd. BoldMrr,
choice hones. The seeds bum away i. e., one who e a h that which the cere-
rlovl?, and emit a crackling sound. monial law allows, is a euphemism for
The man who burns them, 18 called Lardmkhur, one who eats forbidden
Sipnda6z. Pride the poetical extracts of things, aa pork, kc. The word hlaldl-
the IInd book, under SAikebi. Instead khur is still in use among educated
of Sipand, grooms sometimea keep a Nuhnmmadana ; but it is doubtful whether
monkey over the entrance of the stable. it wa.3 Akbar'n invention. The word in
Th idoenca of the evil eye pass13 from common use for a sweeper is mihtar,
the b o r n to the ugly monkey. a rince, which like the proud title of
Anutber remed wnsista in nailing old kfalir.h, now-&days a plied to cooks,
h e rboea to t i e g a b of tho stahla. tailors, kc., is an examp!e of the irony of
Hmdreda of such shoea ma still be fPte.
na on the gats in FathpGr
numeral v (seven).' Every horse that waa received by government had
the mark burnt on the right cheek ; and those that were returned, on the
left side. Sometimes, in the caae of 'Ir6pi and Nujannass horses, they
branded the price in numerals on the right cheek; and in the case of
Turki and Arab horsee, on the left. Now-a-days the horses of every stable
are distinguished by their price in numerals. Thue, a horse of ten muhurs,
is marked with the numeral ten ; those of twenty muhurs, have a twenty,
and so on. When horses, at the time of the musters, are put into a higher
or a lower grade, the old brand is removed.

A'l% 56.
REGULATIONS FOR KEEPING UP THE FULL COMPLEMENT
OF HORSES.
Formerly, whenever there had been taken away either tan horses from
the stables of forty, or from the'stud-bred horses, or five from the courier
horses, they were replaced in the following manner. The deficiency in
the stables of forty waa made up from horses chosen from the stables of
the princes ; the stud-bred horses were replaced by other stud bred one4
and the courier horses from other stables. Again, if there were wanting
fifteen horses in the stables of the eldest prince (Salim), they were replaced
by good horses of his brothers ; and if twenty were wanting in the stabla
of the second prince ( M h d ) , the deficiency waa made up by horses taken
from the stables of the youngest prince +nd from other stables; and if
twenty-five were wanting in the stables of the youngest prince (Dthyiil),
the deficiency waa made up from other good stables.
But in the hdy-seventh year of the Divine Era (A. D. 1593), the
order waa given that, in future, one horse should annually be added to
each stable. Thus, when, in the present year, the deficiency in the
k h d p h stables had come up to eleven, they commenced to make up the
complement, the deficiency of the other stables being made up at the time
of the muster parades.

# IT57.
ON FINES.
When a Udqah horse dies, the DQroghah has to pay one rupee, and
the W'rdahah ten d., upon every muhur of the cost price; and the

Vide U n s 7 and 8 of the second book. Khiljl and Sher Sh& ; &d&,&
The branding of hornee wae revived in pp. 173, 190.
A. H. 981, A. D. 1673, when Shahbh Mujannaa, i. e., put near1 equal
h d been a pointed Mir Bakhtl.h;. He
followed t%e regulations of 'blbddin
(9 an Irdqi horse] ; dd.1 1 ~ h8 k ,
Ah 8.
grooms lose one-fourth of their monthly wages. When a horse is stolen, or
injured, His Majesty determines the fine, aa i t cannot be uniform in each
Case.

In the other stables, they exacted from the Dkoghah for a single
horse that dies, one rupeo upon every muhur ; for two horses, two rupees
npon every muhur ; and from the Mirdahah and the grooms the above
proportions. But now, they take one rupee upon every muhur for one to
three horses that die ; and two upon every muhur, for four horses ; and
three upon every muhur, for five.
If t h e mouth of a horse gets injured, the Mirdahah is fined ten d h s
npon every muhur, vhich h e he recovers from the other grooms.

#PN 58.
ON HORSES KEPT IN READINESS.
There are always kept in readiness two khdgah horses ; but of courier-
horses, three, and one of each stable from the seventy muhurs down to
the ten muhur stables and the Cfiite. T h y are formed into four divisions,
and each division is called a miel.
f i a t mid, one from the chihilaepi stables ; one from the stable of the
eldest prince ; one from those of the second prince ; one from the stable of
Udqd courier horses. Second mid, one from the stable of the youngest
prince; one from the studbred ; one from the chihilaspi stables ; one
courier horse. Third mdel, one horse from the stables of the three princes ;
one stud bred. Fourth miel, one horse from each of the stables of horses of
forty, thirty, twenty, and ten muhurs.
His Majesty rides very rarely on horses of the fourth mid. But when
prince 8hAh M d d joined his appointment,' His Majesty also rode the best
h o r n of the stables of forty muhurs. The arrangement was then as
follows. firat mid, one horse from the stables of forty; one horse from
the stables of the eldest and the youngest prince, and a courier horse.
& a d mial, stud bred horsee from the stables of horses above seventy
mnhm; khdgah horses of forty muhurs, and courier horses. Third miel,

' "Prince Mu*, in the beginning of emperor reaolved to go himself (Urd

the fortieth year (16%) of Akbar'n reign, year), .and dis tchcd Abulfazl, to bring
rrr d in command of the arnly of the pnnce bwKb court. Abulfaz1 came
G ~andRordered to take Ahmadungar.
But when, some time &r, Akbar heard
just in time, to see the prince die, who
from the preceding year had been suffer-
that M u d ' s army wes in a wretched ing from epileptic fits (par', delirium
condition, chiefly thmngh the carelessness trernens ?) brought on by habitual drunk-
rod drunken habits of the prince, the enness." Mir-dl.
o11c [IIJY>P f i . 0 1 1 1 1111,sti11)lt's of' I-~L(.II s , stud bred, and the
01' ih12 t ~ v ol ) r i n ~ ~ etlie
sr,vtsllty 111ullrlrI I ~ ~ ~ cl . ;s~ .l o . f / l) 1 1 ; ~ 1 , llorst's fioiii the htables of sisty, forty,
u11t1t l ~ i r t y1111~11111.s.
IIorsta- ; I I , I . ttl5o Ii(xl)t in rctitlin~t-sfi.0111 tho stables of t ~ v e n t ya n d ten
muhurs au(1 tllc (;ljl.~.

Wllcncvcr Tlis Jlajc>sty ~ n o u n t si~ horst, b ~ l o l ~ g i ntog one of t h e six

khtiCuhstul)l(~s,hu giri:s s o ~ ~ i t ~ t l i iac~eording
r~g, to a fisttcl rule, with tlie view
of i n c r r a > i ~ ~tllo
j i zual an~dtlosirt, for i~riprovcmcntamoiig tllc servants. F o r
so~lic?tinic: it \\.as u. rule that, \vlienc~vcrh r rode out on a khd~ah.horse, a
rul)cho slio111tll)o given, rrk., o11c din1 to tho Xtbcgi, t ~ v oto the J i l a u d i r ;
r:iglltccn and olic:-11ulf to tllc. g~.oolns,the rest bring sllllrcd by the Mushrif,
tllc Knclil), tl~r,Aklltachi, and tlia Zintlir. I11 t h e C 3 S O of Iiorses hclonging
to the s t a l ~ l r sof t 1 1 ~c.11lcst l~rilive,tliirty dh~ils ere given, eneh of t h e
f o r l i ~ r rrecipirlnts gctting 11 qllnrtt'r of a dann less. F o r horses 1)elonging to
~ t ~ 1 . 1ofl etllo
~ s~e01li1l)ri~lc.e,tn-c'uty tl5nls err? given, the donutions decrsaa-
i11g by tho sanle fiac,tio~i; nlitl for horsoa bc3longing to the stclbles of the
youngc~st princ.c, as also for courior l~orscs, n ~ i d stud-bredu, ten d h s ,
uccortliilg to tlie s:lnlo manner of distribution.
No\\-, tlio followil~g donntionz, arcs given :-For n liorsc of a stable of
forty, o ~ l crul)ecxas befijrc ; for a horsc belonging to a stable of t h e eldest
ln-incc, twenty tlb~iis; fbr ct horse bt.longing to tllc youngest l>rinve, ten
diiuls ; fur courier horsed, five ; for tititud breds, fotu ; for horses of tho other
stables, two.

REGULATIONS FOR TIIE JILA\\'il'Nhll.'

TT%encver a llorse is given RWRY ns H. present, tlio price of the horse is
calc~datcdfifty y o rent. higher, and the recipient hns to pay teu dfims upon
every mtlhur of tho valuo of tlio horsu. Those ten dkms per ?nuhur are

' Jiltru is the string attached to the derivatives ; an nu-in, j n e i n , from mi,
bridle, by whicl~ ;I Ilorsr ib: led. A led j o t i , not ntti-in, or j a u - i n . The jilav-
horse i n c;illed ,i~zwibcrh. The adjective d d r , or jn71ibnhdar, or j u n i b u h k m h . is
jilu~'d?tu/I,which i h not in the diction- tho servant \vho leircls the horse. The
aries, means r~f~rrit1.7 to a Ird home. We jilnicbe,qz' is the ~nperintendentof homes
hare to write.jilau.cinah, not jilottdnnii, srlected for prebenta. The tnh~ilrldr
according to the law of t l ~ e l'r~wian collects the fee.
language, to break up a final diphthong in
divided as follows :-The Atbegi gets five d4ms ; the Jilaubegi, two and a
half: the Mushrif, one and a quarter ; the Naqibs, nine jetals ; the grooms,
a quarter dkm ; the Tahqildh, fifteen jetals ; the remainder is equally divided
among t h e Zind4r and Akhtachi.
In this country, horses commonly live to the age of thirty years. Their
prim varies from 500 muhurs to 2 Rupees.

THE CAMEL STABLES.

From the time His Majesty paid regurd to the affairs of the state, he has
h e a n a great liking for this curiously shaped animal ; and as it is of great
uso for the three branches of the governulent, and well known to the
emperor for it8 patience under burdens, and for its contentment with little
food, it has received every care at the hands of His Xqcsty. The quality of
the country breed improved very much, and Indian camels soon surpassed
those of Pr&n and T b h .
From a regard to the dignity of his court, and the diversion of others,
Hi8 Majesty orders camel-fighta, for which purpose several choice animals
are always kept in readiness. The best of these t h d ~ a hcamels, which is
named Shdhpmand (approved of by the ShBh), is a country bred twelve years
old : it overcomes all its antagonists, and exhibits in the manner in which
it stoops down and draws itself up, every finesse of the art of wrestling.
Camels are numerous near Ajmir, Jodhplir, NBglr, Bikhir, Jaisalmir,
Batin&, and Bhatnir ; the best are bred in the S6bah of Gujht, near Cachh.
But in Sind is the greatest abundance': many inhabitants own ten thou-
sand camels and upwards. The swiftest camels are those of Ajmir ; the best
for burden are bred in T'hat'hah.
The suc~ess'of this department depends on the Arwdnab, i. e., female
ram&. In every country, they get hot in winter, and couple. The male
of two h u m p goes by the name of Bughur. The young ones of camels are
called w (male), and mdyah (female), as the case may be; but His Majesty haa
giren to the nar the name of Bughdi, and to the female that of Jammrizah.
Tho bughdi is the better for carrying burdens and for fighting ; the jammcizah
excels in swiftnees. The Indian camel called Lok, and its female, come close
to thenl in s d n e s s , and even surpass them. The offspring of a btqhur
and ajammcfiah goes by the name of g'hurd; the female is called m d y d

' In the text mdyah, which also preface, p. 6. Regarding the word bugbur
camel-a very hnrmleas
ar~ansa f m & vide Journal, Aaiatic Society, Bengal, for
pan. Fade Dr. Sprenger's Gulistirn, 1868, p. 69.
g'hurd. I f a bughdi, or a lok, couples with a jammdzah, the young one is
called bughdi or lok respectively. But if a bug?& or a lok couples with a
artohah, the young male is named after its sire, and the young female after
its dam. The lok is considered superior to the g'hurd, and the mrfyah g'hwd.
When camels are loaded and travel, they are generally formed into
qatdra (strinp), each qafa'r consisting of five camels. The h t camel of each
qathr is called peshang ;' the second, peahdarah ;the third, miycinah pat& ;the
fourth, dumdaat ;the last camel, dumdo'r.

THE FOOD OF C-S.

The following is the allowance of such bugMia as are to carm burdens.
At the age of two and a half, ?r three years, when they are taken from the
herd of the stud dams, a bughdi gets 2 8 . of grain ; when three and a half to
four YOar8 old, 5 a. ; up to seven years, 9 8 . ; at eight years, 10 a. The same
d e applies to bughura. Similarly in the case of jamm&ahs, g'hurds, mkyah
g'hurds, and loka, up to four years of age; but i h m the fourth to the
sevunth year, they get 7 a. ; and at the age of eight years, 7&a., at the rate
of 28 dhnur p. ser. AB the ser has now 30 d d m , a cor~espondingdeduction
ie made in the allowance. When bughdb are in heat, they eat less. Hence
also concession is made, if they get lean, to the extent of 10 a., according to
the provisious of the Phgoaht rule ( E n 83) ; and when the rutting season is
over, the Dkroghahs give out a corresponding extra dowance of grain, to
make up for the former deficiency. If they have made a definite entry into
their day-book, and give out more food, they are held indemnified according
the Pdg~ahtrule; and similarly in all other cases, note is taken of the
deductions according to that rule.
At Court, camels are found in grass by the government for eight
months. Camels on duty inside the t o m , are daily allowed grass at the
rate of 2 d. per head ; and those outside the t o m , 1+ d. During the four
rainy months, and on the march, no allowance is given, the drivers taking
the camels to meadows to graze.

So according to the best MSS. The darnh means ' in front of the belly, or
word is evident1 a vulgar corruption of
ph-&ng, 3
the eader of a troop. Peah- I middle, of the qafdr.'
 THE HARNESS OF CAMELS.
The following articles are allowed for khd~ah camels :-an Afsdr
(head atall) ; a Durn-afsdr, (crupper) ; a BfaMr kdt'hl (furniture resembling
a horee-saddle, but rather longer,-an invention of His Majesty) ; a khch6
(which serves sa a saddle-cloth) ; a Qatdrchi; a Sarbchi;' a Tang (a girth) ;
a &tang a (head-strap) ; a Stbbband (a loin-strap) ; a Jalhjil (a breast rope
adorned with shells or bells) ; a Gardunband (a neckstrap) ; three C M r a
(or covering-) made of broadcloth, or variegated canvass, or wascloth.
The value of the jewels, inlaid work, trimmings, and silk, used for adorning
the above articles, go- beyond description.
Five pafdrs of camels, properly caparisoned, are always kept roady for
riding, together with two for carrying a diiiufah, which is a sort of wooden
turret, very comfortable, with two poles, by which it is suspended, at the
time of travelling, between two camels.
A camel's furniture is either coloured or plain. For every ten qatdra,
they allow three patdrs coloured articles.
For Bug&, the cost of tho [coloured] furniture is 2253 d., cia., a head-
studded with shells, 20& d. ; a brass ring, 1& d. ; an iron chain, 44 d. ; a
kaUlrgl (an ornament in shape of a rosette, generally made of peacock's
feathers, with a stone in the centre), 5 d. ; apwhtyoai (ornaments for the
strap which passes along the back), 8 d. ; a durn-nfadr (a crupper), 1& d. ;
for a lakrrItii (saddle quilt) and a aarbch, both of which require 5 sera of
cotton, 20 d. ; a jd (saddle-cloth), 68 d. ; a jaka'z a' gnjkhrt,' which serves as
a mddrko't'hi (via% above), 40 d. : a tang, sbbband, gulhband (throat-strap),
24 d. ; a fan& (long rope) for securing the burden-camel-drivers call thia
rope tdqah tana'b, or kharicdr-38 d. ; a bdlkposh, or covering, 15 d.'
For Jammdeok, two additional articles are allowed, ciz., a gardunband,
2 d.; and a rinah hand (chest-strap), 16 d.
The cost of a set of plain furniture for BrrgluEia and Jammdzah amounts to
168) d., ciz., an afah-, studded with shells, 10 d. ; a durn-afadr, 4 d. ; ajahcis,

The meaning is doubtful. The not 2252, aa stated by Abulfazl. When

Amb. *a&, like qifdr, signifies a troop discrepancies are slight, the? will be found
of carneb. From the following it ap- to result from a rejection of the fractional
pears that rarbclri is a sort of quilt. pa& of the cost of articles. The dif-
' Gajkdri a pears to be the correct ference of 20i d. in this case can only
reding. The rab. jahds means w h t - have resulted from an omission on the
atrr u upon a camel, especially the part of the author, because all MSS.
wddlc n d iia appurhuncm, agree in the several item. Perhsp
a"""11Y
nub of coglee mnvasa, steep in lime
(wJ]. Hence gajkari, white-~vasl~ed.
some of the articles were not exchanged
Cricnnial{y, but had to last tl longer
' These item added up give W d., time.
19
164 d . ; a jul, 524 d. ; a tang, a ebbband, and gulhband, 24 d. ; a t d q d fandb,
37A d. ; a bil@oeh, 28 d.'
For h k a , the allowance for furniture is 143 d., oiz., an afxcir, jah&,
khurtcdr, according to the former ratss; a jul, 37) d. ; a tutcg, ekbband,
gulbbnnd, 144 d. ; a b~il~ipoah, 28 d.s
The coloured and plain furniture is renewed once in three years, but
not so the iron ban& and the wood work. In consideration of the old
coloured furniture of every qafbr, sixteen d h , and of plain furniture,
fourteen dims, are deducted by the Government. At the end of every three
years, they draw out an estimate, from which one-fourth is deducted ; then
after taking away one-tenth of the remainder, an msignment is given for
the rest.'
'Alafi camels (used for foraging) have their furniture renewed annually,
at the cost of 524 d. for countrybred camels and lob, viz., [for countrybred
camels] an afsdr, 5 d. ; a jul, 361 d ; a tar&, 4 d. ; a tang, and a sh~bband,
10%d. ;' and [for lob], an afeci;, a tang, and a ekbband, as before ; a j J ,
453 d. ; a sardoz, 2 d.
From the annual estimate one-fourth is deducted, and an assignmeat
ie given for the remainder.
Shalitah #cite, or canvass sacks, for giving camels their grain, are
allowed one for every p-atdr, at a price of 302 d. for bughdia and jarnr~iclzahe,
and 243. d. for lob.
Hitherto the cost of these articles had been uniformly computed and
fixed by contract with the camel-drivers. But when in the forty-second
year of the divine era [I598 A. D.], it wm brought to the notice of His
Majesty that these people wore, to a certain extent, losers, this regulation
was abolished, and the current market price allowed for all articles. The
price is therefore no longer fixed.
On every New Year's day, the head camel-drivers receive permission for
shearing the camels, anointing them with oil, injecting oil into the noses
of the snimala, and indenting for the furniture d o w e d to 'Alaff camels.

64.
REGULATIONS FOR OILING CAMELS, AND INJE(;TINQ OIL
INTO THEIR NOSTRILS.
The scientific terms for these operations are tatliyah and tajrf', though
we might expect tatliyah and tcinshfq, because tamhip- means injecting into
tlre nose.
' Thew items d d e d up give 169 d., rule, 9, X 3 = ?& of the eatimatea
instead of Abulfazl's 1683 d. presented.
Tlle items added up give 1M d., The addition gives 62t d. instead of
instead of Abnlfazl's ,143d. 624. The following items, for lok8,
Hence tho Government paid, an a give added up 62t.
 For each BugMi and Jammdzah 33 sera of sesame oil are annually
allowed, m i . , three sers for anointing, and 3 ser for injection into the nose.
80 a h 3 8. of brimstone, and 64 8. of butter-milk. For other kinds of
camels the dowance is 8 8. of brimstone, 64 8. of butter-milk, and 3 a. of
grease for injec.ting into the nose-holes.
Formerly these operations were repeated three times, but now only once
a year.

THE 8
- O F THE CAMELS, AND THEIR SERVANTS.
His Majesty has formed the camels into qatdra, and given oach patdr
in charge of a shrbdn, or driver. Their wages are four-fold. The first clam
get 400 d. ; the second, 340 d. ; the third, 280 d. ; the fourth, 220 d., per
sne#aum.
The qofhra are of three k i n d e l . Every five patdm are in charge of an
experienced man, called bietopanjl, or commander of twenty-five. His seJary
is' 720 d. R e marks a Ydbi~horse, and has four drivers under him.
2. Double the preceding, or tan pafdra, are committed to the care of a PanjMf,
or commander of fifty. He is allowed a horse, drams 960 d., and has nine
drivers under him. 3. Every hundred qatdre are in charge of a Panjqadi,
or commander of five hundred. Ten p a t h are under his personal superin-
tendence. With the exception of one pa&, Government finds drivers for
the othel-8. The Panjdkia, and Blatopanjle are under his orders. Their
salary varies : now-a-days many Y6zbBsbLs1 are appointed to this post.
One camelistold off for the farrcfuhea. A writer also has been appointed. His
Majesty, from his practical knowledge, has placed each Panqadi under a
grandee of the court. Several active foot-soldiers have been selected, to
enquire &om time to time into the condition of the camels, so that there
may be ko neglect. Besides, twice a year some people adornod with the
jewel of inrright, inspect the camels as to their leanness or fatness, at the
beginning of the rains, and at the time of the annual muster.
Should a camel get lost, the Sdrbdn is fined the full value ; so also the
PanjMi and the Panqadt. If a camel get lame or blind, they are fined the
fourth part of the price.
Raibcfri.
Roibdri is the name given to a class of Hindus who are acquainted with
the habits of the camel. They teach the country bred lok camel so to step
as to pass over great distances in a short time. Although from the capital

' Comeponding to our Captains of the Army, commandera of 100 soldiem.

to the frontiers of the empiro, into every direction, relny hor~esare stntionccl,
and swifi runners have boon posted at the distance of every five brr, a few of
these camel ridere are kept at the palace in r e d n e s s . Each Raibdri
is also put in charge of S t y stud arwhahs, to whicsh for the purpose of
breeding, one bughur and two b b are attached. The latter (the males) get
the usual allowance of grain, but nothing for grass. The fifty arwcinahe
get no allowance for grain or grass. For every bughur, btqhdt, and jam-
mdzah, in the stud, the allowance for oiling and injecting into the nostrils,
is 4 a. of sesame oil, 3 8 . of brimstone, 6+ 8. of butter milk. The first
includes 3 a. of oil for injection. Lob,arwdnab, g'hurde, and nidyah g'hrcrda,
only get 3%8. of sesame oil-the deduction is made for injection,-64 8. of
butter milk, and 8 a. of brimstone.
Botahs and Dumbo'2nhe-these names are given to youngcamels ;the former
is used for light burdens-are allowod 24 8. of oil, inclusive of 4 8. for
injection into the nostrils, 4 8. of brimstone, and 4+ 8. of butter-milk.
Full grown stud camek, get weekly 4 8. of saltpetre and common d t ;
botalu get f 8.
The wages of a herdsman is 200 d. per meneon. For grazing evety
fifty stud camels, he is allowed five assistante, each of whom gets 2 d. per
dim. A herdsman of two herds of fifty is obliged to present His Majesty
three m c i n a b every year; on failure, their price is deducted from his
salary.
Formerly the st.ate wed to exact a fourth part of the wool sheared fmm
every bughdi and jammdzah, each camel being assessed to yield four s e n of
wool. This His Majesty haa remithl, and in lieu thereof, has ordered the
drivers to provide their camels with durn-afaire, woodeli pegs, &c.
The following are the prices of camels :-a bughdi, from 5 to 12 Muhurs ;
ajammdzah, from 3 to 10 dl. ; a bughur, from 3 to 7 di. ; a mongrel lok, from
8 to 9 M. ; a country-bred, or a BalGchi bk, from 3 to 8 M. ; an arwrinah,
from 2 to 4 N.
His Majesty has regulated the burdens to be carried by camels. A first
class bPrgiuli, not more than 10 mane; a second c h do., 8 m. ; superior
jammdzaha, bka, kc., 8 m. ; second class do, 6 m.
In this country, camels do not live above twentg-four years.

Am 66.
THE GAOKHANAH OR COW-STABLES.
Throughout the happy regions of Hindustan, the cow is considered
auspicious, and held in great veneration; for by means of t h i ~a i m &
tillage is carried on, the sustenance of life is rendered possible, and the table of
the inhahitant is filled with milk, hutter-milk, and butter. I t is capa1)le of
carrying burdens and drawing wheeled carriages, and thus becomes an
excellent assistant for the three branches of the government.
Though every part of the empire produces cattle of various kinds, those
of (3ujdt are the best. Sometimes a pair of them are sold at 100 muhurs.
They will travel SO kos [I20 miles] in 24 hours, and surpass even swift
horses. Nor do they dung whilst running. The usual price is 20 and 10
muhurs. Good cattle are also found in Bengal and the Dakh'in. They
kneel down at the time of being loaded. The cows give upwarda of half a
ruan of milk. I n the province of Dihl( again, cows are not more worth
than 10 Rupees. His Majesty once bought a pair of cows for two lacs of
ddirtr [ j O O O Rupees].
I n the neighbourhood of Thibet and Kwhmir, tho &atcia, or Thibetan
Yak, occurs, an animal of extraordinary appearance.
A cow will live to the age of twenty-five.
From his knowledge of the wonderful properties of the cow, His
Majeety, who notices every thing which is of value, pays much attention to
the' improvement of cattle. He divided them into classes, and committed
each to the charge of a merciful keeper. One h ~ n d r e achoice cattle were
selected as khdqah, and called kotal They are kept in readiness for any
eervice, and forty of them are taken unladen on hunting expeditions, as
shall be mentioned below (Book 11,#in 27.). Fifty-one others nearly se
good are called half-kotal, and fifty-one more, quarter-kotd. Any deficiency
in the first clam is made up from the second, and that of the middle from
the third. But these three form the cow-stables for His Majesty's use.
Besides, sections of cattle have been formed, each varying in namber
from 50 to 100, and committed to the charge of honest keepers. The rank
of each animal is fixed at the time of the public muster, when each gets it8
proper place among sections of equal rank. A similar proceeding is
adopted for each section, when selected for drawing waggons and travelling
carriages, or for fetching water (cia% #in 22).
There is also a species of oxen, called gaini, small like gtit horses, but
very beautiful.
Milk-cows and buffaloes have also been dividotl into ~ections, and
hnnded over to intelligent servant^.

67.
THE DAILY ALLOWANCE OF FOOD.
Every head of the first khdqah claaa ie d o w e d daily 64 8. of grain, and
If d. of gram. The wllole stable gets daily 1 man, 19 8 . of molasses, which
 is distributed by the DBrogah, who muat be a man suitable for ~ u c ha duty
and office. Cattle of the remaining khdqah classes get daily 6 8 . of g a i n ,
and grass as before, but no molasses are given.
In other cow-stables, the daily allowance is as follows. First kind, 6 8.
of grain, 13 d. of grass at court, and otherwise only 1 d. The second kind
get 5 s. of grain, and g a s s as usual. The oxen used for travelling carriages
get 6 8. of grain, and grass as usual. First class gainfs get 3 8. of grain,
and 1 d. of grass at court, otherwise only 2 d.. Second class do., 2) 8 . of
grain, and ) d. of grass at court, otherwise only f d.
A malo buffalo (called Amah) gets 8 8 . of wheat flour boiled, 2 8.
of g'hi, f 8 . of molasses, 1$ 8. .of grain, and 2 d. of grass. This animal
when young, fights astonishingly, and will tear a lion to pieces. When this
peculiar strength is gone, it reaches the second stage, and is used for
carrying water. I t then gets 8 8. of grains, and 2 d. for grass. Female
buffaloes used for carrying water get 6 8 . of grain, and 2 d. for grass. First
class oxen for leopard-waggonsl get 6+ 8. of grain ; and other c h s e s , 5 s.
of grain, but the same quantity of grass. Oxen for heavy waggons got
formerly 5 8. of grain, and 14 d. for grass ; but now they get a quarter ser
less, and grass as bQfore.
The milk-cows and buffaloes, when at court, have grain given them
.j
in proportion to the quantity of milk they give. A herd of cows and I
buffaloes is called f7h4{. A cow will give daily from 1 to 15 8 . of milk ; a
buffalo from 2 to 30 8 . The buffaloes of the Panj6b are the best in this - I

respect. AB soon as the quantity of milk given by each cow haa been
ascertained, there are demanded two d6ms weight of g'hi for every ser of
milk.

APN 68.
THE SERVANTS EMPLOYED I N T H E COW-STABLES.
In the klrdqah stables, one man is appointed to look after four head of
cattle. Eighteen such keepers in the first stable get 5 d. per dicm, and the
remaining keepers, 4 d. I n other stables, the ~ a l a r yof the keepers is the
same, but each has to look after six cows. Of the carriage drivers, some
get their salaries on the list of the Ahadis ; others get 360 d., others 256 d.
down to 112 d. Bahle, or carriages, are of two kinds :-I. Chutriddr or
covered carriages, having four or more poles (which support the c h t v , or
umbrella) ; 2. without a covering. Carriages suited for horses are called
g'hurbahala. For every ten waggons, 20 drivers and 1 carpenter are dowed.

Carriages for the hnsport of trained hunting Icopards. E& Book 11, #in 27.
The head driver, or Jlirdzhuh, and the carpenter, get each 5 d. per diem ;
the others, 4 d. For some time 15 drivers had been appointed, and the
carpenter was disallowed : the drivers themselves undertook the repairs,
and received on this account an annual allowance of 2200 d d n ~[55 Rupees. ]
If a horn of an ox was broken, or the animal got blind, the Diiroghah
ww fined one-fourth of the price, or even more, according to the extent of
the injury.
Formerly the D'Broghahs paid all expenses on account of repairs, and
received for every day that the carriages were used, half a d8m Cng money-
ing is hemp smeared with g'hi, and twisted round about the axle-tree which,
like a pivot, fits into the central hole of the wheel, and thus prevents it
from wearing away or getting broken. When afterwards the Dhogahship
was transferred to the drivers, they had to provide for this expense. At
firsf it was only customary for the carts to carry on marches a part of the
baggage belonging to the different workshops; but when the drivers
performed the duties of the Dboghahs, they had also to provide for the
carriage of the fuel required at court, and for the transport of building
materials. But subsequently, 200 waggons were set aside for the transport
of building materials, whilst 600 others have to bring, in the space of ten
months, 1,50,000 mane of fuel to the Imperial kitchen. And if officers of
the government on any day use the Imperial waggons for other purposes,
that day is to be separately accoullted for, as also each service rendered
to the court. The drivers are not subject to the Pdgosht regulation (vide
#in 83). If, however, an ox dies, they have to buy another.
But when it came to the ears of H i s Majesty that the above mode of
contract was productive of much cruelty towards these serviceable, but
mute animals, he abolished this system, and gave them again in charge
of Eaithful servants. The allowance of grain for every cart-bullock was
iixed at 4 r., and 14 d. were given for grass. For other bullocks, the
allowance in one-half of the preceding. But during the four rainy months
no rroney i~ allowed for grass. There were also appointed for every
eighteen carts twelve ilrivers, one of whom must understand carpenter's
work. Now,if a bullock dies, government supplies another in his stead,
and likeffise pays for the Gng, and is at the expense of repairs.
The cattle that are worked are mustered once a year by experienced
men who estimate their fatness or leanness ; cattle that are unemployed are
inspected every six months. Instead of the above mentioned transport of
firewood, kc., the carters have now to perform any service which may be
required by the government.
 69.
THE MULE STABLES.
The mulo possesses the strength of a horse, and the patience of an ass ;
and though it has not the intelligence of the former, it has not the stupi&ty
of the latter. I t never forgeta the road which it has once travelled. Hence
it is liked by His Majesty, whose practical wisdom extends to every thing,
and the broe&ng is encouraged. I t is the best animal for carrying burdens,
and travelling over uneven ground, and has a very soft step. People
generally believe that the male ass couples with a mare, but the opposite
connexion also is k n o w to tage place, as mentioned in the b o o b of
antiquity. The mule resembles ita dam. His Majesty had a young asa
coupled with a mare, and they produced a very fine mule.
In many countries just princes prefer travelling about on a mule ; and
people can therefore easily lay their grievances before them,' without
inconveniencing tho traveller.
Mulos are only bred in Hindustan in Pak'h&',* and its neighbourhood.
The simple inhabitants of this country used to look upon mules ae asses,
and thought it derogatory to ride upon them ; but in consequence of the
intorest which His Majesty takes in this animal, SO great a dislike is now
nowhere to bo found.
Mulos are chiefly importod from ' M q i 'Arab and ' M q i 'Ajam. Very
superior mules are often sold at Its. 1,000 per head.
Like camels, they are formed into qafdre of five, and have the Rame
namos, except the second mule of each pat&, which is called bardaut,
[hr~tendof yeahdarah, vide f i n 61, end].
Mules reach tho age of fifty.

TEE DAILY ALLOTTTiiPu'CEO F FOOD FOR MTT1,ES.

Such mules as are not country-bred, get at court, 6 8. of grain, and 2 d.
for grass ; othemiso, only 14 d. Cbuntry-bred mules get 4 e. of grain, and
14 d. of grass, when at court ; other~ise, 1 d. for grass. Each mule is
d o w e d every week 34 jetale for salt ; but they give the salt in a lump.

' Which the subjects could not 8 0 ' The SarkRr of Pak'hnli liecr between
emily do, if the princes, on their toum Atnk (Attock) and Kaahmir, a little
of admini~tration of justice, were to north of Ruwul Pindee. 1'2e towards
ride on clrphnntn, because the plaintiff the cud of Book 111.
would s t u d tuo far from the king.
 71.
THE FURNITURE O F MULES.
F o r imported mules, a head stall of leather, 20t d. ; an iron chain
weighing 2 e., 10 d. ; a ranakt (crupper) of leather, 4 d. ; a pa'lbn (pack-
saddle), 102 d. ; a ehdltang (shawl strap), and apalda-tang (blanket strap),
361 I.; a ((iqah fandb (a rope for faste~iiugthe burden,) 63 d. ; a qatir ehnldq
(a short whip), 6 d. ; a bell, one for every pnfdr, 10 d. ; a horse hair saddle,
40 d- ; a kddlcah (vide Xin 45, No. 9) of leather, 13 d. ; a set of ropes, 9 d. ;
a eaddle cloth, 4+ d. ; a eardoz (a common head stall) 4 d. ; a ki~urjin
(wallet), 15 d. ; a fodder-bag, 4 d. ; a rtzayna-rdn (to drive away flies) of
lather, 1 d. ; a curry-comb and a hair-glove (for washing), 4 d. Total,
3454 d.
For country-bred mules the allowance is 1514 d., ais., a head stall of
leather, 4 d. ; pack-saddle, 51 d. 183 j. ; the h o straps, 16& d. ; a {JqaA
t a d b and eardm, 40 d. ; a bell, 5 d. ; a fodder-bag, 3 d. ; a cruppor, 3 d. ;
a d d l e , 24 d. ; a curry-comb and a hair-glove, 4 d.
The furniture is renewed every third year ; but for all iron and wood
work, half the price is deducted. The annual allowance for the repair of
the furniture is 40 d. ; but on the march, the time of renewal depends on the
wear. Mules are shod every six months at a cost of 8 d. per head.
Each qala'r is in chargo of a koeper. Tlirlnis, Pdnis, and Indians, are
appointed to this office : the first h o got from 400 to 1920 d. ; and the
third class, from 240 to 256 d. per nzemem. Such keepers as have monthly
dariea of 10 R. [400 d.] and upwards, have to h d thepeehang (first mulo of
their qatJr) in grain and grass. Experienced people inspect the mules twice
o year as to leannese or fatnoss. Once a year they are paraded before IIis
Majesty.
If a mule geB blind or lame, the muleteer is fined one-fourth of the
cost price ; and one-half, if it is lost.
Ames also are employed for carrying burdens and fetching water.
They get 3 a. of grain, and 1 d. for grass. The furniture for asses is the
some as that for country-bred mules, but no saddle is given. The annual
allowance for repairs is 23 d. The keepors do not get above 120 d. p e r
me19841).

AI'N 72.
'
THE MANNER I N WIIICEI H I S MAJESTY SPENDS IIIS TIME.
The 8uccest-i of tho three branches of the government, and the f m n e n t
of the wishes of the sul,jects, vhether p e a t or s m d , depond upon the
20
 manner in which n Iring spends his timo. Tfio cnro with which Ilia Majesty
p a r d s ovor hi8 motivos, and wakllos ovor his oniotions, boars on its faco tho
sign of tho Infinito, and the stamp of immortality ; and though thousands of
iniportant nlattoru trc.ibupy,rrt ono and tho snnio tili119, l i i ~attention, thoy do
not utir 111) tllca r111,11ixlluf confusion in the teniplo of his nlind, nor do they
allow the dust of dimlay to scttlo on the vigour of his mental powers, or
tho 11al)itud et~rncstnesswith wllich LZis Iliajc.hty contomplates tho chnrnis
of God's world. His anxiety to do the will of tho Crontor is ever increasing ;
and thus his insight and wisdom arc evor deepening. From his practical
knowlodge, and capacity for every thing escollunt, he can sound mon of
eaporio~~ce, though rarely casting a glance on his own ever extending
osecllonce. 110lifitens to groat and small, especting that a good thought, or
the relation of a no1)lo dcctd, may kindle in his mixid a now lamp of wisdom,
though ages have past nithout his having found a really great nian.
Impartial statesmon, on sening the sngncity of His Mnjesv, blottod out tho
book of their own wisdom, and commcncod a new leaf. But with tho
mngnnnimity which distinguishes him, and with his wonted zed, he continues
his search for superior men, and finds a roward in the care with which h e
selects such as aro fit for his socioty.
Although surrounded by every extcrnd pomp and display, and b y
ovory inducement to load a lifo of luxury and owe, he does not allow his
dosires, or his math, to renounce dleginnce to lFTisdom,his sovereign-how
much loss would he permit them to load him to a bad dood ! Even tho
tolling of stories, which ordinary people uso as as a means of lulling themselves
into sloop, servos to keep His Afajoaty awake.
Ardontly feeling after God, and soarching for truth, His Majesty
osercisos upon himself both inward and outward austerities, though 110
oecasiondy joins pu1)lic worship, in order to hush tho slandering tonbwes of
tho bigots of the present age. But the great object of his life is tho
acquisition of that sound morality, tho sublimo loftiness of ~ v l i c hcaptivnhs
the hearts of thinking sages, and fiilence~the taunts of zealots and
soctarians.
Knowing tho value of a lifetime, he never wastes his time, nor
does he omit any necessary duty, so that in the light of his upright in-
tentions, every action of his lifo may be co~lsicleredas an adoration of God.
I t is beyond my power to describe in adequate t o m s His Majesty's
devotions. H c passo8 overy momcnt of his life in self-examination or in
adoration of God. E e cspccinlly does 80 at the time, when morning s p r e a b
her u u r o silk, and scatters abroad her young, golden bcnnis ; nnd at nooll,
when the light of tho world-illuminating sun embraces tho universe, and
thus bccolnoe a source of joy for all men; in the evening, when that
 fountain of light withdraws from tho eyos of mortal man, to tho biw-ildcring
grief of d who aro fricnds of light ; and lastly at mibight, when that
great causo of life turns again to ascend, and to bring tho news of roncwod
chwrfulucss to nll who, in the melancholy of the night, are stricken with
sorrow. All these grand mystories are in honor of God, and in adoration
of the Creator of the world; and if dark-minded, ignorant men cannot
~wmprehendtheir sig-nification, who is to be blmed, and whose loss is it ?
Indeed, every man acknowledges that we owe gratitude and rovoronco to
our benofactors ; and henco it is incumbent on us, thougli our strength may
fail, to show gratitude for the blessings we rocoive Gom tho sun, tho light
of nll lighta, and to enumerate the benefits which he bestows. This is
o s w n t i a y the duty of kings, upon whom, according to the opinion of tho
~Sse,this aovoreign of tho heavens sheds an immediate light.' And this
is the very motive which actuates His Majesty to venexate fire and revoronco
lamps.
But why should I speak of tho mysterious blessings of the sun, or of
the transfer of his greater light to lamps ? Should I not rather d~rollon
the perversonoss of those weakmindud zealots, who, with much concorn, talk
of Iiis Majesty's religion as of a deification of the Sun, and tho introduc-
tion of firo-woruliip ? But I shall dismiss them with a smile.
The compassionate heart of His Majesty h d s no pleasure in cruolties,
or in causing Borroy to others ; ho is ever sparing of the livus of his eubjwts,
wishing to bestow happiness upon nll.
Hk Majesty abstains much from flesh, ao that whole m o n t h pass away
without his touching any animal food, which, though prized by most, is
notlling thought of by the sago. l l i s august nature caros but littlo for tho
plouures of the world. In tho course of twunty-four hours, he novcr
makes more thun one meal. LZe takes a dolight in spending his tilllo in
performing whatover is necessary u d proper. 110 takes a littlu ruposo in
the evening, and again for u short timo in tho moruing ; b u t his aloop looks
moro like waking.
H i s Majesty is accustomed to spend the hours of the night profitully ;
to tho private audience hall aro then admitted eloquont philosol)llors, ulld
virtuous qlifie, who are s e a t d according to thoir rank, md outortuiu H ~ Y
Majesty with wisu ctiscoursus. 0x1 such wcwions His Mujcaty futllolll~
them, and tries thoni on the touch-stono of kno~rlodgo. Or the object of au
nnc*ittntinstitution is didosod, or now tlloughta aru llailud with delight. Hore
young mon of talent learn to revere and adoro His Majesty, nud csporioncu
tho happiness of haviug h o b wishes fultillod, whilst old Inen of iull,;u.tiul

Vido ALulfazl'a Preface, p. iii., and p. 49.

judgment see themselves on the onpanse of sorrow, finding that thay have
to pass t h o u g h a new course of instruction.
There are also present in these assemblies, unprejudiced historians,
who do not mutilate history by adding or suppressing facts, and relate the
impressive ovents of ancient times. His Majesty often makes remarks
wonderfully shrewd, or starts a fitting subject for conversation. On other
occasions matters referring to the empire and the revenue, are brought up,
whon His Majeaty gives orders for whatever is to be done in each case.
About a watch before day-break, musicians of all nations are introduced,
who recreate the nssembly with music and songs, and religious strains;
and when four g ' h y b are left till morning, His Majesty retires to his
private apartments, brings his external appearance in harmony with the
simplicity of his heart, and launches forth into the ocean of contemplation.
In tho meantime, at the close of night, soldiers, merchants, peasants; trades-
people, and other professions, gather round the palace, patielltly waiting
to catch a glimpse of His Majesty. Soon aftor day-break, they are allowed
to make the koraiah (ride #in 74). After this, His Majesty allows the
attendank of the Harem to pay their compliments. During this time various
matters of worldly and religious import are brought to the notice of His
Majesty. As soon as they are settlcd, he returns to his private apartmonte,
and reposes a littlo.
The good habits of IZis Majesty are so numerous, that I cannot
adequately describe them. If I wero to compile dictionkios on this subject,
they would not be exhaustive.

Am 73.
REGULATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO COURT.
Admittance to Court is a distinction conferred on the nation at large ;
it is a pledge that the throe branches of the government are properly
looked after, and enables subjects personnlly to apply for redress of their
gievnnces. Admittance to tho ruler of the land is for the success of his
government, what irrigation is for a flower-bed; i t is the field, on which
the hopes of the nntion ripen into fruit.
His Majesty gonorally receives twice in tba course of twenty-four
hours, when people of a l l clusses can satisfy their yyes and honrts with the
light of his countonanco. First,after performing his morning devotions,
he is visible, from outsido the awning, to people of aII ranks, whether they
be given to worldly pursuits, or to a life of solitary contemplation, without
any molestation from the mace-bearers. This moda of showing himself is
called, in the language of the country, rlarsnn' (view) ; and it frequently
happens that business is transacted a t this time. The s e c o d time of his
being visible is in the State Hall, whither he generally goes after the first
watch of the day. But this assembly is sometimes announced towards the
close of day, or at night. H e also frequently appears at a window which
opens into the State Hall, for the transaction of business ; or he dispenses
there justice calmly and serenely, or examines into the dispensation of
justice, or the merit of officers, without being influenced in his judgment
by any predilections, or any thing impure and contrary to the will of God.
Every officer of ,government then presents various roports, or explains his
several wants, and is instructed by His Majesty how to proceed. From his
knowledge of the character of the times, though in opposition to the practice
of k i n e of past ages, His Majesty l o o h upon the smallest detnils as mirrors
capable of reflecting a comprehensive outline; he does not reject that
which superficial observers call unimportant, and counting the happiness
of his subjects as essential to his own, never suffers his equanimity to be
disturbed.
Whenever His Majesty holds court, they beat a large drum, the
sound0 of which are accompanied by Divine praise. I n this manner, people
of all classes receive notice. His Majesty's sons and gnndchililren, the
grandees of the Court, and all other men who have admittance, attend to
mnke the kornieh, and remain standing in their proper places. Learned
men of renown and skilful mechanics pay their respects; the Dihoghab
and Bitikchis (miters) set forth their several wants; and the officers of
justice give in their reports. His Majesty, with his usual insight, gives
orders, and settles everything in a satisfactory manner. During the whole
time, skilful gladiators and wrestlers from all countries hold themselves
in readiness, and singers, male and female, aro in wniting. Cleverjugglers,
and funny tumblers also are anxious to exhibit their dexterity and +ty.
His Majesty, on such occasions, adilrcsses himself to many of those
who have been presontcd, impressing nll with the correctness of his
intentions, the unbiasedness of his mind, the humility of his disposition,
tho magnanimity of his heart, the excellence of his nature, the chcerfulncss
of his countenance, and tho frankness of his manners; his intelligence
pervades the whole assembly, and multifarious matters aro easily and
sntisfactorily settled by his truly divine powor.
This vale of sorrows is changed to u p1ac.e of rest: the army and tho
nation are content. May tho empire flourish, and these blussiugs enduro !
 A r N 74.
REGULATIONS REGARDING T H E KORNISII AND TIIE TASLPM.
Superficial observers, correctly enough, look upon a king as tho origin
of the poaco and comfort of the subjocte. But men of deeper insight arc
of opinion that even spiritual progress aniong a pooplo would be iml)ossiblc,
unless emanating from tho king, in whom tho light of God dwells ; for near
tlio throne, men wipe off tho stain of couceit, and build up the urch of truo
humility.'
With tho view, then, of promoting this truo humility, kings in their
wisdom have made regulations for the 111anner in which peol~loare to sliew
tlieir obedience. Some kings have adoptod tho bending down of tho head.
IIis Majesty has con~~nandcd the p a h of tlio right liand to be placed upon
tho forehead, arid the head to bo bent do~vnwards. This mode of d u t a t i o u ,
in the language of tho prosout age, is culled korniah, aud siguifies that the
snluter htls placed his hcad (which is the seat of the senses u d tho mind)
into the liand of humility, giving it to the royal assembly as a present, axid
has made himself in obodionce ready for auy senice that may bo required
of him.
Tho salutation, called lasllm, consists in placing the back of tho riglit
hand on the pound, and then raising it gently till tho pcrtiou s t u d s cruet,
when he puts the pnln1 of his hand ul~onthe cron-n of his 11ed, ~vhich
plcming m u n e r of salutiug siguifies that lie is ready to givo hi~.~twlf us an
offuririg.
His Majesty relates as follows : " One day my royal fathor b e s t o a d
upon mo ono of his o m caps, which I put on. Because tho cap of tho king
was rather large, I had to hold it with my [right] hand, whilst bending my
head do~vutvardu, and thus pefiormed tho manner of sdututiou (kornish)
above dcscribod. Tho king wna pleased with this new method, and from his
feeling of propriety ordered this to be the mode of the korniak and taalirn.
Upon tukillg leave, or prosentation, or upon receiving a ~~ta~tsnl, a jdp'r,
or a dress of honour, or an olophmt, or a horso, tho rulo is to make three
tasli,ria; but only one on all other occasions, whon saluries uro paid, or
prosents axe made.
Such a degree of 01)odionco is also shown by sorvants to their n~astem,m d
looked upon by them ns a sourco of blessings. Licuce for the diwiplcs of

IIeuce the prewnce of tho king the head of the New Church, the subjects
promotes humility, which is the founds- occupy the position of disciples.
tion of d l spiritual life. SO es wcidy ilh 77, and the Note after it.
in the w e of ~ h , rtolu,
tutuwd~
II~R Majesty, it wns nocossary to ndd something, ciz., prostrntion' (sydizh);
and they look upon a prostration beforo IIis Majesty as a prostration
performod before God ; for royalty is an omblcm of the powor of God, and
a light-shedcling ray from this Sun of the Absolute.
Viewed in this light, the prostration has become acceptable to many,
and p r o ~ e dto them a source of blessings upon blessings.
But as some perverse and dark-minded men look upon prostration as
blasphemous man-worship, His Majesty, from his practical nisdoln, hns
ordered it to be discontinued by the ignorant, and remitted it to all ranks,
forbidding even his private attendants fro111 using it in tho Dnvbcir. i 'A'm
(general cwurt-days). However, in tho privato assembly, whou any of those
m in waiting, upon whom the star of good fortune shines, and they rcccive
the order of seating themselves, they certainly perform the prostration of
gratitude by bowing down thoir foreheads to the earth, and thus participate
in the h d o of good fortune.
I n this manner, by forbidding the peoplo at large to prostmte, but
allowing the Elcct to do so, His Majcsty fulfills tho wishes of both, and
&ow8 the world a fitting example of practical nisdom.

Just as spiritual loadership requires a regulated mind, capable of

controlling covctousnesa and wrath, so does political leadership depend on
an external ordor of things, on the regulation of the clifforcnco among men
in rank, olld tlio power of liberality. If a king possess a cultivated mind,
his psition ns the spiritual leader of the nation will be in harnlomy with his
temporal oftico ; and the perforniance of each of his p o l i t i d duties will be
e q ~ i i ~ a l e to
n t au adoration of God. Should any one scorch for an exanlple,
I would point to tho practice of His Mnjesty, w l i c l ~will be found to exhibit
that happy harmony of motivcs, the contemplation of \vlich rewards the

' The p m t n t i o n , or sijdah, is one kings, a t whose courts the T ~ W K W S ; ~

of the poeitions a t rnyer, and is there- had leen the usunl salutation. " It wm
fore looked upon Ry all Muhnm~nad-
m s a~ the exclusive right of God.
Xizdrn of S d a k l ~ s l ~who
h invented the
prostration when the emperor wns still
When Akbnr, nn the head of Ilk new a t Fatl~pfir [lxfore 16861. The suc-
hith, aaa treated by Ilk flattering cess of the innovation ~nrule Mullir
friends, perhaps ngninst his calmer j d g -
ment, as t1,e rcprcsentative of C f
d on
A'lam of Killul exclni~n," 0 that I had
been the inveutor of thiu little business !" '
.
earth, he had to allow prostration in thc Bad. 111, 163. Hegardill:: NizLm,
u s e u 1 b 6 ~ 4of the Elcct. The people a t or xi KL~II, viclc ~ b u l l i i z ~list
Cf~lndees, I I n d book, Xo. 1t b The
~ u of
large would never have submitted. Tho
Ktice evidently pleued the emperor, sijdah ~IR nn article of Akbnr's Divine
aure he looked with fondness upon Ht4igion. will be again rckrred to in the
every custo~n of the ancie~lt Persiau note to txh 771
searchor nit11 an increase of p m n n l knowledge, nnd lends him to worship
this ideal of a king.'
When n i s Mnjesty seats himself on tho throne, nll that are present
perform tho brwiah, and then remain standing at their places, according to
their rank, with their arms crossed,' partaking, in tho light of his imperial
countenance, of tho olixir of life, and enjoying everlasting happinem in
standing ready for any service.
Tho eldost prince places himself, when standing, at a distance of one
to four ynrds from the throne, or when sitting, at a distance from two to
eight. The second prince stanch &om one and one-half to six yards from
the throne, and in sitting from three to twelve. So also the third; but
someti~llesho is admitted to a nearer position than the second prince, and
at other times both stalld together at the samo distance. But His Majosty
generally placcs the younger princes affectionately nearer.
Then come the Elcct of the highost rank, v h o are worthy of the spiritual
pidance of His Majesty, at a distance of three to Gftccn yards, nnd in sitting
from five to twenty. After this follow the senior grandees from three and a
hnlf yards, and then the other grandees, from ton or twclve and a half yards
from the throne.
All othors stand in the Yasal." One or two attendants' stand ncnror
than all.

The words of the text are a ~ n b i ~ u o u s by persons of no rank in tho presence of

They may also mean, atit1 I( (1118I t r r ~ r lo s t ~ m g e r s .I'hilraoh-Orientlu mean tlre
pr.aise me ax /he nrcrlr rcho directed hi,,, P h ; ~ r t ~ oofh the t i ~ u oof illosm-is pro-
tou.crrtl~-this rrtrrmplc. verbinl in thc E ~ 4 tfbr \,ai~~-glory.T l ~ e
Tllr fingcr tips of' the left 11n1id t o ~ v . l ~ position xuit;~blefor nocicty is the duzdnti
the right cll)ow, and tliosc of tllc right mode of sitting, I. e., the person finrt
l~nnd,the Irtt elbow ; or, tllc fingr1.a of kneel:, down 1vit11 lliu b d y straight ; he
each hand rrst q:rinst tllc inner upper the11 lets the M y gcutly sink till he sitv
arnl of the oppoaitc siclc. The lower on liis heels, the anns being kept er-
alms rest on the Xctmnrbtrrrd. JVl~c~n in tended and the l ~ s u d s resting on the
this position, n sc>rvnntis called ci~~~titlah knees.
i Xhitlrrrat, or rmdy for service. Sorne- " I'bsal signifies t l ~ wing c of an anny,
tilllea tltc right foot also iu put over the and here, t h e two wiligs into which the
left, the tors of tlle forrller ~nrrely wse~nl)lyis dividcd. The place before
touching tlle ground. The slic)cs are, of the tllronu rctn:lins free. One wing was
count,, left outside i r t the p!f i itiV(c'l. K e ~ ~ ~ r o; ~r cl~l ~y p i e lg
d tlle g ~ n ~ d c c ,ofs
Tile em Icror sit.9 on the tl~roiio (ryirle t l ~ cCourt, a11c1tllc ohicf' f'unctioi~irric*;on
l'l;~tt*V k . ) with cro8ml I I ~ sor, c.h(rhcb- tllc otller w i i ~ gstood tile Qrir (ride 1)
ztirrri,n position ofeomlbrt whic.11 0ritwt:rls 109, l l O ) , the 3lull:ia and the ' ~ h m $
rillow to persons of' rn~tk. Thin oaition, kc.
borev.rr, ia ulled f r ' a ~ i n in i r k r t , or The servants who hold tho sdibdn
PLamoh's m d c of sitting, if assumed Ain 19, or the fiu~u.
 ATN 76.
TIIF, MUSTER OF MEN.
Tho business which IIis Majesty daily transacts is most multifarious ;
h e n c ~I shall only describe such affairs as continually recur.
A Large number of men are introduced on such days, for which an
A ~ j u m a ni Dtid o Dihiah, or assembly of expenditure, has been announced.
Their merits are enquired into, and the coin of knowledge passes current.
Some take a burden from their hearts by expressing a wish to be enrolled
among the members of the Divine Faith ; others want medicines for their
diwam.' Some pray His Majesty to remove a religious doubt ; others
again seek his advice for settling a worldly matter.P There is no end to
such reqi~esta,and I must confine myself to the most necessary cases.
The aalarios of a large number of mena from T i r b and I'rAn, Turkey
and Europe, Hindustan and Kashmh, are fixed by the proper officcrs in a
manner described below, and the men themselves are taken before His
Majesty by the paymssters. Formerly it had been the custom for the men
to come with a horse and accoutrements ; but now-a-days only men appointed
to the post of an Ahadi' bring a horse. The salary as proposed by the
o5cers who bring them, is then increased or decreased, though it is generally
increased ; for the market of His Majesty's liberality is nover dull. The
number of men brought before His Majesty depends on the number of men
availnble. Every Monday all such horsemen are mustered as were left
from the preceding week. With the view of increasing the army and tho
zeal of the officers, His Majesty gives to each who brings horsemen, a
prosent of two ddma for each horseman.
Special Bitikchie' [writers] introduce in the same manner such sa are
fit to bc Ahadis. I n their case, IIis Majesty always increases the stipulated
salary. Ae it is customary for every Ahadi to buy' his own horso, His
Majmty has ordered to bring to ovory muster the horses of any Ahadis that

' Thi ia to be taken liternll The

7. Book, f i n l),a horse was given to each
rater on which Akbar breathed, was a recruit on joining, for which he was
universal remedy. Ti'de next Ain. answerable.
An settling a family-tkud, mcom- ' As Ahadfa drew a higher salary (11,
mending a matrimonial alliance, giving Ain 4), they could buy, and maintain,
r new-lmm child a suibhle namc, &c. h o ~ w sof a superior kind.
' Alulfazl means men who a c r e willing ' S i n 4 of the second book mentions
lo serve in the several grade* of the only one officer appointed to recruit the
ahnding arniy. The standing army ranks of Ahadis.
consistd of cavalry, artillery, and rifles. a So occoding to two MSS. My text
There was no q u l n r Infantry. Men edition, p. 168, 1. 10, l ~ a sAs it aa not
r h o joined the standing a m p , in the customar for Ahadis to buy a horse,
&ginning of Alihrrr'n reign, brought . Bod redingu give a uenle, t l ~ o u ~ h
thrir o m horse and accoutrements with f i h o u l d prefer the omission of the n e w
them ; hnt as thin WRR 1b11nd to be the tive word. Accordin to #iu 4, of the
cause ot much inclticiency (uide Second second book, an ~ h a c i f w a ssupplied with
21
may have latuly died, which lie hnnds over to tlie ne\i.ly trppoiutod &adis
either +a presents, o r charging t h e price to their monthly salaries.
On such occasions, Senior h n d m and other A m h introduce also
a n y of their friends, for whom they may fiolicit appointments. His Majesty
then fisos t h e salaries of such candidates according to circumstances ; b u t
appointments under fifty rupees per nrenaem a r e rarely evor solicited in this
manner.
Appointments to t h e Imperial workshope aIso are made i n s u c h
assemblies, and the salaries a r e h e d .

ArN 77.
H I S MAJESTY' A6 THE B P I R I T U A L G U I D E O F THE P E O P L E .
God, t h e Giver of intellect a n d the Creator of matter, forms mankind
a8 Ho pleases, and gives to some comprehensiveness, a n d to others narrow-
ness of disposition. Hence t h e origin of two opposite tendencies a m o n g
men, one class of whom t u r n to religious (din), a n d t h e other clw to worldly
thoughts (dunyh). Each of these two divisions selects different leaders,s a n d
mutual repulsiveness grows to open rupture. It is then t h a t men's blindness
a n d silliness appear in their true light ; it is then discovered how rarely m u t u a l
regard a n d charity are to b e met with.
B u t have t h e religious a n d t h e worldly tendencies of men n o common
ground ? L there not evwrywhere t h e same enrapturing beautys which b e a m s
forth from so m a n y thousand hidden places ? Broad indeed is t h e carpet'
which God h a s spread, and beautiful t h e colours which H e has given it.
T h e Lover and t h e Beloved a r e i n reality one ;"
I d l e talkers speak of the Brahmin aa distinct from his idoL

a l~orsewhen hi first horse had died. God, there is a ground common to both.
To SUCII 'cases the negative p h m e would Hence mankind ouvht to learn that thew
refer. But it tcns cuutomary for Ahadie b no real antagonism between din and
to bring their own horse on joining; dunyd. Let men rally round Akbar,
and thiu is the case which Abulfazl who joins qufic ckepth to practical
evidently means ; for in the whole #in wisdom. By his example, he teaches
he speaks of newcomers. men how to adore God in doing one's
A note will be found at the end of duties ; his sl~perhuman knowledge
this Ah. roves that the light of God dwells in
* i\. p?hete, the leaders of the E m . me surest way of pleasing w
Church ; an kings, the leaders of the is to obey the kina.
State. The reader will do well to compare
God. He may be worshipped by the Abulfazl's preface with this Aiu.
meditative, and by the active m a . ' The world.
The former specnlates on the essence of ' These qufic lines illulrtrate the idea
God, the latter rejoice0 in the beauty of that ' the srune enrapturing beauty' .is
the world, and does his duty as man. everywhere. God is everywhere, in
Both represent tendencies apparently everything : hence everythin Is God.
antagonistic; but aa both strive after Thus God, the Beloved, dwe& in man,
 Thew is but one lamp in this house, in the rays of which,
Wherever I look, a bright sssembly meets me.
One man thinks that by keeping his passions in subjection he worships
Ood ; and mother finds self-discipline in watching over the destinies of a
nation. The religion of thousand others consists in clinging to an idea:
they are happy in their sloth and unfitness of judging for themselves. But
when the time of reflection comes, and men shake off the prejudices of their
education, the thread0 of tho web of religious blindness' break, and the
eye sees the glory of harmoniousness.
But the ray of such wisdom does not light up every house, nor
could every heart bear such knowledge. Again, although some are enlightened,
many would observe silence from fear of fanatics, who lust for blood, but
look like men. And should any one muster sufficient courage, and openly
proclaim his enlightened thoughts, pious simpletons would call him a mad
man, and throw him aside aa of no account, whilst ill-stared wretches would
a t once think of heresy and atheism, and go about with the intention of
killing him.
Whenever, fiom lucky circumstances, the time arrives that a nation
learns to understand how to worship truth, the people d lnaturally look to
their king, on account of the high position which he occupies, and expect
him to be their spiritual leader as well ; for a king possesses, independent
of men, the ray of Divine wisdom,' which banishes fiom his heart every-
thing that is conflicting. A king therefore sometimes observe the
olement of harmony in a multitude of things, or sometimes, reversely, a
~nultitudeof things in that which is apparently one; for he sits on the
throne of distinction, and is thus equally removed from joy or soi~ow.
Now this is the m e with the monarch of the presout age, and this
book is a witness of it.
Men versed in foretelling tho future, knew this when IIis Majesty was
Iwrn,' h d together with all others that were cognizant of the secret, they

the lover, and both are one. Brahmin = or A. D. 15751 a great number of Portu-
Inan ; the idol = God ; lnmp = thought guese, from whom they likemiae picked
of God ; h o w = man's heart. The up doctrines justifinble by reasoning."
thoughtful man s e a everywhere ' the B a d h i 11, p. 281.
bright eesembl of God's works.' ' Fidc Abulfazl's prefiice, p. 111, 1. 19.
' The t a tk taglid, which means
to put a collar om one's own neck, to
' This in an allusion to the wonderful
event wl~ich ha n ~ dat the birth of
. fbllow another blind1 , especially in the emperor. i&ar spoke. " Prom
religious matters. "%I things which Mirzir Shirh bfuhammd, called Qhaznin
refer to ruphetahip and revealed reliwion KhBn, on of' ShHh Begkhhn, who had
they [ ~ % u ~ a z~ l , ~ ~bu~tbtb.
i m Zc.1 the title of Daurhn Khhn, and was an
called faqlictiydt, i. e., thinga against Arghdn by birth. The anthor heard
reason, beauso they put the basis of him say at Lihor, in A. H. 1053,
re+n upon reason, not testimony. " I naked Nuwtib 'Aziz Kokah, who h.ur
kldcu, there cnmc [during A. H. 98'3, the title of Khhn i A ' L ~[oidc
I ~ L i ~ tof
 have since been waiting in joyful expectation. His Majesty, however, d e I y
surrounded himself for a time with a veil, as if he were an outsider, or n
stranger to their hopes. But can man counteract the will of God? His
Majesty, at fist, took all such by surprise as were wedded to the prejudices
of the age ; but he eodd not help revesling his intentions: they grew to
maturity in spite of him, and are now fully known. H e now is the spiritual
guide of the nation, and sees in the performance of this duty a meam of
pleasing God. H e has now opened the gate that leads to the right path,
and satisfies the thirst of all that wander about panting for truth.
But whether he checks men in their desire of becoming disciples, or
admits them at other times, he guides them in each case to the realm of
bliss. Many sincere enquirers, from the mere light of his wisdom, or his
holy breath, obtain a degree of awakening which other spiritual doctore
could not produce by repeated fasting and prayers for forty days. Numbers
of those who have renounced the world, as Sannaieis, Jogis, Swrcia, Qalandwa,
Riiklma, and qt(fis, and thousands of such as follow worldly pursuits, as
soldiers, tradespeople, mechanics, and husbandmen, have daily their eyes
opened to insight, or have the light of their knowledge increased. Men of all
nations, young and old, friends and strangers, the far and the near, look
upon offering a vow to His Majesty aa the means of solving all their diffi-
culties, and bend down in worship on obtaining their desire. Others again,
from the distance of their homes, or to avoid the crowds gathering at Court,
offer their vows in secret, and pats their lives in grateful praises. But
when His Majesty leavee Court, in order to settle the affairs of a province,
to conquer a kingdom, or to enjoy the pleasures of the chaae, there is not a
hamlet, a town, or a city, that does not send forth crowds of men and women
with vow-offerings in their hands, and prayers on their lips, touching the
ground with their foreheads, praising the efficacy of their vows, or proclaim-
ing the accounts of the spiritual assistance received. Other multitudes ask for
, lasting bliss, for an upright heart, for advice how best to act, for atrength
of the body, for enlightenment, for the birth of a son, the reunion of friends,
a long life, increase of wealth, elevation in rank, nnd many other things.
His Majesty, who knows what is really good, gives satisfactory answer$ to
every one, and applies remedies to their religious perplexities. Not a day
passes but poople bring cups of water to him, beseeching him to breathe
upon it. H e who reads the lettors of the divine orders in the book of fate,
on seeing the tidings of hope, takes the water with his blessed hands, places

Grandees, second Book, #in 301, whether Edition, p. 390. B o m b n ~edition, p: 260.
the lute emperor, like the Messiah, had The words which Chnst s ke m the
really spoken with his aapust mother. cradle, are given in the Q o g , Sar. 19,
l i e replied, " His mother told me, it was and in the spurious gospel of the Infzncy
true." DubisCrin uE biazdhib, Calcutta of Chrial, pp. 5, 111.
it in the r a p of the m-orlil-illuminating sun, nnd fulfils the desiro of tho
suppliant. Many sick people' of broken hopes, whose diseases the most
eminent physicians pronounced incurable, have been restored to health b2-
this divine meana.
A more remarkable case is the following. A simple-minded recluse had
mt off his tongue, and throwing it towards the threshold of the palace,
said, " If that certain blissful thought,= which I just now have, has been put
into my heart by God, my tongue will get well; for the sincerity of my
belief must lead to a happy issue." The day was not ended before he
obtained his wish.
Those who are acquainted with the religious knowledge and the piety
of His Majesty, will not attach any importance to some of his customs,'
remarkable as they may appear at first ; and those who know His Majesty's
charity and love of justice, do not even see any thing remarkable in them.
Ln the magnanimity of his heart, he nevor thinks of his perfection, though
he is the ornament of the world. Hence ho even keeps back many who
ddare themselves willing to become his disciples. H e often says, " Why
should I claim to guide men, before I myself am guided ?" But when a
novice bears on his forehead the sign of earnestness of purpose, and ho be
daily enquiring more and more, His Majesty accepts him, and admits him
on a Sunday, when the worlil-illuminating sun is in its highest splendour.
h'otwithstanding every strictness and reluctance shewn by His Majesty in
admitting novices, there aro many thousands, men of a l l classes, who have
cast over their shouldors the mantel of belief, and look upon their con-
rersion to the New Faith as the means of obtaining every blessing.
At the above-mentioned time of everlaating auspiciousness, the novice
with his turban in his hands, puts his head on the feet of His Majesty.
This is 8s-mbolical,' and expresses that the novice, guided by good fortune
and tho assistance of his good star, has cast asides conceit and selfishness,
' " He [Akbar] shewed himself over
morning at a window, in front of vhic
multitudes carne and prostrated them-
< there remained i r ~the breast of the mo-
narch a stronghold of idolatry, on which
they [the Portuguese BIissionaric~]could
selves ; while women brought their sick never make nny impression. Not only
i h n b for his benediction, and offered did he adore tho sun, and make long
p m n b on their recovery." From the ac- rayera to it four times a day ; he also
count of theGoa Missionaries who came to Eeld himaelf forth3.a an object of worship ;
Akbar in 1596, in iIfua*ray'a Discoveries and though exceedingly tolerant ns to
M A&, 11, p. 96. other modes of faith, never a~ouldadmit
'His thought was this. If Akbar is a of an encroachments on his own divi-
pro bet, he must, from his srlpernstural , p 95.
nity.'' ~ u r m ~yi r r~o v e r i e s IT,
A o m , find out in what coud~tiouI am T h e text has zabdn i hdl, and a little
lring here. lower down, zahdn i bezufdni. fibdm
'" He [Akhm] showed, besidea, no par- i hcil, or symbolical language, is oppod
tiality to the Mehometans ; and when in to z d d n i maqdl, upoken words.
straits for money, would even plunder Or rather, from his head, as the text
the mospues to quip his owalrj. Yet has, b u a e the casting aside of selfish-
 the root of so many evils, offers his heart in worship, and now comes to en-
quire as to the means of obtaining everlasting life. His Majesty, the chosen
one of God, then stretches out the hand of favour, raises up the suppliant,
and replaces the turban on his head, meaning by these symbolical actions
that he has raised up a man of pure intentions, who from seeming existence
has now entered into real life. His Majesty then gives the novice the
Shgt,' upon which is engraved ' t h e Great Name," and His Majesty'e
symbolical motto, Alldhu Akbar.' This teaches the novice the truth that
" Th4 p r 8 Shagt and thc pure eight necm m."

Seeing the wonderful habits of His Majesty, his sincere attendants are
guided, aa circumstances require it ; and from the wise counsels they receive,
they soon state their wishes openly. They learn to satisfy their thirst in
the spring of divine favour, and gain for their wisdom and motives renewed
light. Others, according to their capacities are taught wisdom in excellent
advices.
But it is impossible while speaking of other matters besides, to give a
full account of the manner in which His Majesty teaches wisdom, heale
dangerous diseases, and applies remedies for the severest sufferings. Should
my occupations allow sufficient leisure, and should another term of life be
granted me, i t is my intention t,o lay before the world a separate volume on
this subject.
Ordinuncee of th8 Bicine Faith.
The members of the Divine Faith, on seeing each other, observe the
following custom. One says, " Alkihu Akbar ;"and the othor responds,
" Jalla J a l i l u h ~ . " ~The motive of His Majesty, in laying do- this mode
-
nms is symbolically expressed by taking root, not a derivative. All epithets of
off the turban. To wear s turban is a dis- God are contained in it." Xaehfullugha't.
tiuction. ' Thrne formule remind of Akbar's
Shupt means aim; secondly anp/ name. Jaldluddin Muhummad Akbar.
thing ~ o u n d ,either a ring, or a thread, The words Alldhu Akbar are ambC
8s the Brahminical thread. Here a ring g u m :they mny mean, God ie great, or,
seems to be meant. Or it may be the Aklur is God. There is no douht that
likeness of the Emperor which, according Akbar liked the phraae for ita ambiguity ;
to Badbni, the members wore on their for i t was used on coins, the Imperial
. turbans. seals, and the heading of books, firrmhns,
The Great .h7ame is a name of God. &e. His era was called the Dizi01e era ;
" Some uay, i t iu the word Allah ;others his faith, the Divine faith ; and the note
say, i t is pamad, the eternal ; othera, al- a t the end of this a n shews how Akbar,
huyv, the living ; others, alqayy&m, the starting from the idea of the Divine right
everlasting ; others, arrnhmdn, armhim, of kings, gradually came to look n n
the clemeut and merciful ; others, alinu- himself the Mujfalid of the R , t c n
Itnimin, the p r o h t o r . Ghicis. " as the prophet of God and God's v i c e re-
Hamiduddin of N k o r says, the Great gent on earth, and lastly as a Deity. " It
Name in the word Hti, or H e (God), wm during these days [A. H . 983, or A. D.
because i t has a reference to God's na- 1676-761 that His Majesty once asked
ture, as it shows that H e has no other how people would like it, if he ordered
at His side. Again, the word hri GI a the wolds AZldhr Aklar to be cut on
of salutation, is to remind men to think of the origin of their existence, and
to keep the Deity in fresh, lively, and grateful remembrance.
I t is also ordered by His Majesty that, instead of the dinner usually
given in remembrance of a man after his death, each member should pre-
pare a dinner during his lifetime, and thus gather provisions for his last
journey.
Each member is to give a party on the anniversary of his birth-day,
and arrange a sumptuous feast. H e is to bestow alms, and thue prepare
provisions for the long journey.
His Majesty has also ordered that members should endeavour to abstain
from eating flesh. They may allow others to eat flesh, without touching it
themselves ; but during the month of their birth they are not even to ap-
proach meat. Nor shall membera go near anything t h ~ they t have them-
eelree slain; nor eat of it. Neither shall they make use of the same
reseela with butchers, fishers, and birdcatchers.
Members should not cohabit with pregnant, old, and barren women;
nor with girls under the age of puberty.

In connection with the preoeding Kin, i t may be of interest for

the general reader, and of some value for the future historian of Akbar'e
reign, to colleot, in form of a note, the information which we possese
m g g g the religious views of the E~llperor Akbar. The souroes
%am which this information is derived, is, besides Abulfazl's #in,
the Xuntakhab t i t TaccciriX.hby 'Abdul QBdir ibn i Mullilr Shhh of Badion
-regarding whom I would refer the reader to p. 104, and to a longer
article in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1869-and
the Dnbi.ytin 111 Xorahilr', a work written about sixiy yems after Akbnr'e
death by an unknown Muhammadan writer of strong Pilrsi tendencies.
Kor must, we forget the valuable testimony of some of the Portuguese
Missionaries whom Akbar called &om Goa, aa Rodolpho Aquaviva,

the Imprial seal and the dies of hi8 coins. it waa surely ~ufficientthat no mnn who
Most said, people would like it very felt his weakness, would claim Divini-
mucb. But H i i Ibdhim objected, and t ; he merely looked to the sound of
uid. the phreaehrd an ambiguous mean- tte words, and he had never thought
ing. and the em ror might aubtitute that a thing could be carried to such an
the Qodn verse j%ikru AlEdhi a M a m extreme." ~ u d a ' o n ip.
, 210.
(To thiik of God in the greatest thing), Printed at Cnlcutta in 1809 with 8
h u a e it involved no ambiguity. But short dictionary, and reprinted at Bombay,
&
' &jaty got displeased, m d wid, A. H. 1272, [A. D. 18661. This work
Antonio dc Monscrrato, Francisco Enriques, bc., of whom the first
is mentioned by Abulfazl nndcr the name of Pcidri RndnIj:' There exist
also two articles on Akbar's religiom views, one by Captain Vans
Kennedy, published in the second volume of the Transactions of the
Bombay Literary Society, and another by the late Homce H a p a n
Wilson, which had originally appeared in the Calcutta Quarterly Oriental
Magazine, Vol. I., 1824, and has been reprinted in the second volume of
Wilson's works, London, 1862. Besides, a few estmcts &om Badioni,
bearing on this subject, will be found in Sir H. Elliott's Bibliopphical
Index to the Historians of Muhammadan India, p. 243 ff. The Proceed-
iugs of the Portuguese Missionaries a t Akbar's Court are described in
Murray's Historicnl Account of Discoveries and Travels in h i a , E h -
burgh, 1820, Vol. 11.
I shall commence with extracts from Badtioni.' The translation is
liteml, which is of great importance in a difficult writer like Bad6oni.
AbulJazl'a second introdlcction to dkbar. 17iR pride.
[BndAoni, edited by Maulnwi A'ghi Allmad 'Ali, in the IJibliotheca
Indica, Vol. 11,p. 198.1
I t was during thoso days [end of 982 A. H.] that Abulfazl, son of
Shaikh Mubirik of Nigor, canlo the second time to court. He is now s t y l d
'Allrifni. He is the maxi that set the world in flames. He lighted up the
lamp of the Gabdhis, illmtrating thereby the story of the man who, b-use
he did not know what to do, took up a lamp in broad daylight, and repre-
senting himself aa opposed to all sects, tied the girdle of infallibility round
his waist, according to the saying, 'Howho forms an opposition, gaim
power.' He laid before the Emperor a commentary on the Ayat &-kursi,a

has also been translated into Engliall at 988 - 17 February, 1580.

the cost of the Oriental Truuelution 989 - 5 February, 1581.
Fund. 990 - 26 January, 15W2.
Not Padre Rcdg &aJ) BR in 9'31 - 15 January, 1583.
Elphinstone'shistory, but d <the ,letter 992 - 4 January, 1681.
(Em) having been mistaken for a (y5). 993 - 24 I)ecember, 1584.
994 - 13 December, 1685.
AB in the following extracts the years 996 - 2 December, 1686.
of the Hijrah m given, the reader may 996 - 22 November, 1587.
convert them according to thin table :- 997 - 10 November, 1688.
The year 980 A. H. c&enccd 14 May 998 - 31 October, 1589.
167'2 [Old Style. 999 - 20 October, 1590.
981 - 3 Mav. 1573. 1000 - 9 October, 1691.
982 - 23 ~ $ 1 , 1574. 1001 - 25 September, 1592.
983 - 12 A ril, 1676. lOO2 - 17 September, 1593.
984 - 31 ~ f u c h 1576.
, 1003 - 6 September, 1694.
985 - 21 AIarrh, 1577. 1004 - 27 August, 1695.
986 - 10 March, 1678.
987 - 28 February, 1679. a Qor. Sur. 11, 256.
 169
which contained all subtleties of the & o r b ; and though people said that
it had been written by his hther, Abulfazl was much praised. The
numerical value of the letters in the words Tafair i AkbarI (Akbar's com-
mentary) gives the date of composition [983]. But the emperor praised it,
chiefly because he expected to fmd in Abulfazl a man capable of teaching
the M d L a lesson, whose pride certainly resembles that of Pharaoh, though
this expectation was opposed to the confidence which His Majesty had
placed in me.
The reason of Abulfazl's opinionativeness and pretensions to infallibi-
lity was this. At the time when it was customary to get hold of, and kill,
such as tried to introduce innovations in religious matters (as had been the
case with Mir Habshl and others), Shaikh 'Abdunnabi and Makhd6m ul mulk,
and other learned men at court, unanimously represented to the emperor
that Shaikh Mubarik a h , in as far aa he pretended to be HahdI~,belonged
to the class of innovators, and was not only himself damned, but led othere
into damnation. Having obtained a sort of permission to remove him, they
despatched police officers, to bring him before the emperor. But when they
found that the Shaikh, with his two sons, had concealed himself, they
demolished the pulpit in his prayer-room. The Shaikh, at first, took
refuge with Salim i Chishti at Fathpirr, who then was in the height of h i ~
glory, and requested him to intercede for him. Shnikh Salim, however,
sent him money by some of his disciples, and told him, it would be better
for him to go away to OujrLt. Seeing that Salim took no interest in him,
Shaikh Mubtixik applied to hILrz6 'Aziz Kokah [Akbar's foster-brother],
who took occasion to praise to the emperor the Shaikh's learning and yolun-
tary poverty, and the superior talents of his two sons, adding that M u b e
was a most trustworthy man, that he had never received lands as a present,
and that h e ['Aziz] could really not see why Shaikh w a ~so much
persecuted. The emperor at last gave up all thoughte of killing the Shaikh.
In a short time matters took a more favourable turn ; and Abulfazl, when
once in favor with the emperor, (officious as he was, and time-serving,
openly faithless, continually studying His Majesty's whims, a flatterer
beyond all bounds) took every opportunity of reviling in the most s h a m e
ful way that sect whose labours and motives have been so little appreciated,.
and became the cause not only of the extirpation of these experienced
people, but also of the ruin of all servanta of God, especially of Shaikhs,
pious men, of the helplese, and the orphans, whose livings and granta he
cut down.

V i i p. 106, Note 6. yeare later. &bar need Mahdawi ru-

'Badbni belonged to the believer0 in
s p p d OE the Yiuennilun. A few there before
22
 H e used to eay, openly and implicitly,--
0 Lord, eend down a proof' for the people of the world !
Send these Nimrodss a gnat as big as an elephant!
These Pharaoh-like fellows have Lifted up their heads ;
Send them a Moses with a staff, and a Nile !
And when in consequence of his harsh proceedings, miseries and mis-
fortunes broke in upon the 'Ulamh (who had persecuted him and hi8
father), he applied the following RubB'i to them :-
I have set fire to my barn with my own hands,
As I am the incendiary, how can I complain of my enemy ?
No one ia my enemy but myself,
Woe is me ! I have torn my garment with my own hands.
And when during disputations people quoted against him the edict of
any JItq'tahid', he used to say, 'I Oh don't bring me the arguments of this
aweetmeat-seller, and that cobbler, or that tanner !" H e thought himself
capable of giving the lie to all Shaikhs and 'Ulamih."
Commenccmmt Of tnd Diaptatione. [Badioni 11, p. 200.1
During the year 983 A. H., many places of worship were built a t the
command of His Majesty. The cause was this. For many years previous
to 983, the emperor had gained in succession remarkable and decisive
victories. The empire had grown in extent from day to day; everything
turned out well, and n o opponent was left in the whole world. His Majesty
had thus leisure to come into nearer contact with ascetics and the disciples
of the Mu'lniyyah sect, and passed much of his time in discussing the word
of God (Qo*), and the word of the prophet (the Had&, or Tradition).
Questions of Ghfism, scientific discussions, enquiries into Philosophy and
Law, were the order of the day. His Majesty passed whole nights in
thoughts of God ; he continually occupied himself with pronouncing the
names Yci hG and Yd hddi, which had been mentioned to him,' and his

982, heretical innovators, whom the em- explanations of the Muhammaden law.
peror allowed to be persecuted. Matten, There are few Mujtnhids. B m o q the
moon took a different turn. old& there were several who phed a
' That is, a man, capable of teaching trade at the same time. The
the 'Ulamb a leseon. Abulfazl meana RubL'i is translated by Sr H. lliott rn
i
himself. the Muhammadan Historians of India,
Nimrod, or Namr6d, and Pharaoh, are p. 24%.
roverbial in the Esst for their ride. + B y some sscetio. Yd hti means
kimrod waa killed by a pout whieg had 0 He (God), and Y a hctdi, 0 Guide. The
cre t through the none to his brain. He frequent repetition of such names is a
muyd only relieve his painn by strikin means of knowledge. Some f q i r s repeat
the crown of head ; but at laat he
from the effects of his own blows.
di2 them several thousand times during a
night.
' A man of infallible authority in his
heart was full of reverence for Him who is the true Giver. From a feeling
of thankfulness for his past successes, he would sit many a morning alone
in prayer and melancholy, on a large flat stone of an old building which
lay near the palace in alonely spot, with his head bent over his chest, and
gathering the bliss of early hours."
Is '&religious habits the emperor wrts confirmed by a story which
he h d heard of Sulaimhn,' ruler of Bengal, who, in company with 150
Shaikhe and 'Ulamb, held every morning a devotional meeting, after
which he used to transact state business ; as also by the news that
Mind SdaimBn, a prince of tendencies, and a CaAib i /dlswm
mming to him from Badakhshhn.
Among the religious buildings was a meeting place near a
called Aruiptakio, where Akbar, accompanied by a few courtiers, met
the ' U l a m b and lawyers of the realm. The pride of the 'Ulamb, and
the heretical (Shi'itic) subjects discussed in this building, caused &full&
Sheri, s poet of Akbar's reign, to compose a poem in which the pl-
~ 8 called
s a temple of Pharaoh and a building of Shadd4d (ride &or,
Sur. 89). The result to which the discussions led, wiU be seen from the
following extract. [Bad. 11,p. 202.1
(&Forthese discussions, which were held every Thursday' night, His
Majesty invited the Sayyids, Shaikha, 'TJlamb, and grandees, by turn. But
BE the guests generally commenced to quarrel about their places, and the

order of precedence, His Majesty ordered that the grandees should sit on
the east side ; the Sayyids on the west side ; the 'UlemQs, to the south ;
and the ShdkhR,to the north. The emperor then used to go from one side
. .
to the other, and make hie enquiries. . . ., when all at once, one night,
'the vein of the neck of the 'Ulamb of the age swelled up,' and a horrid
noiae and confusion ensued. His Majesty got very ang-ry at their rude
behaviour, and said to me [Badbnf], i'In future report any of the
'UlamL that cannot behave and talke nonsense, and I shall make him
leave the hall." I gently mid to Aqaf Khin, " If I were to carry out thie
order, most of the 'UlamBe would have to leave," when His Majesty
~ l d d e n l yasked what I had said. On hearing my answer, he was highly
pleased, and mentioned my remark to those sitting near him."

The edition of BBdbd calls him themselves by silent thought, or by pro-

&d Karardmi. He in sometimes call- nouncing the name of God.
ed drardnii wmetimesp gumhi' He
' The text has Shab i Jum'ah, the
re@ed in "I to Or
night of Friday ; but as Muhammadans
A. 1). 1663 to 1673. commence the day at sunset, it in our
'Hdl is the state of ecstas and close Th'cTddaynight'
union with God, into which ~ I bring
I -
 Soon after, another row occurred in the preaence of the Emperur. .
[Bad. 11, p. 210.1
" Some people mentioned that H6ji I b r a i m of Sarhind had given a
decree, by which he made it legal to wear red and yellow clothes,' quoting
at the same time a Tradition as his proof. On hearing this, the Chief
Justice, in the meeting hall, called him an accursed wretch, abused him, and
lifted up his stick, in order to strike him, when the H6ji by some subter-
fuges mannged to get rid of him."
Akbar was now fairly disgusted with t h e 'Ulrunh and l a w e m ;
he never pardoned pride and conceit in a man, and of all kinds of
conceit, the conceit of learning was moat hateful to him. From now
he resolved to vex the principal ' U l a m h ; and no sooner had his
oourtiers discovered this, than they brought all sorb of charges against
them.
[Bad. 11, p. 203.1
His Majesty therefore ordered Maulslnh 'Abdullah of SulNnpG, who
had received the title of dlakhdtim ul mulk, to come to a meeting, as h e
wished to annoy him, and appointed HAji Ibrirhim, Shaikh Abulfazl (who
had lately come to court, and is at present the infallible authority in 1
& religious matters, and also for the New Religion of His Majesty, I

a d tho guide of men to truth, and their leader in general), and several
other nowcorners, to oppose him. During the discussion, His Majesty
took every occasion to interrupt the &faul&n6,when he explained any-
thing. When tho quibbling and wangling had reached the highest point,
some courtiers, according to an order previously given by His Majesty,
commenced to tell rathor quoer stories of the Maulhti, to whose position
one might apply the verse of the &orfin (Sur. XVI, 72), 'And some one
of you shall have his life prolonged to a miserable age, kc.' Among other
stories, I(h& J a h h said that he had heard that Makhdlim ul mulkP had
given a fatrca, that the ordinance of pilgrimage waa no longer bin&%,
but eve11 hurtful. When people had asked him the reason of ex-
traordinary fatwa, he had said, that the two roads to Makkah, through
Persia and over Oujriit, were impracticable, because people, in going by
land (Persia), had to suffor injuries at the hand of the Qizilbhha (i. e., the
6hi'a.h inhabitants of Persia), and in going by sea, they had to put up with
indignities from the Portuguese, n hose ship-tickets had pictures of &fary
a d Jesus stamped on them. To make use, therefore, of the latter alternative f
would mean to countenance idolatry ; hence both roads were closed up.

I
As women mny use. Akbm did not prohibit pilgrimqp befom
Thin extract as given by Sir H. Elliott 990 A. H.
on p. 244 cconveye a wrong impreeaion.
 K h h J a h h also related that the MaulBnd had invented a clever
trick by which he escaped paying the legal alms upon the wealth which
he amasaed every year. Towards the end of each year, he wed to make
over all his stores to his wife, but he took them back before the year
h a d actually run out.'
Other tricks also, in comparison with which the tricks of the children
of Moses are nothing, and rumours of his meanness and shabbiness, hie
open cheating and worldliness, and his cruelties said to have been practised
on the Shaikhs and the poor of the whole country, but especially on
t h e A i m a h and other deserving people of the Panj&b,-all came up,
one story after the other. His motives, ' which shall be revealed on the
day of resurrection' (&or. LXXXVI, 9), were disclosed; all sorts of
stories, calculated to ruin his character and to vilify him, were got up,
till i t waa resolved to force him to go to Makkah.
But when people asked him whether pilgrimage was a duty for a
man in hie circumstances, he said .h'0 ;' for Shaikh 'Abdunnabi had risen
to power, whilst the star of the Maulhri was fast sinking."
But a heavier blow was to fall on the 'Ulnmhs. [Bad. 11, p. 2 0 7 . h
."At one of the above-mentioned meetings, His Majesty asked how
many freeborn women a man wae legally allowed to marry (by nikdh).
The lawyers answered that four was the limit fked by the prophet. The
emperor thereupon remarked that from the time he had come of age,
he had not restricted himself to that number, and in justice to his wivea, i
of whom he had a large number, both freeborn and slaves, he now wanted
to know what remcdy the law provided for his case. Most expreesed
their opinions, when the emperoi remarked that Shaikh 'Abdunnabi had
once told him that one of the Mujtahids had had as many as nine wives. Some
of the 'UlamOs present replied that the Mujtahid alluded to was Ibn Abi
Laila ; and that some had even allowed eighteen from a too literal trans-
lation of the Qortin verse (Qor. Sur. IV, 3), " Marry whatever women ye ;
like, two and two,' and three and three, and four and four;" but this
was improper. His Majesty then sent a message to Shaikh 'Abdunnabi, /

Alms are due on every surplus of stock ' Thus they got 2+2, 3+3, 4+4=18.
m aom which a Sunni- possesRes at the But the =sage is usually translated,
cod of a year, provided that aurplus have ' Marry wiatever women ye like, two, a
been in his p w s i o n for a whole year. three, or four.' The Mujtnhid who took
If the wife, therefore, had the srlrplus fbr nine unto himself, translated ' two +
a put of the ear, and the 'husband took +
three four,' = 9. The uestion of the
it dterwards
d dm.
b, he araped the paying emperor W R ~nmt ticklish,(because,if the
lawyers adhered to the number four,
L e., he meant to sag he wns poor, which they could not well avoid, the
and thun refuted the charges brought Aardmzcidagi of Akbar's freeborn prin-
qpirut him. c e s wee
~ acknowledged.
 who replied that he had merely wished to point out to Akbar that a
difference of opinion existed on this point among lawyers, but that he
had not given a fatwa, in order to legalize irregular marriage proceedings.
This annoyed His Majesty very much. LL'J!heShaikh," he said, "told
me at that time a very different thing from what he now t d a me." He
never forgot this.
After much discussion on this point, the 'Ulamh, having collected every
Tradition on the subject, decreed, j r e t , that by Xut'ah [not by nildh] a
man might marry any number of wives he pleased; and secondly, that
Mut'ah marriages were allowed by I m h MBlik. The Shi'ahs, aa wee
well known, loved children born in biut'ah wedlock more than those born
by n i U wives, contrary to the Sunnis and the Ah1 i Jama'at.
On the latter point also the discussion got rather lively, and I would
refer the reader to my work entitled A4T~'dturrashld[ Fida note 2, p. 1041,
in which the subject is briefly discussed. But to make things worse,
Naqib Kh6n fetched a copy of the Mu~catfaof Imiim Mblik, and pointed
to a Tradition in the book, which the Imfun had cited ee a proof against
the legality of biut'ah marriages.
Another night, Wi Ya'qJb, Shaikh Abulfazl, Hhji Ibnihim, and
a few others were invited to meet His Majesty in the house neai the
Antiptaldo tank. Shaikh Abulfazl had been selected as the opponent,
and laid before the emperor several traditions regardirlg biut'ah marriages,
which his father (Shaikh Mubkrik) had collected, and the discussion
commenced. His Majesty then asked me, what my opinion was on this
subject. I said, The conclusion which must be drawn from so many
contradictory traditions and sectarian customs, is this :-Imam Mglik and
the Shi'nhs are unanimous in looking upon diut'ah marriages aa legal;
Im&m Sh&ii1i and the Great Im&m (Hanifah) look upon iliut'ah marriages
as illegal. But, should at any time a QBzi of the Mgliki sect decide that
Mut'ah is legal, it is legal, according to the common belief, even for Shffi'is
and Hanafis. Every other opinion on this subject k idle talk." This
pleased His Majesty very much."
The unfortunate Shaikh Ya'qfib, however, went on talking about
t h e extent of the authority of a Qhzi. H e tried to shift the ground ;
but when he saw that he wae discomfited, he said, " Very well, I have
nothing else to my,-just as H i s Majesty pleaaes."
'' The emperor then said, " I herewith appoint the Mbliki &gzi Hw&n
'Arab as the &bzi before whom I lay this case concerning my wives, and
you, YalqGb, are from to-day suspended." This was immediately obeyed, and

I QBzr Haatan, on the spot, gave a decree which made biut'ah marriages legal.
 The veteran lawyers, as M a k h d h ulmulk, &Bzi Ya'qdb, and others,
made very long faces at these proceedings.
This was the commencement of ' their sere and yellow leaf.'
The result was that, a few days later, MaulhB Jalduddin of M u l t h
a profound and learned man, whose grant had been transferred, was
ordered fmm dgrah (to Fathplir Sikyi,) and appointed &i of the realm.
QBzi Ya'qhb was sent to Oaur as District &hi.
From this day henceforth, ' the road of opposition and difference in
opinion' lay open, and remained so till His Majesty was appointed Mujtahid
of the empire." [Here follows the extract regarding the formulu 'Alldhu
dkbar, given on p. 166, note 3.1
[Bad&onlII, p. 21 1.1
"During this year [983], there arrived Hakiln Abulfnth, Hakim
Hum6yGn (who subsequently changed his name to IIunlSyiln Quli, and
lastly to Hakim Humfim,) and N6ruddin1 who as poet is known under
the name of Qara'ri. They were brothers, and came from Oiltin, near the
Caspian Sea. The eldest brother, whose manners and address were exceed-
ingly winning, obtained in a short time great ascendancy over the Emperor ;
he flattered him openly, adapted himself to every change in the religiou
ideaa of His Majesty, or even went in advance of them, and thus became
in a short time, a most intimate friend of Akbar.
Soon after there came from Persia Mulld Muhammad of Yazd, who
got the nickname of Yazidi, and attaching himself to the emperor, com-
menced openly to revile the ah rib ah (persons who k n e r Muhammad, except
the twelve I m h ) , told queer stories about them, and tried hard to make
the emperor a Shi'ah. But he was soon left behind by Bir Bay-that
bastard !-and by Shaikh Abulfazl, and Hakirn Abulfath, who success-
f d y turned the emperor from the IslBm, and led him to reject inspiration,
prophetship, the miracles of the prophet and of the saints, and even the
whole law, so that I could no longer bear their company.
At the same time, His Majesty ordered &Bzi Jalauddin and several
'U- to write a commentary on the Q o h ; but this led to great rows
among them.
Deb Chand RBjah Manjholah-that fool--once set the whole court in
laughter by saying that Allah after all had great respect for cows, else
the cow would not have been mentioned in the finst chapter (Stirat ul baqarah)
of the &onin.
His Majesty had also the early histov of the IslBm read out to him,
and soon commenced to think less of the galtbbah. Soon after, the ob-
wrrance of the five prayera and the faste, and the belief in. every thing
connected with the prophet, were put down ae taplidi, or religioue blindness,
and mm's reason was acknowledged to be the basis of all religion. PortU-
guese prieste also came frequently; and Hie Majesty enquired into the
articles of their belief which are based upon reason."
[Badgoni 11,p. 245.1
" I n the beginning of the next year [984], when His Majesty wsa at
DLpslp6r in Mawah, Sharif of A'mul arrived. This apostate had run
from country to country, like a dog that has burnt its foot, and turning
from one sect to the other, he went on wrangling till he became a perfect
heretic. For some time he had studied G6fic nonsense in the school of
Maul6nl Muhammad Zdhid of Balkh, nephew of the great Shaikh Husain
of WwLizm, and had lived with derwishes. But as he had little of a derwish
in himself, he talked slander, and was so f d of conceit, that they hunted
him away. The Iliadin8 also wrote a poem against him, in which the
M o w i p g verse occurs :
Thero wns a heretic, Sharff by name,
Who talked very big, though of doubtful fame.
In his wanderings he had come to the Dak'hin, where he made him-
self so notorious, that the king of the Dak'hin wanted to kill him. But
ho was only put on a donkey and shewn about in the city. Hindustan,
however, is a nice large place, where anything is allowed, and no one
carea for another, and people go on as they may. H e therefore made for
Mawah, and settled at a place five h a distant from the Imperial camp.
Every frivolous and absurd word he spoke, was full of venom, and became
the general talk. Many fools, especially Persian heretics, (whom the
IslBm casts out as people cast out hairs which they find in dough-such
heretics are called ATabn[b,and are destined to be the foremost worshippere
of Antichrist) gathered round him, and spread, at his order, the rumour
that he was tho restorer of the Millenium. The sensation was immense.
As soon as His Majesty heard of him, he invited him one night to a private
audience in a long prayer room, which had been made of cloth, and in
which the emperor withhis suite used to say the five daily prayers. Ridicu-
lous in his exterior, ugly in shape, with his neck stooping forward, he
performed his obeisance, and stood still with his arms crossed, and you could
scarcely see how his blue oye (which colour' is a eign of hostility to our
prophet) shed lies, falsehood, and hypocrisy. There he stood for a long time,
and when he got the order to sit down, he prostrated himself in worship,
and sat down duzdnri (vide p. 160, note 2), like an Indian camel. H e talked
privately to His Majosty ; no one dared to draw near them, but I some-

;Chashmi i azraq. Europnns have

blue eya. The expression is u old aa I Harid and the Cmsades.
times heard from a distallee the word 'ilfrr (knowledge) became he spoke
pretty loud. He called his silly views the truth of truth,' or ' the ground-
work of things.'
A fellow ignorant of things external and internal,
From silliness indulging idle talk.
He is immersed in heresies infernal,
And prattles-God forbid !--of truth eternal.
The whole talk of the man was a mere repetition of the ideas of
bZahm6d of Basskhwh (a village in GUh), who lived at the time of Tlmb.
Mahm6d had written thirteen treatises of dirty filth, full of such hypocrisy,
as no religion or sect would suffer, and containing nothing but titril, which
name he had given to the 'science of expressed and implied language.'
The chief work of this miserable wretch is entitled B a k o Xiisah (the Ocean
and the Jug), and contains such loathsome nonsense, that on listening to
it one's ear vomita. How the devil would have laughed into h h face, if
he had heard it, and how he would have jumped for joy! And this Sharif-
that dirty thief-had also written a collection of nonsense, which he styled
TprrrrlJIlrW i ZuhGr, in which he blindly follows Mir 'Abdulawwal. This
book is written in loose, deceptive aphorisms, each commencing with the
words a~yamirdund (the master said), a queer thing to look at, and a mass
of ridiculous, silly nonsense. But notwithstanding his ignorance, according
to the proverb, 'Worthies will meet,' he has exerted such an in5uenoe
on the spirit of the age, and on the people, that he is now [in 10041 a
commander of One Thousand, and His Majesty's apostle for Bengal, posees-
dng the four degrees of faith, and calling, as b e Lieutenant of the emperor,
the faithful to these degrees."
T h e discussions on Thursday evenings were continued for the next
year. In 986, they beoame more violent, in as far as the elementary
principles of the Isliim were chosen as subject, whilst formerly the
disputatione had turned on single points. The bUlnmiis even in the
presence of the emperor, often lost their temper, and oalled each other
Kc#-s or acertrclpd.
[Bad. 11. p. 255.1
"MakhdGm also wrote a pa~xiphlet against Shaikh 'Ahclunnabi, in
which he aocuaed him of the murder of Khizr KhQn of Shirwh, who was
mpected to have reviled the prophet, and of Mir Habshi, whom he had
ordered to be killed for heresy. But he a h said in the pamphlet that i t was
m n g to my prayers with 'Abdiulnabi, because he had been undutiful
towarb his father, and wm, besidee, afflicted with piles. Upon this, Shaikh
'Abdunnabi c d m l Mtlidldum a l'uol, and cursed him. The ' U l a m t now
23
broke up into two parties, like the Gibtis and Qibtis, gathering either
round the Shaikh, or round Makhdiun d ~ u ; &and the heretic innovatom
used this opportunity, to mislead the emperor by their wicked opinions and
aspersions, and turned truth into falsehood, and represented lies as truth.
His Mgjeaty till maw [986] hud ehtton mery sincerity, and WM, diligently
aearching for truth. But hie education had been much negkcted; and stlrrounhd
aa he was by men of low and hereticprinciplea, he had been forcd to doubt th
truth of the laldm. Falling from onepmple.rity into tha other, he hat sight of
hie real o ~ e c t ,th8 eearch of truth ; and tohen the strong mbankmnt of our char
law and o w ezcellent faith had once been brole~athrough, Hie diajaty grew colder
and colder, till aftm the short apace ofJiceor six yeare not a trace of HuhntttMdon
feeling waa left in his heart. Hatters then became very dtfjbrtnt."
[Bad. II, p. 239.1
" I n 984, the news arrived that Sh& T~hm4spof Persia had died, and
Sh& Ism6'il 11. had succeeded him. The T h i k h of his accession is given
in the first lattem of the three words &,a, p,
and ph [ J d + +
=
9841. Sh6h IsmB'il gave the order that any one who wished to go to
Makkah could have his travelling expensee paid h m the royal exchequer.
Thus thousand0 of people partook of the spiritual blessing of pilgrimage,
whilst here you dare not now [I0041 mention that word, and you would
expose yourself to capital punishment, if you were to ask leave &om court
for this purpose."
[Bad. II; p. 241.1
I n 985, the news arrived that Shah Ismi'il, son of 8h86 TahmBRp had
been murdered, with the consent of the grandees, by his sister Pari Jdn
Alihciltum. >fir Huidar, the riddle writer, found the T h i k h of his accessim
in the words Shahinshdhi riLi eandn [984,] ' a king of the face of the earth,'
and the Thikh of his death in Shahinahdhi zer i eamin [985,] 'a king below
the face of the earth." At that time also there appeared in Persia the
great comet which had been visible in India (p. 240), and the consternation
was awful, especially as at the same time the Turks conquered Tabriz,
S h i d n , and M t i z a n d h . SultBn Muhammad blhudtibmdah, son of S W
Tahmhp, but by another mother, succeeded ; and with him ended the time
of revilbg and cursing the gahdbah.
But tht! heretical idi~ashad certainly entered Hindudtdn frm6 Perain."

As T a h r ~ ~ binp his short Memoirs Ismir'il 11. 983 to 985.

(Pers. Ms. 7N2. As. Soc. Rengal) gives the Prinsep's Tables (Ilnd edition, p. N S )
word & zil [930] as the Thrikh of his give,
accession, we havr '!'B~III~;,JI, 932 to 983,
?ohmasp from 930 to 9%. Isxiin11 II., from 983 to 985.
 IBL~Y.
B E I P O ~ C E THE
[Bad. II, p. 256.1
The following are the principal reasons which led His Majesty from
the right path. I shall not give all, but only some, according to the
proverb, ' I That which is small, guides to that which is great, and a sign
of fear in a man points him out as the culprit."
The principal reason is the large number of learned men of all deno-
minations and sects that came from various countries to court, and
received personal interviews. Night and day people did nothing but
enquire and investigate ; profound points of science, the subtleties of
rerelation, the curiosities of history, the wonders af nature, of which
huge volumes could only give a summary abstract, were ever spoken of.
Hi4 Majesty collected the opinions of every one, especially of such as were
not Muhammadans, retaining whatever he approved of, and rejecting every-
thing which was against his disposition, and ran counter to his wishes.
From his earliest childhood to his manhood, and from his manhood to old
age, His Majesty has passed through the most various phases, and through
all sorta of religious practices and sectarian beliefs, and has collected every
thing which people can find in books, with a talent of selection peculiar
to him, and a spirit of enquiry opposed to overy [Islhitic] principle. Thus
a faith based on some elementary principles traced itself on the mirror of
hie heart, and a s the result of all the influences which were brought to bear
on His Majesty, there p e w , gradually as the outline on a stone, the con-
viction in his heart that there were sensible men iu nll religions, and
abstemious thinkers, and men endowed with miraculous powers, among- all
natione. If some true knowledge was thus everywhere to be found, why
should truth be confined to one religion, or to a creed like the I s l h , which
was r ~ m ~ a r a t i v e l new,
y and scarcely a thousarid years old ; why should
one w t assert what another denies, and why should one claim a preference
~ i t h o u having
t superiority conferred on itself.
Moreover Smnanis' and Brah~ui~is mannged to get frequent private
inbmiews with His Afajesty. h they surpass other learned men in their
treatises on morals, and on physical &lid religious sciences, and reach a high
tlrgrtwin their knolvlcdgc of the future, in 81)il'it~d power arid hurnan
p t i ~ i o n ,tliey brought proofs, based on reason and testimony, for tho
tmth of tthcir own, and the fallacies of other religions, and inculcated their

' Explain4 in Arab. 1)ictit)narieu ar convinced of tlie transmigration of ~ o u l s ,

a tud in Sind r h o helierc. i n t h e trans- arid th~,ri,~orerejected the doctrine of
n souls ( t t r , , ~ i a c t Ah.) Alil~ar.
~ n i ~ r a t i oot' resurrection.
u a 111 be wen fmni the fblluning, \\a*
 doctril~cmRO firmly, and so ekilfully represented thi* as quite self-evident
whirh require consideration, that no man, by expressing hi^ doubta, could
now raise a doubt in His Majesty, even if mountains were to crumble to
duat, or the heavens were to tsar asunder.
Hence Hie Majesty cast aside the Ishimitic revelatione regarding
wsurrection, the day of judgment, and the detaile oomeoted with it, as aleo
all ordinances based on the tradition of our prophet. He listened to every
abuse which the courtiers heaped on our glorions and pure faith, which
can be so easily followed ;and q e r l y eeizing such opportunities, he shewed
-in words and gestures, his satisfaction at the treatment which his o w a k
religion received a t their hands.
How wise was the advice which the guardian gave a lovely being,
I' Do not smile at every face, as the rose does at every zephyr." '
When it was too late to profit by the leeson,
She could but frown, and hang down the head.

For some time Hie Majesty called a Brahmin, whose name was -0-
author of a commentrtry on the
h, . .,' whom he asked to invent particular
sanscrit names for all thinga in existence. At other times, a Brahmin of
the name of Debl was pulled up the wall of the caatle,' sitting on a chdrphi,
till he arrived near a balcony where the emperor used to sleep. Whilst
thus suspended, he instructed His Majesty in the secrets and legends of
Hinduism, in the manner of worshipping idols, the fire, the sun and stare,
and of revering the chief gods of these unbelievers, as Brahma, M d d e v ,
Bishn, Kishn, Rbm, and hlahtimhi, who are supposed to have been men,
but very likely never existed, though some, in their idle belief, look upon
them as gods, and others as angels. His Majesty, on hearing fu.&er
how much the people of the country prized their institutions, commenced
to look upon them with affection. The doctrine of the transmigration of
souls eepecially took a deep root in his heart, and he approved of the saying,
-16 There ia no religion in which the doctrine of transmigration has not
taken firm mot." Insincere flatterere composed treatises, in order to fjx
the evidence for this doctrine ; and as Hie Majesty relished enquiries into
the eecta of these infideh (who cannot be counted, 80 numerous they -,
and who have no end of revealed boob, but nevertheleas, do not belong to
the AM iIlitdb ( J e m , Christians, and Muhammadans), not a day passed,
but a new fruit of this l o a t h m e tree ripened into existence.

~ u s as
t Akbar liked the zephyr of Thetexthma few unintelligible words.
into other religious systems. ' Perhapu in order not
to get polla~ted,
But zephyrs are also d-trudve : they or because the balcor~ybelouged t~ the
,,caeter the petale of the rose. Harem.
 Pometimee again, it waa Shuakh Tdjuddin of Dihli, who had to attend
the emperor. This Shaikh is the son of Shaikh Zakariyti of Ajodhan.
The principal 'Ula& of the age call him Tdjd'airifin, or crown of the
QZi. H e had learned under Shaikh Zam6n of Pbnipat, author of a
commentary on the Lawiih, and of other very excellent works, was in Qhfism
m d pantheism second only to Shaikh Ibn 'Arabi, and had written a
comprehensive commentary on the N&b ulartcdh. Like the preceding
he was drawn up the wall of the castle. His Majesty listened whole nights
to his ghfic tiflea. Bs the Shailrh was not overstrict' in acting ac-
aording to our religious law, he spoke a great deal of the pantheistic
presence, which idle Qhfis will talk about, and which generally leads them
to denial of the law and open heresy. H e also introduced polemic matters,
ur the ultimate salvation by faith of Pharaoh-hi's curse be upon him !-
which is mentioned in the FuqGq rrlhikarn,' or the excellence of hope over
fear,' and many other things to which men incline from weakness of dis-
position, unmindful of cogent reasons, or distinct religious commands, to
the contrary. The Shaikh is therefore one of the principal culprits, who
weakened His Majesty's faith in the orders of our religion. H e alao said
that i d d e l e would, of course, be kept for ever in hell, but it was not likely,
nor muld it be proved, that the punishment in hell was eternal. His
explanations of some verses of the &onin, or of the Tradition of our prophet,
were often far-fetched. Besides, he mentioned that the phrase 'Inek i
kdmd (perfect man) referred to the ruler of the age, from which he inferred
that the nature of a king was holy. I n this way, he said many agreeable
thiqp to the emperor, rarely expressing the proper meaning, but rather
the opposite of what he knew to be correct. Even the eydah (prostration),
which people mildly call saminboa (kissing the ground,) he allowed to be
due to the Inah i g8mil; he looked upon the respect due to the king as
a religious command, and called the face of the king K~'bahi Murciddt,
the sanctum of desires, and Qiblah i Hoydt, the cynosure of necessities.
8uch blasphemies' other people supported by quoting stories of no credit,
and by referring to the practice followed by disciples of some heads of Indian

' An long as a ~ I X conforms to the a true pro het.

Qorin, he k #&ur'i; but when he feels a The h i m says, Alimdn bainr-l
taPt he has drawn nearer to God, and does khauji warrijd, ' Paith stands between
m longer require the ordinances of the fear and hope.' Hence it is sin to fear
~ a u u vulgw,
m he is brdd, h, and God's wrath more than to hope for Cfod'r
m a a heretic. mercy ; and so reversely.
'Yhvsohclaimed divinity, and is there- As the zaminbos, or the use of holy
torr marun, a c c d by Uod. But ac- names as Ka'bah (the temple at Makkah)
carding to mme books, and among them or qiblah (Nakkah, in aa far as people
the Yuqtiq, Pharaoh repented in the m e tun1 to it their face when praying).
m t of death, and acknowledged Moses
ness, and charged Abulfazl to translate the Gospel. Instead of the usual
BiwiZI&iwaitrndt~-imahim,' the following lines were used-
Ai ndm 8' tu Jews o Kiriato
(0 thou whose names are Jesus and Christ)
which means, ' 0 thou whose name is gracious and blessed ;' and Shaikh
Faizi added another half, in order to complete the verse
Subhdnaka Id aiwdka Yd hh.
(We praise Thee, there is no one besides Thee, 0 God !)
These accursed monka applied the description of cursed Satan, and
of hie qualities, to Muhammad, the best of all prophets-God's blessings
reet on him and his whole house !-a thing which even devils would not do.
Bir Bay also impressed upon the emperor that the sun was the
primary origin of every thing. The ripening of the grain on the fields,
of fruits and vegetables, the illumination of the universe, and the lires
of men, depended upon the Sun. Hence it was but proper to worship
and reverence this luminary ; and people in praying should face towards
the place where he rises, instead of turning to the quarter where he sets.
For similar reasons, said Bir Bar, should men pay regard to fire and
water, stones, trees, and other forma of existence, even to COW8 and their
dung, to the mark on the forehead and the Brahminical thread.
Philosophers and learned men who ,bad been at Court, but wero in
disgrace, made themselves busy in bringing proofs. They said, the sun
was ' the greatest light,' the source of benefit for the whole world, the
nourisher of kings, and the origin of royal power.
This was also the cause why the NaurCz i JaldiS was observed, on
which day, since His Majesty's accession, a great feast was given. His Majesty
also adopted different suits of clothes of seven different colours, each of
which was worn on a particular day of the week in honor of the seven
coloura of the seven planets.
The emperor also learned from some Hindus formulm, to reduce
the influence of the sun to his subjection, and commenced to read them
mornings and evenings as a religious exercise. H e also believed that
it waa wrong to kill cows, which the Hindus worship ; he looked upon cow-
dung as pure, interdicted the use of beef, and killed beautiful men (?)

' The fornlula ' ~ i s m i l l d h&c.'

, ia snid 33, No. 3.2,) is improbable. The formula
by every schoolboy before he commences as given in the 1)abisthn has a corumo~i
to r e d h m hie text book. Narnawi metre, (vide my ' P r o d ,' p.
The words Ai ncim i lu Jeaw o Kiriiristo 33, No. 31), and s p b Juw &J &us.
are taken from the Dabistirn ; the edition The verse a~ given by H. Wilson (Works
of M o n i has A i n d m i ~ c a i ahuzho 11, p. 387) has no metre.
Kiriristo, which, though correct in metre I'ide tlic Tdriklr i Mulki, in tho
( o d e my ' Prosody of' the Perma~u, p. bt~ginni~tg ut' Ikwk 111.
 instead of cows. The doctors confirmed the emperor in his opinion, end
told him, it was written in their books that beef waa productive of all wrte
of diseases, and was very indigestible.
Fire-worshippers also had come from N a d i in Qujdt, and proved
I
to His Majesty the truth of Zoroaater'e doctrines. They called fire-worehip
'the great worship,' and impressed the emperor so favorably, that he
learned from them the religious tarme and rites of the old P b i s , and
ordered Abulfazl make arrangements, that sacred fire should be kept
burning at court by day and by night, according to the custom of the
ancient Persian kings, in whose fire-temples it had been continually burning;
for fire was one of the manifestations of God, and ' a ray of His rays.'

I His Majesty, from his youth, had also been sccuetomed to celebrate
the Z o m (a kind of fire-worship), &om hie affection toward^ the Hindu
princesses of his Harem.
From the Pu'ew Year's day of the twenty-fifth year of his reign [988],
His Majesty openly worshipped the sun and the fire by prostrations ; and
the courtiers were ordered to rise, when the candles and lamps were lighted
in the palace. On the festival of the eighth day of Virgo, he put on the
mark on the forehead, like a Hindu, and appeared in the Audience Hall,
when several Brahmins tied, by way of auspiciousness, a string with jewela
on it round his hands, whilst the grandee; countenanced these
by bringing, according to their circmtances, pearls and jewels as presents.
The custom of Rbk'hi (or tying pieces of olothes round the wrists aa amulete)
became quite common.
When orders, in opposition to the Islttm, were quoted by people of
other religions, they were looked upon by His Majesty as convincing, wh&t
Hinduism is in reality a religion, in which every order is nonsense. The
Originator of our belief, the Arabian Sainta, all were said to be adulterers,
and highway robbers, and all the Muhammadans were declared worthy
of reproof, till at length His Majesty belonged' to those of whom the Qonin
says (Sur. 61, 8 :) " They seek to extinguish God's light with their m o u t h :
but God will perfect his light, though the infidels be averse thereto." In
fact mattem went so far, that proofs were no longer required when any-
thing connected with the Isl6m was to be abolished."
Akbor publicly asaumce the spiritual leodarah@ of tk nation.
[Bad. 11,p. 268.1
In this year [987], His Majesty was anxioue to unite in hie p-n
the powera of the state and those of the C%urch ; for he could not bear
to be subordinate to any one. As he had heard that the prophet, his
lawful succeeaors, and some of the most powerful kings, as Amir Tllnlir
qbhibqinin, and MirA Ulugh Beg i CiurgBn, and several othem, h&
themselves read the Khutbah (the Friday prayer), he resolved to do the
same, apparently in order to imitate their example, but in reality to appear
in public aa the Mujtahid of the age. A~eordingly,on Friday, the firat
JnmBde-lawwal 987, in the J h i ' Mosjid of FathpGr, which he had built
near the p a l m , His Majesty commenced to read the Khufbah. But all at
onoe he stammered and trembled, and though misted by othere, he oould
&y read three verses of a poem, which Shaikh Faiei had composed,
came quickly down from the pulpit, and handed over the duties of the
Imim (leader of the prayer) to Hdfiz Muhammad Amin, the Court Xha;ib.
These are the verse-
The Lord has given me the empire,
And a wise heart, and a strong arm,
H e has guided me in righteouanees and justice,
And has removed from my thoughts everything but justice.
His praise surpasses man's understanding,
Great is His power, Allshu Akbar !"
[ p . 269.1
"As i t was quite customary in those days to speak ill of the doctrine
and orders of the &fin, and as Hindu wretches and Hinduizing Muham-
madans openly reviled our prophet, irreligious writers left out in the
prefacee to their books the cuetomsrg praise of the prophet, and after say-
ing something to the praise of God, wrote eulogies of the emperor instead.'
It waa impowible even to mention the name of the prophet, because these
(as Abulfazl, Faizi, kc.) did not like it. This wicked innovation gave
general offence, and sowed the seed of evil throughout the country ;' but
notwithstanding this, a lot of low and mean fellows put piously on their
necka the collar of the Divine Faith, and oalled themselves disciples, either
from fear, or hope of promotion, though they thought it impossible to my
OUT creed."
[ p . 270 to 274.1
" In the eame year [987],a document made its appearance, which bore
the eignatures and seals of MakhdGm ulmulk, of Shaikh 'Ahdunnabi,
~adruscpdlir,of Q&l JalAluddin of Mul#n, QAzilquAt,of qndr J a h h , the
mufti of the empire, of Shailrh Mubfirik, the doepo~twritur of t.ho age, ~ n d
of Ghbi Khh of Badakhshbn, who stood unrivalled in tho various scsienc-ee.

' As Ab&1 haa done in the #in. hence many would see the innovation
' Bot Faizi added the usual praise of the and i~nitateit. Ae the fonuula ' BisniI-
prophet (m't)to his NaE Daman, a short Idh, &c.' had beon chan ed to Alla'hu
time before his death, at the prensing Akbar, r e alw find d%dha dkbar in
nyuent of some friends.' Baddoni. the heading of book&, ae in the #in.
* Becalm books were sure to be copied ;
The object of the document was to settle the superiority of the Imcim i 'ddil
Gust leader) over the Mujtahd, which was proved by a reference to an ill-
supported authority. The whole matter is a question, regarding which
p o p l e differ in opinion ; but the document was to do away with the
possibility of disagreeing about laws, whether political or religious, and
wae to bind the lawyers in spite'of themselvee. But before the instrument
wtm signed, a long discussion took place as to the meaning of ijtihdd, and
as to whom the hrm Mi'tahid was applicable, and whether i t really was the
duty of a just I m h who, f h m his acquaintance with politics, hold4 a higher
rank than the Mujtahid, to decide, according to the requirements of the
times, and the wants of the age, all such legal questione on which there
existed a difference of opinion. At last, however, all signed the document,
eome willingly, others against their convictione.
I shall copy the document verbatim.

\
Th Document.
' Whereas Hindhstan has now become the centre of security and peace,
and the land of justice and beneficence, a large number of people, especi-
ally learned men and lawyers, have immigrated and chosen this country
for their home. Now we, the principal 'Ulamh, who are not only well
versed in the several departments of the law and in the principles of
jurisprudence, and well-acquainted with the edicts which rest on reason or
testimony, but are known for our piety and honest intentions, have
duly considered the deep meaning, $rat, of the verse of the &orb (Sur. TV,
62,) " Obey God, and o b y t h $ w ~ ~ hand
t , those who have authwity among you,"
and second?y, of the genuine tradition, ' I Surely, t h man who ie dearest to
God on the day of j e m c n t , is tha Im6m i 'Adit : whsomer obeys thc Amfr,
obey8 Me; and whosower rebels againat him, rebels against die," and th&dly,
of several other proofk based on retmoning or testimony; and we have
agreed that the rank of a Sultdn i 'Adil (a just ruler) is higher in fie
eyes of God than the rank of a My'tahid. Further we declare that the
king of the I s l h , Amir of the Faithful, shadow of God in the world,
AbJ Fath Jalciluddin Muhammad Akbar Phdishdh i g h h l , whose kingdom
God perpetuate, is a most just, a most wise, and a most God-fearing king.
Bhould therefore, in future, a religious question come up, regarding which
the opinions of the Mujtahida are at variance, and His Majesty, in hie
penetrating understanding and clear wisdom, be inclined to adopt, for the
benefit of the nation and tm a political expedient, any of the conacting
opinions which exist on that point, and issue a decree to that effect, we
do hereby agree that such a decree shall be binding on us and on the wholo
nation.
 Further, we declare that, should His Majesty think fit to issue a new
.order, we and the nation shall likewise be bound by it, provided always
that such an order be not only in accordance with some verse of the Qohn,
but also of real benefit for the nation ; and further, that any opposition
on the part of the subjecta to such an order as passed by His Majesty, shall
involve damnation in the world to come, and loss of religion and property
in this life.
This document has been written with honest intentions, for the glory
of Qod, and the propagation of the I s h , and is aigned by us, the principal
'ma& and lawyers, in the month of Rajab of the year 987 of the Hijrah.'
The draft of t h i ~document when presented to the emperor, was in the
h a n d h t i n g of Shaikh Mublrik. The others had signed it against their
will, but the Shaikh had added at the bottom that he had most willingly
signed his name; for this was a matter, which, for several years, he had
been anxiously looking forward to.
No sooner had His Majesty obtained this legal instrument, than the
road of deciding any religious question was open ; the superiority of intellect
of the I m h was established, and opposition was rendered impossible.
All orders regarding things which our law allows or disallows, were abolish-
ed, and the superiority of intellect of the Imlm became law.
But the state of Shaikh Abulfazl resembled that of the poet Hairati
of' Samarqand,' who after having been annoyed by the cool and sober
people of Mlwaral-nahr (TurkistBn), joined the old foxes of Shi'itic Persia,
and o h m ' the roadless mad.' You might apply the proverb to him, ' He
prefers hell to shame on earth.'
On the 16th Rajab of this year, His Majesty made a pilgrimage to
Ajmir. I t is now fourteen years that His Majesty has not returned to that
place. On the 5th Sha'bh, at the distance of five koa from the town,
the emperor alighted, and went on foot to the tomb of the saint (Mu'in-
uddin). But sensible people smiled, and said, it y a s strange that His
Majesty should have such a faith in the Khwhjah of Ajmir, whilst he
rejected the foundation of everything, our prophet, from whose 'skirt'
hundreds of thousands of saints of the highest degree had sprung."
Ip. 273.1
" After Makhd6m ulmulk and Shaikh 'Abdunnabi had left for Makkah
(987), the emperor examined people about the creation of the Qodn, elicited

' The biiplace of the t Hairati is of places where winedrinking was cou-
not exactly known, thougROBhe belongs to nived at. At last he settled at KBshh,
TurkiitBn. It is said that he was a great and became a Shi'ah. He was murdered
wine-bibber, and travelled about in search there by a robber in 961.
their belief, or otherwise, in revelation, and raised doubts in them regard-
ing all thinge conneded with the prophet and the im8ms. H e distinctly
denied the existence of Jine, of angels, and of all other be- of the invimble
world, aa well aa the miracles of the prophet and the sainta ; he rejectad the
successive testimony of the witnesses of our faith, the proofs for the truths
of the Qorh re far as they agree with man's reason, the existence of the soul
after the dissolution of the body, and future rewarde and punishments in
ae &rr aa they differed from metempsychosis.

Some copies of the & r h , and a few old graves

Are left aa witnesses for these blind men.
The graves, unfortunately, are all silent,
And no one searches for truth in the &An.
An 'ra'haa come again, and bright days will come-like the face
of the bride.
And the cupbearer will again put wine into the jar-red like blood.
The reins of prayer and the m d e of fasting-once more
Will fall from these asses-alas, daa !'
Hie Majesty had now determined pul~liclyto use the formula, There
is no God but Qod, and Akbar is god'^ representative.' But aa this led
to commotions, he thought better of it, and restricted the m e of the for-
mula to a few people in the Harem. People expressed the date of this
event by the words $ t ~ h & iummnt, E e ruin of the Church (987). The
emperor tried hard to convert Qufbuddin Muhammad WBn and S h a h k
K h h (vide List of grandees, I I d book, Nos. 28 and 80), and several
othere. But they staunchly objected. Qufbuddin mid, "What would
the kings of the.Weat, aa the Gul* of Constantinople, say, if he heard all
this. Our faith is the same, whether a man hold. high or broad views."
His Majesty then asked him, if he was in India on a secret mission from
Constantinople, aa he shewed 80 much opposition ; or if he wished to keep
a small place warm for himself, should he once go away h m India, and be a
reepectable man there : he might go at once. Shahbib got excited, and
took a part in the conversation ; and when Bir Bar-that hellish dog-
made a sneering remark at our religion, Shahbk abused him roundly, and
said, You cursed infidel, do you talk in this manner ? I t would not take me
long to settle you." I t got quite uncomfortable, when His Majesty said
to 8hahbk in particular, and to the othere in generd, " Would that a shoe-
fdof excrements were thrown illto your faces."

Badironi bewails the blindn- of

a k r ~ rAbulfazl,
, k.,r h o threw away I fasts).
the means of grace? of the Islkm (prayem,
 [ p . 276.1
'I In this year the Tamghlt (inland tolls) and the Jazyah (tax on infidels),

which brought in several krors of ddms, mere abolished, and edicts to this
effect were sent over tLe whole empire."
In the same year a rebellion broke out at Jaunpiir, headed by
Muhammad Ma'qhm of Khbul, Muhammad Ma'qhm Khbn, M u ' i d
Mnlk, 'Arab Bahhdur, and other grandees. They objected to Akbar's
innovstions in religious matters, in as far ns these innovations led to a
withdrawal of p a n t s of rent-free land. The rebels had consulted Mullh
Muhammad of Yazd (ricle above, pp. 175, 182), who was Qiizi-lquzht
st Jaunpb ;and on obtaining his opinion that, under the circumstances,
rebellion against the king of the l m d was lawful, they seized some
tracts of land, and collected a large army. The course which this
rebellion took, is known from general histories ; tide Elphiustone, p. 511.
Mull4 Muhammad of Ymd, and Mu'izzulmulk, in the beginning of the
belli ion, were called by the emperor to A&, and drowned, on the
road, at the command of the emperar, in the Jamnah.
In the same year the principal 'Ulamh, tu Makhdhm ul mulk,
Shaigh Mnnawwar, Mull6 'Abdushshukh, &c., were sent as exiles to
distant provinces.
[ p . 278.1
" Hdji I b d i m of Sarhind (oids above, p. 105) brought to court an old,

worm-eaten MS. in queer characters, which, as he pretended, was written

by Shaikh Ibn 'Arabi. In this book, it waa said that the qdhib i hmiamcin'
was to have many wives, and that he would shave his beard. Some of
the charactarktics mentioned in the book as belonging to him, were found
to agree with the usages of Hia Majesty. He also brought a fabricated
tradition that the son of a qahdbf (one who knew Muhammad) had once
come before the prophet with his beard cut off, when the prophet had said
that the inhabitants of Paradise looked like that young man. But as the
Hkji during discussions, behaved impudently towards Abulfd, Hakim
.ibulfath, and Shkh Fathullah, he was sent to Rantanbhlir, where he
died in 994.
Farmiins were also sent to the leading Shaikhs and 'Ulamb of the
ran'ous districte to come to Court, as His Majesty wished personally to
enquire into their granta (vide IId book, Ain 19) and their manner of
living. When they came, the emperor examined them singly, giving

i h m d n , or ' Man of the Period,' is a title frequently given to 11llL1nMthdi.

them private interviews, and assigned to them some lands, as he thought
fit. But when he got hold of one who had disciples, or held spiritual
soSee, or practised similar tricb, he confined them in forts, or exiled them
to Bengal or Bhakkar. This practice become quite common.* * * The poor
Shaikhs who were, moreover, left to the mercies of Hindu Financial Secre-
taries, forgot in exile their spiritual soirgee, and had no other place where
to live, except mouseholes."
[p. 288.1
" In this year (988) low and mean fellows, who pretended to be learned,
but were in reality fools, collected evidences that His Majesty was the
cdcihib i Zlamcfn, who would remove all differences of opinion among the
seventy-two sects of the I s l h . Sharif of Kmul brought proofs from the
writings of MahmGd of BasakhwBn (vida above, p. 177), who had said that,
in 990,' a man would rise up who would do away with all that was wrongs* .'
h d K h d j a h Maultin6 of ShirBz, the heretic of JafrdBn, came with a
pamphlet by some of the Sharifa of Makkah, in which a tradition was
quoted that the earth would exist for 7,000 years, and aa that time was
now over, the promised appearance of I m b Mahdi would immediately
take place. The MaulBnP also brought a pamphlet written by himself on
the subject. The Shi'aha mentioned similar nonsense connected with 'Ali,
and some quoted the following Rubi'i, which is said to have been composed
, ~ according to some, by another poet :-
by N6qir i K h u s r a ~or,
In 989, according to the decree of fate,
The stars from all sides shall meet together.
In the year of Leo, the month of Leo, and on the day of Leo,
The Lion of Gtod will stand forth from behind the veil.
All this made His Majesty the more inclined to claim the dignity of
a prophet, perhaps I should say, the dignity of something else."'
[p. 291.1
'' At one of the meetings, the emperor asked those who were present, to
mention each the name of man who could be considered the wisest man
of the age ; but they should not mention kings, as they formed an exception.
Each then mentioned that man in whom he had confidence. Thus Hpkirn
H u m h (oih above, p. 175) mentioned himself, and Shaikh A b u l f d his
own father.

The text here does not give a clear the time of Akbar. The F a r h u ~i ~
meaning. Jahdnyiri is full of verses from the works
A Persian poet of the fifth century of of this ancient poet.
the Hijrah. As he w a ~a free-thinker ' God.
and Shi'ah, his poenls were much r e d at
 During this time, the four degrees of faith in His Majesty were defined.
f i e four degrees consisted in readin- to sacrifice to the Emperor property,
life, honor, and religion. Whoever had sacrificed these four things,
possessed four degrees ; and whoever had sacrificed one of these four,
posseesed one degree.
All the courtiers now put their names down as faithful disciples of the
throne."
[ p . 299.1
A t this time (end of 989), His Majesty sent Shaikh Jamd Bakhtytir
to bring Shaikh Qutbuddin of Jalesar who, though a wicked man, pretended
to be ' attracted by God.' When Qutbuddfn m e , the empemr brought him
to a conference with some Christian priests, and rationalists, and some other
great authorities of the age. After a discuesion, the Shaikh exclaimed,
Let us make a great fire, and in the presence of His Majesty I shall paas
through it. And if any one else gets safely through, he proves by it the
truth of his religion." The fire waa made. The Shaikh pulled one of
the Christian priests by the coat, and said to him, Come on, in the name
of (30d!" But none of the priests had the courage to go.
Soon after the Shaikh waa sent into exile to Bhakkar, together with
other faqirs, as His Majesty was jealoua of his triumph.
A large number of Shaikhs and F'aqirs mere also sent to other places,
mostly to QandahC, where they were exchanged for horaea. About the
same time, the emperor captured a sect consisting of Ehaikhe and disciples,
and known undor the name of Ildie. They professed nll sorts of nonsense,
and practised deceita. His Majesty asked them whether they repented
of their vanities. They replied, " Repentance is our Maid." And so they
had invented similar names for the laws and religious commands of the
I s l h and for the fast. At the command of His Majesty, they were sent
to Bhakkar and Qandahb, and were given to merchants in exchange for
Twkish ~qlts."
[ p 301.1
His Majesty was now (990) convinced that the Millennium of the
U t i c dispensation was drawing near. No obstacle, therefore, remained
to promulgating the designs which he had planned in secret. The Shaikhs
and 'lJlaxnbwho, on account of their obstinacy and pride, had to be entirely
discarded, were gone, and His hlajesty was free to disprove the orders and
principles of the Ieltim, aud to ruin the faith of the nation by making
new and absurd regulations. The first order which was passed was, that
the coinage should shew the era of the Millennium, aud that a history of
the one thousand y e m should be written, but commencing h m the death
 of the prophet. Other extraordinary innovations were devised aa political
expedients, and such orders were given that one's eenaes got quite perplexed.
Thus the aijduA, or prostration, was ordered to be performed as being
proper for kings ; but instead of e+A, the word saminboe was used. Wine also
was allowed, if used for strengthening the body, as recommended by doc-
tors ;but no mischief or impropriety waa to result from the use of it, and strict
punishmenta were laid down for drunkenness, or gatherings, and uproam.
For the sake of keeping everything within proper limib, H ~ B Majesty
established a wine-shop near the palace, and put the wife of the porter in
charge of it, aa she belonged to the caste of wine-sellers. The price of
wine waa fixed by regulations, and any sick persons could obtain wine on
sending his own name and the names of his father and grandfather to the
clerk of the shop. Of course, people sent in fictitious names, and got
upp plies of wine ; for who could strictly enquire into such a matter ? I t
was in fact nothing else but Licensing a shop for drunkards. &me people
even said that pork formod a component part of this wine ! Notwith-
tand ding all restrictions, much mischief was done, and though a large
daily punished, there was no d c i e n t check.
Similarly, according to the proverb,' ' Upset, but don't spill,' the pro-
titutes of the realm (who had collected at the capital, and could scarcely be
ounted, so large was their number), had a separate quarter of the t o m
ssigned to thorn, which was called Shitdnpbrah, or D e v i l d e . A DBrogah
and a clerk also were appointed for it, who registered the names of such as
went to prostitutes, or wanted to take some of them to their houses. People
ight indulge in such connexions, provided the toll collectors knew of it.
no one was allowod to take dancing girls to his
ouse. I f any wellknown courtier wanted to have a virgin, they should
h t apply to His Majesty, and get his permission. In the same way, boys
prostituted themselves, and drunkenness and ignorance soon led to blood-
shed. Though in some cases capital punishment was inficted, certain
privileged courtiers walked about proudly and insolently doing what they
liked.
His Majesty himself called some of the principal prostitutes and asked
them who had deprived them of their virginity. After hearing their replies,
some of the principal and most renowned grandees were punished or censured,
or confined for a long time in fortresses. Among them, His Majesty came
across one whose name was Rdjah Bir Bay, a member of the Divine Faith,

B aj dn'v o muriz, which is impossible. markable, as it ahews the o n profligacy

Akbar's u d r r w u well meant ; h u t ac- among the Grurda, wEch a n n n j d
cording b Badtioni, his Act of Segregation A k b r very much. For another instance,
w u i~npr;lct,ical. The passage is re- ride Bad. 11, p. 20.
 who had gone beyond the four degrees, and acquired the four cardinal
virtues.' At that time he happened to live in his jtigir in the Parganah
of Karah ; and when he heard of the affair, he applied for permission to
turn J6gi ; but His Majesty ordered him to come to Court, assuring him
that he need not be afraid.

r
Beef waa interdicted, and to touch beef was considered d e a n g . The re*
eon of this waa that, from his youth, His Majesty had been in company with
Hindu libertines, and had thus learnt to look upon a cow-which in their
opinion is one of the reasons why the world still exists-as something holy.,
Besides, the Emperor was subject to the influence of the numerous Hindu
princessea of the Harem, who had gained so great an ascendancy over him,
as to make him forswear beef, garlic, onions, and the wearing of a beard,'
which things His Majesty still avoids. He had also introduced, though modified
by his peculiar views, Hindu customs and heresies into the court assemblies,
and introduces them still, in order to please and win the Hindus and their ,
castes ; he abstained from everything which they think repugnant to their
nature, and looked upon shaving the beard aa the highest sign of friendship!
and affection for him. Hence this custom has become very general. pan.'
dering pimps also expressed the opinion that the beard takes its n o h s h -
ment from the testicles; for no eunuch had a beard; and one could n&
exactly see of what merit or importance i t was to cultivate a beard. More-
over, former ascetics had looked upon carelessness in lotting the beard
grow, as one way of mortifying one's flesh, because such carelessness expos-
ed them to the reproach of the world ; and as, at present, the silly lawyers
of the IalPm looked upon ,cutting down the beard as reproachful, it was
clear that having was now a way of mortifying the flesh, and therefore
praiseworthy, but not letting the beard grow. (But if any one considers
this argument calmly, he will soon detect the fallacy.) Lying, cheating
Muftis also quoted an unknown tradition, in which it waa stated that ' some
€&is' of Persia had shaved their beards. But the words kamri yaf alu
brr'sulquadti (as aomc &&&a have done), which occur in this tradition,
are based upon a corrupt reading, and should be kamd yafalu ba'sul'uzdt
(aa mme wicked mdn have done). * * * *
The ringing of bells as in use with the Christians, and the showing of
.. ...
the figure of the cross, anda.. . , and other childish playthings of theirs,
were daily in practice. The words Kufr 8hdi' d u d , or 'heresy became com-

Fazciil i arba'ah, or the four virtues dence, tam wnce, and fortitude.
eiz., hikmat wisdom ; ahqri'at courage ;
'@at chastity ; 'addlat ostice. Books
'The 6 th:ee things are incon-
venient in kissing.
on d k h l d g divide eaci into several ' The text han o balhnldn .(?) kih
kinds. Compare the above with the car- khsehgdh i ishdmrst, which I do not
dinal virtues of the ancient justice, pru- understand.
25
 mon', express the Tdrikh (985). Ten or twelve years after the commence-
ment of these doings, mattera had gone so far that wretches like M i r d Jini,
chief of Tattah, and other apostetee, wrote their confeseions on paper a s
follows :-' I, such a one, son of such a one, have willingly and cheerfully
renounced and rejected the Islam in all its phases, whether low or high,
as I have witnessed it in my ancestors, and have joined the Divine Faith of
Sh& Abbar, and declare myself willing to sacdlce to him my property and
life, my honor and religion.' And these papers-there could be no more effec-
tive letters of damnation-were handed over to the Mujt&id (Abulfael) of
the new Creed, and were considered a source of confidence or promotion.
The Heavens might have parted asunder, and earth might have opened her
abyss, and the mountains have crumbled to dust !
In opposition to the Isl6m, pigs and dogs were no longer looked upon
as unclean. A large number of these animals was kept in the Harem, and
in the vaulta of the castle, and to inspect them daily, was considered a re-
ligious exercise. The Hindus, who believe in incarnations, said that the
boar belonged to the ten forms which God Almighty had once assumed.
' God is indeed Almighty-but not what they say.'
The saying of some wise men that a dog had ten virtues, and that s
man, if he possese one of them, was a saint, wae also quoted as a proof.
Certain courtiers and friende of His Majesty, who were known for their
excellence in every department, and proverbial as court poets,' ueed to
put dogs on a tablecloth and feed them, whilst other heretical poets, Per-
sians and Hindusthis, followed this example, even taking the tongues of
d o g into their own mouths, and then boasting of it.
Tell the Mir that thou hast, within thy skin, a dog and a arca ass.^
A dog runs about in h n t of the house ; don't make him a messmate.
The ceremonial ablution &r emission of e r m e n b a s no longer con-
mdered binding, and people quoted as proof that the essence of man was t h e
@errno gmitalc, which was the origin of good and bad men. It was absurd
that voiding urine and excrements should not require ceremonial ablutions,
whilst the emission of so tender a fluid should necessitate ablution ; i t
would be far better, if people would &st bathe, and then have connexion.
Further, it was absurd to prepare a feast in honour of a dead person ;
for the corpse was mere matter, and could derive no pleasure from the feast.
People should therefore make a grand feaet on their birth-days.' Subh feasts
were called Aeh ihuylt, food of life.'
The flesh of the wild boar and the tiger was also permitted, because the

Faid.
I. e., that yon are a dog.
According to the law, bathing is
I ''
r uired &r jimd,' and ilitildrn.
For the poor.
Provisions for the life to come.
 murage whir! these two animals possess, would be transferred to any one
who fed on such meat.
It was a h forbidden to marry one's cousins or near relations, because
such marriages are destructive of mutual love. Bbys were not marry
before the age of 16, nor girls before 14, because the offspring of early
-0s was weakly. The wearing of ornaments and silk dresses a t the
time of prayer was made obligatory.] * * * *
The prayers of the I&m, the fast, nay even the pilgrimage, were
henceforth forbidden. Some bastarde, aa the son of Mullti Mubtirik, a
worthy disciple of Shaikh Abulfazl, wrote treatises, in order to revile and
ridicule our religious practices, of course with proof%. E s Majesty liked such
productions, and pron~otedthe authors.
The era of the Hijrah was now abolished, and a new era waa intro-
dnad, of which the first year waa the year of the emperor's accession (963).
The months had the same names as at the time of the old Persian kings,
and as given in the NipfbqqibyJn.' Fourteen festivals also were introduced
corresponding to the feasts of the Zoroastrians ; but the feasts of the Mu-
8almPne and their glory were trodden down, the Friday prayer alone being
retained, because some old, decrepit, silly people' wed to go to it. The
new era was called TdrLkh i Ildhi, or ' Divine Era.' On copper coins and gold
muhurs, the era of the Millenium' was used, as indicating that the end of the
religion of Muhammad, which wtls to last one thousand years, waa drawing
near. Roading and learning Arabic was looked upon aa a crime ; and
Muhammedm law, the exegesis of the QorBn, and the Tradition, as also
those who studied them, were considered bad and deserving of disapproval.
Astronomy, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, poetry, history, and novels,
rere cultivated and thought necessary. Even the letters which are peculiar
to the Arabic language, as the S, P, C , 0, 3,and g, were avoided.
Thus for 'Abdullah, people wrote &I+I Abdullah ; and for
M i , uJ.1 M i, &c. All this pleased His Majesty. Two verses from
the S W a h , which Firdausi gives aa part of a story, were fre-
quently quoted at court-
From eating the flesh of camels and lizards
The Arabs have made such progress,

' The Muhamnladan law e 'oins M u - ' The text has an unintelligible
b.t o p to the Magoen aim& dressed. sentence.
Mk in forbidden. Muhamrnudans dis- That is, the word alf (one thousand)
q p m e of our ' Sunday h'and was put on the coins. From this assage
it would a pear that milu with a$ on it
PT
' Lep. 41, note I. ( o i d c ~ l m & , ~ . 5 l ~ a e r r struck aboutsD1
 That they now wish to get hold of the kingdom of Persia.
Fie upon Fate ! Fie upon Fate !
Similarly other verses were eagerly seized, if they conveyed a calumny,
as the verses from the .... ..
,' in which the falling out of the teeth of our
prophet is d u d e d to.
In the same manner, every doctrine and command of the I s l h , whether
special or general, as the prophetship, the harmony of the Islim with
reason, the doctrines of RiLyat, TakEK and TaK~cin,~ the details of the day
of resurrection and judgment,-all were doubted and ridiculed. And if
any one did object to this mode of arguing, his answer was not accepted.
But it is well known how little chance a man has who cites proofs against
one who will reject them, especially when his opponent has the power of life
and death in his hands ; for equality in condition is a eiw qud non in arguing.
A man who will not listen, if you bring the &onin and the Tradition,
Can only be replied to by not replying to him.
Many a family was ruined by these discussions. But perhaps ' dis-
cussions' is not the correct name ; we should call them meetings for arro-
gance and defamation. People who sold their religion, were busy to collect
all kinds of exploded errors, and brought them to His Majesty, aa if they
were so many presents. Thus Latif Khwttjah, who came from a noble family
in Turkisth, made a frivolous remark on a passage in Tirmizi's Shumciil,' and
aaked how in all the world the neck of the prophet could be compared to the
neck of an idol. Other remarks were passed on the straying camel.' Some
again expressed their astonishment, that the prophet, in the beginning of
his career, plundered the caravans of Quraish ; that he had fourteen wives ;
that any married woman was no longer to belong to her husband, if the
prophet thought her agreeable, t c . * * * At night, when there were social

The word in the text is Sajardk (P). says, is the case with the world, which
I n an engagement Muhammad lost two will come to an end. But Akbar denied it,
of his teeth. aa he did not believe in a day of judg-
X y a t , or diddr i Ildhi dar jannat, ment.
the actual seeing of God in Paradise, is a The book of the farnow iKuhaddir
a doctrine in high fsvour with the Sun- (Collector of W i t i o n s ) Tirmizi, which
nia. The ~hl'a'hs say, there w i l l be no contaiw all Traditions regarding the
actual seeing. figure and looks of the prophet. The
Taklif A man is called mukallaf bil- word idol is expressive of great beauty ;
a?&', G u n d by the law, first, if h i be- but the courtiers laughed a t the phrase
lonn to the Isldrn ;secondly, i f h e have aa unsuited to Muhammad, who had a b
'ap7or a sound mind ; thirdly, if he have lished idols.
reached bdtqh, i.e., if ho be of age. This refers to the charge of a d u l q
Tabuin means existence between two brought seainst ' A h a h , Muhammad s
non-exitences ('adurnin). T h w a favorite wife. The whole story will be
sent event stand. between s p a ~ tan?! found in Sale's QorLn, Sur. 24, p. 288.
future non-existenw. This, the I s h
assemblies, His Majesty told forty courtiers to sit down as ' Tho Forty,' and
every one might say or ask what he liked. If then any one brought up a
question connected with law or religion, they said, " YOUhad better ask the
Mullss about that, aa we only settle things which appeal to man's reaeon."
But i t is impossible for me to relate the blasphemous remarks which they
made about the qahcibah, when historical books happened to be read out,
eepecially such aa contained the reigns of the first three Khalifahs, and the
quarrel about Fadak, the war of (jifin,' kc.,-would that I were deaf ! The
Ehi'ahe, of course, gained the day, and the Sunnis were defeated; the good were
in fear, and the wicked were secure. Every day a new order was given, and
a new aspersion or a new doubt came up ; and His Majesty saw in the
discomfiture of one party a proof for his own infallibility, entirely forgetful
of the proverb, ' Who slanders others, slandors himself.'* * * The ignorant
vulgar had nothing on their tongues but ' AllMu Akbar', and they looked
upon repeating this phrase, which created so much commotion, as a daily
religious exercise. Mull6 Sheri, at this time, composed a qit'ah of ten verses,
in which the following occur :-
I t is madness to believe with the fool that love towards our prophot
Will ever vanish from the earth.
I smile, if I think that the following verse, in all its silliness,
Will be repeated at the feast of the rich, and as 8 prayer by the poor :
This year the emperor h m claimed prophetship,
Next year, if God will, he will be God.'
At the new year's day feasts, His Majesty forced many of the 'Ulamh
and the pious, nay even the &is and the Mufti of the realm, to drink
wine.* And afterwards the Mujtahids of the Divine Faith, especially
Faizi, called out, " Here is a bumper -to the confusion of the lawyers !"
On the last day of this feaat,,when the sun enters the nineteenth degree of
dries (a day called Sharafu-lahraf, and coneidered particularly holy by
His Majesty), the grandees were promoted, or received new j k i r s , or horses,

' The Chihil tandn, or 4Q Abddk. Makkah, which Ftitimah claimed as her
After the death of Muhammad, the last own ; but Abil Bakr would not let her
of the long series of prophets, the earth have it. G$n is a place near the Eu-
corn lained to God, that henceforth she phrates, where a battle took place between
nourd no longer be honored b prophets Alf and Mu'Bwiyah.
w ~ i n ong her surface. GJ promised
her, that there should always be on earth
Both affairs form, even n o w - d a y s ,
sub'ects of uarrel hetween Sunnfs and
fwty (accordin to some, seventy-two) ~ h d a h s . dence the author of the Dabi-
holy men, A ~ L I for , whwe sake H e 8 t h has also made u8e of them in his
would let the earth remain. The chief of Dialogues. The reader will find more
the Fort is called G h u s . particulars in the notes to the English
~dk
a i. a village not ~r &om translation of the Dabittin.
 or dr(1h~qof l~nnnr,n ( ~ ~ ~ n r ( to l i ntllu
g rules of hospitnlity, or in proportion of
the tril)utt. t11t.y lracl Lrol~gllt."
Iri this y w r (iu11):l11:1n 13cglun [,Ikbnr's aunt] nrld St~linlali
Sulfbti I3rguni returnetl fro111 R 1)ilgrilu:~grt o l1:~kkah. Soon aftrr
ShBh iIbG Turiib also, nncl I ' t i ~ n h ( llillBn of G u j r i t , returrietl fkom the
pilgrimngc., a n d brollgllt nrl ilunic~risc~stone with tllem, w11ic.h h a d to
1 t r i s o t t l on a n l i t Tllc stont. contained, nocortling to 9b1i
'l'urbl,, a n inll~reihioiiof tlio foot of tlit: prol1hc.t. A k b : u l t l i o u g h it is
clilfirult to gucss tllc. inoti\-e-went four Xo.s to ~ u e c it, t and the grandci-s
were ortlerctl to carry the stollo tlle~ilsclvcsby turns, a n d thus it was
blougl't to to\\.n.
[ p . 312.1
" I n this yunr, Sllnilif~ 1Iul)iirik of Kiigor said in the presence of the
e1111>wor to Ilir Bur, "Ju3t us tllcrt, arc1 interpolt~tionsin your lloly books,
80 thcre 111'0 lnnlly in ours <iJoi-A11) ; ILOIICUit is i~upossibluto trust either."
6o111esllarncless mrtl ill-stlirrecl 1rrett.11es also nskccl lIis Majesty, why
a t tllc nppronc.l~i~rg closc of the hlillri~ni~url, ho (lid not make use of the unortl,
' tho 1110st c o ~ ~ v i n c i ~roof,'
lg 11.3 Sllih Isi1ri'il of l'ersia had done. But His
AIttjc:sty, at last, wiis co~~vii~cccl that colltitlttnce in him nu a lender was a
xnilttcr of tirl~c!i11lcl good c o u ~ ~ s c ili,~ l r l did not rccjuire the sword. And
intl~ccatl,if JIis hTt~j~~sty, ill ststti~lgup l ~ i cl:tii~ls,
s R I I making
~ his inno~ations,
hat1 nl'c811tit little I L I ~ I I I 110
~ ~ , ~ r o u l dllnm ci~silygot most of the courtiers,

and 1l1uc.11IlLort: tho Y I I ~ ~into I I his~ , tlcvilisl~11vts.

Thu follun-ing ILul.,h'i of Kiiqir i K l ~ u s r a u\v& oftcn quotud a t court -
1st:u in 9 9 2 two c * o i ~ , j ~ ~ ~ ~ c . t i o l l ~ ,
I scJu the s i p of IIi~lltliand t l ~ oft ilntichrist :
E i t l ~ c rpo1itic.s 111ustclluirgo or religion.
1clearly ticc: the 1litlclt.n sel.ret.
At ~ O I U I C~~u~~ t ' t i l for
l g rui1ov;~tingtho religion of the empire, B j a h
Bhagtr\\-in ~ i ~ i " d I, \roulcl ~villingly 11c,lic\*othat Dindus and Nusalxnhs
lruve uticl~11bad rt~ligion; but ollly tcll us \\.here tho ]low ~ e is,~ and t what
ol~iuion they hold, so tllr~tI Inay bc1ir:ve." His hlajosty rcfl ected a little,
axltl cciistd to urge tho Hijtill. But the alteration of the orders of OW
glorin~l*faith was r~orlt~irlucd. Tllo l i i r i k l ~vuy found in tho word8 Iha% i
It'd'uf, the innov:~tionof 11crrasy (990).
During tlloxe ~ I I J Y Y also the puLlic prayers and the azcin, which a m
chauttbrl five tin~ost~ day for nssolnbly to prayer in tho statehall, were
n1)ulishcd. Names liko rlllt~~nd, Jhchntjt~t~nd, JIr~gfaf~,kc., becamo offensive
to ILis hIcljesty, a110 tl~ereljy wislled to please the infidole outside, and
the princesscx inside, tllu liaroul, till, aftor some time, those courtiers
who had such names, changed them; and names as Yhr Muhnmmad,
Xidarnmad ZOuin, wore altered to Rahmat. To call such ill-starred wretches
by the name of our blessed prophet would.indeed be wrong, and there was
not only mom for improvement by altering their names, but it mas even
necessary to change them, according to the proverb, ' I t is wrong to put
fine jewels on the neck of a pig.'
And this destructive fire broke all out in Agrah, burnt down great and
small families, and did not even fipare their family tombs-May God forsake
these wretches !"
[p. 515.1
" In Rabfwscinf 990, Mir Fathullah came from the Dak'hin (I-ideabove

p. 33).* As he had been an immediate pupil of Mir Ghihnddin

Man$& of Shirk, who had not been overstrict in religious matters, His
Majesty thought that Fathullah would only be too glad to enter into
hie religious scheme. But Fathullah was such a stanch Shi'ah, and at the
same time such a worldly office-hunter, and such a worshipper of mammon
and of the nobility, that he would not give up a jot of the tittles of bigoted
8hi1km. Even in tho etatehall he said, with the greate~tcomposure, his
Shi'ah prayers-a thing which no one else would have dared to do. His
Majesty, therefore, put him among the class of the bigots ; but he connived
a t his practices, because he thought it desirable to encourage a man of such
attainments and practical knowlodge. Once the emperor, in Fathullah's
presence,' said to Bir Bay, " I really wonder how any one in his senses can
believe that a man, whose body hae a certain weight, could, in the space of
a moment, leave his bed, go up to heaven, there have 90,000 conversations
with God, and yet on his return find his bed still warm 1'' So also was the
splitting of the moon ridiculed. " Why," said His Majesty, lifting up
one foot, "it k really impossible for me to lift up the other foot !
What d y stories men will believe." And that wretch (Bir Bay) and some
other wretches-whose names be forgotten-said, '' Yea, we believe ! Yea,
we trust !" This great foot-experiment was repeated over and over again.
But Fathullah-HisMajesty had been every moment looking at him, because
he wanted him to say something ; for he was a new-comer-looked straight
before himself, and did not utter a syllable, though he was all ear."
H e r e B a d b n i mentions the translations from Sanscrit into Persian,
whioh have been alluded to above, p. 104. It is not quite certain
whether the translations were made from Sanscrit, or from Hindi trans-

AE Fathullah wan a good mechanic, experiment with his foot, he would induce
Akbar thought that by refemng to the Fathullah, to make a remark on the
weight of a man, and the following prophet's ~ecension(mi'rdj).
 lations, or from both. Badioni clearly states that for some translations, as
as the At'harbnn, Hindus were used as interpreters. F o r other works as
the Mahabhbrat, there may have been Hindi translations or estracte,
because Alrbar himself (ride p. 105, note 1) translated passages to Naqib
Khbn. Abulfml &o s t a b s that he was assisted b y Pandits when writing
the fourth book of the Ain. Compare Sir H. Elliott's Index to the
Historians of India, p. 259.
[p. 321. ]
" In these days (991) new orders were given. The killing of animaIs

i'
I

'
on certain days was forbidden, as on Sundays, because this day i s sacred
to the Sun ; during the f i s t eighteen days of the month of Farwardin ;
the whole month of A b b (the month in which His Majesty was born) ;
and on several other days, to please the Hindus. This order was extended
over the whole realm, and capital punishment was inflicted on every one
who acted against the command. Many a family was ruined. During the
time of those fasts, His Majesty abstained altogether from meat, as a
religious penance, gradually extending the several fasts during a year over
, six month8 and even more, with the view of eventually discontinuing the use
I of meat altogether.
A second ordor was given that the Sun should be worshipped four times
a day, in the morning and evening, and at noon and midnight. His
Majesty had dso one thousand and one Sanscrit names of the Sun collected,
and read them daily, devoutly turning towards the sun ; he then used to get
I
, hold of both ears, and turning himself quickly round about, used to strike
the lower ends of the ears with his fists. He also adopted several other
practices connected with sun-worship. He used to wear the Hindu mark on
his forehead, and ordered the band to play at midnight and at break of day.
Mosques and prayer-rooms were changed into store rooms, or given to
Hindu ChaukidClrs. For the word j a ~ n ~ a(public
t prayer), His Majesty
used the term ji?icdl (copulation), and for hayya' ala, he said yaJald talaki.
The cemetry within the town was ordered to be sequestered."
[ p . 324.1
" I n the same year (991), His Majesty built outside the town two places

for feeding poor Hindus and Muhammadans, one of them being callod
KhirpLrah, and the other Dharmpzirah. Some of Abulfazl's people were
put in charge of them. They spent His Majesty's money in feeding the poor.
As an immense number of Jogis also flocked to this establishment, a third

Hayya ' a h , for ' ha ya 'ala-qqalkh'

[the wgf fonn of p a l d a ' Come quick
to the prayer,' is a phrase which occurs
1 in the A&. l k l a l d talald is a phrase
used by druohnla in the height of mirth.
place was built, which got the name of Jogipkrah. His Majesty also called
aome of the Jogis, and gave them at night private interviews, enquiring
into abetruse truths ; their articles of faith ; their occupations ; the influence
of pensiveness; their several practices and usages ; the power of being
absent from the body; or into alchemy, physiognomy, and the power
of omnipresence of the soul. His Majesty even learned alchemy, and
shewed in public some of the gold made by him. Once a year also during
a night d e d Siwdt, a great meeting was held of all Jogis of the empire,
when the emperor ate and-drank with the principal Jogis, who promised
him that he should live three and four times as long as ordinary men. His
Majesty
- .
fully believed it, and connecting their promises with other inferences
he had drawn, he got quite convinced of it. Fawning court doctors, wisely
enough, found -proofs for the longevity of the emperor, and said that the
cycle of the moon, during which the lives of men are short, was drawing
to iCB close, and that the cycle of Saturn' was a t hand, with which a
new cycle of ages, and coneequently the original longevity of mankind,
would again commence. Thus they said, i t was mentioned in some holy
books that men used to live up to the age of one thousand years, whilst in
IJanecrit boob the ages of some men were put down as ten thoueand years ;
and in Thibet, there were even now a c l w of U m a k , or Mongolian .
devotees, and recluses, and hermita, that live two hundred years, and
more. For this reason, Hie Majesty, in imitation of the usages of these
IAmahe, limited the time he spent in the Harem, curtailed his food and
drink, but especially abstained from meat. H e also shaved the hair of the
crown of his head, and let the hairs at the sides grow, because he believed
that the soul of perfect beinga, at the time of death, p w e a out by the crown
(which ia the tenth openine of the human body) under a noise resembling
thunder, which the dying man may look upon u a proof of his happiness
and salvation from sin, and as a sign that his soul, by metempsychosis,
rillpase into the body of some grand and mighty king.
His Majesty gave his religious system the name of Tauhid d I16icf, or I
' Divine Monotheism.'
' U l , in Pmian Xaiwdn, Saturn. Tbe first cycle was that of Saturn, during
lbis planet is looked upon aa the fountain which the agea of men were long. The
d d o m . N i h i says sawdd d safnuh last cycle is that of the moon, durin
bakakdn acpurd, 'He (Muhenfmad)gave I do not attain a very 013
&tarn the power of writing. d n w d r $.&~%txxi dread at tbe time of
Smhili, in praise of some HLh,rho says, rn di16hursrC kih &dar
ghy'"":
Zahal shdgird i ti &r nuk tahddnr,
Saturn in wisdom is hia pupil.' Hence
daur i qamar mibinim, 'What misfortune
is thia wqich we witness in the cyJe of
the famous astronomer Abnlqasim haa the the moon.
hpob (title)of Ghuldrn i Zuhd. Besides, Vcle my text edition, Fourth book,
thpn M several cycles of gears, over p. 8, 1. 0.
~ h k heach of the seven planets reigm.
 R e a l ~ ocalled, ac.c.ordi11g to the rilnnner of the Jugis, a nuntber of
sprriiil ~li\c.il)lr~~ C'hrluh6 (slavrrs). -4lot of' vilo, fiwindling, wicked blrds,
who n.tbroI I ( J ~ a(1111itt1d to the ~)diL~.e, stood every inorning opposite to the
\vir~ll:~\r, 11ear 1vhic.h His lli~jtlstyusctl to prz17 to the sun, ant1 declared, they
hitti i ~ ~ ; i t vo\\-s
lo I I I B to
~ riust! their nlouth.i, nor to eat and drink, before they

11-11 ~ I V - I thu
I l)lo.i>~~d c o u n t e n a n r ~of thcl emperor ; and every evening, there
W : I ~:t rcgulnr colu't assc.ml~lyof nectly IIindus and Muhammadans, all sorts

of ~ I I , O I )nicn~ I . , ant1 WOIIIIJI~, y sic,k, a querr g n t h c r i ~ ~ ga n, d a most

h ~ : ~ l t l iant1
tc~.~.il,lc* c,rowcl. Nu sool1r.r hall ILis hlnj~..;tyfinishot1 saying the 1001 names
of tilt, ' Cire;iter Lun~ilimy',nud stt!l)pt~iout into t h e bnlcony, than the whole
cron.d 1)rostratc.d t l ~ t ~ n ~ s r l r c ~C'henti~lg, s. thieving Brahmins collwted
n n o t l ~ tv1:t
~ ~ of . l o ( l l rltnllos of ' IIis li;l,jo.;ty t,he Sun,' nnd tnld t h e emperor that
1 1w ~ i ~ sX I L i ~ ~ ( . t ~ r ~ ~ : c1iI;e
t i o nS,< ~ I II<iqhn,
L, nn(1 other infidel kings ; and though
Lcrrtl of' t,hr*\\-orld, 110 11:ltl ass~mirtl his shape, in order to play with the
pcfiol)leof our 1)itnlr~t. 111 trrtlcr to flatter him, they also brought Sanscrit
V('~.I'S,sitid to h11v0 br>c~ntaken from t h e sayings of ancient sages, in which
it was 1)rc.tlictt~rltlltlt a great ronclur3ror would rise n p in India, w h o would
holler 13rc1hnninrclrltl con-9, ant1 govern the earth with justice. They also
\\rote thir Ilonsenstl on old looking paper, and showed it to t h e emperor,
. who 1)eiiuvrd every I\-ord of it.
I n this year alqo, in the state hall of F n t h p ~ i r ,t h e ten cubit square of
tho R ; ~ n t ~ fand i r thc~Qtrllrrlnln' of t h e Shiifi'is and Shi'ahs were compared.
Tllr fluitl qualltum of tllr Iiannfis was g r e n t ~ rthnn that of t h e others.
ITis hlr~jcbhtyo~lct.ort11.retl that the Sunnis sho~iltlstand sppnmtely h m
t l l ~Shi'ilh5, \ r l ~ e nthcs IIiudu~tA~iis, without exception, went to t h e Sunni
sidv, and the l'erhiitus to the Slli'ah side."
[ p . 336.1
'<During this year [092], Mull6 nfthdfid of Amrohah and Mull6 Sheri
nttendccl nt Court, in order to flatter the emperor; for they had been
a p p o i ~ ~ t rto
v l qarlr\hips in tho 1)uiib of the Panjftb. liull6 Sheri presented
to ISis Al;l,jehty n poem made by him, entitled Hnzdr Shud', o r ' T h e Thousand
Rays,' 11-11ic.h contained 1,000 q~#n'hnin praise of t h e Sun. H i s Majesty wae
much plrt~*cld."
At the feast of the emperor's accession in 992, numerous converdons
took place. [Bad. IT. p. 338.1

Qtillrctnin, two large jars containing weigh not less than 1,200 rafl, or the cube
1,200 ratl i 'irriqi ('iriqi pounllq) of of 3+ #pans. Hanifah fixed (10 Ptj~)a,
water. Accorriing to the Slli'ahs just deep enough that the hand, in paPsiog
and the S11:iti'i sect. water docks not bver it, do not touch the bottom. The
hecome n u j i s , or soiled, froln it* l~eing experiment which Akbar mnde had for its
used, provided the quantity of water obJect to throw blame on the~anafiS,mnis.
 " They were admitted as dieciplee in sets of twelve, one set at a time,

and declared their willingness to adopt the new principles, and to follow the
new religion. Instead of the usual tree,' His Majesty gave his likeness,
upon which the disciples looked es a symbol of faith and the advancement
of virtue and prosperity. They used to wrap it up in cloth studded with
jewels, and wore it on the top of their turbans. The phrase ' AEbMu Akbar'
was ordered to be used as the heading in all writings. Playing with dice,
and taking interest, were allowed, and so in fact was every thing else
admitted which is forbidden in the Isltim. A play-house was even built at
Court, and money from the exchequer was lent to the players on interest a

(cide Second book, Ain 15). Interest and ehalal (money given at the end
of the play to the by-standers) were looked upon as very satisfactory things.
Girls before the age of fourteen, and boys before sixteen, were not to
many, and the story of the marriage night of the Prophet with CiddlqahP
w m totally disapproved But why should I mention other blasphemies-
May the attention which any one pays to them run away like Quicksilver-
really I do not know what human ears cannot bear to hear !
The sins which all prophets are known to have committed, were cited
as a reason, why people should not believe the words of the prophets. 80
especinlly in the case of David' and the story of Uriah. And if any one
dared to differ from the belief of these men, he was looked upon as fit to be
killed, or as an apostate and everlastingly damned, or he was called a law-
yer and enemy of the emperor. But according to the proverb, ' What people
sow,that they shall reap,' they themselves became notorious in the whole
world as the greatest heretics by their damnable innovations, and 'the
infallible authority' got the nick name of dbtijahl.' Yes, ' If the king is bad,

' Heads of wts give their pupib inside, where several women were as-
trees, not of genealogy, but of disiciple- sembled, who co~lgratulated me, and
ah' as, Ahmad, disciple of 'AH, disciple drcused me up. When the had done,
of%u'in, disciple of & y d d , Bs., ending they handed me over to t i e
ritb their own mime and the name of
that dixiple to whom the tree (shajaruh)
As *he WM so young, she took %EPk$
to the house of' the pro )bet. The pw-
ipjven. phet loved her so much, that even in the
- qiddiqah is the title of ' l i a h a h , the mos ue, at the tinic of' the service, he
daaghtrr of' AbG M r . She r;. six ut %is head under her vcil, and careased
old. when she wan engaged to Rer, and played with her hair (Tha'labi
Lohammad, who was then fifty years Tahir2.180); and he told the faithful that
old. The tictun1 marriage took place, she would be his wife in Paradise." From
r h m #be was nine gears old. ' I sat,' she Sprenger's Life of Muhammad 111. p. 62.
rdptes. ' with other girls in a swing, when David counts as a pro het. The
my mother called me. I rent to her,
know;ng what she wanted. She Pealms.
A,
book r e v d e d to him i e the or the
took m hand, and led me to the door ' p p e r l y father of ignorance. Be-
d the 80,. I now gueased what she
&bed to do with me :my heart throbbed,
d b n l means d b u ~ a z l , which name
r* ifim father of wisdom. Besides,
bat 1mmn got again m m p e d . I washed X l f a z l had the title(lakRaUuq) 'Allom6
my hce and my head, and wrur taken ' the most learned.
the Vizier is worse.' Looking after worldly matters was placed before reli-
gious concerns ; but of all things, these innovations were the most important,
and every thing else was accessory.
In order to direct another blow a t the honour of our religion, His
Majesty ordered that the s t a h of the Fancy b&s, which are held on New
year's-day, ahould, for a stated time, be given up for the enjoyment of the
Begums and the women of the Harem, and also for any other married
ladies. On such occasions, His Majesty spent much money; and the
important affairs of Harem people, marriage-contracts, and betrothals of
boys and girls, were arranged at such meetings.
The real object of those who became disciples was to get into office ;
and though His Majesty did everything to get this out of their heads, he
acted very differently in the case of Hindus, of whom he could not get
enough ; for the Hindus, of course, a m indispensible ; to them belongs half
the army and half the land. Neither the Hindhetanis nor the Moghule can
point to such grand lor& as the Hindue have among themselves. But if
others than Hindus came, and wished to become disciples a t any sacrifice,
His Majesty reproved or punished them. For their honour and zeal h e did
not care, nor did he notice whether they fell in with hi^ views or not."
Cp. 340.1
" I n thie year Su&b Khwdjah died. H e also belonged to the elect
disciples of His Majestg. f i r burying him, they laid down a new
rule. They put a grate over his grave in such a manner that the light of
the rising eun, which cleansee from all sins, could shine on the face of the
Lwrpse. People said, they had ~ e e nfiery tongues resting over his mouth, but
God knows best."
During the month of qafar (the seoond month of the year) 994,
Akbar's troops were defeated by the Y & u h i s . Badbnf says (p. 350) :
" Nearly 8,000 men, perhaps even more, were killed. Bir Bay also,
who had fled from fear of his life, was slain, and entered the row of the
dogs in hell, and thus got something for the abominable deeds he had done
during his lifetime. During the last night attack, many grandees and
persons of renown were killed, as H h K h h , ' and Khwdjah 'Arab,
paymaster (colonel) of KhBn Jahh, and M u U Sheri, the poet, and many
others whose names I cannot specify. The words az Khwdjah 'Arab kifs

I Vide List of grandees, Text edition

227, No. 220, where for
edition of Badhnl hes wrong&. Hie
of the f i n biography ia not given in the Ma&
fiaain dahmr.. the Mas. of flumurd.
the Kin he ia called fl or yi;!. MS. The lettern give 993 ; hence one
~ 6 tJAILS;? Patan{
of the ~ ~ b a reah more = 994.
AjgAdn, and c a b him a Itazdra'. The
expreae the Thrikh of the defeat, by one less. Hakim Abulfath and Zain
K h h , on the 5th Rabi'ulawwal, reached with their defeated troops the fort of
A*.* But His Majesty cared for the death of no grandee more than
for that of Bir Bar. H e said, '' Alas ! they could not even get his body out
of the pass, that it might have been burned;" but at last, he consoled
himaelf with the thought, that Bir Bar was now free and independent of all
earthly fetters, and as the rays of the sun were sufficient for him, there was
no necessity that he should be cleansed by fire."
N e w orders were given in the beginning of 995. [Page 356.1
No one was to marry more than one wife, except in cases of barren- /
ness ;but in all other cases the rule was, ' One God, and one wife.' Women,
on reaching the limit of their period of fertility, when their courses stop,
should no longer wish for the husband. I f widows liked to re-marry, they
might do so, though this was' against the ideas of the Hindus. A Hindu
girl whose husband had died before the marriage was consummated, should
not be burnt. If, however, the Hindus thought this a hardship, they
should not be prevented (from burning the girl) ; but then a Hindu widow
h u l d take the girl.. ....'
Bgain, if disciples meet each other, one should say ' AlliiLu Akiar,' and
the other should respond ' Jalla Jaldluhu.' These formulas were to take the
place of our eulim, and the answer to the aalirn. The beginning of counting
Hindu monthe should be the 28th day, and not the 16th, because the latter
was the invention and innovation of BikramBjit. The Hindu feasts,
likewise, were to take place in accordance with this rule. But the order
nae not obeyed, though f a r m h to that effect, aa early as 990, had been
sent to Qujht and Bengal.
&-on people should no longer learn Arabic, because such people
were ggnerally the cause of much mischief. Cases between Hindus should
be decided by learned Brahmins, and not by MusalmCln &is. If it were
necessary to have recourse to oaths, they should put heated irons into the
hands of the amused, who was guilty if his hands were burnt, but innocent
if not ; or they should put the hands of the accused into hot, liquid buttor ;
or the mueed should jump into water, and if he came to the surface before
an arrow had returned to the ground, which had been shot off when the man
jumped into the water, he was guilty.

The tert hae coar not against the

i d m a o r the Hindwa (P).
' The test of the whole passage ie I doubtful. The readinp of the three MSS.
which Msulawi Aghii Ahmad 'Ali had in
editing Ba&ni, give no seuse.
 People should be buried with their heads towards the east, and their feet
towarde the west.' His Majesty even commenced to deep in this position."
[p. 363.1
" I n the same yoar the prohibition of the study of Arabic was extended
to all. People should lei~rn Astronomy, Mathematics, Medicine, and
Philosophy. The TLikh of this order is Fmcid i fazl (995)
On the 10th day of Muharram 996, His Majesty had invited the
Kh&n Khhirn, and Mtin Singh (who had just been appointed gover-
nor of Bahbr, HtijipGr and Patna) ; and whilst they were drinking, His
Majesty commenced to talk about the Divine Faith, in order to test MBn
Singh. Ho said without reserve, "If Your Majesty mean by the term of
membership, willingness to sacrifice one's life, I have given pretty clear
proofs, and Your Majesty might dispense with examining m e ; but if the
term has another meaning, and refers to religion, surely I am a Hindu.
And if I am to become a Muhammadan, Your Majesty ought to say so-
but besides Hinduism and IslBm, I know of no other religion." The
emperor then gave up urging him.
During the month of ?afar 996, MirA Flilsd Beg Barlk managed
to get one night Mull6 Ahmad of T'hat'hah, on some pretest, out of his
house, ant1 stabbed at him, becaause the Mull6 openly reviled [as Shi'ahs
do] the conlp~nionsof the prophet. The TBrikh of this event is expressed
by the wortlv Zihe khanjar i Fitlaid, ' Hail, steel of Flilhd,' or by h-hGk i
e q a r f , ' hellish hog !' And really, when this dog of the age was in his agony,
I saw that his face looked just like the head of a pig,' and others too
witnessed i d 0 God ! we take refuge with Thee agninst the evil which may
befall uv ! His Majesty had Mind Pillad tied to the foot of an elephant
and dragged through the streets of LBhor ; for when Hakim Abulfath, at
the request of the emperor, had asked the MLrd, whether he had stabbed
at the Mull6 Gom religious hatred, he had said, " If religious hatred had
been my motive, it would havo been better to kill a greater ones than the
Mull&." The Hakim reported these words to His Majesty, who said,
" This follow is a ficoundrol ; he must not be d o w e d to remain dive," and

ordered his execution, though the people of the Harem asked the emperor
to spare him for his general bravery and courage. The MLU outlived

' This was an in~ult, because the dbni, looked and barked like a dog.
Nnhammadans in India fece the west when dying. Another thing which the
during rayer. Vide Journnl Asiatic Sunnis all over India qnob as a greab
Society, !kengal for 1868. p. 56. proof of the correctness of their maahab,
* Sunnls wsert that this transfigure- ~s that no Shi'ah can ever become B h4i.z.
tion into an animal (nauskk) happens i. e., no Shi'ah can commit the Qorh to
rery often to Shf'ahs, because thoy revile memoly.
the Phdbah. Faid, according to Ba- ' Either Akbar. or Abulfazl.
 the Mid three.or four days. The Shi'ahs, at the time of washing his
corpse, say that, in conformity with their religion, they put a long nail into
the anus, and plunged him several times into the river.' After his burial,
Shaikh Faizi and Shaikh Abulfazl put guards over his grave ; hilt notwith-
utanding all precaution, during the year His Majesty went to Kashmir, the
people of LBhor, one night, took the hideous corpse of the Mullti &om the
grave, and burned it."
[pp. 375, 376, 380.1
" I n 999, the flesh of oxen, buffaloes, goats, horses, and camels, was
forbidden. If a Hindu woman wished to be burnt with her husband, they
should not prevent her ; but she ehould not be forced. Circumcision was
forbidden before the age of twelve, and was then to be left to the will of
the boys. If any one was seen e a t h g together with a butcher, he was to
loee his hand, or if he belonged to the butcher's relations, the fingers which
he wed in eating.
In 1000, the custom of shaving off the beard was introduced."
In 1002, special orders were given to the kobcalu to carry out.
fibar's commands. They will be found i n the Third book of the d i n ,
,Gm 5. The following are new :
Lf any of the daraaniyyahl disciples died, whether man or woman, they
ehould hang some uncooked grains and a burnt brick round the neck of the
corpng, and throw it into the river, and then they ehould take out the corpse,
and bum i t at a place where no water was. But this order is based upon a
fundamental rule, which H i s Majesty indicated, but which I cannot here
mention.
If a woman was older than her husband by twelve years, he should
not lie with her, and if a young girl was found running about town, whether
veiled or not, or if a woman was bad, or quarrelled with her hueband, she
should be sent to the quarter of the prostitutes, to do there what she liked."
[ p . 391.1
At the time of famines and distress, parents were allowed to sell their
children, but they might again buy them, if they acquired means to repay
their price. Hindus who, when young, had from pressure become Musal-
mhs, were allowed to go back to the faith of their fathers. No man should
be interfered with on account of hie religion, and every one should be
allowed to change his religion, if he liked. If a Hindu woman fall in love
with a Muhammadan, and change her religion, she should be taken from him

This was done to clean the intestines

of f w w , which were thrown into the
river from which the Sonnis got their I water.
From &rean,
157, 1. 1.
for which vide p.
I)y forcc, and be given 1)ac.k to her family. People slio~ddnot be molested,
if they ~vislicdto l~uildchurches and prayer rooms, or idol temples, or fire
tcllll'lcs."
[ p . 398.1
I' I n this year A'zmn I<li:in rc:turncd froni hlaltknh, where he had suffered

rn11i.h harm a t tlio liarlds uf tlio Sl~nrifs,'and throwing away tho llessiug
\vl~ic.li111: hat1 dc.rirc~tlfroni the pilgl.irnnge, joined, inimeciiatel on his
~ gu/)/(IIL and following all other rules
r c t ~ u n ,tlie Divine Fuith, p c ~ f o r n i i ~tlie
of disc.il111~sllil) ; ho cult off his 1)e11rcl,and was vcbryforward a t social xncetings
anil ill c.onvcrsution. I l o lci~rnttho rules of tlie urn7 faith from the Reverend
Nastcr Al~ulfiizl,riud got tihhil~ilrund 1I:ijipilr us jtigir."
[I). 404.]
During the Aiuliarrum of 100.1, qatlr Jahfin, mufti of the elupire, who
' I

had 1wt:n prori~otetlto a commandership of Ono Thousand, joined the Divine

Faith, ax also his two over-1~ml)itiousson3 ; and having taken the Sh.gt9 of
tho new religion, he ran into tho uet liko a fish, and got his Xardriah+. He
even nslicd IIis 3ltijc:sty what ho was to do with his beard, when he was told
to let it be. On tlic sclme day, Mu1116 Tuqi of Shiishtara joined, who looh
upon lli~uselfas tile lcarnccl of nll learned, and is just now engaged in
rendering tlic Sli~ahn8niahinto prose, according to the wishes of the emperor,
using tlie p h a s u jul!ict 'n:~trnfz~ltzc rra '~zzashdntchu14 wherever t h e word
Sun orcurs. Anlollg others that joined were Shaikhzhdah Qoshlah I(han
of Bun6ms ; IIudlB SliBh RIuhanimad of ShAliBb'dd ;' and qhfi h a d , who
cluirncd to belong to tho progclny of the fuinous Muhammad Uhaus. They
dl ncrcptcd tlio four di~grt~chsof faith, aud reccivcd appointments ae
C'ouimclndcrs f r o n ~Ouo Hundred to Fivu IIu~icLred, gave up their b e d
agreeably to tho r~dcs,and thus looked like tho youths in Paradise. The
1' 1,hnt1(1,or si>vt'ral s h a v f ~ h 'e1l)resx
wor(ih ~t~i~t~l).(ih/t , the tdrikh of this event
(100 1). The new canclidotrs 11elinvt.dlikc IIindus that turn Muhammadan,'
or like tlioso \rho are clrc>\sc.din rcd c.lothes, and look in their joy towards
their relations, who my to tl~enl, 3Iy dear little man, these rags w i l l be
old to-morrow, but the I s l h will still remain on your neck. This Ahmad,
' tho little Tfifi', is the same who claimed to be the pupil, or rather the perfect
aucressor, of Pl~nikh-4hnuld of I':gj~)t. I I e said that a t the express desire of
tllnt rcligioua lender of tlio agr, he hnd come to India, and the Shaikh
had frcqucntly told him, to assist tho Sultbn of India, should he commit an

This is the title of the rul~~rsof3Iakliuh. ' Because Muhammadans uso such
2 ,Shopt, whir11 h ~ I~cen
s explained on phrnsrn after the name of God.
p. 16(i, u l nlesns
~ ri jish hook. ' Ti'de p. 1M, note 1.
7i'cle List of Graudees, Second Book, That is, over-zealous.
No. 352.
error, and lead him back from everlasting damnation. But the opposite
was the case."

So far BadQoni. W e have, therefore, the following list of mem-

bers of the Divine Faith. With the exception of Uir Bar, they are all
Muhammadans ; but to judge from Badhoni's remarks, the number of
those that took the S l ~ g tmust
, have been much larger.
1. Abulfazl.
2. Faizi, his brother, Akbar's court-poet.
3. Shaikh Mubhik, of NQgor, their father.
4. Ja'far Beg AFaf Khin, of Qrrzwin, a historian and poet.
5. a i m i KBhi, a poet.
6. ' h b d u q p m d , Alibar's court-painter ; also a port.
7. A'zm KhQn Kokah, after his return Gom Mukkali.
8. Mull6 ShQhMuhnmmd of Shrihribhd, a Listorinn.
9. CLX Ahmad.
1 0 to 12. Qadr J a h h , the orown-lawyer, and his two sons.
13. Mir Sharif of h u l l Akbar's apostle for Bengal.
14. Sultbn Khwhjah, a yadr.
15. MinB JBni, chief of T'hat'hah.
16. Taqi of Shustar, a poet and commander of two hundred.
17. ShaikhzBdah Oosiilah of B a n h s .
18. Bir Bar. c/

Nos. 4 to 6 are taken h m the #in ; the others are mentioned in

the above estracta from BadQoni. The literary eleluent is well
represented in the List.
The above extract from B a d b n i possess a peculiar value, because
they show the rise and progress of Alibar's views, from the first doubt
of the correctness of the Islbm to its total rejection, and the gradual
establishment of a new Faith combining the principal features of Hindu- .
ism and the Fireworship of the PQrsis. This value does not attach to
the scattered remarks in the Ain, nor to the longer article in the
Dabisan.
88 the author of the latter work haa used Badboni, it will only
be necessary to collect the few remarks which axe new.
The following two miracles are connected with Akbar'a birth.
[DnGi~firr, p. 390.']

JWc also Shea and Troyers' English Translation of thc Dabistin, 111, p. 49.
37
by eect, that once during the year 1058, he had gone on a pilgrimage to
Sikandrah, the burial place of Akbaq I' One of my companions," he said,
"declined to enter the pure mausoleum, and even abused the Representative
of Qod [ilkbar]. My other companions said, 'IIf &bar possesses hidden
howledge, that man will certainly come to grief." Soon after a piece of a
broken stone fell down, and crushed his toe."
P. 4 3 1. " I n Multh, I saw Shih Salhullah, who has renounced the
world, and i~ a muuhhid (Unitarian). He is very rigid in discipline, and avoids
the wiety of men. He said, he had often been in company with J a u d d i n
Akbar, ahd had heard him frequelitly say, " Had I formerly possessod
the knowledge which I now have, I would never have chosen a wife for
myself; for upon old women I look rts mothers, on women of my age as
~Jtem,and on girh aa daughters." A %end of mine said, he had heard
Naatib Abul Haaan, called Laahkar K h k of Maahhad, report the same as
having been said by Akbar.
f 3 a h d a h also said that Qod's Representative (Akbar) had often
wept and eaid, " 0 that my body were larger than all bodies together, MI that
the people of the world could feed on it without hurting other living animals."
A sign of the sagacity of this king is this, that he employed in his service
people of all classes,' Jews, ~ersians;M n i s , kc., because one class of people,
if employed to the exclusion of othera, would cause rebellions, as in the case
of the Uzbaks and Qizilbbhes (Persians), who used to dethrone their kings.
Hence Shah 'Abbb, son of Sulthn Khudhbandah i qafawf, imitated the
practice of Akbar, *and favoured the Gujis (Georgians). Akbar paid
likewise no regard to hereditary power, or genealogy and fame, but favoured
those whom he thought to excel in knowledge and manporn."
The passages in the Ain which refer to Akbar's religious views are
the following :-p. 111; 11; 48; 49 ; 54; 57 ; 58, 1. 4 from below;
&n 26, p. 61 ; p. 90, notes 3 and 4, the Sansorit names being very
likely those which were alluded to by Badboni, cide above p. 180, 1. 18 ;
p. 91, note 3 ; p. 103, note 3 ; 103, 105, 106 ; p. 108 1. 22, because the
" making of likenesses" is as much forbidden by the Islbm, as it was
interdicted by the Mosaic law ; B'in 72, p. 153 ; 159 ; Kin 77, p. 162 ;
Zrn 81, p. 216. I n the Second Book, Ains 18,19, 22, 23, 24,25 ; in the
IIId book, end of 'Ain 1 (Thikh Ilbhi) ; &ins 2, 5, 9, 10 ; and lastly,
the greator part of the fifth book.
It will be observed that the remarks on Akbar's religious views do
not extend beyond the year 1596, when the greater p a t of the Ain had

F F i the notea to XLn 30 of the Second Book.

 been cornplc~tcd. Badboni'~history ends with A. H. 1004, or A. D.
1595; but hie remarks on Akhar's religion become more and more
sparing towards the end, and as subsequent historians, even Jahfingir
in his ' Memoirs,' are h o s t entirely silent on the religious ideas of the
emperor, we have no means of following them up after 1596. Akbm, in all
probability, continued worshipping the sun, and retained all other pecu-
liarities of his monotheistio Phi-Hinduism, dyi& as he had lived. The
story related in that edition of Jahhngir's Memoirs which has been
translated by Major Price, that &bar died as a good Musalmiin, and
'repented' on his death-bed, is most untrustworthy, as every other
particular of that narrative.'
With Akbar's death,' the Dix-ine Faith died out. Akbnr, solely
relying on his illfluenee and example, had established no priesthood,
and had appointed no proper person for propagating his faith. If we
except the influence which his spirit of toleration exerted, the masses
had remnined passive. Most of the members, mentioned on p. 209, had
died before &bar ; such as were still alive, as Sharif of Plmul took
- -

The story of Akbar's ' conversion' is a low to the revenue, hecause for
also repented in Elphinntone's History, every 3 3 lunar years, the state only
Second edition, p. 631. The Mu116 whom received taxes for 32 solar years ; he
Akbnr, according to Price's Memoirs, is allowed some Hindu customs a t Court.
said to have called, is g a d r Jnhhn who, aa the Bcik'hi (17ideabove p. 184), and
as renlnrkrd above on p. 209 was a mem- passed an order, not to f o m Hindus to
bcr of the Divine Faith. This in itself is joiu the I s l h (Pitzuk, p. 100).
improbable. Besides, the Tuzuk i Ja- P Akbar died on the Shab i Chahcir-
hhngiri, as published by Snyyid Ahmad, shamlih, 12th Jumcida-lukhra 1014
says nothing about it. Nor does the A. H . , which, accordingto note 3 of p. 171,
IqbAlnbmah, a poor yoduction (though is our Tuesda ni h t [not Wednesday,
written in beautiful d n i Persian), or aa in price, andall Europenn Historians],
KhUI Khhn, d u d e to' the conversion, the 16th October, 1605, old style. IZenw
whic11,if it had taken place, would certainly Akbar would have died in the night
have h n ~tientioned. K h Z i KKhitn espe- which followed the da on which he cele-
ciaUy would have mentioned it, b e c a w brated his sixty-thid birth-day, if r e
he says of U d b u i , that he said and wrote +dopt our mode of reckoning ;vide p. @2,
about the religiouv views of the Eln note 1.
t h i n 9 which be shouhl not have r e r z There is some confusion in the Histories
(vide Pl~difiKhcin, I., p. 1%).The uilence regarding theexact day bf Akbar's death.
of the author of the llabirtivn is still The Ycidishcihncimah (Vol. I, p. 66) says
more convincing, whilst the ntory of Mull6 that Akbar died at the age of s~xty-three
Tarson,. and the abuse uttered by his (nolar) ears and one da in the night of
companion against Akbar (p. 210), the d h c i r r h a d i h (tk night between
are proofs that Akbar did not ' repent.' Tuesday and Wednesday) of the 12th Jn-
To thin we have to d d that Jahangir, mddalukhra, cornpollding to the 2d
in his Memoirs, adopts a respectfi~lphmne- Abcin of Akbar's Era. The Nir-cit and
ology when mentioning the sun, which Khd$ Khdn (I,p. 235) ive themme ;tho
he calls iluzlrt S o y y i r i A h a m ; Lttcr adds that Akbar 8ied a t midoiebf.
he also continued the mjdah, though The Piulishbhnhmah (p. 69) and h h M
offensive to pi0114 lluhammadans, and Kllhn !p. 246) fix the 'ctlris, or accession,
*bar's Solar Em, thougu i t involved of Jahangir for 'i'hundY the 20th Juml
a3& to sophistry, and t r i e d to create sensations u n d e r JnliAngir.' As
J a h b g i r did not trouble himself a b o u t any religion, &bar's spirit
of toleration soon c h a n g e d to indifference, and g r a d u a l l y d i e d out, w h e n
a reaction in favour of b i g o t r y set in under Aurangzeb. But people still
talked of the Divine Faith in 1643 o r 1648, when the author of the
Dabistiin collected his notes on Akbm's religion.'

AI'N 78.
THE MUSTER O F E L E P I I A N T S .
The beginning of t h e musters is made ~ i t t,his h animal. T h e Khcisoh
elephants with their furniture and ornament,^ a r e t h e first which a r e daily
bmught before H i s Majesty, namely, ten on t h e fist day of every solar
month. After this, t h e flualpah elephant,^ a r e mustered according to their num-
r On Tuesdays from t,en t o twenty a r e mustered. T h e Bitikchi, during t h e
muqter, m u s t b e ready to answer a n y questions aa to t h e name of each animal
(there are m o r e t h a n five thousand elephants, each h a v i n g a different name.
His Majesty knows to which section most of t h e elephants belong-ten
elephants f o r m a section of ten ( d a h i i ) , a n d a r e in charge of a n experienced
officer) ; as to how each elephant came into t h e possession of His Majesty ;
the price ; t h e quantity of food ; t h e a g e of t,he animal ; where it was born ;
the period of heat, a n d t h e duration of t h a t state each time ; t h e date when
an elephant was made Ehcfsah ;its promotion in t h e halpaha ;t h e time when

dalnkhra, or the 10th XbBn, i. e., 8 days [JahLngir], it was customav for courtiers
after Akhar's death. on meeting theirMajesties,or on receiving
X u l ~ l u n ~ nHLdi,
d in his preface to the a present, to prostwte themselves, placing
Turuk i Jahdngiri, Hays that Akbar died the forehead on the ground.* * * This
cu the Shab i Chohdrshambih, 13th custom had also obtained in antiquity,
Juacidalukhra ; and Sayyid Ahmad's but had been abolislied by the Inl&m.* *
Edition of the Tusuk refers the J u l h to When His Majesty [Shirhjahhn] mounted
Thlunday the eighth Jumridalukhm ; but the throne, he directed his imperial care
the word ,&h L often confouuded in to the re-introductiun of the cusfonls of
MS. with *. the Isldm, the strict obsmanc-e of u-hirh
A ~ the n lvir-a't, nnd Sharff i rrdni had died awa,y, and tunled his august
in his lyb&lndmah, mention the J u l h as zeal to re-building the edifice of the law
haring taken place on Thursday, the of the prophet, which had all but decuyed.
tlrrentA Jurn&lalukhn. Lastly, the pre-
Jicnce on the very day of accession, His
Majesty ordered that putting the forehead
&of the Farhung i Jahrin,yiri refer on the ground should be restricted to
tb4 jwlh to the third Thunula~ [tile God. Mahhbat K h h , the Commander-
twentieth dry] of Jum&lawwnl [a mis-
in-Chief, objected at fimt, &c. His Majesty
hkr for alwkhra], corresponding to the would not even allow the Zaminboa, or
nx i khur, or the elerenth, of Abin.
kissing the ground, and subsequently
ride Tuzuk, 22. introduced a fourth TmUm [Akbar had
' Onlr one of Atbar's innovations, the fixed three, aide p. 158,l. 61." Pddiahdh-
Sjdah,-waafbnnally abolished by ShLh-
jahhn. " 1)uring the reigns of 'Arehd- ndmah I , p. 110.
8AyJ.i [hkk], and Junnat Makdni
 the tusks are cut ; how many times His Majesty has mounted i t ; how many
times it was brought for riding out ; the time of the lsst muster ; the
condition of the keepers ; the name of the Amir in charge. For all other
elephants eight things are to be reported, via., the change of its name (?) i
the repetition of it ; ita price; how i t came into the posstmaion of His
Majesty ; whether it is fit for riding, or for carrying burdens ; its rank ;
whether it has plain furniture or not ; which rank the Faujd4r has assigned
to it. The rule is, that every F a u j d h divides his elephants into four claims,
separating those that are best from those that are worst, whether they are
to remain with him, or whether he has to give some to other Faujdsss.
Each day five tahwtlf(transferable) elephants are inspected by an experien-
ced man. The following custom is observed : When new elephants arrive for
the government, they are handed over in fifties or hundreds to esperienced
o5cers, who fix their r a x h . Such elephanta are called Tahwili elephanta.
When His Majesty inspects them, their rank is finally settled, and the
elephants are transferred to the proper sections. Every Sunday one elephant
is brought before His Majesty, to be given away as a present to some
deserving servant. Several klqaire are set apart for this purpose. The
rank of the thd~aAelephants formerly depended on the number of times
they had been inspected by His Majesty ; but now their precedence .is fixed
by the number of times His Majesty has mounted them. I n the iudqaha,
the precedence of elephants is determined by the price. When all elephants
have been mustered, the kh6qah elephants are again examined, ten every
day. Then come the elephants of the princes, who mostly march them past
themselves. after them come the halqaha. AB they are arranged in
sections according to the price, some elephants have, at every muster, their
value either enhanced or lowered, and are then put among their equals.
For this reason, many Faujdbs are anxiow to complete their sets, and
place themselves for this purpose in a row at the time of the musters. His
Majesty then gives the elephants to whomsoever he likes. If the number
of the elephants of any Faujdfir is found correct, some more are put
in his charge ; for such o5cers are thought of first. F a u j h , whose
elephants are found to be lean, are preferred, in making up the comple-
ments, to such as bring less than their original number. Each FaujdC
receives some, provided he musters all his elephants. The Mushrif
(accountant) receives orders where to keep the elephanta.
The elephants of the grandees also, though not belonging to the k e d
establishment, are almost daily brought before His Majesty, who settlea
their rank, and ordera them to be branded with a peculiar mark. Elephants
of dealers also are brought before His Majesty, who fix- their rank and
value.
 THE MUSTER OF HORSES.
They begin with the stables of forty; then come the stables of the
princes; then the khdgah courier horses ; then the country-bred, and all
other stables. When the ten muhur horses have been inspected, they
bring the Gtcta, &ierdpa, the horses on which the hunting leopards ride, and
the Bdirglr horses (vida p. 133, 1. 12 ; p. 135, 1. 10 from below, and #in 54,
p. 139). The plase of the horses a t the musters, is determined by their
value, and in the w e of horses of the same value, the precedence is
determined by the time of service. Before the musters, the horses are
inspectsd by clever officers, who again fix their value, and divide them into
three classes. When the rank of a horse has been put higher or lower, i t
is placed among his proper class-fellows. Those horses which belong to the
third class, form separate stables, and are given away as presents. If
horses have their value raised, they are given over to such keepers aa
bring to the musters either the full complement of their horses, or at least
a complement not more deficient than by two. Incomplete stables are
M y fitled up during the musters; or if not filled up, they are put in
charge of separate keepers. !henty horses are daily mustered. On
Gunday, horses are the first that are mustered. Double the usual number
are then inspectad. Several horses are also kept in waiting at Court, viz.,
one from each of the sixty to the forty muhur stables, and one more from
each of the thirty to the ten muhur stables. They are given away
88 presents or as parts of salaries. The precedence at mustars of b M r -
horsee is h e d according to the price. According to the number of horses
available, from twenty to a hundred are daily mustered. Before the musters,
experienced oficere fix the prices, which are generally enhanced at the
time of the parades. Horses above thirty muhurs, have their value h e d
in the presence of Hie Majesty. A cash-keeper attached to the State-
hall is entrusted with money, so that horse-dealers have not to wait long
for payment of their claims. When horses have been bought, they are
marked with a peculiar brand, so that there may be no fraudulent exchange.
F n m foresight, and on account of +the large profits of the horse-dealers,
Hie Majesty enforces a tax of three Rupees for every 'Ira'ql, biujirnnaa ( o d e
p. 140, note 2), and Arab, imported from Ktibul and Persia; two and s
half Bupeea for every Turkish and Arabian horse imported from Qandahk ;
and two for B b u l horses, and Indian Arab breed.
 AI'N 80.
T H E MUSTERS OF CAMELS.
The &ginning is made with country-bred camels, of which five qatdrs
are daily inspected. Those panradh (officers in charge of five hundred
camels) come first who are oldest. The Head IMrogah has the permission
to parade before His Majesty a qnt6r of excellent Bughdis and Jammbzahs.
Then come the Bughdis, and after them the Jammlzahs, the G'hurds, the
Loks, and all other camels. The commencement of the musters takes place
on Fridays, on which day double the usual number marches p a t . The
precedence of camels is determined by their value.

Am 81.
T H E MUSTER OF CATTLE.
Cattle are mustered according to their value, ten yokes daily. The
muster commences on Wednesdays, on which day double the usual number
is inspected.
On the day of the DLwcili-an old festival of this country, on which tho
Hindus pray to the cow, as they look upon reverence shewn to cows
as worshipseveral cows are adorned and brought before His Majesty.
People are very fond of this custom.

82.
T H E MUSTERS OF MULES.
The musters of this beast of burden commence on Thursdays, when
six qnfdrs are inspected in order of their value. Mules are mustered once
a year.
Formerly all musters took place as above described. But now horses
are inspected on Sundays ; camels, cows, and mulos, on Mondays; the
soldiers, on Tuesdays ; on Wednesdays, His Majesty transacts matters of
Finnnce ; on Thursdays, all judicial matters are settled ; Fridays His Majesty
spends in the Harem ; on Saturdays, the elephants are mustered.
 #m 83.
THE PXQOSHT REGULATION.'
Majesty h a s t a u g h t men something new a n d practical, nnd has
made a n excellent rule, which protects t h e animal, guards t h e stores, teaches
equity, reveals t h e excellent, a n d stimulates t h e lazy man. Experienced
people saw their wisdom increased, a n d such as inquired into this secret,
obtained their desires.
His Majesty first determined t h e quantity of daily food for each
domestic animal, a n d secondly determined t h e results, which different q u a n t a
of food produce in t h e strength of an animal. I n his practical wisdom and
horn hia desire of teaching people, His Majesty classifies t h e dishonest
practices of men. This i s done b y t h e Phqosht regulation. F r o m time to
time a n experienced m a n is sent to t h e stables of these d u m b creatures. H e
inspects them, a n d measures their fatness a n d leanness. At t h e time of t h e
musters also t h e degrees of fatness o r leanness a r e &st examined into, a n d
reports a r e made accordingly. H i s Majesty t h e n inspects t h e animals himself,
and decreases or increases t h e degrees of their fatness or leanness as re-
ported, fixing a t t h e same time t h e fine for leanness. I f , for some reason, t h e
allowance of grain or grass of a n animal had been lessened, propor account
ie taken of such a decrease. T h e leanness of an elephant h a s been divided
into thirteen classes. ***
' The object of this curious revlation in the case of elephants, the maximum
was to determine the amount of the fines fatness (A) was chvided into 13 degrees.
which Akl~ar could justly inflict on the Pd-gosht means a quarter of jlcsh,
~&crsin charge of the animals belonging and evidently expresses that the food
to the Court, if the condition of tho a only produced :A, instead of $A.
animals did not correspond to his expect- The name was then transferred to the
ations. The dailg quanta of food sup- regulation.
plied to the animals had been fixed by We do not know how the mustering
minute mlea (Sins 43. 51, 62, 67, 70), officers applied Akbar's nlle, whether by
auld the seveml Diroghahs (store-kec1wrs) the circumference of an ani-
m t d into their ro:ncimchahs, or day- y weighing them. The rule
bouk the quantum daily given to each may appear fanciful and unprac?tic,nl ;
animal. Thme day-books were produced but it shews how determined Akhar
U the musters, and s cia1 officer8 was to fathom the dishonesty of his
r n m d the fatness of eucK"anilnal, and DLroghahs. IIcnce the caref~ilness1~11icll
cumpared it with the food it had been he shewed in assessing fines (hills 48,
meiving since the lart muster, a s shewn 57), in ordering frequent musterv ot'
in the day-book. Akbar dctennined a animals and men, in reviving the I. -
maxiruum Estness (A), whicli correspond- gulationu of branding nnilnals a9 ~ i v e n
d tu s muximum qunntity of daily food by 'AlLuddin Khilji and Shcr Shuh, in
(a).Similarly, he deterniincul a htnem (B), fixing the perquisites, i11 paying cash
mlting frum a daily quantity of f i (b), for all supplies, in allowing veterinary
tboayh Abulfazl does not specify how surgeons certain powers, &c.
thin wan done. The quantities A, B, kc. The text (p. 163, 1. 19) enumerates
rere then divided into several frsctions several fractions, or degrees of leanness,
bnt they give no sense. The confusion
of the M8S. is due to the want of iuter-
l~~lnduation.
 For all other animals beside the elephant, six degrees have been laid
down, viz. the second, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and tenth [degrees of the
thirteen for the elephant]. And as it i s the custom of the Fauj&, to
mark, at the time of the musters of the halqahs, one halqah which is the
best in their opinion, and to put sepmata that which is the worst, the officers
who inquire into the leanness and fatness, deduct fifty per cent. from the
degree of the former, and count one half for the latter halqah. If the
Faujdbr works in concert with the W o g h a h , and both sign the entries in the
day-book, the FaujdBr is responsible for one-fourth, and the m o g h a h for
the remaining part of the food. The leanness of old elephants is fixed by
the condition of tho ahole halqah. In the horse stables the grooms, water-
carriers, and sweepers are fined one-fourth of the wages. I n the case of
camels, the Dbroghah is Gned the amount of the grain, and the driver for
the share of tlie grass. I n the case of oxen used for carriages, the Dhoghah
is fined for the part of tho grass and the grain ; but the driver is not liable.
In case of heavy carriages, half the Gne is remitted.

tfl% 84.
ON ANIMAL FIGHTS. REGUI,4TIONS FOR BETTING.
His Majesty is desirous of establishing harmony among people of
different classes. Be wishes to arrange feasts of friendship and union, 60
that every thing niay be done with propriety and order. But ss all men
do not possess a mind capable of selecting that which is true, and as every
ear is not fit to listen to wisdom, His Majesty holds social meetings for
amusement, to which he invites a large number of people. Through the
careful arrangements of His Najesty, the court has been changed from a
field of ambitious strife to a templo of a higher world, and the egotism and
conceit of Inen have been directed to the worship of God. Even superficial,
worldly people thus learn zeal and attachment, and are induced by these
gatheringa to enquire after the road of salvation.'
Beer-jglrtr.
The manner of fighting of this animal is very interesting, and its
method of stooping down and rising up again is a source of great amuse-
ment. Hence His Majesty pays much attention to this animd, and has
succeeded in training this stubborn and timid creature. One hundred and
one deer are khrfph; each has a name, and some peculiar qualities. A
keeper is placed over every ten. There are three !&ds of fighting deer,

' To join hlibar's Divine Faith.

Jrat, those which fight with such as are born in captivity and with wild ones ;
rceolodly, such as fight best with tame ones ; and thirdly, such as fiercely
attack wild deer. The fights are conducted in three M e r e n t ways. Firet,
according to number, the first fighting with the second, the third with the
fourth, and ao on, for the whole. At the second go, the h t fights with the
tAid, the second with the fourth, and so on. If a deer runs away, it is
placed last ; and if it is known to have run away three times, it ceases to be
t%ah. Betting on these fights is allowed; the stake does not exceed 5
h. S c d l y , with those belonging to the princes. Five kha'gnh pair fight
with each othor, and afterwards, two kh6qah pair from His Majesty's
hnnting-ground ; then five other khdgah pair. At the same time two pair
f n m the deer park of His Majesty's hunting-ground fight, and afternards
f i ~ kkisah
e deer engage with five deer of the eldest prince. Then fourteen
U q a h pair engage with each other, and fight afterwards with the doer of the
prince, till the fight with the deer of the prince is finished. Upon this, the deer
of princes fight with each other, and then khrignh deer. The betting on such
fighta must not exceed one muhur. ZXirdly, with the deer of other people.
I h Majesty selects forty-two from his nearer friends, and appoints
every b - o of them as opponents, forming thus one and twenty sets. The
&st winners receive each thirty deer, and all others get ono less, so that
the last get each eleven. To every set a XnZ,' a water-buffalo, a cow, a
pwhqo'r (fighting ram), a goat, and n cock, are given. Fights between cows
and goats are rarely mentioned to have been held in ancient times. Bcfore the
fighting commcnces, two klra'gak deer are brought in trimmed up, and are set
al5rJnst two deer belonging to people of various nets. First, with a deer
&longing to a powerful grandee, and then the fight takes place before
Tiia Majesty. If a general assembly is announced, the fight may also
take place, if the deer belongs to a commandor of One Thousand. The
betting on khciqak deer is eight muhurs, and on deer belonging to one of a
set, fire muhurs, if it be an AfkuZ; and four, if an Anin. As deer hare not
q u a 1 strength and impetuosity of attack, the rule among deer-keepers is,
once to select each of their deer in turn and take it to the arena. Such
deer are called Anh. Another then estimates its strength, and brings a
deer aa opponent. The latter is called dlknl. In case of Nals, the betting
is fire muhurs ; for water buffaloes and cocks, four ; for cows and fighting
rams, and goats, two. A conlmander of One Thousand is allowed to bet
air muhurs on a kha'quh deer ; and with one of his own rank,' 32. muhurs,
if the bet is on an Atkal; alld three on an Anfn ; and so also in the same
 pro1)ortion 011 Mala, water-buffaloes, and cocks ; but on cows, fighting ramg,
untl goats, two. A commander of Nine Hundred may bet on a khdgah deer
50 Rupees ; and with one of hi^ own rank, 304 R. on an Atkal, and 25 R.
on an Anin ; on a dial 3& muhum ; on a water-buffalo and a cock 3 t di. ;
ant1 on all other animals, 16 di. A commander of Eight Hundred is allowed
to bet 48 R. on a kltdgtrh deer ; with one of his rank, 30 R. on an Atkal ;and
24 X. on an rllrirc ; on a Nal 34 di.; on a water-buffalo and cock, 2& di.,
and on other animul.a, as before. A commander of Seven Hundred is
allo~vedto bet 44 R. on a khdgah deer ; with one of his own rank on an AtkaZ
2'; R. ; on nn Anfra 22 R. ; on a dial 3 di; on other animals as before. A
Commander of Six Hundred may bet 40 R. on a khdqah deer; with one of
his own rank, 25 R. on an Atkal; 20 R. on an Anin ; on other animah as
before. A Commander of Five Hundred may bet 4 di. [36 R.] on a
khdqah deer ; with one of his own rank 23 M. on an Atkal, and 2 b% on a
A n h ; on other animals, as the preceding. A Commander of Four Hundred
may bet 34 R. on a khciph deer; with one of his own rank 213 R. on an
Atkal; 17 R. on an Anin ; on a Ma1 29 bi.; on a water-buffalo and cock,
2 M.; on a cow, a fighting ram, and goat, 1 di. A Aammander of Three
Hundred may bet 30 R. on a khdgah deer ; with one of his own rank, 183 R.
on an A t b l ; 15 R. on an Anln ; 24 AM.on a dlal; on other animals as the
preceding. A Commander of Two IIundred may bet 24 R. on a khu'qah
door ; with one of his own rank 15 R. on an Alkal, 12 R. on an Anin, and
on other animals as before. A Commander of One Hundred may bet 2 M.
on a kira'ph deer; with one of his own rank 14 & on I.A t h l ; 1 df. on an
an
Anin ; and on othor animals as before. A Commander of Eighty may bet
16 A. on u. k h d ~ hdeer; with one of his own rank 10 R. on an A t h l ; 8 B.
on an Anin; 17 R. on a iTlnl; 1& JL on a water-buffalo and a cock; on
ot1it.r aninlab as before. A Commander of Forty may bet 12 R. on a k e a h
deer ; ~ t one h of his own rank 73 R. on an Atkal ;6 R. on a Anin ; on
other animals as before. A Comniander of Twenty may bet 10 R. on a
khd ah drcr ; 6$ R. with one of his own rank on an A#&; 5 R. on an Anin ; ,
on other animals as before, A Commander of Ten may bet 8 R. on a khcigah
door, and 5 R. on an A t h l , with one of his own rank ; 4 R. on an A n b ; on
other aninids as before. People who hold no mangabe, bet 4 R. on a khdFd
deer ; with one of their own rank, 23 3.on an dtkal; 2 R. on an Anin ;
15 X.on a Jlal ; on other animals as before.
But if the opponent hold a lass rank, the amount of the bet is deter-
n~inedaccaording to tlio amount which the opponent is allowed to bet on
all ,inin. When the last pair comos, the betting is everywhere on the deer.
A f i ~ u t hpart of what people take from emh other in dial fights, is given
to tlie victorious wrc~stler. The presents which His Majesty makes on such
occubions, have no limits.
 The rule is that every oneof such as keep animals brings, on the fourteenth
night of the moon one deer to the fight. The Bitikchi of this department
appoints half the number of deer as Anins, and the other half as Atkals. H e
then writes the names of the Atkals on paper slips, folds them up, and takes
them to His Majesty, who takes up one. The animal chosen has to fight
with an A ~ i n . Bs such nights are clear, fights are generally announced for
that time.
Besides, there are two other classes of deer, kotal, and half btal. The
number of each is fixed. ib often the number of khdqah deer decreases, the
deficiency is made up from the Kotal deer ; and the deficiency in the number
of kotale is made up from half h t a b . One pair of bta28 also is brought
to the fight, so that they may be tried. Hunters supply continually d d
deer, and bring them to His Majesty, who fixes the price. A fat superior
deer costs 2 N.; a thin superior one, 1 dl. to 15 R. ;a fat middling one, 12
R.; Do. lean, 8 R. ; a third class fat one, 7 R.; Do. thin, 5 R. ; a fourth
eh-w fat one, 4 R. ;Do. lean, 24 to 2 R.
Deer are kept and fed as follows : Khdqah deer selected for fighting
before His Majesty, get 2 a. grain, 4 8. boiled flour, 4 8. butter, and 1 d. for
grass. Such as are kept on His Majesty's hunting-grounds, h t a b , and fight-
ing deer of the sets, get 12 s. of grain, and flour and butter = before. The
grass is supplied by each amateur himself. All khriqah, home-bred, h t a l deer,
and those of His Majesty's hunting-ground, have each one keeper. The
fighting deer of the sets have one keeper for every two ; the single last one
hae a keeper for itself. Nothing is given for grass. Deer which are given
to people to have them fattened, get 19 a. grain, and 4 d. for grass. They
have one keeper for every four; but one for every two, if they are fit to
b m m e X-hdqah. Some deer are also sent to other towns ; they get 14 a.
@n, and have each one keeper. If deer are newly caught, they get no
re@ar food for seven days, after which they get 4 a. of grain for a fort-
night. They then get 1 a., and when one month is over, 1$ s.
In the deer park, Manqabdhs, Ahadis, and other soldiers are on staff-
employ. The pay of foot-soldiers varies &om 80 to 400 d.
His Majesty has 12,000 deer; they are divided into Werent classes,
and proper regulations are made for each of them. There is also a stud
for deer, in which new results are obtained. A large female gets 14 a. grain,
and 4 d. for grass. A new born deer drinks the milk of the dam for h o
months, which is reckoned as equivalent to 4 a. of grain. Afterwards,
every second month, the allowance is increased by a quarter ser of grain,
M) that after a period of two years, it gets the same as ita dam. For grass,
f d. is given from the seventh to the tenth month. Young malch ones also
get weaned after two months, when they get # 8. of grain, which i ~ increr~hed
i
 by that quantity every second month, so that, after two years, thoy get 21 8 .
+
From the fifth to the eighth month, they get d. for grnas, after which
period they get & d. for graas.
I have given a short description of animal fights aa announced for
general assemblies. His Majesty announces them also for day time; but
as often a more important act of worship is to be performed, he announces
them for the night. Or else His Majesty thinks of God, and seeks for
wisdom in self-examination ; he cares neither for cold nor heat ; he spends
the time which others idle away in sleep, for the welfare of the pbople, and
prefers labour to comfort.

85.
ON BUILDINGS.
Regulations for house-building in general are necessary; they rue
required for the comfort of the army, and are a source of splendour for
the government. People that are attached to the world will collect in towus,
without which there would be no progress. Hence His Majefity plans
splendid edifices, and dresses the work of his mind and heart in the garment
of stone and clay. Thus mighty fortresses have been ruified, which protwt
the timid, frighten the rebellious, and please the obedient. Delightfill
- n i l l a , and imposing towers have also been built. They afford excellent
protection against cold and rain, provide for the comforts of the princesfie6
of the Harem, and are conducive to that dignity which is so necessary for
worldly power.
Everywliero also Snrdia have been built, which are the comfort of
travellers and tlle usylum of poor strangers. Many tanks and wells are being
dug for the benefit of nien and the improvement of the soil. Schools and
places of worship nre boing founded, and the triumphal arch of k n o ~ l e % ~
is newly adorned.
His Majesty has enquired into every detail connected with this depart-
ment, whioh is so clifficullt to be managed, and requires such large sums. I l e
has passed new regulations, kindled the lamp of honesty, and put a stock
of practical knowledge iuto the hands of simple and inexperienced men.

#I% 86.
T H E PRICES OF BUILDING MATERIAL, t c .
Many people are desirous of building houses; but hone~tyand
conscientiousness are rare, especially among traders. His Mujosty h w
caretidly inquired into their profits and losses, and hns fked the prices of
articles in such n manner, that both parties are satisfied.
Red eandatone costa 3 d. per man. I t is obtainable in the hills of
Fathplir Sikyi, His Majesty's residence, and may be broken from the rocks
at any length or breadth. Clever workmen chisel i t so skilfully, as no
turner could do with wood ; and their works vie with the picture book of
Xhi [the p e a t painter of the Sassanides]. Pieces of red standstone
(urng i gulhlah), broken from the rocks in any shape, are sold by the p'hari,
which means a heap of such stones, without admixture of earth, 3 gas long,
'
24 g. broad, and 1 g. high. Such a heap contains 172 nram, and has a value
of 250 d., i.a., at the rate of 1 d. 11f j. per man.
Bricks are of three kinds : burnt, half burnt, unburnt. Though the
first kind are generally made very heavy, they weigh in the average three
im, and cost SO d. per n~illu. The second class cost 24 d., and the third
10 d. per thousand.'
Wood. Eight kinds of wood are in general use. 1. Siaaurt, unrivalled
for its beauty and durability. A block 1 Ilcihi gas long, and 8 Tmszi;ea
broad aud high, costs 15 d. 6 j. But if the height be only 5 or 6 T., 11 d-
1of j. Other sizes according to the same proportion. 2. A-azhh, called in
E n d i Ji@.' A beam, 10 T. broad and high, costspw gas 5 d. 134 j. ; and
a half size beam, from 7 to 9 T. broad and high, costs per gas 5 d. 34 j.
3. Daaang (?), called in Hindi Rarl; a beam 3 T. broad, and 4 gaz long,
costa 5 d. 17# j. 4. Ber,' 1 T. broad and high, 4 gar long, 5 d. 173 j. ;so also
TCt, or Mulbery. 5. Hughildn (Bablil), of the same cubic content as No. 4..
5 d. 2 j . 6. Sira, size as before, 10 d. 4 j. 7. Dayail, same size, first quality
8 d. 22) j. ; second quality, 8 d. 63 j. 8. Bakdyin, same size, 5 d. 2 j .
G q ' i Shlrln, or sweet limestone. There is a quarry near B h a h .
When a merchant brings it, it costs 1 R. per three naans; but if any one
sends his own carriers, only 1 d. Sangin qal'i, per man 5 d. 5 j. (!a&fi
5 d. ChGnah, or quick lime, 2 d. pet- man ;it is mostly boiled out of kangur,
a kind a solid earth resembling stone in hardness.
Iron cramps, if tinned, 13 for 18 d. ; plain ones, for 6 d.
Iron door-knockers, from Persin and Tlirln, tinned ; large ones, 8 d.
pm pair ; amall ones, 4 d. Indian do., tinned, 53 d. ; plain ones, 4 d. 12j.
Gul dlbkh (large nails with broad heada), 12 d. per am. Dinhimila,
5 d. per aer. ffogah, or small nails, tinned, first quality 7 d. for one hundred ;
second quality, 5 d. ; smallest, 4 d.
-
This word is spelt Chidh in &in
90, No. 60.
9 L6 T h c Ber watiin greatrequcat in Ak-
Ws time-asa building timkr,but is now I littleused,exce t f o r k i n g p ~ handtiebeams,
as the direct mepaion o l i h fibres ia eqnal to
that of'Salwood." Utr(JLurval'imber li.eer
oJ'Ltdia.
 Screws and nuts, chiefly used for doors and boxes. Tinnod, 12 d.
per aer ; plain, 4 d.
Ring" tinned, 6 d. per asr ; plain, 4 d.
K'hapel, or tiles. They are one hand long and ten fingers broad, are
burnt, and are used for the roofs of houses, as a protection against heat and
cold. Plain ones, 86 d. per trille ; enamelled, 30 d. for ten.
Qulbnh, or spouts, to lead off water. Three for 2 d.
Bdp, or bamboo. It is used for spears. First quality, 15 d. for
Monty pieces ; second quality, 12 d. for do. ; third quality, 10 d. for do.
The price of some kinds of bamboo is much higher. Thus a peculiar kind
is sold at 8 AahrafGe [Muhurs] per piece. They are used for making thrones.
Bamboo, at a rupeeper piece, is common. Patnl is made of the reed which is
used for qalatna (pens). I t is used for covering ceilings. First quality, cleaned,
18 d.pm square gas ; second quality, 1 d. Sometimes they sellpatal at 2 d .
for pieces 2 gna long, and 14 g. broad. Sirkt is mado of very h e qdam reede,
looks well, and is very smooth ; it is sold at the rate of 1: d. per pair, 14 g.
long, and 16 girihe broad. The ceilings and walls of houses are adorned
with it.
H ' h is the sweet-smelling root of a kind of p a s s , which grows along
the banks of rivers. During summer, they make screens of it, which are
placed before the door and sprinkled with water. This rendere the air cool
and perfumed. Price, 14 R. per man.
Edh i chappar (reeds for thatching) is sold in bundles, which are d e d
in HindI phlah, per aer from 100 to 10 d.
Bhua, or wheat straw, used for mixing with mortar, 3 d. per nran.
X& i Dcib'h, straw, kc., which is put on roofs, 4 d. for a load of 2 ntnnn.
Xhnj, the bark of qnlnm reeds, used for making ropes to fasten the
thatching, 20 d. pm man.
Sun is a plant. Peaaanta mix it with quicklime. People also make
ropes of it for well buckets, &c., 3 d. per man.
Gum, of an inferior quantity, is mixed with quicklime, 70 d. per man.
Sirtah i kdhi, or reed glue, is mixed with sweet limostone, 4 d. per acr.
L 3 is the flower-bunch of the reed which is used for matting. People
burn it, and use it as a candle. I t is also mixed with quicklime and
Qal't. Price, 1 R. per man.
Simgil (silver clay) is a white and greasy clay, 1 d. per man. I t is used
for white-washing houses. I t keeps a house cool and looks well. Gil a'
aurhh, or red clay, called in Hindi gerti, 40 d. per man. There is a quarry
of it in the hills of Gwfilirir.
Glass is used for windows ; price, 1 R. for 14 a., or one pano for 4 d.
 AI'N 87.
ON T H E WAGES OF LABOURERS.
Gilicira (workers in lime), f i s t class workmen, 7 d. ; second class, 6 d. ;
third c h s , 5 d.
Sangtarhh (stone-masons). The tracer gets 6 d. for each gaz ; one
who does plain work, 5 d. A labourer employed in quarries gets for every
swn he breaks, 2 2 j.
Carpentern, first class, 7 d. ; second do., 6 d. ; third do., 4 d. ; fourth
do., 3 d. ; fifth do., 2 d. For plain job-work, a first class carpenter gets 1 d.
1 7 j . for one gae ;second class do., 1 d. 6 j. ; third class do., 21 j.
Pinjarah adra (lattice work and wicker work). First, when the pieces
are joined (fastened with strings), and the interstices be dodecagonal, 24 d.
for every square gaa ; when the interstices form twelve circles, 22 d. ; when
hexagonal, 18 d. ; whenjalfarf [or rhombus-like, one diagonal being vertical
the other horizontal], 16 d. ; when ak#ranji [or square fields, as on a chess
board], 12 d. for every square gaz.
Secondly, when the work is giurir zonqli (the sticks not being fastened
with strings, but skilfully and tightly interwoven), for first class work, 48 d.
per square gaz ;for second class do., 40 d.
Arrahkaah (one who saws beams). For job-work, per aqunra ylrz 24 d., if
abaun wood ; if naehh wood, 2 d. A labourer employed for the day, 2 d.
There are three men for every saw, one above, two below.
Bildhra (bricklayers), first class, daily 33 d. ; second class do., 3 d.
If employed by the job, for building fortress walls with battlements, 4 d. per
goa ; for laying foundations, 2 3 d. ; for all other walls, 2 d. For digging
ditches, 4 d. per gaz.
The gaz of a labourer contains 32 tnsslijca.
Chcik-kan, or well diggers, first class work men, 2 d. per gas; second
cless do., 1 4 d ; third class do., 14 d.
Gharrfnh khur, or well-divers. They clean wells. I n the cold season,
4 d. per diem ; in the hot season, 3 d. By the job, 2 R. for cleaning a depth
of one gaz.
Iihiaht larbh, or tile makers, for 100 moulds, smoothened, 8 d.
Surkhikob (pounders of old bricks), 1# d. for a heap of 8 mans.
Glrrss-ecsttera, 100 d. per gaz.
Bamboo-ncttera, 2 d. per dim.
Chqyarband, or thatchers, 3 d. per diem; if done by the job, 2 4 d. for
100 90s.
Pafalband (cidu p. 224), 1 d. for 4 gaz.
a . They varnish re&, kc., with lac. Wages, 2 d. per diem.
29
 A'hinsh, or vntc,r-c.nrricbrs. Firnt vlahq, 3 d . j v r dic11l ; scrond class do.,
2 d . S1rc.11 n-;itor-c~;~r~.ii~rv
:IS arc? ~ ~ s c ft il r frlrnishing house-builders with

n-atclr for 11~ort;~r

; ~ n d(Iui('lili~~lt~,
get 2 11. per dicvn.

XI'S 88.
( )S ESTI3I.lTI.:S OF IIOTJSE BUILDING.

. !~er:, one p'hn (rirle nl~oveAita 86) is required;

~ ? f o ~ ~ c h r r i l c l i t F~ ,o~r. ~19
also 73 nrn~ra c l ~ i i ~ ~;t 1r i~~ 1if' t t!~cl wulls bo cuvercd with red stone, 30 ?/ions
cIiic~,c~h :ircbrcclr~irctlp1.r ,7(1:.
II~.,'r~X-blrilelii~~.~. For crc3ry /I(/?, thcrcb arc r c q u i r t ~ l250 bricks of t h e e
srr r.ac.11, 8 ninnr c./r:i~~rrh, iind j! 111. 27 N . 11o1111(led 1)riek (~20.X.hi).
C ' l t r y d ~ t i W i ~ ~300g ~ . 1)ric.l;~:lro rerli~ired for the tinnle ; each brick-mould
contains 1 8 . of ('art11 :i11(1 A 8. trf \\.iltktl'.
,,l.vtnr~Ltiri\t-~-ol.k. F o r c-vr.1.~ gnz, 1 ura~r chLnah, 10 a. pal';, 14 a. surki'i,
ar~tl x . R ~ I L(1.if7e 1). 224) erc r~tcluired.
Qi~rr/~~/e[iiX.riri work. F u r cvclry gnz, 7 8. of pnl'i, and 3 s. s u r l h i are
recluircatl.
A'nf'idLdri worlc. 10 s. of qc~l'iare rcquircil per gnz.
G'ufidri n-orlr (rrhitc-n-:~slling). F o r ah and ceilings, 10 8. per gaz;
fur pantricts, 6 8 . ; chimncps, 10 N .
Jri)tr/olcx rcyuiro 24 s . of linic, 24 s. of glass, 4 s. of airish i kdhi (putty).
I'lrtsfcr for n-ails, for 1 4 grrz 1 nt. of s t r a ~ and , 20 m. earth ; for roofs
and floors, (lo. for 10 gn:. For r:eili~~gs,nnd tlie infiide of ~ d s do. , for 15 gas.
Lnr. (varnish work) u s c ~ l for chijha [sliced bam1)oo sticks, placed
horizonti~lly, ~tntljoi~rc'cl by s t r i ~ ~ g swith , nnrrow interstices between the
~ t i e k s . T I I P ;ire ~ 1)aint(ld,:lnd are us1*(1 :lfi ~ ( ~ r ~ c n s I]f. red, 4 a. of lac, and

1 s. of vcrnlilio~i; if yc~llon, 4 8 . of lac, 1 s. of znr?~LLh(nuripignent). If

grcchn,4 s . of iudigo is mixed with tlie lac, m ~ dz n r d t h is added ; if black, 4 a.
of lac nut1 8 a. of indigo.

SI'N 8!1.
RULES FOR ESTTA1:lTTSG TIIE LOSS IN WOOD CIIIPS.'
One g ~ =
; 24 !n.(v:j.s
1 l l z v a i j = 2 1 tnetcrl71snha
1 l ( z ~ ~ c c i ~ ~=
. s u24
i i Lhrims
= 24 znrrahs.1 khdm
Whatever quantity of ~ o o bd e used, t h r rllip1)ings (Y) are reckoned at
-- - -

I aln not sure whether this dill has been correctly translated.
onseighth (?). I n 8laaun wood, pur fasrtij, 26) eere, 15 t r i ~ k a; Babhl wood
2.74 a. 5 d. ; Sir8 wood, 214 a. 15 tdnb ; Nazhzi mood, 20 r . ; Ber wood,
184 a. ; Dayiil wood, 17 s. 20 t d n h .

THE WEIGHT OF DIFFERIDIT KINDS OF WOOD.

His Majesty, from his practical knowledge, has for several reasons
experimented on the weight of different kinds of wood, and has thus adorned
the market placo of the world. One cubic gaa of dry wood of every kind has
been weighed, and their differencoa have thus been established. Hhanjak
wood has been found to be the heaviest, and Safcdoir the lightest wood.
I &all mention 72 kinds of wood.
The weight of one cubic gas of
Md~rs.Sws. Tdrlks.
1. Khanjak, ...................................
.is 27 14 -
2. Ambli (Tamarindus Indica) ........................ 24 83 25
3.
4.
Zait6n ( -ticud,'
BalGt (Oak),
?)
, .

i'
Cl,as )C.
:l,,
........
>
.................................
......................... ]
1 2 1 2 4 -

5. K'her (Acacia catechu). 21 16 -

6. K'hirni (diimueope),. ...........................
7. P d d d h , ...................................... 20 14 17
8. f i n d s (Ebony), ................................ 20 9 20
9. 8ain (Acacia Suma), ............................ 19 32 10
10. Baqqam ( Cwalpina sapan), ...................... 19 224 10
11. K'harhar, ...................................... 19 11;) 5
12. Mahw6 (Bnsaia latifolia), .......................... 18 329 2
Chandani, ....................................
P'hulahi, ....................................
Red Sandal, in Hindi Rakt Chandun, (Pterocarpue
Santalinue), ..................................
Chamri, .........................................
ChamarMamri ..................................
'Urnfib (Zizyphue aatirua), ........................
Bisaun Patang (oidc No. 40), ......................
S h d a n , ........................................
(Buzus Sempemirena,) ....................
So -ordin to IVatson's Index. But very light, and is u ~ e dfor boats. Abulfazl
Voig, in hie & h a
the
-\
BngaLMI aye,
of Zzilrill, or Gyrocaqw, is I pub %ill* ~ o u the g harirat wood..

3 .
f i ! < I !
22. D'hau (&islea tomentosa), ........................
23. Amlah, Hind. Anwlah, (Emblica o&nalis), ..........
24. Karil (Sterculia fctida), ..( .
C~~L&.I. :<?-.\
25. Sandal wood, ..................................
26. Shl (Shwea robusta), ..............................
27. Banaus. 'EIia Najesty calls this tree Shdh A'll ; but in
Kibul and Persian it is called Alti B i l l (Cherry),
28. K d h (Cherry tree). ...........................
29. Ni~b (Azadirakhta Indicn), ........................
30. DBrhard (Berberis angtata), ......................
/
................. ....................
31.
32.
33.
Main,.
Babd (Acacia Arabicn),
stigaun, ;
- .. : i
r
..............,.. .\.....
... ...*‘...... .: .:.I.
.......:..,. :...
I
....
,.....{. 2:>$;!><:. 3...... .,,...-...
, , ' ,

........................................ 1
34. Bijai* !)I;,.:
i
35. Pilb,
36. Mulberry, ...................... .............a.,.

37. D7h4man, ..... i.t .f l) M ?S Y;.,J!\ r;..: h. .).......

38. Bbn B d s , ....................................
39. Sirs (Acaeia odwatieeinta), ........................
40. Sisaw (Dalbergia aieeoo ;oi& NO. 19,) ..............
41. fiduq, ...... !
(.~fi~~w.n.;r$<c.~.t] .............
....................................
42.
43.
44.
Chhaukar,
Dudd'hi,
Haldl
......i. .(LIY
.................
.c^.<'.\P.z:: !:': .) 1
! . . ' I \ & > ~ l i : . . . ! . )........
45. Kaim (Nawlen parcrJura), ........................
L
46. J&man(Jamboea),..... (.f.?c!!i-,~ J
I '
..i?.a...[!lf:) -. )
47. I?&, ...............e . ' J - E ~ . P , . ~ . C i~
48. Bar (Ficue Indica), ...............................
K'handb, ................................,....
49.
50. Chan~.,.......(..@.i.[cll<%?.%?:~r.~>.~~.~.;).. 1
C h h a g h z (Walnut tree), ......................
51.
52.
53.
Champi (Xichelia champaca), ....................
Ber (Zizyphusjujuba), ............................
1
.................
............................... 1
54. Amb (Mango, Xangvera Indica,)
55. PBpari (Ulmus),
..........................
................................ 1
56. Diy6.r ( Cedmu, deodar),
57. Bed (Willow),
Kunbhir (Gto~bhir(?), Gmelina arborea), ..........
58.
59.
60.
Chi& (Pinua hg$olin), ........................
Pipal. The B r W worship this tree (Ficus relt$lbsn).
1
 Matts. Sws. Tut~ks.
61. Kat'hal (Jacktree, Artocarpue integrqolia),.......... j 10 74 34
62. Gurdain, ....................................
<, 63. fruhent (Tminolia belcrica), ...................... 10 7 30
i I . ...........................
6-1. Polss (Bortea frondo~a),. 9 34 -
.......,. .::
I

65. Surkh Bed, ::,,:<. ...............

A .!. 8 25 20
66. A% ( ~abtropiegigantea), .......................... 8 194 25
67. Senbnl (Cotton tree),................................ 8 13 34
68. Bakayin ( ~ e &-!L,!C.!.C. i I Fi:.
k........ 8 9 SO
..
69. Lhaeo1-6(Cordia mixa), .1. ...............'...... 8 9 2 0
10. Padm&klh ( Cerauuu cnproniuna), ..................
71. And, ............................... ..... 7 7 31
i ~ ~. afi& ,......sd#~.~.u..//~;.!5,..?:J
..... 6 7 21t

In the above weights, the ear has been taken at 28 &IIM.

 SECOND.
THE ARMY.

Am 1.
T H E DIVISIONS OF T H E ARMY.
His Majesty guides the Imperial
h me el, and checks in various ways att r y by his excellent advice and
pts at insubordination. He has
divided the army, on account of the multitude of the me;, into several
~laeaes,and haa thereby secured the peace of the country.
With some tribes, His Majesty is content, if they submit ; he does not
mart much service from them, and t h u leads many wild races towards
civilization.
The Zamindhs of the country furnish more than four millions, four
hundred tllousand men, as shall be detailed below (ThirdBook).
Some troopers are compelled by His Majesty to mark their horses with
the Imperial brand. They are subject to divisions into ranks, and to musters.
Some soldiers are placed under the care and guidance of one commander.
They are called Ahdb, because they are fit for a harmonious unity. His
Majesty believes some capable of commanding, and appoints them as com-
manders.
A large number are worthy but poor; they receive the means of
keeping a horse, and have lands assigned to themselves, without being
obliged to mark their horses with the Imperial brand. TGriinis and
Persians get 25 Rupcea ; and Hind6stAnis, 20 R. If employed to collect the
revenue, they get 15 R. Such troopers are called Bardwardi.
Some Commanders who find it troublesome to furnish men, get a
number of such soldiers as accept the Imperial brand. Such troops are
called Ddkhilb.
In the contingent of a Commander (mangabddr) of Ten Thousand, other
~ q a b d c i r aarr high aa Hazciria (Commanders of One Thousand) serve ; in the
contingent of a Commander of Eight Thousand, Manqabdjrs up to Haahtqadb
(Commandrrs of Eight Hundred) serve ; in the contingent of a Commander
of Seven Thousand, M a n s a b d h up to Haftsadis (Commanders of Seven
IIr~ndrc.tl) serve ; in tl~ca 1.011tingr:nt I ,f :l Comniantlrr of' F i r e Tlloil<~nil,
other Nnnqn1)tlbrs as lligli P(~)r~ctr?;.u( ~ ~ o ~ l ~ ~ i i aof n t lFive
e r s IIunclred) svn-r :
:ir~(lill tllv cvlltil~grl~t nf :L I'lo~yrcrli,nIi~l~c;nl~tl;ws a s l ~ i g lai s Cudi.3 (Conlulnnrlt,~
01' Onc H I L I I I ~S~C ~CV ~O .~ 3lamqi1l)dirs
) of lower ranks do not s e l ~ ein the
c.ol~til~gcv~ts of I1ix11Ali~rlc;:ll)tl&rs.
d ~ ' r srrc,eivc a11si1inric.s. 8w.h resemcs arc calld
Sonic ( ' o ~ ~ ~ ~ i l : l i l ;11h0
L-IOII~~S.
At tllr prcsc-II~ti~rlc,, tliost? trool)(w are l)rof(1rrcd whoso horsm arc
a r k i t t i 1 1 1 i l1 1 This c,l;lssof s111dit~rs is superior to others.
n i s EtI:~,jc.stj'st.1lic.f Ol!jlx('t is to prc~c511ttllo strltlic~rsfrom 1)orrorrillg l ~ o n r ~
( f i r thc ti111c: of r~l~lstc.r.),or csc.I~an~gillg t l i t ~ ~for
n tvorscl oneY, 1 ~ n dto niake
tI1(:11i tiiko I.:ITC) of t l ~ eI l ~ ~ l ) ( l r iIi I~U l ~ ~; Cfor S 11ck kllo~vst h ~ n~~tu r i c emalies
nlcBnso short-sigl~tcd,thxt t11c.y look u1)oli a loss ns 11 gain. I n the heginuing
of tllc 1)rcw11t rcaign, wllcli H i s 3l:ljc'>ty n-as still ' bellind tho rcil,' many
of his sctrvurlts jvcre give11 to (1ishonc:st prnc.tic,cs, lived without check, and
i ~ l d ~ ~ l gfrconi
t ~ d ,trnnt of I ~ o ~ i o uill r , tllo cou1f;)rts of mnrricd life. Low, s a r i -
vio~lsI I ~ ~ sold ~ I I their Iiorscs, n r ~ dr e r e cuntc~l~t to sen-e foot-soldiers, or
'L)rc~ughti~istcratlof a superior horse), a tczfoo that looked more like an as.
T h y were nlngnilocll~c~llt in tllc>irdislloncsty and greediness of pay, and even
cs11rc.ssc~tlclissiitisft~ctiorl,or reljelled. 1Irnc:o I l i s 3Injesty had to introduce
tho nc:sc.ril)tivu Roll Systcm~,allcl to 111iik0 tho issue of pay dependent upon
tllo in.sl)cc.tion of thclse rolls rid^! 1)elotv S i n 7). This &topped, in n. short
ti~ile,11111(.11la\\-loss~~css, ant1 rc.gcnerntod tl~cewllolc nliliti~rysystem. But at
tlltlt ti111et111?~'t~g~lliitiolis rrgilr{lil~gthe Inlpt>rialbrand were mot issued, ay His
&lajc,sty h a d n d ~ ) l ~ t rtlle d ntlvicbc of s o n ~ oines~~ericnc~etl uien, who look upon
'L)rn~lclirlga n a ~ ~ i n l as n l a n act of crl~c>lty ; l~cncstravaricious Inen (who cannot
d i s t i ~ ~ g l ~ itllnt
s l l w l ~ i ( l lis good fro111 thnt \I-hich is bnd, having neither
rc.hprc.t for tllcniscfilvcr nor their ulnhtcr, I L I I ~\v110 tlli~ikto promote a cause
b y rrlir~ing it, t111ls acting ngi~insttllc.ir own intrrest) adopted other vicious
pr:~(4ic.~fis, ~ v l l i ~1cd
l i to a c~onsic1t~ral)lna n t of c.ffic.ienc,y in t h e army. Horse
l)orro\\ing was then tho order of the day. l l i s 31~1jesty,therefore, m d e
tlic 1)rnmding of the llorsrs comp~dsory,in adtlition to the Deucriptivo Roll
Systeln. I.:t~sy-mintlc~tlitllcrs tllur p1ihqec1 througli a school of discipline
and be( rtlne wortlly nitbn,w 11ilqt inlportuui~tc,lownien were taught honorable-
nehs and manlillc.\s. The unfeeling and avaricious learned the luliury of
magnanimity. The :lrniy rcsrnll~ltrdn nowly irrigated garden. Even for the
Trcbas~lrythe new rcg11lntion.i proved bcncficiul. Such a r e t h e results which
wi5tlon1 nnd 1)rncatic.nl k ~ l o t v l r ~ t lcar1 ~ e produce ! Branding a horse may
intlrcd i11flic.t 11nin; l ~ whcm t tietred from a higher point, it is the cause of
much satibfactiou to the, thillking man.
 ArN 2.
ON T H E ANIMALS OF T H E ARMY.
fn the 18th year of his reign, His Majesty introduced the branding
syetem [vidc p. 140, note 11. The ranks of the men were also laid down in
the best manner, and the classification of the animals belonging to the army
was attended to. The requirements for each were noted down, and excellent
regulations were issued. The maximum and minimum prices were enquired
into hy Hie Majesty, and average prices were fixed. A proper check by
amounts was enforced, and regulations on this subject were laid down. The
Bakhshis were also fioed from the heavy responsibility of bringing new
men, and every thing went on smoothly.
1. &ace. They have been divided into seven classes. The rate of
their daily food has also been h e d . These seven classes are Arahs, Persian
h e w , Biujianllae, 3krki horsea, Y d b h , Tkzia, and Janglah horses.
Tho first class are either Arab bred, or resemble them in gracefulness
and prowess. They cost 720 ddmper mwem ;and get daily 6 a. of grain (the
price of which, in the estimates for each animal, is put down at 12 d. per
mun), 2# d. of g'hf, 2 d. for sugar, and 3 d. for grass. Also, for a jul, artal,
y d l p h , girth (His Majesty does not call it tang, but farcikhi), gddi,
naMlaAband, qaisnh (which the vulgar pronounces qdiaah), magircin, curry.
comb, Ltt'hi ( a bag made of horse hair for washing the horge), towel,
+band, noila, kc., [vide p. 1361, 70 d.per mensem, which oytlay is called
k j i yardq 59 i p (outlay for the harness of the horse). Besides, 60 d. for
the saddle, and an apchi (?) every second month ; 7 d. per n m e m for shoes ;
and 63 d. for a groom, ~ h gets o double this allowance, if he takes charge
of two horses. Total, 479 d. But as His Majesty cares for the comfort of
the army, and enquires into the satisfactory condition of the soldiers, he
increased, in the very beginning, this allowance of 479 d. by 81 d. ; and
when the value of the %pee was increased from 35 to 40 du'nu, His Majesty
granted a somnd additional allowance of 80 d. This coin [the Rupee] ia
always counted at 40 d. in salaries. Afterwards, a third additional allowance
of 2 R. (80 d.) was ordered to be given for each class of horses, excopt
Jellghk, which homes are now-a-days entirely left out in the accounts.
The aeeond dass are horses bred in Pe~sia,or such as resemble Persian
horees in shape and bearing. Monthly allowance, 680 d. Of this, 458 d. are
n m r y expenses, being 21 d. less than the former, viz. 10 d. for the ywdp,
10 d. for d d l e and bridle, and 1 d. for shoes. The first increase which wae
given, amounted to 67 d. ; the second, to 75 d. ; the third to 80 d. Total 680 d.
The third class, or diujannaa harses, resemble Pereian horses [vids
p. 140, note 21, and are mostly Turkl, or Persian geldings. Monthly cost
30
 560 d. Of thin, 358 d. are for necessttrie.r. The allowance for these horsefi is
100 d. less than the precaeding, v i z . , 30 d. lens for sugar; 30 d. less for
snddle, bridle, t c . ; 15 d . less in g'hi ; 3 d. leas for the groom ; 2 d. less for
shoeing. Firat increme sanctioned by His Majesty, 72 d. ; second, 50 d. ;
third, 80 d.
The fourth class are horses imported from T h d n ; though strong and
1
well-formed, they do not come up to the preceding. Monthly allowance,
480 d. Of this, 298 d. are for necessaries. The allowance is 60 d. lew than for
dlyannaa horses, vis., 30 d. less for sugar, 30d. less for grass ; 10 d. less for
the yarirp; 4 d. less for the saddle, bridle, Cc. ; 2 d. loss for shoeing ; 2 d. lea
for g'hi. But the daily allowance of grain was increased by 2 sera (which
amounts to 18 d. pur menaem), as the mgar had been left out. First increase
52 d. ; fiecond, 50 d. ; third 80 d.
The j f t h class (ycibu' horses) are bred ill t h i ~country, hut fall short in
atrength and size. Their performances also are mostly bad. They are the
offspring of Turki horses with an inferior b r e d . Monthly cost 400 d. Of
this, 239 d. are for necessaries. The allowance is 59 d. less than the
preceding ; ciz., 28 d. for g'hf ; 15 d. less for the groom ; 10 d. less for the
yard9 ; and 6 d. less for the saddle, bridle, kc. Firet increase, 41 d . ;
second increase, 40 d. ; third, 80 d.
The last two classes also are mostly Indian breed. The best kind is
called Tciaia ; middling ones, Janglaha ;inferior ones, Tdtrie.
Qood mares are reckoned as This ; if not, they axe counted aa Janghh. !
1. Tcisfe. Monthly cost, 320 d , of whiih 188 d. are for necessaries. I

The allowance is 51 d. less than for the Ydhli, viz., 18 d. less for grain, as they
only get 6 aera pur diem ; 15 d. less for grass ; 10 d. less for g'hi and sugar;
8 d. less for yardq. First increase, 22 d. ; second, 30 d. ; third, 80 d.
2 . Janglaha. Monthly cost, 240 d., of which 1454 d. are for neceeseriee.
The allowance is 4 2 ) d. less than for Tdafa. The daily allowance of grain
has been h e d at 5 sera. Hence there are 15 d. less for graas ; 9 d. less
for grain ; 6 d. less for g'h5 and molasses ; 44 d. less for the yardq; 2 d.
I
loss for shoeing. First increase, 294 d. ; second 25 d. ; third, 40 d.
Formerly, mules were reckoned as Tcizf horses; but now-a-days, 88 1
Janglaha. I

For Ttifzia the monthly expenditure is 1'60 d. ; but this animal is now I
altogether t h r o w out.
Note by the Tramlato+. We may arrange Abnlfazl's items in a tabnlarform. From
several remarks in Badbni, we may wnclnde that the homes of the Imperial army were
mostly fourth and sixth class homes. The exportation of horse0 from Hindustin was atrictl~
I
~rohibitedby Akhar, who mado the kotw618 responsible for it ; vids Bad. 11, p. 390,l. 6
from below. Many recraita on joining the oontingent of a Maqabddr. brought h o w I
with them, for whioh the Mangabd4r woeived from tho Trensury an allosance according
to tho following table.

1. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. 1 VII. Y111.

------ I----
3 .
ei nr ..g Ii
A
-$ ag Ng
4
.+g
am
- - - - ---__I

Gram, ........................ 54 d. 64 d. 5 4 d. 7 2 d. 7 2 d.6 4 d. 45 d.

G'hi............................ 7 6 d 76d. 10d 4 d.
Sugar, ...................... 6 0 d. 6 0 d. 6SO0 dd . j s 8 10 d . 4 d.
Grass, ....................... 90 d. 90 d. 90 d. 6 0 d. 60 d. 4S d. 30 d. Not
Ysrriq, ....................... 7 0 cL 60 d. 40 d. SO d. 20 d. 12 d . 7t d. specified.
Saddle, &c., ................. 6 0 d. 50 d. 20 d. 16 d. 10 d. 10 d. 10 d.
Shoee, .................... 7d. 6d. 4d. 2d. 2d.l 2d. ...
Groom, ........................ 6 3 d. 63 d. 60 d. 60 d. 46 d. 46 d. 46 d.
------------
Original Allowance, ........ 479 d. 468 d 358 d. 298 d. 239 d. 188 d . 146t d .

,...... ............
1st Inorease
.....................
2nd Ditto,
..................... 8 0 d .
3rd Ditto, 80 d. 80 d . 80 d. 8 0 d. 8 0 d. 40 ti. spwificd.
---------- ---
Total monthly cast in dcims,720 d. 680 J . 660 d. 480 d. 400 d . 320 d . 240 d. 160 d.
I 1 I
The alloffance of sugar, or molasses, according to Abulfazl ceases from Clasa 1V. ;
but as he goes on mentioning it in the inferior claasea, I have made brackets. G'hi and
molasses were genernlly given together ; *n& p. 135.
2. E l q h n t a . The branded elephants of the army are divided into
amen classes : M i t i , Shergtr, Sa'duh, Manjhlah, Earha, P'handurliya, and
J f o h l , elephants; but there are no subdivisions, as in His Majesty's
elephant stables [aidr p. 124, 1. 171.
The monthly allowance for Maat elephants is 1320 dams [33 Rupees].
Daily allowance of grain, 2+ MPW. No elephant has more than three
eervants, a diakdtcat, a Bhoi, and a dieth, of whom the first geta 120 d., and
the two last 90 d. An increase of 120 d. was given. From the beginning
elephants were branded ; but now certain differences are made.
Shergir Uephanta. Monthly cost, 1100 d., which is 220 d. less than
the former. Grain, 2 m. per dim, which makes 180 d. loss per menee~n;also
15 d. less for the Mahhwat and the Bhoi. His Mujosty increased the
allowance by 110 d.
Scfdoh Elephants. Monthly cost, 800 d., which i~ 300 d. loss tllnn the
preceding. Grain 14 nr. per diear, which gives 180 d. less per nwnlh. B~sidos
 no d. ICSS fur t t ~ ~hlvt
' 11, :111d 15 d. less for tht, Mal~Awataud the Blioi. .h
i~~crc~ilsc: of 50 rl. was s:inctiuned.
JI~~/!jl,olali E:l(xl)l~ants. BIonthly rost, 600 d. C;r:li~l1 lit. The dt1erea.w
i~ thd s:uno a s in the preceding ; but a n additioud dlowtince of 90 d . was
sanc.t ioxlc~l.
hirrhcr Elephants. N o n t l ~ l ycost, 420 d. C;r~in, 30 8 . Hence tl~ertlis a
d c v ~ r c ~ of
: ~ ~S Oc rl. on this ~ ( ~ c o ~and~ n tof, 15 rZ. for the IIalliwat. K O Uhoi
is allo\rcd. Tl~tradditioni~lp a n t is 60 d.
I"l,rcird~crfit'yn Elrphants. BIontllly cost, 300 d. Gmin, 15 a. per difnt,
\vhic.h gives a diacrcauo of 135 d. pcrrt ? ~ o l s ~ n r Only . one servant is d o w e d ,
at 60 d. pv). nrultth. An adtlitiolial grc~ntof 105 d. was sanctioned.
ilfe~X.erlcll(~p11a11ts \rere fomctrly not countcd. R'ow they aro considered
w o r t l ~ yof c.11tc.ring thr: c.1nssc.s. hlonthdy ~ ~ l l u ~ ~ i280 ~ n cd .e ,
111 all pnj-n~entson : ~ c . c m of ~ ~elcpliants,
~t NIX m e tnken, not rupees, yo
that t l ~ e r cis~ no pc~csiLilityof fl~lc.tllation.
3. (iriiicl,~. BIontl~lycost, 2.10 d. Grain, 6 8 . ; p i ~ s f i ,1 d. ; furniture,
20 d. ; tllc drivc~r,60 d . AILadtlition of 58 d. m-os sa11c.tioned ; and when
tho v:i111c of tho IIu11c.o n-ns fis1.d a t -10 ddi/ts, 20 d. nlore were allowed.
4. 0 , r o r . il11~11tl11~ ~~llo\va~ice, 120 (1. Grain, 4 8 . ; grass 1 d. ; furniture,
6 d. Atltlitiollnl j i r i ~ ~38 ~ t ,d. A t thc tirue hen t h e v d u o of the rupee was
misod, 10 d. nlorc: \vcSrcgiren.
5 . O.~YVL Ju,.llte I(,(I!/~o)IR.F o r each Traggon, t h e monthly espenditure
is 600 d., r / . , 480 rl. fur fLur oxen ; 120 d. for greafio, repairs, a n d additional
co111forts.
B1rq)hnnts an11 n-aggons art? only a l l o ~ c dto hranqabdtlru, and 'b those
wlio 1)rillg gout1 Lorst+ t111dci~~nc.ls, ulld n~iddlingoxen to bu branded.

XI'N 3.
TI112 IlrUS~ABDA'RS.'
'\lTiso inquirers follow out tlie sanlo princ,iples, and t h e people of the
present ago do not (lifter in ol~illiunfro111 thobe of ancient times. TZley all
agree that if t11:tt wllich is n m r r o u s b e not perraded b y a principle of
llnrxuony, tliu dust of dist~u.l)ance?i will not hettle down, and t h e troubles of
la~vlc5sness\\-ill llot rcafio to rise. I t is so with the elements : a s long as the
uniting ljrinciplo is al).;cut, tlicy nro dead, and incapable of exhibiting the
wonders of tho kingdonlu of nature. Even animals form unions among

Tllr A1:~biansS:IJ' iilcr~z~ii~

; in I'tsrsia d l r , an officer; but the word is generally
and India, tllc word is ~)ronon~~vc~tl
112cr11pth. restricted to high officials.
It means a yust, an oliice, herlee nttcnptb-
 themselves, and avoid wilful violence; hence they live comfortably, and
watch over their advantages and disadvantages. But men, from the
wickedness of their passions, stand much more in need of a just leader,
round whom they may rally; in fact their social existence depends upon d e i r
being ruled by a monarch ; for the extraordinary wickedness of men, and
their inclination to that which is evil, teach their passions and lusts new
ways of perversity, and even cause them to look upon committing bloodshed
and doing harm as a religious command.l To disperse this cloud of ignorance,
God chooses one, whom he guides with perfect help and daily incressing
favor. m a t man will quell the strife among men by his experience,
intrepidity, and magnanimity, and thus infuse into them new vigour.
But as the strength of one man is scarcely adequate to such an arduous
undertaking, he selects, guided by the light of his knowledge, some excellent
men to help him, appointing at the same time servants for them. For this
cause did His Majesty establish the ranks of the Manqabdhrs, from the
Dahbhhi (Commander often) to the Dah Haadri (Commander of Ten Thousand),
limiting, however, all commands above Five Thousand, to his august sons.
The deep-sighted saw a sign, and enquirers got a hint from above,
when they found the value of the letters of God's holy name ;9 they read in
it glad tiding for the present illustrious reign, and considered it a most
auspicious omen. The number of Manqabs is sixty-six, the same as the
value of the letters in the name of Allah, which is an announcement of
eternal bliss.
' "When t h e collector of the DiwQn with the exception of the I m i m i A'zam
arks them (the Hindus) to pay the tax, (Abli Hanifah), to whose sect we all
they should pay it with all humility and belong, there iq no other authority for
submission. h u d if the Collector wishes taking the Jazycih from Hindus ; but all
to spit into their mouths, they should other lawyers say, ' Either death or the
open their nlouths without the slightest Isltinl.' l i i r i k h a Fim'z Shihi, p. 2'90.
fear of contamination (tcrquzzuz), so that Akhar oftenreproach~dtheJIuhainmPdans
the Collector may do so. I n this state for converting with the sword. This, he
[with their mouths open], they should said, waa inhuman. And yet, he allow-
dand before the Collector. The object ed the suttee.
of such humiliations and spitting into Jaldlah. This curious word is, ac-
their mouth8 is to prove the obedience of cording to Bahcir i 'Ajdtn, an ahhre~ia-
Infidrl suhjects under protection, and to tion of the phrase Jullu jaLd[uhu, ' M3y
promote the glory of the Islirm, the true His glory shine forth.' I t is then used m
digion, and to show contempt to false re- the sense of God ; thus the dual ~ u l d l a -
ligions. God himself ordern us to despise tain, saying Allah ! Allah !; and
them; for H e says (Sur. 9, 29), ' Out of khatm i jalalah saying the word Allah
h~od,whilstthey are reduced low.' To treat 1215,000 times. Similarly here ; the 66
the Hindus contemptuously is a religious mancabs correspoud to the value of the
dut ,because they are the greatest enemies letters of Juldlah, i. e. GI= 1 + + 30
o f d u k f a sCrC(Muhammd).becausehfustaf'a,
r v d i n g the killing, and plundering of
30 + 6 = 66. Ahulfazl makes t~luchof
the coinc~dence; fbr &char's name was
Hlnduu, and d i n g slaves of them, has Jaldl uddin, and Akbar waa a divinity.
ordered, ' They must either accept the Perhaps 1 should not say coincidme,
I n b , or be killed or be made slaves, and becau~eof the sixty-six m p a b only
their property must be plundered ;' and one half existed.
 111 sc~lt~c~ti~~g his offi~.ers, IIis 1l;rjosty is assisted I J his ~ knowledge of
t l ~ csl~iritof' the agl, i~ krlc)\\-lt+lgen-11ic.hshrds a poca~~liur light on tllu jewel
I i s i s 1 1 1 1 llis 1lujt:sty sclcs tllrough some men at tho first glnncw,' and
cl lIl?(.rs u1)url thcfilll high runli. Sol~leti~nes Ilo inc~crasc:~thc xua~iqabof s
scrvnut, I J I I ~ decrcasc:~ his (.o~lti~~gtl~lt. HO i~lso fixes tile nwi~herof the
l~o:~hts of l~llrtlt!~~. T ~ L~U l ~ o l ~ tgr:~llts
h l y nlildc to t l ~ 3Lt1,nqal)dhrs
r vary nccordiug
to the colltlition of thcair c,onti~~gc.~lts. A11 officter whose contingent. ( * o ~ LUII. s
to his ~u:u~c;nl), is put into tho first clnss of his rank ; if his cfiorlti~lgent is one
half ant1 u1)w:lrds of the fixed ~iull~lwr, Ilt! is put into thc set~ondc,luss; the
thirtl c1:~ss~ ~ U I I ~ L L t111)s~
~ I I S coliting~*llts n-llicll are htill los.s, as is ~hc\r-ni11tllr
ta1)lcb 1 ) t ~ l o ~ .
I-tizhc;,slrix ((7o111111ill11lors of 0no IIundrctl) aro of cluven c.l;lss~s. Tllu
i ~ l s41s furnish OIL(! I I L L I L L ~troopara.
J i r ~ t(.lass ~ o ~ ~ t i ls11(.11 I.~~ Their moutllly
fia1:iry is 700 ltr~l~ocs.T l ~ c clvt.c~rth c,ln,ss co~ltnins mch as have 110 I

troo1)s of thc:ir ow11i l l ~c.c,o~.tltnlco n-ith the st:lti,ment niade above, that
Ilcikhr'li trool~s nrc 11on-a-cltcys prc.fc~rrc~t1.'l'l~is (-lass get8 500 Rupees.
rlilt 11i11uintt!rnlt?tIi:lte c~l:l.-sc~s
3 11:1vc! niorlthly RUOWUIIC(?Sd~(:roasi~~g from
700 l:t111(ws1'3' 2 0 R I I ~ ) ~for T StB\-1.r~ ten trc~c~l~cbrs \vllicI1 they furnish lese.
111 t l ~ c Liyo stock nc.cAo~~~~ts of t110 I)u'l,i.s/ia, the fixed nunibor of Turki
arltl . h o l y / ( ~ hhorst'~,L I I I of ~ e l t ~ p l ~ ~ is
i ~not
~ t s~, ~ ~ ~ f b r cFor
e d . Cornn~andersof
Thirty ~ n ~ T t ln c ~ ~ tfolir
y , horsc.s n1.o rt~c.ko11ot1, ge~~crnlly J f ~ ~ ~ ) ~ nrarely
aa,
I7ihtix ; ant1 J J c ~ h h u s l ~arc i ~ rscustd t l ~ cl'urki Iioree, though their salaries
re111ai11:IS 11,c:fore.

Tllc ~ i s t y - s i xMnnyill)~,ci~tailrdby Abulfhzl in the fbllowing table

appear to be the rt.mllt of n rriinute c1:iseificntion rather than a repre-
sc~r~tntion of tlic M:l11ynl1s wliicli actually e s i s t ~ dat the time of &bar.
The; tnblc mny rcl)rcse~itAkbar's plan ; but the list of grandees, as given
by rlbulfi~zlhinluclf in tlic 30th Sin of this Book, only mentions thirty-
tht.rr>--the tlrrr! coriinlnnds of the three Prirlces from 10000 to
7000 ; and thirty commands of the hianynbdbrs, namely commanda
of 30U0, 4.i00, 4000, 3500, 3000, 2,iOO, 2000, 1300, 1230, 1000,900 ?,
800, 700, G00, 500, 400, 350, 300 ?, 230, 200, 150, 120, 100, 80, 60,
50, 10, 30, 20, 10. Of the lafit thirty coni~nands,two me somewhat
tloubtfill (the comniauds of !NO and 300), as not given in all MSS. of the
Ain, tliough tlie List of Grandees of 8hhh JahCtn's time (Pddi~hdtncinurh,
11. p. 717) mentions a coluin:~ndof 900. It does not specify a command
of ;)uO, because no N a r y l ~ b sundrr 200 are enumerated in that list.
- - - --- - -- - ----
'
I\bulC~~lo i l ( ~praiws
good ~,hy*~og~~on~iht,
~ Akbar as ;I
Uadhoni s;rj N, I Akbar learut the art from the Jogis.
 Abulfazl specifies below the names of all of Akbar's Commanders
up ta the Manqabdh of 500 ; he then gives the names of the Com-
manders of 500 to 200, who were living, when he made the list. Of $he
Commrrnds below 200, he merely gives the numbers of those that were
alive, trie.,
of Commanders of 150 ............
53
120 ............ 1
100 (Peisbcishis) 250
80 ............
91
60 ...........
.204
50 ............
16
40 ...........
.260
30 ............
39
20 ...........
.250
10 ...........
.224 '

in all, 1388 Commanders from 150 to 10. The number of the higher
Manqabdars from 5000 to 200 is 412, of which about 150 may have
been dead, when Abulfazl made his list.
As Abulfazl's List ( A h 30), according to the testimony of Niztim
i Harawi is a complete list,' it is certain that of the 66 Manqabs of the
following table, only 33 existed in reality. The first eighteen of these
33 am commands down to 500, which corresponds to the List of Sh&-
jahb's grandees in the Pcidkhahnantah, which likewise gives 18 com-
mands to 500.
The mmmands as detailed in the Pcidishdhncimah are :-Four com-
man& of the princes (DM Shikoh, 20,000 ; Sh4h Shuj4, 15,000 ;
Aurang~eb, 15,000; M u d Bakhsh, 12,000) and commands of 9000,
7000, 6000, 5000, 4000, 3000, 2500, 2000, 1500, 1000, 900, 800, 700,
600, 500.
From the fact that Abulfazl only gives names up to commanders
of 200, and the P&d&hdh~zcimahup to 500, we may conclude that, at
Akbar'e time, Mangabs under 200, and at ShBhjd4n's time, Mangabs
under 500, did not entitle the holder to the title of Amfr. To judge
from flizctm's Tabaqat and the H&r i Rahimf, Manqabdh &om the
H& (Commander of 1000) were, at Akbar's time, styled umur&i-
' K i m aays in the introduction to a e d m i i har yak rd afa'zilpandh Shaiki
hin List of the ~rincipal grnndws of
Akbafs Court, that it was unneceRPary
for him to specify all, because t(rfF;l i I Abvlfazl dar kildb i Akbarndmah mar-
qlim i qalam i baddi'raqam garda~rkhh.
Ribdr, or wmard-i-'izdnz, great Amirs ; and I am not quite sure whether
the title of Amir is not restricted to Manqabdhrs h m the Hae~rf4
upwards. Nizhm does restrict his phrases ba tmrtabah i inzdrat r&, or
dur jnrgah (or silk, or zzimmh) i untark mufatasim gmht, to oommanders
from Hubris.
The title Amfr ul Utnara (the Amir of the Amirs, principal
Amir), which from its meaning would seem to be applicable to on%at
the time, seems to have been held by several simultaneously. N i z h
gives this title to Adham Khin, Khizr Khwijah K h h , Mir Muhammad
K h h Atkah, Muzaffar Khin, Qutbuddin Muhammad K h h , and to
the three commanders-in-chief, B a i r h E h h , Mun'im Khfin, and
MirzB 'Abdurrahim, the three latter being styled Khan Khdnulrin,' or
K l ~ i nKhdnath o S~nh.sdZar.
I n the P&i.~lruhnamcih, however, the title of Anatrul U n ~ r r iis
restricted to the first living grandee ('Mi M a r d h Khtln).
I t is noticeable that Nizim only mentions commanders of 5000,
4000, 3000,2500, 2000, 1500, and 1000-for lower Manqabs he does
not specify names. Abulfazl gives three intermediate Manqabs of
4500, 3500, and 1250 ; but as he only gives five names for these three
ranks, we may conclude that these Manqabs were unusual. This agrees
also with the salaries of the commanders ; for if we leave out the
commands of 4500, 3500, and 1250, we have, acoording to &n 30,
ttcclz~e steps from 5000 to 500, and the monthly salary of a commander
of 500 (Rs. 2500) is the ttrelfti~ part of the salary of a commander of
5000 (Rs. 30,000). The Padishahtamah gives fourteen steps between the
commanders of 7000 and 500, and fixes the salary of a Commander
of 7000 at one kror of ddnzs per annum, or 250000 Rs.,stating at the
same time that the salaries decrease in proportion. The Persian
Dictionary, entitled Ghicts ullughcit, states that the salary of a commander
of 5000 is 1 kror, or 250,000 Ra.,and that the salary of a Pangad, or
commander of 500, is 20,000 Rs. per annum, the 124th part of the former.
It would thus appear that the salaries of the Manqabdh, aa given
by Abulfazl in the following table, are somewhat higlcer than those
given in the P&?ishdh?lamah and the Ghicts, whatever may have been
the source of the latter.
The salaries appear to be unusually high ; but they would be

a For Khdn i Ehcincfn, the KhLn of

L r KLlo.. In such titla the Pcnioo I Izcifat is left out.
 considerably reduced, if each Manqabdk had to keep up the establish-
ment of horses, elephants, camels, carts, kc., which Abulfazl specifies
for each nmk. Taking the preceding &n and the table in the note as
a guide, the establishment of horses, 6c., mentioned in the following
tnble, would amount
for a Commander of 5000 (monthly salary 30,000 R.)to 10637 R.
1000 ( ditto 8200 R.) to 30153 R.
100 ( ditto 700 R.) to 313 R.
The three classes which Abulfazl mentions for eaoh Manqab differ
Fery slightly, and cannot refer to p. 238,l. 7.
A commander of 5000 was not necessarily at the head of a
contingent of 5000 men. I n fact, the numbers rarely even approach
the number expressed by the title of a Manqabdiir. Thus Nizirm mys
of'Todar Mall and Qutbuddin Muhammad K h h , as if it was something
worth mentioning, that the former had 4000 cavalry, and the latter
5000 naukars, or servants, i. e., soldiers, though Todar Mall was a
commander of 4000 (Nizhm says 5000), and Qutbuddin a commander
of5000. Of 'Abdul Majid #qaf KhBn, a commander of 3000 (ride
Ain 30, No. 49), Nizirm says, ' he reached a point when he had 20,000.'
I n the PidishBhnhah, where more details are given regarding the
number of men under each commander, we find that of the 115Commandem
of 5UO under Shiihjahiln only six had contingents of 500, whilst the last
had only 50 troopers. This also explains the use of the word ari eat
af€er the titles of Manyabdh ; as panj Itazarl n' edt sihhacar suu-ur, " a
Commander of 5000, personally (cat, or by rank), and in actual command
of 3000 cavnlry." Sometimes we meet with another p b , the meaning
of which will be explained below, as Shabtah Rhan pa~tjhazari,palaj
hazdr srrzcdr i ditaapah sihnsyah, " S h h t a h KhBn, a Commander of 5000,
contingent 5000 cavalry, with tzro horses, with three horses." A trooper
is called dtiaepah, if he has two horses, and aihaspah, if three, in order to
change horses during elghars or forced marches. But keeping d/ta.~hpah
sihaepah troopers was a distinction, na in the Pddi.shdlrtlcinuth only the
senior Manyabdih of some ranks are 80 designated, ciz., 8 (out of 20)
PanjhaAris; 1 Chahhrhazki ; 2 Sihhazki ; 2 Duhazki; 2 Hmk o
panqadi ; 1 HazBri ; and 1 Haffqadi.
The higher Manyabd&rs were mostly governors of Qlibaha. The
governors were at first called s$ahaa&irs ; towards the end of Akbar's
reign we find them called Huki11~9,and a f t e r w d , qcihib C;tiLah or
31 '
(!tibah&rs, and still later merely qzib&. The other Manqabdfirs held
Jdgirs, which after the times of Akbar were frequently changed. The
Manqabdiirs are also called tn'inatiycita (appointed), whilst the troops of
their contingents me called tublruit (followers) ;I hence tabinbhshi, the
Manqabdb himself, or his Bdit-shi (pay-master, colonel).
The contingents of the Manqabdh, which formed the greater part
of the m y , were mustered a t stated times, and paid from the general,
or.the local treasuries ; cidc dins 6, 7, 8. Akbar had much trouble with
these musters, as fraudulent practices were quite common. The reform
of the army dates from the time when S h a h b b Wliin (z*i(kpp. 140, 188)
was appointed dilr Bakhshi. The following passage from BadBoni (II,
p. 190) is interesting :
" The whole country, with the exception of the Zi3ciligah lands (domains),
was held by the Amirs as jQfr ; and as they were wicked and rebellious,
and spent large sums on their stores and workshops, and amassed wealth,
they had no leisure to look after the troops or take an interest in the
people. I n C@eS of emergency, they came themselves with some of their
slaves and Moghul attendants to the scene of the war ; but really useful
soldiers thore were none. ShahbL KhBn,. the Mir Bakhshi, introduced
the custom and rule of the dcigh omahalli, which had been the rule of
A'lBuddin Khilji,' and afterwards the law under Sher ShBh. I t was settled
that every Amfr should commence as a commander of twenty (bdsti), and be
.
ready with his followers to mount guard and. . . ,.as had been ordered ; and
when, according to the rule, he had brought the horses of his twenty troopers
to be branded, he was then to be made a qadi, or Commandor of 100 or more.
They were likewise to keep elephants, horses, and camels, in proportion
to their Manqabs, according to the same rule. When they had brought to
the musters their new contingent complete, they were to be promoted
aceording to their merits and circumstances to the post of Hapcfrl, Bdmdri,
and even Panjhazciri, which is the highest Manqab ; but if they did not do
well at the musters, they were to be put down. But notwithstanding this
new regulation, the condition of the soldiers got worse, because the Amira
did what they liked ; for they put most of their own servants and mounted

a &il&6, pl. of @,from & la'a'n, haps to read ydd dahdnfduh, having
the Indian pronunciatio? of crd taPyin, brought to the memory of (Akbr) ; for
to appoint. tdbin, &b, (o/bl[o,o;then tatcin, read tdilhdn ;forpanda xhudd,
as an d j . , one who follotrs. This mr- r e d pclndh ba xhudd; for
rects the errorwous rneanings of tcibin on dn hamuha

p. 62 of tho Journal A. S. of Bengal for ' The Tirnih i P i d z Shdhi mys hut
1868. little r w g it. The words ddyh 0
The passsge in the printed edition mhullr occur very often together.
is frightfully unintelligit~le. For kih read Ojdr o maljdr (?). For idr, a
dCornbci ;for hati duhanidah, we 1i;lve per- Turkinh word, vide Vullers.
 attendants into eoldiers' clothes (lib& i aipdhi), brought them to the musters,
and performed everything according to their duties. But when they got
their je're, they gave leave to their mounted attendants, and when a new
emergency arose, they mustered as many ' borrowed' soldiers as were required,
and gent them again away, when they had served their purpose. Hence
while the income and expenditure of the Manr,abd&r remained in statu quo,
' dust feu into the platter of the helplese soldier,' so much so, that he was
no longer fit for anything. But from d sides there came a lot of low
tradespeople, weavers, md cotton-cleaners ( n d d f ), carpenters, and green-
grocers, Hindu and Musalmh, and brought borrowed horses, got them
branded, and were appointed to a Manqab, or were made Krwb (cida p. 13,
1.5 h m below), or Ahadis, or DBkhilis to some one (oidc p. 231) ; and when
a few days afterwards no trace was to be found of the imaginary horse and
the visionary saddle, they had to perform their duties onafoot. Many
times it happened at the musters, before the emperor himself in the Diwh-
thPnah i kh4q, that they were weighed in their clothes, with their hands and
feet tied, when they were found to weigh from 24 to 3 man, more or less ( 9 )
and &r inquiry, it was found that all were hired, and that their very
clothes and saddles were borrowed articles. Hia Majesty then used to
say, '' With my eyes thus open, I must give these men pay, that they
may have something to live on." After some time had passed away, His
Majesty divided the Ahadis into dumpah, yakaspah (having one horse), and
nimmpah (having half a share in a horse), in which latter case two troopers
kept one horse together, and shared the stipulated salary, which amounted
to six rupees.'
Weigh well these facts, but put no question !
.
These were things of daily occurrence,. . . . . . . ;' but notwithstanding
all this, His Majesty's good luck overcame all enemies, so that large
numbers of soldiers were not so very necessary, and the h i m had no
longer to Buffer from the inconvenient reluctance of their servants."
Hence the repeated musters which &bar held, both of men, and
of animals, carts, &c. ; the minuteness of some of the regulations recorded
in the Ain ;and the heavy fines imposed on neglectful servants (p. 217,
note). The carefulness with whioh Akbar entered into details (ka.srat),
in order to undegtand the whole (icnhdnt)-m unusual thing for rulers
of former times-is the secret of his success.'
W e have not sufficient dnta to form an exact estimate of the
d n n g t h of Akbar's army. W e may, however, quote a statement in

' So according ta one MS. The paeaage Here follows a sentence which I do not
ia not quite clear.
1 know how to translate.
' Kc& p. 11, note.
 regarding t h e strength of Shbhjnhiin's army ; z~de
the P&liuhtil,l,cirt~al~
11,p. 715.
P&dixhh/~#i.
"The paid army of the present reign consists of 200,000 cavalry,
according to tlie rule of branding the fourth part, a~ has been mentioned
above. This is exclusive of the soldiers that are allowed to the FaujdBrs,
Kroris, and tax-rollecto~,for the administration of the Pnrganahs. These
200,000 cavalry are mnde up as follows-
8000 Manqabdtirs.
7000 mounted Ahadis and mounted Barqanddzea.
185,000 Cavalry, con~istingof the contingents (tdbina'n) of t h e
Princes, the Chief grandees, and tlie other h i a n q a b d h .
" Besides these 200,000 cavalry, there are 40,000 foot, musketeers,
artillery, and rocket-bearers. Of these 40,000, 10,000 accompany the emperor,
and the remiining 30,000' are in the 9Gbahs and the forts."
T h e ' Rule of branding the fourth part' is described among the
event8 of the year 1056, as follows (11, p. 606) :-
I' The following law was made during the present reign (Sh4hjahtin).
I f a Manqaldrir holds a jQir in the same qhbah, in which he holds his
manqnb, he has to muster one-third of the force indicated by his:rank.4
Acoorciingly a Sih Iiazdri i zit nihhazdr autodr (a Commander of 3000, personal
rank; contingent, 3000 cavalry) has to muster (bring to the brand) 1000
cavalry. But if he holds an appointment in another qGbah, h e h a only to
muster a fourth part. Accordingly, a Chahdrhuzdri chuhdrhazdr auwdr ( a
Commandor of 4000 ; contingent, 4000) has only to muster 1000 cavalry.
-4t the time when the Imperial army was ordered to take Balkh and
Samarqand [1055], His Majesty, on account of the distance of those
countries, gave the order that as long aa the expedition should last, each
Manqnbdh should only muster one-fifth. Accordingly a Panjhazdri panj-
ha& nntccir (a commander of 5000 ; contingent, 5000) mustered only 1000,
riz., 300 Sihnpah troopers, 600 B u a n p d troopers, 100 yakaspah troopera
[i. e., 1000 men with 2200 horses], provided the income ( h d ~ i lof) his j e i r
was fixed at 12 moriths; or 250 Sihanpah troopers, 500 duaspah troopers,
and 250 yakaspah troopers [ i . e., 1000 men with 2000 horses], provided the
inconlc of his jrigir was fixed a t 11 months ; or 800 dzurnpah troopers, and
200 y u h p n h troopers [i. e., 1000 men and 1800 horses], if the income of
his jiigir was fiscd at 10 months ; or 600 duaapah troopers and 400 yakaapaic,
if at 9 months ; or 450 duaapah and 550 yataapah troopers, if at 8 months ;'

' The edition of the Pddislrcihna'nlah

I
ers (troopers) to the brand (%b) ac-
hm wrongly 3000. cording to the third part.
Litcriillg, he ha8 to bn'ng Xia fullo~c-
 or 250 haupah and 750 yahpah troopers, if at 7 months ; or 100 duaspah
and 900 yakaapah hopers, if at 6 months ; or 1000 yakuapah, if at 5 months.
But if the troopers to a manqab had d been h o d aa eihaapah dumpah
[in other words, if the Commander waa not a Panj hmriri, panj hazJr eucch,
but a Panj hazdri p a n j k z h r eumo'r i duaapah aiaapah] he musters, aa his
proportion of duaspah and sihaapah troopers, double the number which he
would have to muster, if his manqab had been as in the preceding.
Accordingly, a Panj kza'ri p u n j huza'r tamdm duaepah eihmpah (a Commander
of 5000 ; contingent, only duaepah and eihaapah), would muster 600 troopers
with three horses, 1200 troopers with two horses, and 200 troopers with
one horse each [i. e., 2000 men with 4400 horses], provided the income
of his j6gir be fixed at 12 months, and so on."
From this important passage, it is clear that one-fourth of that
number of troopers, which is indicated by the title of a Manqabdh,
was the average strength of the contingents at tlie time of ShAhjahrin.
Thus if n Commander of 1000 troopers had the title of Hnzciri hnzcir
rurra'r, t h e strength of his contingent was = 250 men with 650
horses, p b . 75 sihaspuli, 150 ~lrtn*puh,and 25 gnka.~pah; and if his title
was Huzbri hhazcir suscir i dunX~~)u),nhsin.~nh,the strength of his contingent
was 500 men with 1300 horses, ciz. 150 silmsynh, 300 dlrn.y)nh, and 50
ynka.ynh, if the income of his jbgir was drawn by him for every month
of the year. The above passage also indicates that the proportions of
sihaspah, and duaspah, and yakaspah troopers was for all manqabs as
300 : 600 : 100, or as 3 : 6 : 1.
As the author of the Pn(lislrcihan11~6It does not mention the restriction
as to the number of months for which the Manyabdk drew the income,
we may msume that the difference in strength of the contingents
mentioned after the name of each grandee depended on the value of their
jiigirs.
From an incidental remark (P&fiahhl1ncinanh,I. p. 113), we see
that the pay of a Commander of sihnshpnh dunepah troopers was double
the pay allowed to a Commander of ynknspnk. This agrees with the
k t that the former had double the number of men and horses of the
latter.
!lie strength also of Aurangzeb's army, on a statement by Bernier,
was conjectured to have been 200,000 cavalry, cide Elphinstone's History,
Second Edition, p. 546, last Line.
dkbm's army must have been smaller. It is impossible to compute
the strength of the contingents, which was continually fluctuating,
and depended rather on emergencies. W e can, however, guess at the
 246

strclngth of Akbar's stnlding army. At the end of A'in 30, Abulfnzl

states that there were alive at the-time he wrote the #in
250 Commanders of 100 (YGzbBshis)
204 60
260 40
250 20
224 10
AE these numbers are very uniform, the regular army could
not have been larger than 250 X 100, or 25,000 men (troopers,
musketeers, and artillery). The Imperial stables contained 12,000
horses (ride p. 132, 1. 6 i h m below), which were under the immediate
charge of Mirz6 Abdurrahim K h b Khhnhn, Akbar's Commander-in-
Chief. Hence there may have been about 12,000 standing cavalry.
The rest were matchlock-bearers and artillery. In &n 6, Abulfazl states
that there were 12,000 matchlock-bearers. The number of Ahadis, of
which ShhhjahBn had 7000, cannot have been very large. Many of
them were on staff employ in the various offices, store-houses, Imperial
workshops ; others were employed rrs adjutants and carriers of important
orders. They mere, at &bar's time, gentlemen rather than common
soldiers, as they had to buy their own horse on joining. BadSoni
mentions an Ahadi of the name of Khmhjah Ibrbhim Husain as one of
his friends (11, p. 394). The number of Manqabdbrs, which under
Shbhjahhn mounted to 8000, was also much less. Of the 415 Man-
q a b d h , whose names are given in din 30, about 150 were dead,
when Abulfazl wrote it,' so that there would be about 250 higher
Manqabdh, to which we have to acid 1388 lower Manqabdbrs, from
the Commanders of 150 downwarcls; hence altogether about 1600
Manqabd jsa.
But Akbar's Manqabdh, on the whole, had larger contingents,
especially more horses, than the Manqabdks of the following reigns,
during which the brevet ranks (zcit) were multiplied.
I n the beginning of Akbar's reign, Manqabdh had even to
furnish men with four horses (chnha'raspah). A Dahbhshi, or Commander

Tho list of grandees in Xin 30 is three g n w s (Bad. 11, p. 342) were ap-
quoted in Nizrim's Tabqrit which do not I into Commanders of 12000, 9000. and
go beyond A. H. 1006, as the author died %OO respectively, whilst in Abulfalh
in October 1694 ; but it may be still older, List, Princo S l l h (Jahbngir) is still put
M Nizbm assiwns to several Mungabdtim down as a Commander of 10000,M d d
a lligller rant than the one mentioned as Commander of 8000, and DhyU IS
by AbuK~zl. In fact, the list refers to of 7000.
a time prior to the year 993, when the
 of Ten, had to furnish 10 men with 25 horses; but in later times
(& Ain 5) the Chhdraspahs were discontinued, and a Dahlrhshl fur-
niehed 10 men with 18 horses. As the other ranks had to furnish
horses in proportion, one of Akbur's Haz6ris would have had to bring
1800 horses, whilst a Haz&ri at the time of Shuhjuhh only furnished
650.
Of Non-Commissioned officers a diirdnhnh is mentioned ; ride note
1, p. 116. The pay of a Mirdahah of matchlock-beurers varied from
74 to 63 B. per mensern. Common matchlock-bearers received from 6; to
29 R. As they were standing (household) troops, Abulfazl has put them
into the first Book of this work (klins 36 to 40) ; and generally, the r e d e r
will have to beaz in mind that the second book, relating to the m y ,
treats chiefly of the contingents of the Manqabdhs.
B d b n i , in the above extruct, p. 243,speaks of a lib& i sipcihf, or
soldier's uniform (armour ?).
The distinctions conferred by the emperor on the ManqabdLrs con-
sisted in certain flags (aide p. 50, 1. 6, &om below), and the gharycil
or gong (oide in the beginning of the Fourth Book, k i n i Bhnryci!).
 248
Tulle s l w i n q the Estahlishmenb and Salaried of the Mawabddra.'

HORSES. ELEP BEABTBOF BUR.

MANDEBS
Classes.

oond. Third.
Ba.
--Ba. Ra.

For diierences in reading I must refer the reader to my Text edition, p. 186.
 Am 4.
THE AHADrS.
There are many brave and worthy persona whom His Majesty does not
appoint to a Mancab, but whom he frees from being under the orders of any
one. 0uch persons belong to the immediate servants of His Majesty, and
are dignified by their independence. They go through the school of learning
their duties, and have their knowledge tested. Aa it is the aim of His
Majesty to confer a spiritual meaning on that which is external, he c d s
such persons AM& (from ahad, one). They are thus reminded of the
unity of God.
A new regulation regarding rank was given.
For the sake of tho couvenieuce of the Ahadis, a separate Dimin and a
paymaster were appointed, and one of the great Amim is their chief. A fit
person has a h been selected to introduce to His Majesty such as are
candidates for Ahadiships. Without partiality or accepting bribes, he takes
M y several before His Majesty, who examinen them. When they have
been approved of, they pass through the Yidddaht, the Ta'liqcah, the doscrip-
tive roll, and accounts [via% Aln 101. The paymaster then takes security, and
introduces the candidate a second time to His Mltjeaty, who generally
32
 increases hi^ pay from an eighth to three-fourths, or even to more than
six-seveuths.l Many Ahadia have indeed more than 500 Rupees per naenaem.'
H e then g e h the number nirw as his brand [vida A'in i]. In the beginning,
when their rank was Grst established, mme Ahadis mustered eight horses ;
but now, the limit is five. On his earkha; [ v i h d i n 111 each receives a
farmdnchh (rank and pay certificate), on which year after year the treasurer
makes payments.
Ahadis are mustered every four months, when on a certificate signed
by the Diwhn and the Bakhshi, which is called now-a-days Ta;hfhal~,~the
clerk of the treasury d t e s out a receipt, to be countersigned by the
principal grandees. This the treaeurer k e e p , and pays the claim. Before
the period (of four months) is over, he gets one month's salary in advance.
I n the course of the year, he receives cash for ten months, after deducting
f&m it one-twentieth of the sum, the total stoppage being made on
m u n t of his horses and other expenses. On joining the service, an
Ahadi generally fin& his own horse; but afterwards he gets it from the
Qovernment ; and if the certificate of the inspectors, which is called
Saqaldnwh,' explains the reason why the horse is not forthcoming, h e ie
held indemnified for his dead horse, but does not receive the money for
keeping a horse until he gets a new one. But if he has no Saqattru'niah to
show, he is not allowed anything from the time of the last muster. !Chose
who are in want of horses, are continually taken before His &ujesty, who
gives away many horses as presents or as part of the pay, one-hnlf being
reckoned as i r m h money,' and the other hulf being deducted in four
instdments a t the subsequent four musters ; or if the Ahadi be in debt, in
eight instalmente.

dm 6.
OTHER KINDS O F TROOPERS.
Ae I have said mmething about the Mtmpabdbs and the Ahadis, I
&all give a few detaila regarding the third class of troopers.

Or 8e we would say, by 75 or even f'$ah [vide p. 96, note, 11, &c.

85) per cent. Vide note 4 p. 88. ' From aa afa he fell.
9 This agrees with e statement which Or money. The word vUj~
1 have seen in some historian of Akbar's ma be Inf.IV.,orpluralof nsm,a bmve.
reign that a senior dhaodi promotad ~ J b n evidently
l reads inn&,
to a Ydzbhhiehip, as the next step. in XI, p. 20.1, he explains imh by laro& ;
~ i d p.
e 20, note 1. duahman the bury%, or d e s t r u c t i ~d~
The Tup'cihah cofiesponds therefore the foes, ' which wo the gnrndees &
to a l i e certificete.' Arabic infinitives instead of tala6 i ?'I&, r q u a s t i q stom,
11. take in modern Pereian a final I ; kc.' Henca innas, a re uost m& for
thw tu'lipah [vide below (iio 101. hkh- military suppliea or for dwy.
 The horse-dealer fixes the quality of the horses, which are carefully
i n q e d d by the Bakhshis. The description of the man is then taken down
in writing. I f a trooper has more than one home, they add to his establieh-
ment a camel or an ox, for which he g e t , half the ddwance usually given
to troopers of a superior olaas ; or if this be not given, he gets an addition
of two-fifths.
A Y&pd trooper is paid according to the following rates. I f hie
horse be an 'Ir4qi, he geta 30 R. per mamma ; if m u j a ~ 25 , R.; if Turkf,
20 R. ; if a YdbG, 18 R. ; if a T&f, 15 R. ; if a Janyluh, 12 B.
The Revenue collectors of domain lands gob formerly 25 R., but now
only 1.5 R,
Troopers of this kind mustered formerly up to four horses, but now the
order i not to exceed three.
Every Dahb&hi had to muster 2 chuhcfraqah, 3 sihapah, 3 duuqah, k d
2 y&upaic troopers [i. s., 10 troopers with 25 horsos], and the other
Manqahdh in the same proportion. But now a Dahbbhi's contingent
consists of 3 aihdapah, 4 dvaeph, and 3 y h p a h troopers [i.e., 10 troolbers
with 18 horses].

THE INFANTRY.
Aa I have said something about the Cavalry, I shall make a few
remarks on foot soldiers. They aro of various kinds, and performremarkal)le
duties. E i a Majesty haa made suitable regulations for their several r a n b ,
and guides great and small in the most satisfactory manner.
..
T h e writer of these. . ' is the Awdrahwiu. Inasmuch as they are of
importance, they are counted as belonging to the infantry. There are
eeveral chums of them. The first class geta 500 &ma ;the second 400 d. ;
the third, 300 d. ; the fourth, 240 d.
Tb Bandhqchia or MatciEbhE--hearma.
Them are 12,000 Imperial Matchlock-bearera Attached to this service
is an experienced Bitikchf, an honest treasurer, and an active Dbrogah.
A few Bandiqchia are selected for these offices ; the others hold the following
ranks. Some are distinguished by their experience and zeal, and are
therefore appointed over a certain number of others, so that ulliformity
may pervade the whole, and the duties be performed with propriety and
understanding. The pay of these [non-oommissioned] officers is of four
p;rades,jfret, 300 d. ; second, 280 d. ; third, 270 d. ; fourth, 260 d.

The tel%has a word which doe8 not suit.

 Common Bandirqchb am divided into j i v e classes, and each class into
three subdivisions. Firet c h s , 250, 240, and 230 d. Second c h e , 220,
210, 200 d. Thkd clam, 190, 180, and 170 d. Fourth claee, 160, 150, and
140 d. Fifth ch88, 130, 120, and 110 d.
l'h Dnrbdne, or Portere.
A thousand of these mtive men are employed to guard the palace.
The pay of the Mi'rdahb is fivefold, 200, 160, 140, 130, and 120 d.
Common D a r b h havo from 100 to 120 d.
Khidnratiyyab.
The h'lidmatiyyak also belong to tho infantry. They guard the environs
of the palace, and see that certain orders are carried out. P ~ n j i K eto
Binti8 have 200. d. ; and a Dahbdshi gets 180 and 140 d. The others
get 120, 110, and 100 d.
The cnste to which they belong was notorious for highway robbery and
theft ; formor rulers were not able to keep them in check. The effective
orders of His Majesty have led them to honesty: they are now famous for
their trustworthiness. Thoy were formerly called Jfdwie. Their chief h m
received the title of Ehidmat Rdi. Being near the person of His Majesty,
he lives in affluence. His men are callod Xhidrntatiyyaha.'
Tha bit2~rah.a.~
They are natives of Mewtit, and are famous as runners. They bring
from great distances with zeal anything that may be required. They are
excellent spies, and will perform the most intricate duties. There are
likewise one thousand of them, ready to carry out orders. Their wages are
the same as the preceding.
The Shamakrbds, or gladiators.
There are several kinds of them, each performing astonishing feats.
In fighting they shew much swiftness and agility, and join courage to
skill in stooping down and r i ~ i n gup again. Some of them use shields
in fighting, others use cudgela. The latter are called hkrciit. Others
again use no means of defence, and fight with one hand only ; these m
called gat-hrit'h. The former class come chiefly from the Eastern districtg
and use a somewhat smaller shield, which they call chirtcah. Those who
romo from the southern districts, make their shields large enough to conceal
a horseman. This kind of shield they call tilwah.

They are called in the Tuzuk i Ja- d Jahdngoii,p. 303.

hiingiri Pi,y&duhd i Khidmatiyyah. The * "Among the innovations made by
name of their chief under Jahilngfr was Akbar are the Ddk-Mewyab, of whom
B d i XLn. Hs once icked up the young some were utntioned at eve place"
Sh6h ShujC, who b .od fallen from an K h @ Ehdn I , . 243. g n c e the
upper window to the ground. Tumk Meupha were chi& patmen.
 Another class goes by tho name of P'hnvriits. They 11so a ~hieldnot
quite so large as to conceal a mnn, but a gas broad.
Some again are called Bandits. They use a long sword, the handlo of
which is more than a gm long, and seizing i t with both hands, they perform
extraordinary feata of skill.
The class which goes by the name of Banklilis are likewise famous.
They UIW a peculiar sword which, though bent towards the point, is straight
near the handle. But they do not make use of a shield. The skill which
they exhibit passes all description. Others make various kinds of daggers
and h v e s , and perform with them the moit extraordinary feata. Each
clw of these men has a different name ; they also differ in their perform-
anms. But it is really impossible to give a mere description of them ; nor
would mere listening to my descriptions be sufficient.
There are more than a hundred thousand of them. At Court dne
thousand of them are always in readiness. Their qadi (commander of one
hundred) holda the rank of an Ahadi, and even a higher one. Their salaries
vary from 80 to 600 d.
!Uu Pahluwdns, or 70reatlwa.
There are many Persian and TilAni wrestlers and boxers at Court, as
a h stone-throwers, athletes of Hindfist&, clever Hala from QujrLt, and
many other kinds of fighting men. Their pay varies from 70 to 450 d.
Erery day two ell-matched men fight with each other. Many presents are
made to them on such occasions. Tho following bolong to the best wrestlers
of tho nge--Mirzl E L h h of Oihn ; Muhammad Quli of Tabriz, to whom His
Majesty has given tho name of Sher hamlah, or Lion-attacker ; 98diq of
Bukhtirii ; 'Mi of Tabriz ; Murid of Turkistin ; Mnhanlmad 'Ali of Tlir6n ;
Fillail of Tabriz ; Qhim of Tabriz ; Mird Kuhnahsuwh of Tabriz ; Sh6h
Quli of Kurdisth ; nil61 of Abyssinia ; Sadhli D a ~ ;d 'Ali ; Sri R h ;
Kanhfi ; Mango1 ; Qanosh ; A'nbii ; N h k l ; Bdbhadr ; Bajrrit'h.
TIM Chelaha, or Slacea.
His Majesty, from religious motives, dislikes the name bandah, or slavo ;
for he believes that mastemhip belongs to no one but Qod. EIe therefore
calls this class of men Chelaha, which Hindi term signifies s faifhfpl
diac+le.' Through His Majesty's kindness, many of them have chosen the
road to happiness.'

' The word Chelah is the same 8s The author of the pret,t~ Tazkirah,
tbe Arab. mu&, a disciple who places entitled Krrli~nn'luabhuara, which con-
implicit belief in his murshid or pir, tains biogrnphies of the oetn of the
the head of the sect. "And many of eleventh century, was $ed Chelnh.
His Majesty's special disciples, in 991, His real name is M i d Muhnnimad
called themselves chelaha in imitation of Afzal ; as a poet he is known as Sarkhwh..
the U R of
~ this term among Jogb." Ba-
ddoni 11, p. 345. ' By joining the Divine Faith.
 'Tarious meanings attach to the term elme. Eret, that which people
in general mean hy a slave. Some men obtain power over unch ae do not
belong to their sect, and sell and buy them. The wise look upon this
as abominable. SewndZy, he is called a alave, who leaves the path of
selfishness, and chooses the road of spiritual obedience.' Thirdly, one's child.
Fourthly, one who kills a man, in order to inherit his property. Aphly, a
robber who repents and attaches himself to the man whom he had robbed.
Suthly, a murderer whose guilt has been atoned by payment of money,
in which case the murderer becomes the slave of the man who releasea
him. Smmthly, he who cheErfully and freely prefers to live as a slave.
The pay of Chelahs varies from 1 R. to 1 d. per diem. His Majesty
has divided them into several sections, and hae handed them over to active
and experienced people, who give them instruction in several thinga. Thus
they acquire knowledge, elevate their position, and learn to perform their
duties with propriety.
His Majesty who encourages everything which is excellent, and knows
tho value of talent, honors people of various classes with appointments in the
ranks of the army ; and raises them from the position of a common soldier
to the dignity of a grandee.
The Xuhdr~,or Pdlkl bearers.
They form a class of foot-servants peculiar to India. They carry heavy
loads on their shoulders, arid travel through mountains and valleys. With
their pdlki9, einghdsane, chnu$ole, and dClia, they walk so evenly, that the
man inside is not inconveGenced by any jolting. Thore are many in this
. country; hut the best came fmm the Dak'hin and Bongal. At Court, several
thousands of them are kept. The pay of a head bearer varies from 192 to
384 d. Common bearers got from 120 to 160 d.
Ddkhdli troqpe.
A fixed number of these troops are handed over to the M a n q a b d h ;
but they are paid by the State. His Majesty has ordered to designate these
infantry soldiers in the descriptive rolls ae nimah euwbcin, or half troopers.
The fourth part of DBkhili troops are matchlock-bearers ; the others
carry bows.
Carpenters, workers in iron, mater-carriers, pioneers, belong to this
clw.
A non-commissioned officer of the matchlock-bearers receives 160 d., or
4 R.; common matchlock-bearers get 140 d. The bIirdahnhs of the archers
get from 120 to 180 d. ; common archers from 100 to 120 d.
-- -

' Innsmoch as srich a man blindly follows his pir.

 I could say much more on this subject, but I must content myself with
having deeclibed the principal classes. I have also given somo dot& in
speaking of the several workshops and o5ces of the Household.

LPN 7.
BEC)mLATIONS REGARDING TEE BRANDINQ OF ANIMALS.
When His Majesty had fixed the ranks of the army, and enquired into
the quality of the horses, he ordered that upright Bitikchfe should make out
deecriptive rolls of the soldiers and write down their peculiar marks. Their
ages, the names of their fathers, dwelling-places, and mce, were to be
registered. A W o g a h also wae appointed, whose duty it is to see that the
men are not unnecessarily detained. They were to perform their duties
without taking bribes or asking for remunerations.
Every one who wishes to join the army, is taken before His Majesty,
in whose presence his rank is fixed, after which the clerks maku out the
Ta'liid [ride Aln lo].
Ddkhili troops are admitted on the signature of the Manqabdh.
Hia Majesty has also appointed five experienced officere who have to
look after the condition of the men, their horses, and the stipulated amount
of pay. His Majeaty has the men assembled in rm open place, and receives
the several descriptive rolls, when the men with their horses are handtd
over to tho above five officers. The amount of their pay is then entered at
the bottom of the descriptive rolls, and is countersigned by those officers,
wllich serves as a proof, and prevents fraudulent alterations. Each roll is
then handed over to the inspecting Dbrogah. H e takes them in the manner
deecribed above [cida #in 4.1 to HisMajesty, who orders the pay to b e
increased or decreased. His Majesty discerns the value of a man by the
lineaments of his forehead, and can therefore increase or decrease his pay.
He a h distinguishee a tradeeman by the look of his face from o soldier,
so much eo that experienced people are astonished, and refer His Mnjesty's
p e r of discernment to 'hidden knowledge.' When the roll is thus
certified, it is also signed by the TPciqz7nh A'awia (#in lo), the a i r ' A m , and
the officer commanding the guards. On the strength of this certificate, t l ~ e
h o g a h of the a%gh (brand) marks the horses.
When the brand was first introduced, it was made in the shape of the
head of the letter aln [i. 8. like this, r], and was put on the right sidu of
the neck of the horse. For somo time, it was made in shape of two n2fa
rntereccting at right angles, tho heacis of the alif buing made hca\y, a s h thie
figure and put on the right thigh. For some time again, it wse
made like a how with tho string taken off. At last, numerah were
introduced, which plan beut frustrates fraudulent practices. They make
iron numerals, by which all indistinctness is avoided. These new signs are
likewise put on tho right thigh. Formerly, each horse on being mustered
for tho first time, was marked with a 1 ; tho second time with a 2, and
so on ; but now His Majesty has ordered that separate numerals should be
used for the horses of the princes, the Illanqabdhs, the governors of the
provinces, and all other dignitaries attached to the Court.
The carefulness with which the systom of marking horses was attended
to, resulted at onco in truthful reports regarding dead horses ; for when a
soldier, after the introduction of the system of repeated nlarks (tidt nest
Ain), brought a horse which had been eschrulged, he would demand his pay
from the time he had last received his pay, whilst the B h h i commenced
to count from the day he brought his (exchanged) horse. But since the
present mark was introduced, tho rule was made that each horse with which,
instead of with his old one, a troopor came to the mustor, should be doscribed,
and should get tho same mark as the dead one ; the Bakhshis, a t the
subsequent musters held for repeating the ma&, were to inspect it and
go by tho brand. Dorses answering tho description in the rolls were even
hirod, and substitutod for the old ones ;but as the mark was not forthcoming,
the deception was detected, and the soldiers thus learnt to be honest.

#rN 8.
ON T H E REPETITION OF T H E MARK.
Tho servants (Manqabdb) of His Majesty have their. horses every
year newly marked, and thus maintain the efficiency of the army, as by
their endeavours, unprincipled people luarn to choose the path of honaety.
If a Mausabdhr delays bringing his men to the muster, one-tenth of his
j Q i r (aqld')' is withheld. Formerly when the mark was repeated, they put
the number on the muster of the horse, marking, for example, a horse with a
2, when it was xnusterod the second time, m d so on ; but now, aa each class
of soldiers has a particular mark, the mark is merely repeated a t the

' Pro erly iqtd', Inf. IV. of qata'a ; conferred ; so often in the Tcirl&h i
but in Podia the word is mostly pm- Pi&; Shcihi. From the tiiucs of Akbar
nounwd as ayfd.' The king is there- the words u td' end jriyir are uacd as
fore csllcd m q ! i ' , one who conferj Inuds *yllouyms; kfore hi, time r e only find
on tho nobles ; abatr. n. nluy(i'i the ayld' wed ; but jdgir, or jdigir, wcum
iviug of Ian& to nobles, of which the in its etyn~ologiwlaense. Xu later Hie
hog1ld IIintoriann occum Sher ShSh. toriaus the word uytd' i bu: wely met
7-ide end of Aln 10, Third Uook. Mu, !a', wih
1 one on WLUU luuh have Gcen
1 ~ put.,
m h q n e n t mustem. I n the case of Ahadis, the former custom was retained.
Some Bitikchis, and near servants of His Majesty who have no leisure to
look aher jfigirs, receive their monthly salaries in cash, and muster their
horses every eighteen months. Grandees whose jilgirs are very remote,
do not bring their horses to muster before twelve yoam have elapsed ; but
when six y e w have elapsed since the last muster, one-tenth of their income
is retrenched. And if a Manqabdhr has been promoted to a higher Mnnqab,
and threa years have elapsed since he last presented his horses at muster,
he receives a personal (at;) increase of salary, but draws the allowance for
the increased number of his men after the first muster. His old and his
neK men then get their assignments. I f at the renewal of the mark nt
subsequent musters, any soldier brings a superior horse in exchange for
his old one, he is taken before His Majesty, who inspects and accepts it.

RULES ABOUT MOUNTING GUARD.

Mounting guard is called in Hindi clrauki. There are three kindfi of '

p a d s . The four divisions of the army have been divided into seven parts,
each of which is appointed for one day, under the superintondonco of a
trustworthy Manqabdlr. Another, fully acquainted with all ceremonies
at Court, is appointed tm Xzr 'An. AU orders of IIis Majesty are mnde
h o r n through these two officers (the HLr ' A n and the Commander of the
Palace). They are day and night in attendance about tho palace, ready
for any orders His Majesty may issue. In the evening, the Imperial Qur
(ride p. 110) is taken to the State hall. The mounting guards stand on
the right; the ranks of the gun& to be relieved are drawn up on tho
other ~ i d e . His Majesty generally inapects the guards himself, and takes
notim of the presence or absence of the soldiers. Both ranks salute His
Majebty. If E s Majesty be prevented by more important nffaira from attend-
ing, one of the princes is ordered to inspect the guards. From predilection
and a desire to tench soldicrs their duties, as also from a regard to general
efficiency, E s Majesty pays much attontion to the guards. If any ono
is atment without having a proper excuse, or from lnziness, he is fined o ~ l e
week's pay, or roceivus a suitable repricand.
The Imperial army has boon divided into twelve parts, each of
which mounte guard for the space of one month. This gives all troops,
whether near or far, an opportunity to come to Court, and to partake of the
liberality of Hie Majesty. But those who are statiouud at the frontiurs, or
told off for any important duty, merely send in roports of thoir oxoct
33
 I < ( , I , ~ I~ I~~ I I. I II I~, ~ ! is
S 1111 f ~ s ~ ~ ~ ltiling l ( ~ nfor t il g o ~ - c i r ~ ~ n ~itc ~isn tewn ;
n 'I r o r I I s o t . T ~ O I I i~ ~ tr:1c12
I I of this offii.t: Iiiny 11:1vc
~,xiht(t~l i l l H I I I . ~ ( , I I ti11117s,
~ its I1ighc1r o l ~ , j ~ ~ (~vtar(~ . t s hut ru(.ognized in the
I r i g . Ili.: l I : ~ j 11:~s ~ ~ n~l ~t l )~o i l ~ t ~ fo11rtc;i~11
,d zc.nlous, esperienccd,
i~11t1i11111:1rti:iI clvrlis, t u o of \vIion~ (10 11i1ilyc111ty i l l rotation, so that the
I ~ ~.;II.II I . I I I I I ( . S i~tttar:I f o r t l ~ i g l l t . ~S I I T I otller
~ I I Y of I ( ~ s ~ ~ i t n hIllen l e m e selecttul
~ L H P I I ~ I I ~ ~ I I ~ I I I II*;II.II I ~ I .~~ I) If1v11o111 , a l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~for
. ~ ~ , ~ is i ~ ~0 1t 1t ~f(lily;
i d ilnci if all)'
of' t11e ~ o I I I . ~ ( 111, : ( , I(11.1
I ;1i11i,fi1 11y1111 i l ~ ~ p o tr t1)11sint~ss, : ~ ~ ~ t11is tl(1ditiotiid person
2icts for 11in1. I I I - T ~tI113y I ~ I ~21rt1 c t ~ l l c ~ L IlI ~ , I;51111(>r1111111t)raric!s).
/
Tlic!ir tluty is to \\-rite. tlo\vl~tllo o r t l ~ ~ cud r s the doings of IIis Mnjesty
and \vl~:~tl.vcrt l ~ c r J I I ~ ~ L Iof ~ S t110 del)art111181itsr ~ l l o r t ;~ r l l u tH i s M:ije>tj
rntv intd t l r i ~ ~ l;i sn-l~cn~i IN. hlccq)s, nntl \ V ~ I ~ : I I Ile risos ; thcb etiqucttc iu the
State Ilirll; t110 tilliu Ilis RItrjesty sl~cntla i l l t l ~ uIInrem ; when h e goes to
the gt:~~c~.ill a ~ pri\.atu ~ d t ~ s s t ~ 1 1 1 1 ,tl li ~l ~~it~tllri:
; of l l ~ l ~ l t i ~ ~ g - l ) l l rthe
ties;
~liiyiligof a r ~ i ~ ~ ~ a\\.11tb11l s ; " l ~ t :II~LI~(.II(!S, ant1 ~ 1 1 c nhv h a l t s ; t h e wts of
H i s hIi~jtlstyas tl1t1 .kl~irit~~:il gniclo of tlio n t ~ t i o n ;VOITR 11ladc to him; his
remarks (rc'tf,.I"ifill I50~li); \v11:1t books 1113has rc'aci out to hirn ; a h a t &US
h c bc.sto\vs; \vllat l ) r f i h s ~ l 11t: ~ t s mt~ke?i;tho clniily and monthly esenist.s'
\vl~ic.h 11+1 irilposos OIL I l i r ~ ~ . ; ~ ,appoi1lt1nt:rits
lf; to xnnltqa1)s ; contingents of
trool)s ; s;ilnric3s; J;IK".S ., . ; / I . I I ~ ~ . ISI I O I I I . ~(c,r'tlt~al)ovo, 1). 250, riotc 5) ; srrgu'rghii*
( r c ~ ~ t f i t1;lritlj
~ c , ; tl~csi ~ ~ ~ , r c -or i ~ tl(~c.~.c!ilsc
sc' of t;lxl>s; c.olltrac.ts ; sillt?s; morlt.$
trallsfcrh ; y(sl,l[,nd jtril,~~tc! rc~t,cbil~ts) ; tl(~sl~:ltt.ll ; tile ishue of cIrder~; tl~c
- --

I 11. 171. I. 5.
I Iencc the amngcmrnt rnnrit h;rl-?
' I)t,cn ;w fi~llo\vs-tirst d;ry, tint xlld
1 s~~t.oll(l ~vritrlu; set-ontl day, r;cr.trlld alld
i l l i d -riti,rs ; third dry, third uud fiiunb
\vritc.rs, :clltl st) on.
1 A!il):rr wisl~ctlto rc~tricttilt. slljillg
:tls. ~ I I O V
o l ' ; i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ Fidc 2 ,~ 1 I., !I.
1). ~
1 * Esl~vci;tllyl i s t .
papers which are signed by His Majesty : tho arrival of reports ; the minutes
thereon ; the arrivals of courtiers ; their departures ; the Lying' of pcriods ;
the inspection of the gnmds ; battlos, victories, and peace ; obituaries of
well-known persons ; animal-fights and the bettings on them ; the djing of
horns ; c a p i d punishments ; pardons granted by His Majesty ; the proceed-
i n p of the general assomblies ; marriages, births ; ciraugdn games (oide
#in 29) ; chaupar, nard, chess, card games, kc. ; extraordinary phenomena ;
the han-ests of the year ; the reports on events.
After the diary has been corrected by one of His Majesty's servants,
it is laid hefore the emperor, and approved by him. The clerk then makes
a copy of each report, signs it, and hands it over to those who require it
ap a voucher, when it is also signed by the Parwdnchi, by tho dlir 'Arz, and
by that person who laid it before His Majesty. The report in this state
ia called yda'dhht, or memornntlum.
Besides, there are several copyists who write a good hand and a lucid
e l e . They receive the ydddn~ht when complotod, keep it with them-
seloes, and make a proper abridgment of it. After signing it, they return
this instead of the yda'da'aht, when the abridgment is signed and sealed
tty the FVdqt'ahnawir, and the Rlecilnhddr,' the Hit- 'Am, and the
Tficgah. The abridgment, thus completed, is called Ta'liyah, and the writer
is called Ta'liqnhnawie.
The Ta'lipah is d e n signed, as stated above, and sealed by the mini~ters
of Stato.
His Majesty's object is, that eyery duty be properly performed; that
thew be no undue increase, or decrease in any department ; that dishonest
people be removed, and trushorthy people be held in esteem; nnd that
active sen-ants may work without fear, and negligent and forgetful men be
hdd in check.

Every money mnttcr will be satisfactorily settled, when the parties

rrllrrsstheir milids clt(nrly, then tnke a pen, and write down the statement
in legible handwriting. Every written statomont of account^ is called a
mad. classes of men adopt such a ~ m c t i c o .

Ta';n i muddat, the fixing of period- I for riscilnhddr, aa, in later times, $Muh
'dinrlwtions ; opp. betcl'ini rimadan for qtibnkll6r.
LO ~ m t -at timm not nplx~inted hfore For Xz'r ' A r z we find in the early
bod, unrrpcvtcullg. Iiistoriaus 'driz.
' The text Irar riwdlah, which standa
 Tlie ~atrnriis the voucher which relieves the treasurer of all responsibility,
and on which people receive payment of their claims. Honest experienced
officers, upon whose forehead the stamp of rorrectness shines, m i t e the
agreement upon loose pages and leaves, so that the transaction cannot be
forgotten. These loose sheete into which dl sanads are entered, are called
the Daftar.'
His Majesty has made himself acquainted with this department
and brought it into proper working order. H e has appointed clever,
honest, incorruptible, experienced writors, and entrusta the duftar to
impartial officers, who are under his immediate control.
Tho Daftar of the empire is divided into three parts :-
1. The Abwdbulmncil, or entries referring to the revenue of the country.
This part of the Daftar explains the revenue of the empire, details any
increase or decrease, and specifies every other source of income (as presents,
kc.)
2. The Arbdb ~ttahdwil.~This part explains the manner in which the
sums for the Household have been expended ; it contains the debits a d
credits entored on account of the cashkeepers employed at Court ; and lastly,
contains the accounts of daily expenditure, &c., for things bought or sold.
3. The Taujih.' This part contains all entries referring to the .pay
of the army, and shows the manner in which the pay is given out.
Somo eaxad~are merely sealed with tho imperial seal. Other sum&
aro first signed and sealed by the mi~listersof State, and are afterwards
laid before His Majesty for signature. Many ~nnada,hoacver, are only
signed and sealed by the grandees of the Court. This will be explained
irrthe following.
The Farm& i ~abti.
firmha i sabtb are issued for three purposes :-
1. For appointmonL9 to a Manqab ; to the Vakilship ; to the post of
Sl'pahhldr (governor of a province and Commander-in-Chiuf) ;to the tutorslip
of the princes ; to the rank of Amirulumard (rib p. 240) ; to a Ndhiatf, or

English writers of thc lsst century as Diwdn and T'uzir. Dcrftari mcalls
refer t o this syutem of keepin all in India a man kept in every office for
duriilnentr in loose sheets, i n s t c a f of mending pens, ruling paper aud forms, kc.
bound books. The sheets mere kept The men who get transfer rercipts
together by a string drawn through on the Treusriry. This part of' the I)dlar
tllcqn. This custon~,I am informed, is contained all Household accounts, as
i n nsc. in Persia ; and suits e,nstern specified above. Though all MSS. wad
the hot and damp climate of' Arb&, it is probable thut abwdb is the
which soon d ~ s t r n y s the binding of more usual expression.
books. Tlle word dqftur is tht. Greek Or, tire giving cd wnjh (pqy) to the
' I t q ~ i ~.La t.~nued
. hide, ~ a r c h n ~ r ngcihib
t. army ; hencc ticuiih military accounts.
i +/far., u i ~ ~ i s t of r r binimw, the stluc For larGih. some MSS.read ttiry'ihuh.
districtship ; to tho post of Vaair, or Finance Minister; to the Bnkhsiti-
oh+, (Pay master and Adjutant General) ; to the post of a qndr, or a judge.
2. For appointments to jdgircl, without military servico ;' for takuig
charge of a newly conquered territory ; sometimes. . .' .
3. For conferring Sayu'rghdle (ria%Ain 19); for grants on account of daily
subsistence allowance ; and for grants for beneficent purposes.
When the Ta'lqah has been made out, the Dizudn i Jd,qir (who
k e e p the JQir accounts) pays the stipulated grant. If the j6gir is
given for military services, with the order of bringing horses to tho muster,
the grant is once more sent to the BakhshZs for inspection, when the followi~lg
words are written either on the back or the corner of the paper-khdcah, o
rnardum bard~ardnumdyand; kdrgardn k In shughl chihrahnazclsl h a n d (this
is special; the estimate for the salary may be made out. The proper
officers are to prepare the descriptive rolls). \$%en the horses are then
branded at the time of the muster, the Bakhshigeneral takes the Ta'ligah,
keeps it, and hands instead of it a writing specifying the amount of the
monthly salary, duly signed and sealed.
This paper, which the Unkhlri grants instead of the Ta'liqah, is called
Garllia;.
The Sarkhta are entered in tho daftars of a l l Sub-Bakhshfa, and are
distinguished by particular marks. The Diiudn then keeps the Sarkhat
with himself, prepares an account of the annual and monthly salary due on
it, and reports the matter to His Majesty. If His Majesty gives the order
to confer a jtigir on the person spocified in the Sarkhat, the following words
are entered on the top of the report : Ta'liqah i tan galami numdyand (they
are to write out a Ta'liqnh i tall (certificate of salary). This order suffices
for the clerks ; they koep tho order, and make out a draft to that effect.
The draft is then inspected by the Dimfin, who verifies it by writing on it
the words sabt numdyand (ordered to be entered). The mark of the Daftar,
and the seal of the Diwfin, the Bakhshi, and the Accountant the Dimin, are
put on the draft in order, when the Imperial grant is written on the outside.
The draft thus completed is sent for signature to the Diwfin.
The Chhib i Taujih, or Military accountant, keeps the former Ta'lfqah
with h i m d , writes its details on the Fwmcin, and seals and signs it. I t is

Jdga'rs, to which no niilitmy service beddph o mahalli:, Baddoni, p. 315.

attaches, appear to be called ledcigh o Badhni also had a of 1000 Big'has,
r a d a ( l i , i . e., the holder had nothing to at which lie often grunlbleu, calling
do with the army and the mustem, at hi~nsell'by way of joke Iraa-dri, or
which the bIan$al~lbrrrdrew the salarir~ Commander of One Thousnnd.
of their contingents, nor with the collec- ' The text has 'de (sometimes T) ba
tion of the taxw of the sevenil Mahulk ' m r d n i anR (~xifk!) dddan-which I
or l'arganahs. 'l'huw Fatl~ullnhof Shirhz do not undewtand.
(rule p. 199) wived h h w a r as his j5gir
I I I I I I i f 1 1 ,1 i I I I 1 i n . i!ftcr-
\\-ill.ilh t 1 1 , s iVii.:~'r :t11(1t111,1;11r/,.tIijv 110 ~ I II i l < ~ ~ ~ vIVIII*II i < t ~ , it is s ~ ~ i ~1 l1t11p t ~~ l
I)l\!Air, 11i.: ~ I I . I ~ ~: III III ~I1111% I ~I ;~l L ;Il IofI ~ ~ I I,I ,Stilt+'.
1 f IIik AI:i.j~~ity'h11rt11.r<111,1.i!it.s ;L 1.:1.11 ~ ) ; I J . I I I tho I ~ I Ifirrn)/;n
~, is nl:1(11:
I I I I ~i l l 1111, + ; I ~ I I II~I I : I I I I I ~ 1 1 .1 1I1. ,i i ~ I , I I I . I . ; L 1~i111e~11
JI~ /;r~,,/if ( ( . I I I ~ ~ I IAI -S?~. : I ~ ~ . I I I ~ I I !
01' : I . t,11111. 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 , . ~ I . ; I I I - ; I I . I ~ is
1 ~ I I:11111~.11tli,il : t f 1111, 11otti1111 OF i t . Afllsr tlrc L\;i:ir.,
t111,I)i,/.,i/~ i 1;1lyri11;/ 5 i ~ 1 1it,s : I I I I I\\.III,II it 1 1 i t - 11;1*<t811 tl1r1111g11 tl11~11:111(1s ~~f'tlto
I : ; ~ l i l ~ . l ~: I~I IsI ~ 1111%I ) I \ \ ; ~ iItI .is +15i1lt~l : I I I +i::.)~l~~l
I~ 1):- tile Ji-h/i)l S'I~)II/~)L TIIO

I I ~ I I I I ~ I I I I ~ ~I ; I 1 ~ i YI1o. ilcc~ount;i~~t of ench norli-

~11011 (or ht;~111cl\ v ~ . i t ~ i111t
t s : I I I I I I I t\vo : I ~ ~h(rr(i/~,
~ OIIP for tli(h six months f n ~ m

A I :~I,I,,YI ~ ~ ~ ? ~ Ii11111
~ . ~ I I ~ , I ~~~: I~~I~~I I ,/ IIII:II ~ ~ -11: , ; / It110
, , I I ot11cr
,, from X;hr (St>l)t~111-
I t i / I I I I I I . 111% \\ i.itl,* (lo\\11 tllt, i~llon-c~nc.cs on nccou~ltof grain,
g~.;t,.h,,\.I.., 1)11tl1ill + I I : I ~of'(.:lcl~
III i 1 1 1 i 1 S ~ I I I . ill111
I ~ S ,till! sitli~ri(\sof ~ I I C ~vorknl~an,
it1i11+ i g ~t111!
~ s s t : t t i . l ~ ~ ~11'111~~ ~ ~ /I;,/.riti
t. I' 11')/!/11iljf i115]11*cts t11'11i, ~ I : I S S L 'the
~

:t11t11111. 1 . c ~~ ' i l ~: LtI,I I ~ + i , ; i l h i1111lhi;L::.l~, it. 111 1111 ci1'11 ~ ) ; I \ . I I I I ~one-folu-this II~S,
clc~1111i.t~,11, :is I I I I ~ I I I ~ Islri!rrll
. I ~ i :ivcs~~ i i ~ tllis r ~ ~ I I I I I I I 'l'l111
I I ~ . J)l~c/in
. i l,'il!/t'~fdt
~ I I I * I I Kivl~h1111% ~ I I ~ I It ~o ~ I I. ~ I \ - ~i t, 1*11it~i~i~t1. T I I 1111~11rif11ot~s
~~ $11, S ~ ~ I I:iild S

1 I h i I I I . It 1111.11~ I : I S ~ V Stl1rc111~11 tile 11an11s of

1111,l l i l i t ; ~ ~A, ~l . ~ ~ i ~ ~1111: ~ ~ SLzir,
~ ~ ~ tl11, t i t l ~) i \~v ti l ,~i 1\11yiitAt, t11v Diwii11 i
ii1~1,tlics 1iIl<i11S ; L I I I ~ tltc I I , 1 1 1 l . 1 1 1 , i r of ~ I I C l)i\vAli, t111t1 tlie Tnliil, w110
bix1l : I I I I ~ +1,:t1 i t . 111 t,yt2ry (,it.,* t 1 1 t s t 4 i 1 1 1 i 1 t c b is st111t ~11o11gwit11 it, 60
I I I :I I I I ~ IVIIIIII
; it I I ~ ~S I ~ ~ l:~id C ~ I1 I ) ~ f i ) rIeI i s Majesty,

tl~cb Al~1.11rif~\\.ritc~sO I I ~ t 1 1 , ~ rc~c,~.il~f, \ \ - l ~ i c . l l is ~ I I C ' I I in t11c S L L I I I ~nlanncr

c ~ ~ ~ t ti11t11 ~ r i t~l ~~c lb +cvc<1.;11 r/y//~r,'s. '1'111-111ot1uof j ~ a j n ~ c ~ulso r ~ t is dctailetl
011 t11(; 11:11,l< IIS it, r;:. I I I ~ I ~ - I ~ I I IisI ~ ~toI L111, 11:litl ill gold ( / r . ~ h r r ~;s )0110-htJf
ill >il\-l,r ( , , , i p i . v ) rt~lel ol~c. 11:irt ill c.olq)cr ( ~ l ~ i ~ ~ accordilig ra), to tlie fixed
v ; ~ l i ~ i1 1>1 +tl~cxc,oil~s.
 Farmins are sometimes writton in Tughrd chnractor ; but the two firnt
lines a r e not made short. Such a Farmrin is called a Parwblchah.
Parzclmchab are made out for the stipulated salaries of the Begums and the
princes ;for the stipends of people under the care of the Diwdn k Sa'a'dat (?irk
Ain 19) ; the salariea of the Ahudis, Chelahs, and of some officers in the work-
shops ; and for the allowances on account of tho food of Udrgir horses (ride
p. 139, #in 54). The treasurer does not annually demand a new sawad, 1)ut
pays t h e allowances on the mere receipt, signecl and sealed by the ministers
of the Stato. The Mushrif (accountant) writos out the receipt, which is signed
by therecipient, and is then sent to tho Di~viinfor orders. I t is then signod by
the Mushrif, the Mustaufi, the N h i r i Buy6tht, the D i w h i Kul, tho Khin-
S i m h , the BIushrif of the Dinfin. I n tho Parrccit~clmhs given to A h a d i ~ ,
the signature, seal, arid orders of tho d4htzrliba'nhi, or Commander of the
Alindiu, are required after those of the Mustaufi, the Diwhn, and the
Ilukhshis, becnuw n i s Ni~jesty,from niotives of kintlnrus, and from a dcwiro to
avoid dolay, has ordered thut these Par~cdncklts1iec.d not btt laid before him.
Nor does His Mujesty sign snrkhutn, snlc ant1 l>~irc.haserr.c-ci~~ts, pric.e-
lists, 'arz~rcimchnb(stuten~ontsof sums fom-nrdod to Court by tho collectors
of the I~uperialdomains) qnrdr ndn~nhn(which tipccify the reventlo collections
of tho collectors on account of the ryoth), and the ?irtlqdbd (statements of
account which Tahrcilrldrs take from the Muhtaufi, showing that the sums
which they hud received as deposits, have bcon correctly expended).

Am 12.
TIIE ORDER OF TIIE SE.QLS.
Farnlhns, PamQnchahs, and BaAts, are mado into sovoral folds bcgin-
ning from the bottom. On tlie first fold crhicli is less broad, at a place towarch
the edge where the puper is cut off, the Vakil puts his s o d ; opposito to it,
but a little lower, tho Mushrif of the DiwBIi putti his sod, in such a manner
that half of it goes to the second fold. Then, in like manner but a little lower,
comes the seal of the q t ~ d r .n u t n hen Shaikh 'Abdunnabi ant1 Sultan Iffiutijaih
were pdrx (via% note tn Kin 19), they used to put thtlir sods opp,-itu to tlint
of the Vakil. I n the miildlo of that fold is tho place where thut pcrson puts
his seal who COIIICB nearest in ril~ikto tlir' Vtrk~l,as Atknh I<lri~iditl nt the
time of Mun'im Khhn, ant1 Adham KLin. The Afir MU, tliu Khh11 Shnlii~i,tho
P a m h c h i , kc., seal on tho sccnnd fold, but in such a manner t h ~ at sli~aller
part of their sonls goos to the first fold. The seals of the Din-h, and the
D a k h ~ h ido not go bcyond the cdge of the second fold, whilst tho I)i\\-hn i
juz, tho llukl~vllii jw,and thu Diwhn i T3uy~it6tput thoir seals on tllo tllird
or 11nl.t I L I I ~ 11, 11c' kno\v11 tl) (>vtLry 111lo. Puc.11 ;ITI ordclr rcc.civt:s o n l ~ tho
I I I I ~ I Ist,:~l,
~ I ~:lntl
~ : is I ~c.all1~1 a I;r~.~iiti~t
r' Cn!/(i:l.' The: fillml:in is folded up,
i1~111 two c-tlg~,.::llncl lua11(. to ~l~rfic.t, \v111.11 ;L kllot of l~illlc~r is put over them,
n.11ic.11 is ct.il1c.d 111). in ~ 1 . 1 111:11111(~,
1 t11i1tt11(~( , o l ~ t ( \ l(~' i ltlsl l l l ~ f l~c!P C ~ I ~ .rile
s,t:~lili;: \\-:IS is I I I ; L ~ C Lof' tl1~8g11111of t110 litlllhr, t l ~ eUiiy, tllo I'ipnl, and

gr;111t1<-11r as 1111 i1c.t of divil~c>~vor-liip. Kucll fi~r~~llilis ilru carried IF

h [ i ~ l ~ c ; : ~ l ~ ~Al li ~
r s:,~ ( l i sor, C O I I I I I I ~ I ~fi~ot-sol(li~'rs, 10 tlltl 1111rti~s COI~~CITIC~.
IVIII~II all o1tic:c.r rctc,civc>ss11c11;LII order IIC' 1 ) r o ( , ~ ~3~1)rol~er 'ds distallce to
nicsct it, pcsrfi~lx~s various acts of' o l ~ c ~ i s : u ~11111s ~ . c ~it, 011 t l ~ ccrow11 of his hund,
nl:tkt,s t l ~ s/jil(~h,
c allel re\\-artls tllc ~ ~ l c s s c ~ l ~ ncc,ortling
f i c ~ r to the filvour conferred

~vishc,s,the bagh i l l ~ v l ~ i crc.ports

ll arcLscsnt, ilrt? sclc~urccli11 the snnlu xnnnl~er
s I I I i , so I I 1 1 c r : t i o 1 1I o i l . 111 consequence
d , dihllollczt l)r;~cti(.csarc p u t u st011 to.
of' this, 11l\l(.11 t r o u l ~ l rih : ~ v o i ( l ~1111~1

IVIIIIII:illy O I I C 11:ls tlic good f o r t l l n ~of joining t11r urnly, he recrires,

011 l l r i n ~ i i ~his g Iiorws tc) t l l ~nl~~stc.r,n I)rol)cbrsnrlc~d without del~gyand
\ it111t I . AU :i(~colllltsof ~:11:1ri~s ilro nlatle out in rl(inlx ; but at the
tiln12of rn:lliil~go l ~ ttllcl tl*tin~i~tr, ]I(, rcc c~ivc~sone half in rupccs, reckoned nt
tlli~.t> -0ig11t rlti~lr<~ clac 11. Ilalf of t l ~ rc~ll~i~illtl(>r
~. is l~ilid ill n n ~ l l ~ uats nine
Y a1111tl~cblast q u i ~ r t c ris given ill d:1111*for stores.
~ ~ I ~ N ~ ( tIi l t' 11, 'Allen the
r:lluc* of t h r rul)ocb Ivar rnibcltl to forty tlklux, the soldic.rs, th1~1ugh His
I l : ~ j ( > \ t >k' i~n d n ~ ~ b src~coived
, diillis at t h e same rat?. Eveq jrm one
~nontll's ie fiul~tmctc~d on account of tllo Ilorse, the v d u c of which is

' TIIA~
is, :t / I / I I I I~:L~III:III.
~ I ' 'J'llc J1SS. II;L\.~ hrtj-eight.
raised fifty per cent. above prime cost, and for accoutrements ; but as much
care is shewn in buying horses, this increase is not productive of any loss for
'
t h e soldier. Besides, Ahadis are continually employed for affairs of import-
ance, and a m permitted to carry the orders of His Majesty ; and whatever
i s given to them as an acknowledgment for &heir services by the recipients
of the orders, i allowed to be kept by the Ahadis as a present, if they bear
a good character ; but if not, a part of it is reckoned as monthly pay.
With the view of teaching zeal and removing the stamp of laziness,
Hia Majesty h e s soldiers for absence from guard : an Ahadi loses fifteen
days1 pay, and other soldiers one week's.
The Commander of every contingent (TdhfnbLahi)is allowed to keep
for himself the twentieth part of the pay of his men, which reimburses him
for various expenses.

#m 15.
MXSA'ADAT, OR LOANS TO OFFICERS.
Higher Officers, who receive lands or monthly salaries may occasionally
come into difficulties when it would be against the rules of the government
for them to aek for a present. For this reason H i Majesty appointed a
treasurer and a separate dlri. 'Ara, and those who wish to borrow money,
may now do so without prejudice to their honour, or annoyance of
delay. For the first year, nothing is charged; in the second, the loan
is increased by a sixteenth part of it ; in the third year, by one-eighth ; in
the fourth year, by one-fourth ; f h m the fifth to the seventh, by one-half ;
from the eighth to the tanth year, by three-fourths ; from the tenth year
and longer, double the original loan is charged, after which there is no
further increase.
His Majesty's only object' is to teach propriety in transactions; else
mutual esteem will never increase among men from the nature of their
mercantile affairs.
This regulation brought unprincipled usurers to the proper path, and
thus prevented much impropriety.

#I% 16.
ON DONATIONS.
His Majesty, from his knowledge of man's nature, gives donations in
various ways. I t looks as if he lende, but in his heart, he makes a present ;

' It in n d l w to rrmind the reader

that charging intercwt on loanu i~ nguinst
34
I theMuhummadan law. But Akbar waa
a Hiudu in such mattern.
 n loan, I)ut nevcr asks it bark. Tho far and near, the
or hc' c:rllu tllcb ilo~~rltlor~
rich allcl l)ot~r,s11aro Ilis AIiij~asty'~1il)cr:tlity. IIe gives away elephants,
liorscs, and othor valuuble r~rticlcs. Tho Bakllshis road out daily the nameti
of tho guards a1111other soldiers, mentioning sucli first nri have never rewired
anything. His &Ia,j(abtygivcs tllcni 1iorsr.s. TVlle11 a soldier has received a
horscl, he is not reco~unielldcdto His Majesty for the space of a year for
ariy othor donatiori.

His Najcsty bcstowri upon the ncutly nioney and necessaries, ~Finning
tllc hc~arts01' all ill public or privatc. Nuny onjoy daily, monthly, or yearly
~u~v;.ancea, \\ hich they rcceivo \vitllout being kept waiting. It is b p o d b l e
for I L I ~tu (11tail the sunir which solno poople receive in consequence of
rel>resc~~tntio~~s having bccn niucle of their circustilnces by such ss stmd near
the t l ~ ~ >; nand
e it W O U ~ [take
~ up too much time to describe the presents made
daily to l~uggars,or tho eating houses which have been established for the
]")or.'
There is 11 trcnsllrur dwnys in anitin@ at Court; and every b q p
~vhomHis 31txjestr sees, is sure to find reliuf.

TIIE CEREAIONY O F IVEIGIIINO HIS bfAJESm.

and as an opportunity of bto.tFing
From rcnsonq uf nusl>icio~~s~less,
presrllts upon the poor, 1Iis Najevty is weighed twice a ye=. V ~ O ~ J
articles arc put illto the tj~ldes.
On tho first day of the month of Ab8n 115th October], which kthe
solar an~iiversiiryof tho emperor, Hia Nc~jestyis weighed hive
agctinst tllu foll~\ving articles : gold, quicksilver, silg, perfumes, mpper,
rhh i thtifi, drugs, g'hi, iron, rice-milk, seven kin& of pain,edt;the
of theso articles being determined by their costliness. According to
tho number of years IIis Najcsty has lived, thero is given away equal
nlmbor of shcop, goats, foals, to people that breed these animh. A greet
of s n l d a i m i d s rtl.0 d s o set a t liberty.
His Mujcsty is weighed a second time on the 5th of Rajah,' against
eight articles, c i ~ silver,
., tin, cloth, lend, fruits, mustard oil, and vegehblss.

Ti~itlc1). 20(), 1. 5 from below.

I
AN tllia was the Muhammadan birtbdy,
9 bide 1). 16, 1. 1. the articles were of course fever, and lw
The lunill. birthday of the emperor. valuable.
 On both occasions t h e festival of Sdlgkih (birthday) is celebrated, 7 '
when donations, o r grants of pardon, a r e bestowed upon people of all r h .
The Imperial princes, sons, a n d grandeons of His Majesty, a r e weighed
onee in every solar year. They a r e for t h e first time weighed, when tmo
yeare old, but only against one thing. Every year, however, a new
additional t h i n g is p u t o n t h e scales. W h e n grown up, they a r e generally
weighed againat seven o r eight things, b u t not against more than twelve.
Animdn are set free as usual.
A separate treasurer a n d an accountant a r e appointed for this purpose,
so that t h e expenditure m a y b e mado with every propriety.'
- -

' Aecordi to the !i'uzuk i Jahcingiri even placed on Akbar's tomb in Sikandrah,
( 163)and"%cfdiah&nciaah (I, p. 243), near Agrah.
1& weighing of the Royal p e m n was Akbar'8regnlntion, as given in the above
introduced by Akbar. I t is an old Hindu #in, a pears to have been continued
rrutom. At first, the weighing took nnder gah&ngir. Sh&h,jahlnmade some
place once a year, on the birthday of the alterations, in as far as he was wei hed on .
m ror; but with the introduction of each feast first against gold, a n f silver,
Akk 's Divine (solar) Era, we find in the and then against other articles. The
h i i r y of eve year the record of a wazn articles themselves were given awa to
i or a o Z r weighing, and a waza i
qanori, or lunar weighing. There was,
the courtiers, or to pious men, and
gars, as a means of keeping the royal
Lg-
uf course, a jashn, or feast, on such won from all bodily and mental harm.
&M. and courtiers, on the same day, E e gold and the silver agairwt which
were promoted to higher Manpabs, or Jahhngir was once weighed, amounted to
pnaentfd their peshkash. The feast waa Rs. 33,000 ; but accord~ngto the Tuzuk,
of epecial im rtance for the Harem. the money was distributed among the
It a p p m ( r ~ ~ ~ d ' i h & n & mp.a h243)
, women of the Harem. On another occa
that the articles against which the royal sion (Tuzuk, p. 163), Jahirnqir was found
n was weighed, were sent from the to weigh 6514 tolnhs. T a k ~ n gthe blah
E m , or by the mother of the reignin ins (Prinsep's nrcful Tablen,
empemr. Jahhngir, mmrding to sever8 ~~!6&&as. D. 111). Jnhhnplr. a t the
remarka in the Tuzuk (pp. 69, 70, 276, &e of forty-seven, would ha;;, weighed
kc.) w w even weighed- In the palace of 210) lbs Troy.
hia a vnst mother, to whom the m z u k Akbar. in accordance with his H ~ n d u
gira%e title of X a y a a .%anrid, the t e n d e n ~ i ~used
, to give the money to
lduy of the e, as Akbar's mother had Brahmins. " On the filth of Rajnb 973,
teen ityled z r y a r n M a k h i (vide p. $8. which is the day on which the Emperor
note 1). The solar wazn waa even was born, the feast of weighing His
retained by Anrangzeb ; vide 'Xlamgir- Majesty was hold at Niznmbbad, a
nknah, p. 229. town belonging to the Sirkb of Jaunplir ;
The birthday of the empemr waa of for according to establiuhed custom, the
importance for the Harem, aa there the emperor is weighed twice a year, on his
rtrrng wan kept, which numbered as solar and lunnr birthdays, against gold,
carny knob, aa the emperor numbered silver, &c., which is given as a present
years ; hence a h adyirih (or aal i r a l , to the BrAmins of I~~dia, and others.
r the word is pmnounonl nll over fndia) Poeh used, and still use, such o portuni-
'the year's knot,' or birthday. t i a for presenting nice poems." & a d h i ,
Tvlng knotn, or bita of string or ribbon 11., D. 84.
-
to the tombe of saints is considered by
buren women aa a means of obtaining
r m, and the tomb of Salim i Chishti
1 &asionallF, courtiers were weighed
for immrtant wrsonal services. Thua J r
hbnngi; hadon& his Court doctor Rlihullah
$ Frthpiy Sikyi, in whose house Jahin- weighed in silver (Tuzuk, p. 283). the
5 born, in even now-days visited sum G i g gven him as a fee in addition
Hindu and Mnaalmiin women, who to three v~llagcs, which were beetowed
tb bita of string to the marble trellice upon him as jdgir.
m d m g the tomb. Similar vows are
 ArN 19.

( )N ~.1T17R(ilIALS.'
Ilis lr;tj~bhty.in 11i.cciirct fur thcs I I : I ~ ~ I I I I ,( ~ o ~ t f 11cnc.fita ~rs on p~oplo1 1 f
v:~rious cl:is~c~s ; ant1 in the Iliglicr wistlort~ \vl~ic.l~ Got1 11r~vconferred UIIOU
him, hc! considttrs cloi~~g so an iu,t of tlivirte wor.l:il~.
Ilis Bli!jt.sty, fro111 his dcshirr, to pro~liotc?riutk dibtinctions, confer^
l a ~ ~ axtd ~ ~ : ~ . c > O I L the folio\\-irtp f o ~ wclnsscs of men, firrt,
d s s ~ i l ~ . * i i t ~t~11o\va11(.t~*
or1 c~~~c~,iirc~rs af'tc.r n-iw10111,n-110 IIILVC n-ith(lva\m fr~bmall ~ o r l d l yoccupntio~,
an11 u!:ll<c>111, d i f i i ~ r ~ ~l ~rt ~ ~ t c\ \ .- ~~: ~
c ,night
ri ;in11 tlrt~til~lei11 sc*nrc~hingaftcr true
kri(,\\-lt,~lgc. ; s , , i o t l / / k , or1 riuc,ll nx tt)il :111cl 1)rac.tiso sclf-dellid, and while
c.l~g:tgctlill tho ::truggle w i t l ~thc sc~lfish pnssior~xof hunlcln nature, hare
rc~lo~~~~c.t.cl t111,hol,i~:tyof Illen ; thirn'!,/, on such n n rue v-enk and poor, and
have nu btrc~~tgtl~ fur I J I I I ~ I ;I fuzlt./hl!/,
~ ~ ~ 011 hor~orul~lo men of gentle birth
\VJIO frl~m\val~tof liilo\vlcdgo, are unnl)lc to ~)roviilufor theulsclvev by taking
111' >I trade.

Sltl~histc~lc*u nllo~~n~~c~cas, paitl in rash, are c~lllcd 7Ka:ifnh ; lands

c.o~~fi.rrc~tl nrc ~.:~llrbtl .IIl'lX., or dffltl~di ulcc'a'rh. I n this way, krors are given
:t~v:ty,ti1111yt.1 t110 g r m t s :iru (1:iily i ~ ~ c r v i ~in s i 1111111ber.
~~g
As 1111: c~irc:~~~i~.;ti:ncc's of 111~11have to 1)o t.nquircd into, before p a n t s are
xl~atlu,ur~dt l ~ e i r1)cttitiurls ntust hc: c~ol~sitlcrucl in fairness, an experienced
I I I ; ~ I I of' cc~rroc:t i r t t t ~ ~ ~ t iis ~ ~cxnl)loyc~tl
tts for this office. Hu ought to be
at 1 ~ ~ 1 cwith o crttry l ~ i r t y , ;ind must ho kind tomnrdil the people at
large in word L U I ~itl.tiol~. H:~chIn1 ofliccr is ctilled P t l r . Tho Qdzi and the
J i i r 'Ad1 arc3uut11.r llis or(le~rs. IIu is assisted ill his inlportant duties by a
clc'rk, \vhu 11;1sto 1ot11i~tf'tcrthe G11:i11citd l~llsin~ss, t~rld is now-a-days styltd
B;,ctijt i AS//'(i/l/tl.
His AI:t.jc~sty,irk 11;s xllcrcy, orders his servants to introduce to him such
nfi nro wortl~yof grunts, a ~ i da largo liu~nberreceive tlie assistance they
dcsire.
N l ~ c nIIib IIi~jc~sty con~rncncedto enquiro into this department, it nae
cli~c.ovorc~t1 t11:~ttlie f u r ~ l ~ rrrtJj.s cr Ilod been guilty of bribery and dishonest
1xnc.ticc.s. 111:tl~c>rcfebrc al~llc~i~ltctl, at the rectornmondation of near &ends,
Sl1:tilih ' i ~ l ) t l ~ ~ x r rto~ a ~t l~~ii s in:l~ortnnt offica. Tho lands which were
illen 11c+ld by Afgliii~tsmid Chuudris, were take11 away, and bwme
donlnin la1111s(lii~/f\llh),' n-11ilst nll othc~rst l ~ held t grants were referred to
tllc 811nilil1w110 c~l~c~liirc~tl into, and certified, thoir grants. Aftor some time
it was rcl~ort~~el that thoso who held grants, llnd not the lands in one and
the finlllo plncc, \vl~orcl-)y the n-eak n.11ose grounds lay near khdliqah lands or

Vide the 11otc nt t11c~cnricl of t h i ~Sin.

Thib ia the Iilcliau prunmci~tionfor the Arabic and Peraian k h d l i ~ a h .
near the j i i g h of Manqabdih, were expoaedto vexations, and were encroached
upon b y unprincipled men. Hie Majesty then ordered that they should get
lands on one spot, which they might choose. This order proved beneficial
for both partiea. The officers of the govornment, on receiving this order,
told off certain villages for this purpose : those who were weak were
proteded, and the encroachments of the unprincipled were put a stop to.
But when Time, according to his custom, commenced to tear the veil of
aecreb, rumours also regarding this (hdr ['Abdmabi] came to the ears of His
Majesty. An order was therefore given that all those who held more than
five hundred big'hahs should lay their farmcine personally before His
Majesty, and in default, should lose their lands. Ae, however, the practices
of these grant-holders did not come up to the wise counsek of His
Majesty, the order was passed, that the excess of all lands above one
hundred big'hahs, if left unspecified in the f a r m b , should be reduced to
two-fifths of it, three-fifths of the excess being annexed to the domain lands.
Irhi a n d T h b i women alone were excepted from this rule.
As it was reported that impudent, avaricious people used to leave
their old gmunda, and take possession of new places, it was ordered that
every one who should leave his place, should lose one-fourth of his lands
and receive a new grant.
Again, when His Majesty discovered that the Wlu were in the habit
of taking bribes from the grant-holders, he resolved, with the view of obtaining
God's favour, to place no further reliance on.these men [the €& ,s]i who wear
a turban as a s i p of respectability, but are bad at heart, and who wear long
sleeves, but fall short in senfie. H e examined into the whole matter, and dis-
missed all &is, except those who had been appointed during tho gadrehip of
6 ~ 1 t hKhwhjah. The P h i and Tbrhi women also were convicted of fraud,
and the order was passed that every excess of land above one hundred b i g ' h a b
held b y them, should be enquired into, whether it was correctly held or not.
During the Cadrehtp of 'Azaduddaulah [Mir Fathullah of Shil$z] the
following ordor was given :-If any one held a Sa+rghd together with a
partner, and the f a r m h contained no reference to the share possessed by
each partner, the qadr should, in the event of one of the partners dying,
~roceedwithout further enquiry to a division, the share of the deceased
partner lapsing to the Crown and remaining domain land, till the heirs
should personally apply to His Majesty. The new $kJr was at the same
time prevented from granting, without previous reference to His Majesty,
more than fifteen big'hahs.
On account of the general peace and security in the empire, the
grant-holders commenced to l8y out their land^ in gardona, and therohy
derived so much profit, that it tempted the greediness of the Government
officficm,who had certain notiontl of how muvh wm sufficient for SayilrghP-
holders, to demand revenue tnxetl ; but this displeased IIis Majesty, who
conunanded that such profita should not be interfered with.
Again, when it was found out that holders of one hundred big'hahe
and even less were guilty of bribery, the order waa given that Mir Fadr
Jah6n should bring these people before His Majesty ; and aftamarb it
naa determined that the gadr with the concurrence of the writer of this
work should either increase or decrease the granta. The rule now followed
is this, that all Say6rghsl land should consist of one-half of tilled land, and
of one-half of land capable of cultivation ; if the latter half be not so [i.e.,
if the whole be tilled land], one-fourth of the wholo should be taken away
and a new grant be issued for the remainder.
The revenue derived &om each big'hah varies in the several districte,
but is never leee than one rupee.
Hie Majesty, with the view of teaching wisdom and promoting true
piety, pays much attention to this department, and appointa dbinterasted
men aa Fadra of districts and gadr of the realm.

Note by tL fianaiator on th.e 9ndr.s of Akbar'a reign.

I n this #in--one of tho most interesting in the whole work-the
Chagatbi word snylirgh6l is translated by the Arabic ?tlarlnrZ ul ~nn'cish,
in Persian nznrlrrd i nm'hh, for which we often find in MSS. ttnndntl o
mn'hh. The latter term signifies ' mistance of livelihood,' and, like its
equivalent milk, or property, it denotes ln~uZ.~ girrn for berteroknt pur-
posca, as specified by Abulfazl. Such lands were hereditary, and differ
for this reason &om jdgir or tuyhl lands, which were conferred, for a
specified time, on M a n g a b d h in lieu of salaries.
This d i n proves that &bar considerably interfered with Suyrirghhl
lands, arbitrarily resuming whatever lands he liked, and increasing the
domain, or klrcilignh,' lands to the ruin of many a Muhammadan (AfghBn)
family. H e also completely broke the power of the Cndr, whose dignity,
especially before the Moghul dynasty, had been very great. It was the
Cndr, or as he was then generally styled, Cadr i JaMtz, whose edict
legalized the jrrlzis, or accession, of a new king. During the reign of Alibar
also, he runlied as the fourth officer of the empire ( t i & end of d i n 30).
Their power was immense. They were the highest law-officers, and had
the powers which Admhbtrators-General have among us ; they were in

Regarding the turning out of Al-

h~rngkd and M u d u d i nw'r*l holders, I vide Elliot's G ~ O R R Runder
y. 18.
~ Y , Altamghd
 charge of a l l lands devoted to ecclesiastical and benevolent purposes,
and p o d an almost unlimited authority of oonferring such lands
independently of the king. They were also the highest ecclesiastical
law-officera, and might exeroiee the powers of High Inquisitors. Thus
'Abdnnnabi, during hie Fdrship, ordered two men to be killed for
heresy (ride p. 177, 1. 4 &om below).
I n the times before the Moghule, the terms idrardt, ~cazhif,~uilk,
in'&& i dehha, in7&rni zaminhd, &c., ocour for the word sayurgl~dl(or
siytirgdi, or sughlirghdl, as some dictionaries spell it.)
Among the former kings, 'AlAuddin i Rhilji is notorious for the
h g a r d with which he cancelled the grants of former rulers. H e
resumed the greater part of the maa'd i nan'ciyfl tenures, and made them
domain lands. H e also lowered the dignity of the Cadr by appointing
his k e y h e r to this high offiae (Tdrikh i Firlizshahf, p. 353). Qutb-
nddin Mubhdcsh4h, however, during the four yeam and four months
of his reign, reinstated many whom 'Al4uddin had deprived (T. I?,
p. 382). Fir& ShAh is still more praised for hie liberality in conferring
lands (T. F., p. 558).
That Sher Shiih has often been accused by Moghul Historians for
h i ~bounty in oonferring lands, has been mentioned above (p. 256,
note) ; and thia may have been one of the reasons why Akbas shewed
such an unexpeoted severity towards the grant-holders of his time.
Each Ctihzh had a Cadr ijttc, or Provincial Cadr, who was under
the orders of the Chief 9d.r (Caclr i Jahdn, or Cadr i Kul, or Vadr i
$'rtdlrr).
As in every other depnrtment, bribery was extensively carried on
in the officea of the Fadrs. The land specified in the farmdn of a holder
rarely comsponded in extent to the land which he actually held ; or the
language of the farm& waa ambiguowly worded, to enable the holder
to take poeseseion of as much as he could, and keep it as long as he
b n i the Quafa and provincial Cudrs. Hence Akbar had every reason,
aRer repeated enquiries, to cancel grants oonferred by former rulers.
The religious views of the emperor (uuk p. 167), and the hatred
which he shewed to the 'UlamA, most of whom held lands, furnished
him with a personal, and therefore stronger, reason to resume their
grants, and drive them away to Bhalrkar in Sind, or to Bengal, the
climate of which, in those days, was as notorious as, in later days, that
of Gomlroon. After the fall of 'Abclunnali-a nlan whom Akbm uscd
once to honor by holding the slippers before his feet,-Sult;in Wwiijall,
a rnentbpr of the Dimne Faith, (wide p. 204) was appointed ss gadr ; and
the after him were so limited in conferring lan& independently
of Akbar, and had so few grants to look after, as to tempt B a d b n i to
indulge in sarcastical remaxks. The following were Akbar's Qadrs:-
1. Shaikh Gad$, a Shi'ah, appointed a t the recommendation
of B a i r h KhAn, till 968.
2. Khwhjah Muhammad CBlih, till 971.
3. Shaikh 'Abdunnabi, till 986.
4. Sulthn KhwBjah, till his death in 993.
5. Amir Fathullah of S h i , till 997.
6. Qa& Jahiin, whose name coincides with the title of his
office.
Abulfazl also mentions a Cadr MaulAni5 'Abdul BBqi ; but I do
not know when he held office.
I extract a few short passages &om Badboni.
Page 29. Sliaikh Gadhi cancelled the iVhdnd i mn'Lh lands, and took
away the legacies1of the Kh&ntddaAa (rifghkns), and gave a Say6rgh6l to any
one that ~ o u l dbear up ~ t humiliating
h treatment, but not otherwise.
Nevertheless, in comparison with the prosent tirqe, when obstacles are
raised to the possession of every jarlb of ground, nay, even less, you may
call the Shaikh an 'Alambakhh (one who gives am-ay a world).
Page 52. After Shaikh QndBi, Iolhjagi Muhammad C&lih was, in 968,
appointed C a d r ;but he did not possess such extensive powers in conferring
lands as 91~adadi i~la'bh,because he was dependent on the Dimins.
Paga 71. In 972, or perhaps more correctly in 971, Shaikh 'Abdunnabi
was made gadr. In giving away lands, he was to consult Muzdtlr K h h ,
at that time Vnzfr and Vakil. But soon after, the Shaikh acquired such
absolute powers, that he conferred on deserving people whole worlds of
subsistence allowances, lands, and pensions, so much so that if you place the
granta of all former kings of Hindfistin in ono scale, and those of the
Shaikh into the other, his scale would weigh more. But several years
later the scale went up, aa it had been under former king, and matters
took an adverse turn.
Page 204. In 983, His Majesty gave the order that the Aimaha of the
whole empire should not be let off by the krorb of each Perganah, unless
they brought the farmtins in which their grants, subsistence allowances,
and pensions were described, to the Qadr for inspection and verification.
For this reason, a large numbor of worthy people, from the eastern districts

' Auqdf. Thc text of Bndironi has wrongly auqdt. For bdr read bdrcth.
 up to Bhakkar on the Indus, came to Court. If any of .them had a powerful
protector in one of the grandees or near friends of His Majesty, he could
manage to have his affair settled ; but those who were destitute of such
recommendations, had to bribe Sayyid 'Abdurraalil, the Shaikh's head man,
or make presents to his farrbshes, d a r b h s (porters), syces (grooms), and
mehtem (sweepers), ' in order to get their blanket out of the mire.' Unless,
however, they had either strong recommendations, or had recourse to
bribery, they were utterly ruined. Many of the Aimaha, without obtaining
their object, died from the heat caused by the crowding of the multitudes.
Though a report of this came to the e m of His Majesty, no one dared to
take these unfortunate people before the emperor. And vhen the Shaikh,
in a l l his pride and haughtiness, sat upon his m n a d (cushion), and
influential grandees introduced to him, in his ofice, scientific or pioua men,
tho Shaikh received them in his filthy way, paid respect to no one,' and
after much asking, begging, and exaggerating, he allowed, for example, a
teacher of the Hiddyah (a book on law) and other college books 100 Big'hahs,
more or less ; and though such a man might have been for a long time in
potseesion of more extensive lands, the Shaikh took them away. But to men
of no renown, to low fellows, even to Hindus, he gave primitive lands as markss
of personal favor. Hence science and scientific men fell in estimation.* *
-4t no time had a Cadr, for 80 long a time, exercised more tyranical powers.
The fats of Abdunnabi has been related above. &bar gave him
money for the poor of Makkah, and sent him on a pilgrimage. W h e n he
came back, h e was called to account for the money, was p u t in prison,
'
and murdered by some scoundrel' in 002.
The n e s t qudr was Sultrin Khwbjah. Mnttere relating to S ~ y h -
ghila now took a very different course. Akbar hall rejected the Islhm, and
the new Cnclr, who had just returned from Makkah,%ecome a member
of the Dirine Faith. The systematic persecution of the learned and the
lawyers h a d oommenced, and His Majesty enquired personally into all
p t a (ride p. 189, lllst para.). The lands were now stendily with-
drawn, a n d according to Badboni, who had managed to get 1000

U n l says that even in the State Min.6 'Aziz Kokah. I n fact, several
WL when before the time of prnyer he examples are on record that devout
r u l ~ e dhis hands and feet, he took care pilgrims returned so disappointed and
to cpirt water on the grandeee standing ' fleeced' from Makkah as to aclsume a
war him. hostile position to the Isllm. Thcre is a
' For batafia7 in the text (p. 206), proverb current in the Emt, Al-shaitdn
one MS. of Btulbni rr.da ~ m i iniltiddi $-lkc~mrnain, 'The Devil dwells in Mak-
bttrfazzul az khiid mmiddd. kah and Madiuah.'
' The same happued R f t f r w d to
35
big'hahs, at first to tho groat disgust of 'Abdunnnbi, many a Muham-
madan family was impoverished or utterly ruined.
I n 903, Fathullah of Shi& (%.lie p. 38) was appointed qadr. Be
the Srrylirghdl duties, and with them the dignity of the Cdr, had
dwindled down to pothing, Fathullah, though Farlr, could be spared for
missions to the Dak'hin, Bad. p. 343.
" His ShirLi servant Abmcil officiated for him during his absence, and
looked after these lacklands of Aimahdh,' who had a few spots here ahd
there ; for the dignity of the Cadr had approached its knmlfl (perfection).
Fathullah had not even the power of conferring five big'hahs : in fact he
was an imaginary Fadr, as all lands had been withdrawn. And yet, the
lands which had been withdrawn became the dwelling-places of wild
animals, and thus belonged neither to the Akmahddr8, nor to farmers.
Rowever, of all these oppressions, there is at least a record left in tho
books of the Cndr, though of the office of the gadr the name only is left.
Pays 368. Fathullah [the Cadr himself] laid before His Majesty a bag
containing the sum of Rs. 1,000, which his collector by means of oppression,
or under the pretext that an Aimahdh was not forthcoming or dead, had
squeezed out of tho widows and unfortunate orphans of the Parganah of
B d w a r [which waa his j6gigi1-1,and said, 'lMy collectors have this much
collected from the Aimahda'rs aa a kfdyat (i. a. because the collectors thought
the Sky.ybrgh&l holders had more than eu$inent to live upon)." But the
emperor allowed him to keep the sum for himself.
Tlie next Cadr, $adr Jahh, was a member of the Divine Faith.
Though appointed Cndr immediately after the death of Fathullah,
Badiioni continues calling him iUtijti i naa,ndlik i mahrhah, the Mufti of
tho empire, which had been his title before. Perhaps it was no longer
necessary to have a separate officer for the Fadrship. Vadr J a h h
continued to serve under JahBngir.
A groat portion of the SayGrgh61 lands is specified by Abulfazl in
the geogrnphiml tables of the Third Book.

Maq!ti'ulardzi, a pun renihiding of

!a' (past part. IV), one on whom
I who hold a Suyu'rghril.
Regarding the punishments which
Gart.~have
R b a n conferred, and nugfi'
act. IV) one who confen lands.
gping were subject to, *ids
lliot's Index, p. 253, note, of which,
b serve that Bad6onf uses the word however, the fimt para. ought to bo
aimah not only in the plum1 sense of expunged as uuhistoncal.
aimuhddrs, but as nn equivalent of tho88
 Am 20.
ON T H E CrlRRLIGES, &c., INVENTED BY H I S MAJESTY.
EIia Majesty has invented an extraordinary carriage, which hm proved
a source of much comfort for various people. When this carriage is used
Lr travelling, or for carrying loads, it may be employed for grinding corn.'
His Majesty also invented a large cart, which is drawn by one elephant.
It is made sufficiently large so as to hold several bath-rooms, and thus
=mas as a travelling bath. It is also easily d r a m by cattle.
Cameb and horses also are used for pulling carriages, and thus
contribute to the conifort of mankind. Finely built carriages are called
w a s ;if used on even ground, several may sit together and travol on.
Water wheels and crtrts have also been so constructed, that water may
be futched from far, low places. Two oxen may pull lour euch wheels at the
same time, or one ox two.
Another nuwhine exists which conveys nntor from a well, and rl~oves
at tho same time a millstone.

Am 21.
THE TEN SER TAX (DAHSEZZI').
E a Majesty takes h m each big'hah of tilled land ten Aers of grain
as a royalty. Etorehouses have been constructed in every district. They
supply the animals belonging to the State with food, which is never bought
in the b t k h . These stores prove at the same time of great use for the
people; fur poor cultivators may receive grain for sowing purposes, or
people ruay buy cheap grain at the tinie of famines. But the stores nre
only wed to supply necessities. They are also used for benevolent purposes ;
for His Majesty has established in his empire many housesa for the poor,
where indigent people may get something to eat. He also appoints
everywhere experioncud people to look after these store-houses, and sclucts
for this purpose active Dbug&s and clever writers, who wntch the receipts
and charges.

' This waa, according to Nizilm's Also a wheel, which elenned at once
Tabaqit. an invention of Fathullah of twelve barrels." The last rnentio~~ed
wheel
air&(vide p. 38, note). NizBm says, alno i n awribed by Abulfazl to &bar ;
" lie conatruct~da millstone which was vide Rook I. Kin 38, p. 115.
placed on a cart. I t turned itself and Regarding English carriages (rat'h
mund corn. He also invented a looking- i an.p-ezi) brought to India under Jalibn-
~ b which,
a whether seen near or at a dis- glr, vide Tuzuk pp. 167, 168.
bee, showed all sorts of curious figures. a Vide pp. 200 and 201.
 Am 22.
ON FEASTS.
His Majesty enquires into the excellent customs of past ages, and
without looking to the men of the past in particular, he takes up that
which is proper, though he hare to pay a high price for it. H e bestows
his fostering care upen men of various classes, and seeks for occasions to
make presents. Thus, when His Majesty was informed of the feasts of
the Jamsheds, and the festivuls of the PBrsi priests, he adopted them, and
used then1 as opportunities of conferring benefits. The following are the
most important feasts. 1. Th Nno Year's duy feat.' I t commences on
the day when the Sun in his splendour moves to Aries, and lash till the
nineteenth day of the month [Farwardin]. ! h o days of this period are
considered great festivals, when much money and numerous other things
are given away as presents : the first day of the month of Farwardin, and
the nineteenth, which is the time of the Sharnf. Again, His Majesty
followed the custom of the ancient PBrsis, who held banquets on those
days the names of which coincided with the name of a month.s he follon-ing
are the days which have the same name as a month : 19th Farwardin ;
3rd Urdibihisht ; 6th KhGrdBd ; 13th Tir ; 7th AmurdBd ; 4th Shahriwar ;
16th Mihr ; loth AbBn ; 9th Azar ; Bth, 15th, 23rd, Dai : 2nd Bahman ;
5th IsfandSsmuz. Feasts, are actually and ideally, held on each of these days.
People in their happiness raise the strain of inward joy. In the beginning
of each pahr the nnqqdrnha (ride p. 5 1 , 1. 1.) are beaten, when the singers
and musicians f d in. On the first of the above feasts coloured lamps are
used for three nights : on the second for one night, and the joy is genord.
I have given a few particulnrs in the fimt Book (Ain 18).

#IT 23.
T H E KHUSHROZ OR DAY OF FANCY BAZARS.
On the third feast-day of every month, His Majesty holda a large assembly
for the purpose of enquiring into the many wonderful thingsfound in this world.
The merchants of the age are eager to attend, and lay out articles from all
countries. The people of His Majesty's Harem come, and the women of
other men also are invited, and buying and selling is quite goneral. Hie
Majusty uses such days to select any articles which he wishes to buy, or to

' Badbni genern!I calls this day

I
eighth month (October-November): but
A7an,7iz iJulJli; vldZI .1X3, note 2. the tenth day also of every month hnd
* Thus Albcin wat~ t i e uarne of the the s m e name.
fix the price of things, and thus add to his knowledge. Tho snrrnts of tho
empire, the character of the people, the good and bad qualities of ench
office and workshop, will then appear. His Majesty gives to such days
the name of Khushrtia, or the joyful day, as they are a source of much
enjoyment.
After the Fancy b W s for women, bbAra for the men are held. Merchants
of all countries then sell their wares. His Majesty matches the transactions,
and such as are admitted to Court indulge in the pleasure of buying. Brizh
people, on such occasions, may lay their grievances before His Majesty,
without being preveded by the mace-bearers, and may use the opportunity
of laying out their stores, in order to explain their circumstances. For those
who are good, the dawn of success rises, whilst wicked bBzh people are called
to account.
His Majesty has appointed for this purpose a separate treasurer and an
accountant, so that the sellers may get paid without delay. The profit
made by tradesmen on such occasions is very great.'

#l'N 24.
REGULATIONS REGARDING MARRIAGES.
Every care bestowed upon this wonderful tie betweon men is a means
of preserving the stability of the h u m race, and ensuring the progress
of the world ; it is a preventive against the outbreak of evil passions, and
leads to the establishment of homes. Hence His Majesty, inasmuch as
he is benign, watches over great and small, and imbues men with his
notions of the spiritual union and the equality of essence which he sees in
marriage. H e abhors marriages which take place between nlan and woman
before the age of puberty. They bring forth no fruit, and His Majesty
thinks them even hurtful ; for afterwards, when such a couple ripens into
manhood, they dislike having connexion, and their home is desolate.
Here in India, where a man cannot see the woman to whom ho is
betrothed, there are peculiar obstacles ; but His Majosty ~llaintai~ls that the
consent of the bride and bridegroom, and the perrnistrion of the parents,
are absolutely necessary in marriage contracts
Marriage between near relations His Majesty thinks highly improper.
H e says, '' The fact that, in ancient times (?) even, a girl was not given to her
twin brother, ought to silence those who are fond of historical proofs.
Uarriage between &st cousins, however, does not strike the bigoted
-
Regding theso F a ~ ~ cb8zh-13,
y vide a h v e Badbni's remarks on p. 'UM,1. 4

.
 fnlloncrs of hrlthnnlnlntl's rcdigion ;IS \\.ra~np; f i ) ~ thr . l ) c g i ~ i n i ~of
i g n n:ligion
r ~ ~ s c l ~ ~inl t,llis~ l ~ rc~g;ilrl,
~s, thc I ~ c f i ~ i ~ ~of' r l thc
i ~ l g~:rc:atio~iof n i a ~ ~ k i ~ ~ d . "
n i s 31;1j,>sty11is:11)1row1sof high tlon.ric!s: for a s thcy m o rnrc.1~ever paid,
tllcay i1rC lllcrc slinlli ; but h(! il(1111itsthilt th(! fixing of high do\$-rics is a pn-
vcntivc! i ~ g a i l ~rash s t dirorc:i\s. Nor t10c.s IIis hf;~jvsty:~l)lwoveof ererg one
rnltrrryil~grllorr tlltrn on(*\\-if(!; for t l ~ i sruins ;L I I ~ I I I I ' SIlc.:iltli, ant1 clisturhs the
1w:iI.e of tllc Iiomc. I I c ct:llsllres old \vonlcn that take y o u ~ ~ h~lshantls,
g nnll
hays that doing so is : ~ g : ~ i nall s t motl(1sty.
I I c has also a l ) l ) c ~ i ~ l ttwo ~ v l sol~car and sc~naiblu mcrn, oriu of whom
r ~ l i l ~ ~ i ric~l ~ c ) c i r c , ~ ~ ~ n s t : ~oi~ ltho
s ttllc: i ~ t .l~ridcgroolli,
s ; L I I ~ tho other illto those

of tliu l)ritlo. Tl~eht:t\ro trffivc~rshavc tho title of n i i l r g i , o r nlasteraoi

~ilnrringcs. I n nuiny c.as1.3, thc (lutiea are perfor~ned1)y olle mid t110 same
officer. IIia ;lf:i.jc.ty nl*o t;ilicbs a tax from both l ) a r t i e ~ to , chnnble them to
811e1r tlltlir gnltitutlo. Thtt 1);1yllic11tof this tax is 1ookc:d upon a s nu~picious.
Alanc;nl)tl6rs c o ~ ~ n ~ l n ~ lfrom t l i ~ i five
g to one t I l ( ) ~ ~ s apay ~ ~ d1,0 NUhurs; do.
fro111 orio thousarld to five li~uitlred,4 X.; (lo. to Cor~imandera of uno
I l ~ ~ ~ ~ d 2r cJL d , ; do. to Co111111:1nder~of forty, 1 Jf. ; do. to Commantlers of
t ~ n 4, X. Tlic latter fcc is also paid by rich pco1)le. T11e middle clnsse~
1):~y1 R., a l ~ t lC O I ~ I I ~ O I 1)coplo
I 1 d d ) ~ ~ . ' I n clcnlilnding this tus, the oifificers
11;rvc: to pily regard to t l ~ t c~ircc~imstant!c~s
, of tlic, fatlior OI the bride.

AI'N 25.
REGTTT,ATIONS REC.IRDINQ EDUCATION.
I n every colilltry, Init '\l)ecaially in TIi~ldilrtAn,l ~ o y sa r e kept for
ycars a t scho111, nIicre they learn tlio co~l\on:u~t*arid vowols. A great
portion of t h e lifo of tllc stlldcrits i\ ~ a i t c t l1)y nli~kingthe111 read mauy
1)o~Iis. I I i s RInjc5ty ordcrs tllnt c3vcrys t l ~ o o 1)oy
l h l ~ ~ u lfir*t
d learn to write
tliu letters of tllc, .\ll)l~;il)c.t, t ~ n da110 1e:irn to tracc tlittir scverlil forms.'
Hu oligl~tto lonrn tlu, \ll:ll)o a11t1uallio of eiic 11 letter, nhivh nlny be done
in t ~ cln-9,
o tlic, 1)oy should l~rocc,cxtl to I\ ritv tlic- joi~lt.ilI(.tteru. They
I\ 11~~11
nlny bo 1)r:ic t l\c.rl For a \vc~c~k,trftcr n h i ~ l thol Loy sllould 1rrir11sorue prose
;unrl po(xtry 1)y Ilo:irt, : L I I ~~ ~ I I ( ~ownlit
I I eome varsuq to tlie praise
to 111~11iory
of God, o r ~ n o r a lscantc.i~tc\.i,e:tch n-ritton scpnratcJy. Care is to b e taken

' " Tllr sons and tlarlyhtcrs of colnmon had, especiitlly the pro lc of the kotwil,
pcfiol~lrwcert: not :~llowt~il to ln:lrry, u ~ i l ~ ~ s s ;r~irl the klrdnli i k a b l (P), their
tlrryc.nme to tile offic~rof'tl~c kot\v:il, :~nd othcsr low assistants outside." Bad. n,
Tv\.rrtastarc-d:it by tllr kot\\~61'~ Inen, wllo 11. 3'31. rick alao Third h k , %u 5.
hilt1 to take clown tllc~irrt,sl~ccti\-e:~fic,s ; Boys in the East ~c.nersllylenrn to
it11(1you 111:i-j~ I I I : I Z ~1vI1:~t
II~ ;~~IV:LII~;L~I!S write 1)y running tliclr pens over the
aud h e opportunities tLc ofiiccrs thus charl~ctcrjof the col~yslips(pi!'&).
 that he learns to undemtand everything himself ; but the teacher may rtssist
him a little. He then ought for some time be daily practised in writing
a hemistich or a verse, and will soon acquire a current hand. The
&her ought especially to look after five things : knowlodge of the letters ;
meanings of words ; the hemistich ; the verse ; the former lesson. If this
method of teaching be adopted, a boy will learn in a month, or even in a
b y , what it took others years to understand, so much so that people mill
get quite astonished. Every boy ought to read books on morale, arithmetic,
the notation pec~diarto arithmetic, agriculture, mensuration, geometry,
astronomy, physiognomy, household matters, the rules of government,
medicine, logic, the tab?/, riyciai, and ildki, sciences,' and history ; dl of
which may be gradually acquired.
In studying Sanscrit, students ought to learn the Bayagaran, Niyii,
Bedanta, and Pbtanjal. No one should be allowed to neglect those things
rhich the present time requires.
These regulations shed a new light on schoole, m d cast a bright
lmtm over Mhasnhs.

Al'N 26.
T H E AI)MIRAL!I!Y.
This department is of great use for the succ~essfuloporations of the
army, and for the benefit of the country in general ; it furnishes means of
obtaining things of value, provides for agriculture, and His Majesty's
hourrehold. His Majesty, in fostering this source of power, keeps four
objects in view, and looks upon promoting the efficiency of this department
aa an R C of
~ di~<ne worship.
Firat.-The fitting out of strong boats, capable of carrying elephants.
b e are made in such a manner as to be of use in sieges and for the conquest
of strong forts. Experienced officers look upon ships as if they were houses
and dromedaries, and use them as excellent means of conquest. So especially
in Turkey, Zanzibar, and Europe. I n every part of His Majesty's ernljire,
ahip aro numerous; but in Bengal, Kashmir, and T'hat'hah (Sind)
they are the pivot of all commerce. His Majesty had the sterns of
the h a t e made in shape of wonderful animals, and thus combines
terror with amusement. Turrets and pleasing kiosks, markets, and
beautiful flou-er-beds, have likewiso been constructed on the rivers. Along

' This in the three-fold division of quantity, and comprise mathematics,

&mn. Ildha', or divine, sciences com- aytronomy, music. mechanics. Tub/'{
thing connected with tl~co- wicr~cencomprehend ph uical science^.
%$Xe m w n ot'aqoiring a know- Some dictlonnries calf thc Iwt class of
scienmv {aba'i, instead of lab/'/.
ledge of Gal. Biy&i eciencn, treat of
t11c c.o:l.;t.; oi the. of.rnll, ill t 1 1 ~~ r ~ s15:1<t, t , nnd nontl~of Ti~tlia.1:n.g~ships nrr
l)l~ili,1vl1ic.11ilrls s ~ ~ i t i ~i61r l r lv~~~, y n y ~ s TIIc!
. hnr1)ours l ~ a v c1 ) t . c ~1>11tinto
csc~c~l11.11t c . o l ~ c l i t i ~rlr~tl
~ ~ ~thc , c ~ r l , ~ ~ ~ ~ of i c ~sc.mncn
i ~ i ~ c ! has mi1c.11 iriipror~d.
I,:~rge s h i l ~:ntt 211.0 l ~ u i l t:it Il&l~'il~iiq n r ~ dLBhor, and aro then sc>ntto the
c20:ist. 111 I < n s l ~ n ~ inr ,111o111~1 of :I sllil) n-11s ni:~tlc\rhic.h was mucll ndn~irect.
S'!~rr,tirl/!/.--T~~n l ) i ) r ] i ~c~fti r l ~ i . r i ~ f i ~st~:u~ic'n,
~ c ~ . ~ l acquainted with t h e titlee,
t11c cl1.11tl1.;oi th~:o14csnn,tlltl t i ~ u o\\-litan t l ~ t ?sclvi~ralwintls l)low, nnd thcir
:itlv;u~t:t;r~~s :III(Iciis:~~lvnl~tng~~s. T111.y I I I I I ~l)o ~ inn~ililirwith shdlo\vs and

11:tnks. I h ~ h i ~ l n~ ~sc,:lnl:nl s, n ~ n s t l ~ r1l:tlr m ~ dstrong, a good sninlmer,

kintl htvrrtct~l,lit~rcln.orl;i~~r, (,:11):t1111, of I)~:lri~lfi filtigl~t?,patient ; in fact he
I I I I I S ~ l)os.;(+s ::I1 ~ I J I 1~11:11iiii\q.
J ~ ~ r t mofl l ~111.11(,lulra~~toren11 or11-y 110 found
aftcar 111111.11trotll)l~~.T I I I l~) ~ , sSt~ - : I I : I I > I I c~)111c~ fro11111:~lil)Br(11nlnl):1r).
BO:L~III(,II nisi) 11ri11g1111'11 :111cl t11c:ir t h i i ~ g sfrom one side of t h e river to
thct ot111.r.
T l ~ o11l111111i~r of s:lilors ill n s l ~ i lv;r:.i~,s ) : ~ r ' i . r ~ r t lto
i ~t110
~ g size of tho vessel.
111 larg~bh11il)s tl~t!rc::II.,- :;\-.~1v1~ i:I;~.si~.;. 1. T11e ,\;ikl~tcrla', or owner of the
hJiil,. 'l.I~is\\.or11 is evit11.11tlyI L til~ol.tit1r111of ,'\T,irl;hti(/ci. EIc fixes t h e COW
oi t l ~ os l ~ i p . 2. Thn illt~'crl/i'~/t, or C't~l)tnir~.IIe n111st 1)e nrquaiutod with
t l ~ ~1lt,l)t11s
k a ~ ~t ht el s!i:11101\- I I ~ ; I I ~ of I ~ St110 o c . c i ~ nr~tl
~ ~ , must know astronomy.
It is 111, \\-]lo gr~itlcstllc~.<hil)to 11(1r d ~ a s t i n i ~ t :111il i ~ ~ lprevents
~, h e r from falling
illto 11;111g1srs.3. Tlits '17r~,ttlif,or c.11ic~foi thu l.hn/ciyix, o r sailors. Sailors,
in ~ O : ~ I I I ~ Ilnr~g~lilgc~,
I'S i1i.1. c,illlt,il khcc/tiyLs or k / f l i ~ l ~ ' ~ k4. 6 . The ,ydkuda'-
kjrcishtr6. 110 sul)l)lic~s tile l ~ i t ~ v x ~ ~\\.it11g t L rlire\\-ood
s ~ I Istraw,
J a n d as5ists
11I I 1 1 1 t l i 1 1I g o . 5 . TIIO Sn/.lrc~)ig,o r mate, sul)crinten&s
tllij t111c.:ti11; :111tl 1:11ltlit1g of tho s11il1, :11ic1 oiton nets for tho ilhd'allim.
6. T l ~ cIll~cc,~rl~iri 11;1st111, 1.11iirg1~ of t l ~ ustort's. 7. Tho h-(trrcinil is a miter
\v110 kc.r.1~~ the acc111n1t.iof t11c: sl~il),arid stsrvc:s out water to tho passengers.
8 . 'L'l~u S~tl~X~ult!/ir, or 11~11111s111:111. IIc s t ~ ~tho r s ship ac.c:ording to t h e orders
of t!~c-llrl'ctl/i~~l. S ~ ) I Is11il)s ~ I : (.:lrrx s ( ( v ~ . rILC~~IIISIU~II,
~l b u t never more than
tn-cr~tg. 9. T l ~ I'cr~,jtrr.i c looks out S ~ I J tI I l~ tol) ~ of ~ t h e nit~st,and gives notice
\vl1c811 11o sccas laud, o r IL shill, o r IL c o u ~ i ~ l~gt o r m kc. , 10. Tho Guarnli
I)elt~~lg': to t l ~ ccli~ss~ ) khtr/d!,is.
i I I e tl~ro\vsout t l ~ ew t ~ t e rwhic.11 huslenked
t l l r o ~ l g ltl114
~ s l ~ i l 11. ~ Tho Ybpnt~rlci;, o r gilllncr, is rociuirud i n naval fighta;
tllc~ir1luni1)er tlul~c~ttls on tllc sizo of tl~cbh l l i l ~ . 1'3. Tllca Ji/tcirrc.ah, o r cvlnunon
~;lilor. T11c.y s12t ~ r ~ f11r1 t l tllc s:~ils. 8o11lc. of tl1t2111 perform the d u 9 0 f
divers, mltl ctol) le:iks, or ect tlio rnic,hor frco \\-hen it sticks fast, l'he
nmour~t,of thciir ~ v i i g evnri~hs, ~ nil11 (ii~1)entlson the voyage, or klisk, as w a e n
c d l it. I n tllc! 11urt)our of *?'rityrigtc.(JIilghli) u 11-dkkrutci gutu 400 R. ; bcsidw
 he ie allowed four maltkh, or cabins, which he fi with wares for hie own
profit. Every ship is divided into several divisions, for the acoommodation
of passengers and the stowage of goods, each of the divisions being called a
nulikh. The Mu'dlim gets 200 R. and two malikh ;the TandU, 120R.; the
X m d n i , 50 R. and one malikh ; the N i h d k?d, SO R.; the Sarhang,
25 R. ; the Sukkdngir, Pdnjarf and B h a d r i , each 15 R. ; each ghtirwah, or
common sailor, 40 R., and his daily food in addition ; the Degandifa, or
gunner, 12 2.
In Eambhdyat (Cambay), a NdHhudd gets 800 R.,and the other men in
the Bame proportion.
Zn L d M , a n8khud6 gets 300 R.,and the rest in proportion.
In d d i n he gets half as much again 8s in southern harbours; in
Portugal, two and a half as much again ; and in Malacca, twice as much
again. I n P e p , and Dahnasari, he geta half as much again as in Cambay.
All these ratasvary according to the place and the length of the voyage.
But it would take me too long to give more detaila.
Boatmen on rivers have wages varying from 100 to 500 d.per m e m .
Thirdly, an experienced man has been appointed to look after the
rivere. H e must be an imposing and fearless man, must have a loud voice,
must be capable of bearing fatigue, active, zealous, kind, fond of travelling,
a good swimmer. As he possesses experience, he settles every difficulty
ah,ich arises regarding fords, and takes care that euch places are not
overcrowded, or too narrow, or very uneven, or full of mud. H e regulates
the number of passengers which a ferry may carry ; he must not allow
travellem to be delayed, and sees that poor people are passed over gratlb.
He ought not to allow people to swim across, or wares to be deposited
anywhere else but at fording places. He should also prevent people from
crossing at night, unless in cases of necessity.
Fmcrthly, the remission of duties. His Majesty, in his mercy, has
remitted many to&, though the income derived from them equalled the
revenue of a whole country. H e only wishes that boatmen should get their
wages. The state takes certain tnres in harbour places ; but they never
exceed two and a half per cent., which is so little compared with the taxea
formerly levied, that merchants look up011 harbour taxes as totally remittud.
The following sum8 are levied as river tolls. For every boat, 1 R . pm
km at the rate of 1000 nzana, provided tho boat and the men belong to one
and the same o h e r . But if tho boat helonge to another man and everything
in the boat to the man who has Iked it, the tax is 1 R. for every 2& h a . At
ferry places, an elephant has to pay 10 d. for crossing ; a laden cart, 4 d. ;
do. empty, 2 d. ; a laden camel, 1 d. ; empty camels, horses, cattle with
+
their things, d. ; do, empty, 4 d. Other bewta of burden pay d., which
36
1tl1111t I I I I I I . 'l'\vt.~~ty11c:1qd(!pay 1 d . for crossing:
but t111.ya n br~ttt~11 tak011!/rotis.
T11t: rrJr is tllnt orlo-half or o~le-thirdof tho tolls t h l ~ rcollectt~dgo to
t111,I';t;~tc~
(tho o t l ~ c rIinlf' gocss to tl1c5 boalliicli).
Xl(~rc-lli~uts:ire thcrc:forc \v(.ll trc,i~tcstl, n~ltlthe n r t i c . 1 of
~ ~foreign c~oumtricu
arc: i11q~)rtc:tlill 1:irgt~clu:l~~titic's.

Ku~)erfici:~l,n-c,l.i,llg ol)st.rvcrs seo in killing 1x11 animal a sort of

l)lc~asurc,a~itlill th(sir i;:lor:~llc.e stritlo :ll)out, a3 if ~ ( ~ I I R C ~ C S on R , the field of

their pnssio~is. IIut tl1.151) c'r~c~lrircrs sco in 11lintilig u 11iea11sof atq~iisitionof

kno\\*lctlgo, :mtl tiic tc~lillrlcuf tllc:ir \vc~rslliptlt:rivcs fi-om it a ~ ~ c c u l ilustre. ar
Tliiv is tlie cast. n-it11 l l i s lr:~j*..ty. I l k . al\~-t~ys 11lukc.shunting a meam of
i ~ i c r e a s i ~his
~ g k ~ ~ t ~ w l t ~t~11d
~ l g l)cri(l~s,
c, uscs hunt,ing parties as occasions to
enquire, \vitllout I l a v i ~ ~first g givcri rlotic.o of his conling, into tho condition
of tho 1)col)lc1111(1tho arniy. Ilo trr~vclsr')~c~ogrrito, and cstiniinos into matters
referring to tasntion, or to Sccyrityltdl lands, or to aff'uirs connected with the
hou~solioltl. 110 lifts up buc~li11s aro ol~l)rc~s~ud, ant1 p~lnishcstho o1)presom.
On nccoriut of tl~c~sc 11iglic.rr t ~ ~ s uIIis i ~ s Rlt~jestyindulges in the chase, and
~;Iie~vs liiil'i~lf'quite ~1it1111our~~d oi it. Sliort-sighted and shdltxv olsemers
think that IIis Nrijc~sty 11as no othcr ol~jectin view but hunting; but the
wise and esl~crio~l(c.cl kllon tlint lie 1111rs11c~s llighc~rni~lis.
\Vlien His AI:tj(.hty htdrth on n l l l ~ ~ i t i npg~ ~ r t yuctiro , QurBtcnk [men
en11)loyed by tho N i r rSi(~Ait., or blaster of Huntiug] surround tho hunting
gl.ou11t1, tho Qlcr (11. 110) rc.mnining at n distance of about fire kos Gom it.
Nchar tllt. Qlcr, the p:~~itlcc:, nnd ot111.rpeople await tho urrival of His Majesty.
Tllo nicalinlio loob after tllo things bit donn ancl watch. About a yard
behilid tl~rillthe J I i r lizctl. st:llids ready for hcrvico, and about a koe and
ono-llalf bt'l~i~l(l tllenl st:lll(l \onlo of tlic I-lrr'dtnntiy!/crlk (1). 325) and other
scrvnllts of His 11:lj~sty. The KhicOtrrrtt>/ycch aro told off to watch at that
placo. ilt ul~o~it, tllo ~ : I I U C ( l i b t i l ~ i ~there
~, ,stands a vigilant officer with
sonio of Uib 1 I i 1 j c ~ ~ tS~C '' Ts V ~ I I ~ ~ YIT(, . ntli nliccs very slowly, and guard8 the

lwivntc huritillg groun(1. Uehilid t11t~u1 on csl)ericnced officer is stationed

to blll)C!~illt(~lld tho \ \ h o l ~ . ~ e v e r : ~r1011r l fit'rvants of Hi5 &Injcsty have
ndmission to tlGq place ; but generally only s u d aro d o w e d to come as are
rcquircd to rc~idcrsrrvic~e*at tlio clinso.
Whon a certliin cLista~lco has beon pnsscd over, His Majesty selects a
few to accompwy him, and then mo-iuu on ; and after having gone over
another clistuncc, 110 g c ~ l e r d ygoos alone, or trccompmiatl by one or two.
'Ciaen the hour of rest comes, both parties which had beell left behind,
again join His Majesty.
As I have stated the views of His Majesty regarding the chase, aud
have written down some remarks on the arrangements which are made during
hunting partios, I shall give a few particulars as to tho several modes of
chasing, and tho wonderful contrivances which people have recourse to.

1. Tiger hunting.
They make a large cage, and having fastened it (on the ground) with
strong iron ties, they put it in places frequented by tigers. The door is left
open ; but it is arranged in such a manner that the slightest shaking will
cause it to close. Within the cage they put a goat, whicbh is protected by a
screen so constructed that the tiger can see the goat, but not get hold of it.
Hunger will lead the tiger to the cage. As ~ o o nas he enters, he is caught.
Another method. They put a poisoned arrow on a bow, painted green,
in mch a manner that a slight movement will cause the arrow to go off.
The bow is hung upon a tree, and when the tiger passes, and shakes it a
little, the arrow will hit the animal and kill it.
Another n ~ t l w d .They tie a sheep to a place in a road frequented by tigers,
putting round about the sheep on the ground small stalks of hay covered
with glue. The tiger comes rushing forward, and geta his claws full of the
glue. The more he tries to get rid of it, the more will the glue stick to his
feet, and when he is quite senseless and exhausted, the hunters come from
the ambush and kill him. Or they catch him alive, and tame him.
His Majesty, from his straightforwardness, dislikes having recourse
to such tricks, and prefers with bows or matchlocks openly to attack this
brute, which destroys so many lives.
Another nrethod. An intrepid experienced hunter gets on the back of a
male buffalo, and makes it attack the tiger. The buEulo will quickly get
hold of the tiger with its horns, and fling him violently upwards, so that
he dies. I t is impossible to describe the excitement of this maunor of
hunting the tiger. One does not know what to admire more, the courage of
the rider, or his skill in sttrnding firm on the slippery back of the buffalo.
One day, notice waa given that a man-eating tiger had made i t
appearance in the district of Bhi. His Majesty got on the elephant Ncilrir
hXn,and went into the jungle. The bruts was stirred up ; and striking ita
claws into the forehead of the elephant, it pulled the h o d of tho animal
to the ground, when the tiger was killed by the men. This occurrence
aatoniahed the most i~ltrcpidand experiencod hunters.
On anothor occasion, His Majesty hlllltml near Toduh. The tiger had
stretchetl one of the party to the ground. Hia Majesty aimed a t the brute,
killed it, and thus saved the life of the man.
Once during a qamargkh' chase, a large tiger was stirred up. The
animal attacked His Majwty, when he shot it in time through the head,
and killed it.
Once a tiger struck his claws into a man. All who witnessed it, des-
paired of his life. His Majesty shot the brute right through the body, and
released the unfortunate mnn.
A remarkable scene took place in the foreat of Mut'hra. Ghuji'at
Khh (vidd Ain 30, No. 51), who had advanced very far, got suddenly
timid. His Majesty remained standing where he was, and looked furiously
at the tiger. The brute coweredadown before that divine glance, and turned
right about trembling all over. In a short time it waa killed.
The feats of His Majesty are too numerous to be imagined ; much
less can a Hindusthi, aa I am, describe them in a dignified style.
H e slaya lions, but would not hurt an ant.
H e girds himself for the fray ; but the lion drops his claws from fear..

There are several modes of hunting elephants.

1. K'hdzh.' The hunters are both on horseback and on foot. They
go during summer to the grazing places of this wonderful animal, and
commence to beat drums and blow the pipee, the noise of which makea
the elephants quite frightened. They commence to rush about, till from
their heaviness and exertions no strength is left in them. They are then
sure to run under a tree for shade, when some experienced hunters throw
a rope, made of hemp or bark, round their feet or necks, and thus tie them
to the trees. They are afterwards led off in company with some trained
elephants, and gradually get tame. One-fourth of the value of an elephant
thus caught is given to the hunters aa wagee.
2. C h k l W h . They take a tame female olephant to the grazing place
of wild elephante, the driver stretching himself on the back of the elephant,
without moving or giving any other sign of his presence. The elephants
then commence to fight, when the driver manages to secure one by throwing
a rope round the foot.
3. Gn'd. A deep pit is constructed in a place frequented by elephants,
which is covered up with grass. As soon aa the elephants come near it,

' These two verses are taken from

1
Qamarghah is a chase for which
drivers are employed. Feid's Nal Darnan; v& . 106, note 4.
This is one of Alibar's miracles. Hence our elephant kr%ddar.
the huntere fiom their ambush commence to make a great noise. The
elephant8 get confused, and losing their habitual cautiousness, they fall
rapidly and noisily into the hole. They are then starved and kept without
water, when they soon get tame.
4. Bb. They d q a ditch round the resting place of elephants, leaving
only one road open, before which they put up a door, which is fastened
with ropes. The door is left open, but closes when the rope is cut. The
huntem then put both inside and outside the door such food aa elephants like.
The elephants eat it up greedily ; their voraciousness makes them forget
all cautiousness, and without fear they enter at the door. A fearlem hunter,
who has been lying concealed, then cuts the rope, and the door closes. The
elephants start up, and in their fury try to break the door. They are a l l in
commotion. The huntem then kindle h s and make much noise. The
elephants run about till they get tired, and no strength is left in them.
Tame females are then brought to the place, by whose means the wild
elephants are caught. They soon get tame.
From times of old, people have enjoyed elephant hunts by any of
the above modes; His Majesty haa invented a new manner, which
admits of remarkable j n e u ~ e . I n fact, a l l excellent modes of hunting are
inventions of His Majesty. A wild herd of elephants irr surrounded o n f
three sides by drivers, one side alone being left open. At it several
female elephants are stationed. From all sides, male elephants will
approach to cover the females. The latter then go gradually into an
enclosure, whither the males follow. They are now caught as shewn above.'

Levpard hunting.
Leopards, when wild, select three places. I n one part of the country
they hunt ; in another part they rest and sleep ;and in a third district they
play and amuse themselves. They mostly sleep on the top of a hill. The
shade of a tree is su%cient for the leopard. He rubs himself against

' " A large number of ple had aur- the wild elephants from all parts of the
rounded the whole j u n g r outside of jungle near the place where the emperor
which, on a small empty space, a throne sat, so that he might enjoy the sight of
made of wood had been ut on a tree, as this exciting scene. When the drivel-
a eeat for the emperor [ ~ L i n g h ]and
, on closed up from all sides of the jungle.
the neighbouring trees beams had been their ring unfortunately broke on account
put, upon which the courtiers were to sit of the density and impenetrability of tho
and eujoy the sieht. About two hundred wood, and the arrangements of the drivers
male elephants with strong nooses, and pnrtially failed. The wild elephanh ran
many females were in d i n e s s . Upon each about aa if mad; but twelve male and
ele hant there sat two men of the Jhariy- female elephants were caught before the
1 caste, who chiefly oooupy themselrea
thin part of India [Gujrht] with ele-
eyes of the emperor." Iqbdlndmah,
p. 113.
phant hunting. The plan was to drive
the trimk. Round about the tree, they deposit their escremenb, which
are called in Hindi dk'h/rr.
E'ormerly, hunters used to make deep holes and cover them with g m ~ .
n e s e pits were called odi. The leopards on coming near them, fell down
to the bottom; but they offen broke their feet in pieces, or managed by
jumping to get out again. Nor could you catch more than one in each pit.
His Majesty therefore invented a new method, which haa astonished the most
experienced hunters. H e made a pit only two or three gaz deep, and
constructed a peculiar trapdoor, which closes when the leopard fall8 into the
hole. The animal is thus never hurt. Sometimes more than one go into the
trap. On one occasion no less than seven leopards were caught. At the
time of their heat, which takes place in winter, a female leopard had been
walking about on the field, and six male leopards rrere after her. Accident-
ally she fell into a pit, and her male companions, unwilling to let her off,
dropped in one after the other,-a nice scene, indeed.
His Majesty also catches leopards by tiring them out, which is very
interesting to look at.
Another method is to fasten nooses to the foot of the above mentioned
tree. When the animal comes to scratch itself, it gets entangled.
His Majesty generally hunts leopards thirty or forty koa from Agrah,
especially in the districts of BGi, Simbwali, Alhpfir, Sunnhm, Bhatindah,
Rhamfr, Patan in the Panjbb, Fathphr, JhinjhanG, Nkgor, Mirt'ha, JodhpCr,
Jnisnlmir, Amrsamfiyin; but several other moro remote spots have heen
selected as hunting grounds. His Majesty used often to go to the &st
mentioned places, take out the leopards that hnd fallen into a pit, and hand
them over to the keepers. He would often travel over great distances, and
was perhaps just on the point of resting a little ; but before he had done so,
good news were brought from some other hunting ground, when he hastoned
away on a fleet courser.
I n former times, people managed to train a newly caught leopard
for the chase in the space of three months, or if they exerted themselves,
in two months. From the attention which E i s Majesty pays to this animal,
leopards are now trained, in an excellent manner, in the short space of
eighteen days. Old and artive keopers were surprised at such results,
and extolled the charm of His Majesty's knowledge. From good motives,
and from a desire to add splendour to his court, His Majesty used to take
i t upon himself to keep and train leopards, adonishing the most experienced
by his success.
A rather remarkable case is the following. Once a leopard had been
caught, and without previous training, on a mere hint by His Majesty, it
brought in the prey like trained leopards. Those who were present had
their eyes opened to truth, and experiencod the blessing of prostrating
themselves in belief on His Muj esty. '
Attracted by the wonderful influence of the loving heart of His
Majesty, a leopard once followed the imperial suite without collar or chain,
and like a sensible human being, obeyed every command, and at every
leopard chase enjoyed it very much to have its skill brought to the test.
There are two hundred keepers in charge of the k76a'qaB leopards. A
proper system of training has been laid down.

dl% 28.
THE FOOD ALLOWED TO LEOPARDS. THE WAQES O F TRE
KEEPERS.
First class leoparcb get 5 8. of meat every day; second class, 44 e. ;
third class, 4 e . ; fourth class, 39 e . ; H t h class, 34 a. ; sixth class, 3f a. ;
seventh class, 3 a. ; eighth class, 22 8 . The meat is given in a l-p ; and aa
on Sundays no animals are killed,' double tho daily portion is given on
saturrlays.
Formerly every sis months, but now annually, four eers of butter and
one-tenth of a eer of brimstone are given as ointment, which prevents itch.
Four men also were appointed to train and look after each leopard ;
but now there are three men told off for such leopards as sit on horses
when taken to the hunting ground, and only two for such as sit on car&
and o n doolies. The wages of the keopera vary from 30 R. to 5 R.per
menaem ;but they have at the same time to look after the cattle which
draw the leopard carts. Tho servants who look after the cattle, are divided
into seniors and juniors, each class being subclivided into five divisions.
The seniors get 300 d., 260 d., 220 d., 200 d., and 180 d., which is the
lowest allowance ; the juniors get 160 d., 140 d., 120 d., 110 d., and 100 d.
For the sake of shorn, the leopards get brocaded saddle cloths, chains
studded with jewels, and coarge blankets, and 6'laAkdnia carpets to sit on.
Grandees of the court also are appointed to superintend the keepors of
each leopard ; they aro to take care that the animals are nicely dressed,
and that new ones are added to the estt~bliul~ment.Each leopard has a
name which indicates somo of his qualities. Every ten leopards form a
Hi8l or Taraf (set) ; they are also divided according to their rank as follows.
-
Two more miracles of Akbar's. TLb should perhaps be juor jeJ
' According to the order Goshkirn, (ill-~mbic~ ; . l r ~ c i n ) ,
p. 200, 1. lo. ~ n ga town in Trb, fiunoua fur its
I n my text edition,
Onr thoucnntl' Iropnrtls nrr kept in Hi4 If:~jrkty'sp:~rk,and nn int~resting
el11.~ri~l)ni(~nt t11c.y forl~i. Tllc~thrccl firht svts are khtiqnh ; tl~tryare kept at
C'ourt t o p t h ~ rnit11 two otlicr s ~ t q . For their co~ivc~yuncetwo litters
(ul/h~y)trh)ore hung over tho 1)ack of all clt.pIinnt, one litter on each ide.
On euth litter orio leopard sitq, lookiug out for a prey. Litters are nlso
1 ~ 1 on
t c~milc~ls, horscss, and rul~lrs. Cnrtr eren nre made for tlle lenpmh,
niitl nro clrnn-n 1)y lior<cls or tattle ; or thcy nro mnde to sit on h o n t ~ ;
rr1111hoi~i(~tiil~o\ t11113. nro cl~rried by nlcXn in doolios. Tho best leopard
\\11icl1 n i 5 lr;lj(>stshnz, gorr 1)y t l ~ cnamo of Snt)rnlrd t~tditik; he is carried
on R C'horcc/otJ,nmd procccd5 \\-it11111ut11 ponip. His hervantr, fillly quipped,
run nt his hido ; t l ~ v~ ~ y y ((IIL i t ( 3 largo tlruln) is be:iten in front, and
hon~ctilneqhe is carric.tl lly t a o men 0x1 l~or~ul)ack, tho two ends of the
pole of the C'hnttdul r(x5ti11g011 tho I ~ C T . ~ Hof their Iiorses. Formerly two
Ilclrscs Taro kept fur c v c ~ yl e ~ ~ p a r;tbutl IIOIV tthreo horses are given to

two leopnrds. O t l ~ t h~:s~ r ca clooly, or a cart (1ra11-n by four oscn. Many

tr:~rolc~loneon onct and tlle saillo t1u1)ly. d titmu, trained loopard has the
douly carried by tlireu U I ~ Iothers
I, by two.

I~eopardswill go ngiiimst tlio wind, and thus thcy got scent of a prey,
or coruo to hear its voic c. T1it.y then plan nn attack, aiiil give the hunters
notico ml~erothe prcy i ~ . Tho huntc.rs keep the nninld near the~~lselres,
and 1)rorecd to catcli tllu yrcy. Tliis is do110 in tlroo ways.
1. U ' I . The Ilui~terslet off' tlio leopard to the right from the
$ i c e wllcre the dccr T ~ I H heen. Tllo Icopnrd 815-iftly seizes it with his
cla\vs. 2. Rl$'ir~ti. Tliu 1vol)iird lies conc.c~~lcd, und is nhean the deer from
(I ilihtn11c.c. The colltlr is thcii talcell off; when tho leopard, with perftit
~ g nml~ushto ambush till he catches the
skill, Till tli~clioff, j u n ~ l ) i ~froni
dccr. 3. llllchciri. Thct leopilrtl ir put in an anibush, having the aind
tun a r d ~I L ~ I I I S CT11('
' ~ ~ .rurt ir ththn titkc11 awiy to the ol)posito direction.
Tlii:, l)erplc*scstllc dtacr, \\llcl~the leol~ardwill suddelily make his way neor
it, ant1 catch it.
to dcseribr tho ~ontlorfulf1,nt.r of this anilnul ; la=-
I t is i~~ll)o<sil)lo

Alllong tlic cllriol~scs\.t*~lts

" \vllicll to get cubs, but in vain. IIe even
~ ~ I ~ c11iri11g
~ ~ ~ ~ tllc
c ~ ~ )I ~ CI - S~ C #Y/.J:~l~~ti~gir's]
I I ~~ allo\ved some leopards to run about
rcig~i, I 111ust ~ ~ ~ e l ~tll;lt t i o uu Icui)nrd in tllc gilrtlens without collars, letting
in c:~~~tivity cove-red a t i ~ ~ ~ ~Icollnrd, :ile the111 wslk about and hunt niter their
al~ich g:bIre birth to tlircc CIIIIR. Tlie fishion : but they would not pair.
late enlllcbwr[Alihnr], dl~ri~lg Ilis ~011th~ L)uri~igthis year a male leopard broke
arls I ) ~ ~ s i ~ ~ ~ii)nd
i a t e lof'y leopnrtls and its collar, nnd covered a fbmale, which
hunting with Iro~ards. IIe 11:rd almut at'tcr a sp,~ctlof two months and a half
'30(U Itsopards collected duril~!:lliv reign, g;1vtb1)irtli to three cubs. They went on
and tried much to pair thc~u, so ss well, nnd grew big." Igbdlndmh, p. 70.
 fails to express his skill and cunning. Thus he will raise up the dust with
his forefeet and hind legs, in order to conceal himself; or he will lie down
so h t , that you cannot distinguish him from the surface of the ground.
Formerly a leopard would not kill more than three deer at one and the
same chase ; but now he will hunt as many as twelve.
His Majesty
. . has also invented a method called c h t m w n d d . The huntem

lie in ambush near a place frequented by deer, and conlmence the chase from
this place, as if it was a qamargiraJ, hunt (in which drivere are wed). The
leopards are then let off in all directions, and many deer are thus caught.
The men employed to train and keep the imperial leopards, receive
presente on all occasions when the animals exhibit skill, as an encouragement
to further exertions. A special present has been fixed for each animal, but
I cannot specify this.
Once, from the kindness shewn by His Majesty, a deer made
friendship with a leopard. They lived together and enjoyed each other's
company. The most remarkable thing was this, that the leopard when let
off against other deer, would pounce upon them as any other leopard.
I n former times leopards were never allowed to remain loose towards
the close of the day ; for people were afraid of their stubbornness and ~ n x i e t y
to run away. But now, in consequence of the practical rules made by His
Majesty, they are let loose in the eveninp, and yet remain obedient.
Formerly leopards were also kept blind-folded, except at the time of the
chase ; for the leoptuda used to get biiuk and run about as if mad. But
now-a-days they are kept without covers for their heads. The Grandeeu of
the court are allowed to bet on forty k M p h leopards ; whoevur wins takes the
amount of his bet from the others. If a leopard is first in bringing twenty
deer, his Doriyah' geta five rupees from his equalu. The Grandee in chaxge
of the kh6qah leopards, Sayyid b a d of BBrha,' get,s one mllllur from each
bet, by which he makes a good deal of money. As often as a Grandee lays
before His Majesty twenty pair of deer horns,' he takes an Aahra$ fro111
each of hie equals. SOalso do the TarrgZara and Qardwals' bet ;in fact every

The nian who holds the chain to (n~andrah), and had a well made near it.
which the loopard is fastened. The towem were studded with several
' H e waa a DululJdri; ride #in 30, huudred thousand horns of deer which
No. 91. His Mqjesty had killed durin hia life-
' Akbar required the horns of deer. ti~ne. Tlre words mil i shdkf contain
" In this year (981),His bfajmty built (981). I wished His Majesty
t l i t . Td14kl~
several edifices and castles or1 the r o d I I ; ~made gardeun and sardis fbr tra-
m A to m . The reaqon m a vr-llem instead." Badlont', 11, p. 173.
tbis. e thoug t it incumbent upon Vide also Elliot's Index, p. 443, note.
him once a year to make a pilgrimage to Turafddrs, the men in c h q e of a
the tomb (dargdh) of Mo'in i Chishti a t fang; which word AbuKul above used in
Ajbjmir ; he therefore had houses built a t tho same sense ee mul, or met. Targda'r
wery stage on the road to that town. means also a Zsmindiir. A Qurcfloalia P
He a h erected at every ko8 a tower driver.
37
one shews his zeal in trying to get aa many deer as possible. The skins of
the deer are often given to poor people m part of money presents.
I t is re~llarkablethat His Majesty can at once tell by seeing a hide to
what hunting ground the deer belonged.
His Majesty, in fulfilment of a vow made by him before t h e birth of
the eldest prince, never hunts on Fridays.'
Th rSiyhgosA.*
His Majesty is very fond of using this plucky littlo animal for hunting
purposes. I n former times it would attack a hare or a fox; but now it
kills black deer. I t eats daily 1 8. of meat. Each has a separate keeper,
who gets 100 d. ptr ntenum.
Dogs.
His Majesty likes this animal very much for his excellent qualities,
and imports dogs fi-om all countries. Excellent dogs come from K4bu1,
etlpecially from the R-ah district [north of RBhI Pindi]. They even
ornament dogs, and give them names.' Dogs d attack every kind of
animals, and more remarkable still, they will attack a tiger. Several also will
join, and hunt down the enemy. IIriUiqaA dogs get daily 2 8 . of meat;
others get I* 8 . There is one keeper for every two Kki (hunting) dogs;
their wages are 100 d. per mtrrcrrm.
.-

I " It wns a t this time, [I027 A. H. or pened to be Friday. My father then,

A. D. 16181 that Slllhz&h ShujB', . with a view of making God inclined to
son of Shlhjahkn, fell ill, and as I am preserve me, made a vow never
so much attnclied to l;irn, and the docton ta the end of his life, to hunt on F n C :
could not cure him ofthe insensibility in I have followed the practice of my father,
which he had lain fbr several days, I and have never hunted with leopards on
hunlbly rayed to God, and asked Him a a Friday.': , ILzuk iJahdngz'ri, p. 249.
favor. burin the paiyer, i t oceurred to JahLnglrs self-denial was not gre&;
me that 1bad kg made a contract with
my God nnd had proniiaedHim to give up
for when the prince waa sick, Jahiogir
was fifty years of age!
h~lntingd k r machirig the age of fifty, not a Or black ear, the Persian trans-
to touch after that an arrow or a gun, and lation of the Turkish quru-qolaq, whence
never again to s h y an animal with m own our &lie caracal.
bands ; and I tl~uugbtthat if 1 sgould This would not strike us as eome-
carry into eff'ect 1r1y former row from the thing worth mentioning. But as dogs
present time, which would prevent so are con~ideredunclean animah b MU-
many animals firon1 h i u g killed. God hammdans, they are not l m k d upon
might 5 w t my pruyer for the prince's as domestic. Now-a-days we hear
recovery. I then miule this contract sionall names, as kullzi, bachhli; or
with God, and ronrised, in all singleness En lisi names as feni (Fanny), buc%dg
of intention a n 1 true belief, never again (b& dog), &c.
to harm an animal with my own hand. European bloodhounds were early
Through God's mercy the euKering of imported by the Portuguese. Jah*
the prince were entirely allayed. When once said to Roe ' I only desire you to
I waa in the womb of my mother, he1 me to a home of the greatest size,
it happened one day that I did not a n l a male and f e n d e of mautitfa, and
g~licltrllas usual. The errants of the the tall Iriih greyhounds, and,auch other
Harem grew b e d , and reported the dogges as hunt in your lands. Reg&-
fact to my august firther [Akbur]. In ing European dogs in India, vide $so
?hope days my fitther w a ~continnnlly l'ixuk, p. 138,l. 3 from below.
hunting with leopda. That day hap-
 Hunting Deer zcifh Deer.
This timid animal also may be tamed and trained. They put a net
over his horns, and let it off against wild deer, which from fear d fight
with them. During the struggle, the horn, or the foot, or the ears of the
wild deer will get entangled in the net; the hunters, who have been lying .
in ambush, will then run up to it, and catch it. The deer thus caught
passes through a course of instruction, and gets tame. If the net should
break, or the deer get tired during the struggle, it will return to the keeper,
who either puts a new net on it, or sends out a fiesh deer.
S u l t b FirGz i Khiljf used to indulge in this sport; but His Majesty
reduced this manner of hunting to a proper system.
Sometimes it happens that a wild deer w i l l carry on the struggle from
morning till evening, defeating as many as four tamed deer; but at last it
will succumb to the fifth. Deer are now-a-days rendered so perfectly
obedient as to hunt at night ; of their own accord they will return to their
keepers, should the net break, or the wild deer run away ; on hearing the
call, they will discontinue a fight, come back, and then again engage, if
ordered to do so.
I n former times deer were never let loose at night time ; for people
were afraid, lest they should run away. Hence they attached a heavy ball
to one of their feet, when the deer were let loose.
Many stories are related of the sagacity and faithfulness of trained deer.
Only lately a deer created much sensation. It had run away from
Il&h6b6d1 and after bravely croesing rivers and plains, returned to the PanjBb,
its home, and rejoined its former keeper.
I n former times, two persons at most enjoyed together the pleasures
of deer hunting. They would even, from fear of the timidity of the deer,
alter the style of their dress, and lie concealed among shrubs. Nor would
they employ other than wild deer ; they caught tho111 somehow, and taught
them to hunt. His Majesty has introduced a new way, according to which
more than two hundred may at the same time go deer hunting. They
drive slowly about forty cattle towards a place where deer are ; the hunters
are thus concealed, and when arrived enjoy the chase.
There are now-a-days also deer-stub ; the deer born in captivity are
employed aa hunting deer.
The keepers will also bend forward, and allow the trained deer to
j-p on them from behind. Wild deer, on seeing this, will think that
they are in the act of copulation, and come near to fight. This way
of hunting is disapproved of by His Majesty, who uses female deer as a
means of making wild deer fight.
 Once a deer caught a leopard, whose foot had got entangled in the net.
Both were brought together from Gujdt, as mentioned above (1).
G'kntahtwah is the name given to the following mode of hunting. The
h~lntertakes n shield, or a basket, the concave side being turned from him.
He then lights a lamp, which being put in the concavity of the shield, will
conceal him, and commences to ring bella. Other hunters lie at the same
time in wait. The light of the lamp, and the sound of the be&, will
attract the animals towards the place, when they are shot by the huntera
in ambush. The sound of musical instruments will eo enchant deer,
that they are casily caught; or sometimes hunters will charm them
with a song, and when the deer approach, will rise up, and cruelly slay
them. From a long time His Majesty has disapproved of these two
methods.
Thdngi. The hunter manages to get opposite a wild deer ; and
bareheaded, from a distance, he commrncns to throw himself into odd
attitudes. The deer then mistakes him for a mad man, and from curiosity
will approach him. At this moment the Ilunters mme from the ambush
and kill it.
Baukdrah. The hunters lie in ambush, against the scent, at a p o d
distance fro111 each other. Some others drive the deer towards them, each
of the drivers swinging a white sheet abow his head. The deer naturally
will take fright, and run tow& the hunters in ambush, who kill them.
Doqldrcnn. Two good shots, dressed in green, place themselves a s .
before, and have the deer driven towards themselves. This manner of
hunting yields much amusement, as the deer get quite perplexed.
Ajbrah. The huntera tie green twigs round their bodies from head to
foot, and ~imilarlyconceal their bows and arrows. They then move boldly
to a place whero deer generally pass, and enjoy the chase. Or they make
ropes of deer skin, and attach them to trees, or let them hang down from
poles all round about the place where wild deer sleep. They then lay down
some nooses at a place situate against the wind. When the hunters shew
themselves from the side, the deer are compelled to run towards the spot
where the nooses lie, and thus get caught. Sometimes the hunter will take
his place behind a tree, and s t a t e the voice of deer. As soon aa deer
approach him, he kills them. Or, they tie a female deer to a place in a
plain, or they let a trained deer go to the pasture place of wild deer. The
latter will soon come near it, and get entangled with their feet.
Thugi. The hunter. ...
' walks about bareheaded as if mad ; his
clothes are stained all over with phn juice, and the man himself acts as if he

' The text has dar khdnak ia h , in the hollow of a saddle (P).
 were wounded. Wild animals and others will soon gather round him,
waiting for his death; but their greediness and desire lead them to
destruction.

Buffalo Hunta.
A t a place where buffaloes sleep, a rope is laid in the ground ; but
the end forming a loop is left outside. Another long rope is attached to it.
To thin they tie a female buffalo that wants the male. A courageous active
man lies in ambush. As soon as a wild male buffalo comes to the spot,
and covers the female, the hunter makes use of the o~po'rtunity,and fastens
the foot of the male ; but it frequently happens that the man loses courage,
and has to pay for the attempt with his life.
Another mode of catching them is to go near the ponds which they
frequent. They put snares round the ponds ; and sitting on tame buffaloes,
the hunters go into the water with spears in their hands. Some buffaloee
are then killed with spears, others are caught in the snares. A similar
method may be adopted, when buffaloes are attacked on their pastures.

On Hunting with Hawb.

H i s Majesty is very fond of these renlarkable animals, and often uses
them for hunting purposes. Though he trains the b h , ah&hLn, ehunqdr, and
hurkat falcons, and makes them perform wonderful deeds, E s Majesty
, prefers the brialurh, to which class of hawks he gives various names.
As I am compelled to hurry on, and must restrict nlgself to summary
accounte, i t is irnpos~ibleto say much about this matter, or about the skill
of the several birds, especially as I know Little about it, being by nature
averse to destroying life. I shall, however, give a few details, and lead
enquirers to the retired spot of knowledge.
I n the middle of spring the birds are inspected; &r this they are
allowed to moult, and are sent into the country. As soon as the time of
moulting is over, they are again inspected. The commencement is made
with the khd~ahfalcons (bcis), which are inspected in the order in which
they have been bought. The precedence of yuwak is determined by the
number of game killed by them. Then come the bdehuica, the ehdlrins, the
X.'hsZak,the chuppak b b k h a , the bahtb, the young bahria, the ahikaraha, the
chappak ahikaraha, the turmatie, the rekia, the hasrak, the dhotia, the chm-gha,
the chargilaha, the lagwe, and the jhagara (which His Majesty calls the chappak
lrind of the logar). The Holchine also are inspected-the molclu'n is an
apimal resembling the sparrow, of yellowish plumage, like the ahdin ;
it will kill a kulnng crane. People say that, whilst flying, i t will break
the wing of the kulang, and others maintain that it pierces its eyes;
 hut this cannot be proved. Odhpapare' also are brought from Kashmir.
This bird has a bluish (subs) colour and is smaller than a parrot ; iki beak is
red, straight, and long ; its tail is rather elongated. I t brings down small
birds, and returns to the hand of the keeper.
Many other birds can be trained for the chase, though I cannot specify
all. Thus the crow, the sparrow, the bodnah, and the aciru' will learn to
attack.
His Majestg, from motives of generosity and from a wish to add splendour
to his Court, is fond of hunting with falcons, though superficial observers
think that merely hunting is his object.
I n this department many Manqabdh, Ahadis, and other soldiem are
employed. The footmen are mostly Kashmiris or HindGstbis. Their pay
is as follows. First claea of the former, first grade, 71. R. ; second, 7 R. ;
third, 6jt R. Second class, first grade, 64 R ; second, 6f R.; third, 53 R.
Third class, &st grade, 54 R. ; second, 5 R. ; third, 44 R. First clms of the
latter (Hindlisthi), first grade, 5 R ; second 4 f R. ; third, 41. R. Second
clues, first grade, 44 R. ; second, 4 R. ; third 33 R. Third clue, first grade,
3j) R. ; second, 34 R. ; third, 3 R.

Allowance of Food.
In Kashmir and in the aviaries of Indian amateurs, the birds are generally
fed once a day; but at Court they are fed twice. A bda falcon gets a
quantity of meat weighing 7 &nu ; the jurrah, 6 d. ; the bald, Idchin, and
k'helah, 5 d. ; the bdshah, 3 d. ; the chappak bdshuh, shikarah, chappak ohikarrrh,
beerah, dhotis, kc., 2 d. Towards the close of every day, they are fed on
sparrows, of which the bdz, j u m h , and bahri, get each seven ; the kichfn,
five ; the bdshah, three ; others, two. Charghs and lagarr get at the same time
meat. Shufqcirs, el~tihbdz~~, bv~rkata,get one ser. On the hunting grounds
they feed them on the game they take.
Prices of Falcons.
From eagerness to purchase, and from inexperience, people pny high
sums for falcons. His Majesty allows dealers every reasonable profit ; but
from motives of equity, he has limited the prices. The dealers are to
get their gain, but buyers ought not to be cheated. I n purchasing falcons
people should see to which of the following three classes birda belong.
First, khlinah kuris birds ; they have moulted whilst in charge of experienced
trainers, and have got new feathers. Second, choz birds ; they have not
yet moulted. Third, Tarintik birds; they have moulted before they were
-

' The name of this bird is doubtful.

I t is not to be bund among the name8 of I Knshmiri bids given in the Iqhdlnd-
mnuh,, p. 169.
 Another method i s to let water buffaloes go into the water, between
which the hunter conceals himself, and thus catches the birds.
hrrcij' hunting. There are various methods. &me get a young one
and train it till it obeys every call. It will fight with other birds. They
put it into a cage, and place hair-nets round about it. At the signal of the
fowler, the bird commences to sing, when wild ones come near it either
from friendship, or a desire to fight, and get entangled in the snares.
Bodnuk. The hunter makes a clay pot with a narrow neck and, at
night time, blows into it, which produces a noise like an owl's cry. The
bodnab, frightened by the noise, come togethor. Another man then lights a
bundle of straw, and swings it about, so that the eyes of the birds get
dazzled. The fowlers thereupon seize the birds, and put them into cages.
Lagare. They resemble cicargirs: in body they are as large jurrmhu.
They hang nets (about the body of a trained lagar), and put birds' feathers
into its claws. I t is then d o w e d to fly up. The birds think that it has got
hold of aprey, and when they get entangled in the neta, they commence
to fight, and fall to the ground.
Ghaughu'i. They fasten together on a cross-stick an owl and a ghaughdi,
and hang hair neta round about them. The owl will soon get restlose;
the birds think that the owl wishes to fight, and commence to cry out.
Other ghaughtiie and owls will come to their assistance ; and get entangled
in the neta.
Froge.
Frogs also may be trained to catch sparrows. This looks very funny.
His Majesty, fiom curiosity, likes to see spiders fight, and amuses
himself in watching the attempts of the fiies to escape, their jumps, and
combats with their foe.
I am in the power of love ; and if I have thousands of wishes, i t is
no crime ;
And if my passionate heart has an (unlawful) desire, it is no crime.
And in truth, His Majesty's fondness for leopards is an example of
the power of love,' and an instance of his wonderful insight.
I t would take me too longto give more details. I t is impossible to
enumerate all particulars ; hence it is better to go to another subject.

' The Historian ma thank Abulfd 'hi her motives' were inadicient
for havm preserved &s .little trait of e r p k the h a n g which Akbar tools in
&bar's e%aracIer. In several placea of frog and spider fight., Abulfral hu
the #in. Abulfazl tries hard to ascribe to to recognize the fact that peculiar
His %esty higher motives, in order to leanings will lead even a sensible man to
bring tie empemr's passim for hunting oddities and to actiona opposed to &a
in llannony with his character as the general tenor of his chamter.
spiritual guide of the nation. But as
 APN 29.
ON AMUSEMENTS.
His Majesty devises means of amusement, and makes his pleasures a
meam of testing the character of men.
There are several kinds of amusements, of which I shall give a few
details.
The ganlc of Chugdth (hockey).'
Superficial observer8 look upon this game a8 a mere amusement, and
mnsider it mere play; but men of more exalted views see in it a
means of learning promptitude and decision. I t testa the value of a man, and
strengthens bonds of friendship. Strong men learn in playing this game
the art of riding ; and the animals learn to perform feats of a@ty and to
obey the reins. Hence His Majesty is very fond of this game. Externally,
the game adds to the splendour of the Court ; but viewed from a higher
pint, it reveals concealed talents.
When His Majesty goes to the maidcin (open field), in order to play
this game, he selech an opponent and some active and clever players,
who are only filled with one thought, namely, to shew their skill against
the opponent of His Majesty. From motives of kindness, IIis Majesty
never orders any one to be a player ; but chooses the pairs by the cast of
the die. There are not more than ten players ; but many more keep
themselves in readiness. When one g'hayi (20 minutes) has passed, two
players take rest, and two others supply their place.
The game- itself is played in two ways. The first way is to get hold
-

of the ball with the crooked end of the chatgun stick, and to move it slowly
from the middle to the hn'l.' This manner is called in Hindi rol. The other
way consists in taking deliberate aim, and forcibly hitting the ball with
the c l u g d n stick out of the middle ; the player then gallops after it, quicker
than the others, and throws the ball back. This mode is called beluh, and
may be performod
- in various ways. The player may either strike the ball
with the stick in his right hand, and send it to thc right forwards or
backwards ; or he may do so with his left hand ; or he may send tlle ball
in front of the horse to the right or to the left. The b d may be thrown in

' There is scarcely a Muham~nadan or Superintendent of the game of char-

=
HLtoriPn that d m not allude to this
%bar says, it is ayed all over
In the E d of Inga, the people
of Muonipore (Aqwn) are looked u$n t,
Aver hockey-players. Vide gni 8
i
cfn; V ABad. 11, p. 368. In the
n of Akbar'a reign. a h r 970.
~ ' h a r i w r f i ,which lies a faraa
Xgrah, waa the favorite spot for %ugds
playing. Bad. IT. p. 70.
from

Tnreb in Caqhmir, 11. p. 289. The pillars which mark the end of
Sayyid 'Abdullah Khln, Ron of Mir the playground.
Khwhdah, WM Akbar's chuugdnlegi,
38
the same direction from behind the feet of the home or from below its body ;
or tlic rider may spit it, when the ball is in front of the horse ; or he may
lift himself upon the back leather of the horse and propel the ball from
between the feet of the animal.
His Majesty ia unrivalled for the skill which he shews in the various
ways of hitting the ball ; he often manages to strike the ball while in the
air, and astonishes all. When a ball is driven to the Ldl, they beat the
nqqcirah, so that all that are far and near may hear it. In order to increase
the excitement, betting is allowed. The players win from each other, and
he who brought the ball to the hi2 wins most. If a ball be caught in
the air, and passes, or is made to pass, beyond the limit ( m i l ) , the game is
looked upon aa burd (drawn). At such times, the players will engage in a
regular fight about the hall, and perform admirable feats of skill.
IIis Majesty slso plays at c h u g d n in dark nights, which caused much
astonishment even among clever players. The balls which are used at night,
are set on fire.' For this purpose, paLia wood is used which is very light,
and burns for a long time. For the sake of adding splendour to the games,
which is necessary in worldly matters, His Majesty has knobs of gold and
e i l ~ e rfixed to the tops of the c k u g d n sticks. I f one of them breaks,
player that gets hold of the pieces may keep them.
I t i~ impossible to describe the excellency of this game. Ignorant as
I am, 1 can say but little about it.
'Islipbcisi (pigeon-flying).
His Majesty calls pigeon flying 'ishqbdzl ( l o ~ e - ~ l a ~!i!his
) . occupation
affords the ordinary run of people a dull kind of amusement; but His
Majesty, in his wisdom, makes i t a study. He even uses the occupation
as a way of reducing unsettled, worldly-minded men to obedience, and
s v a h himself of it aa a means productive of harmony and friendship.
The amusoment which His Majesty derives from the tumbling and flying
of the pigeons reminds of the ecstacy and transport of enthusiastic dervishes :
he praises God for the wonders of creation. I t is therefore from higher
motives that he pays 80 much attention to this amusement.
The pigeons of the present age have reached a high state of perfection.
Presents of pigeons are sent by the kings of P A and T d h ; but merchants
also bring very excellent ones in large numbers.

I n the beginning of 974(July 1666),

the emperor returned (from Jaunpur) to
&I&, and passedhis time in smwmente.
beon-flying.
.
w~th
He alao invented a
which he could lay at
during dark hb." bd.11,p. &.
gdn n'
fire
char-

Hc went to Nagarchin, a new town which be town of Xgurc~i.

ru s o b
he had built near Agrah, and enjoyed quently deserted.
the chaugdn game, dog-hunting, and
 When His Majesty was very young, he was fond of thiu amusement ;
but afterwards, when he grew older and wiser, he discontinued pigeon-
flying altogether. But since then, on mature consideration, he haa again
taken it up.
A well trained pigeon of bluish colour, fo~merlybelonging to the Khan
i A'zam Kokaltkh ( ' b i z , Akbar's foster-brother) fell into His Majesty's
hands. From the care which was bestowed upon it by His Majesty, it has
eince become the chief of the imperial pigeons, and is knonn under the name
of d i o k n a h . From it descended several excellent pigeons as AaRki (the weeper),
Parlirid (the fairy), Al?nia (the diamond), and Slrtiic 'u'di (Aloe Royal).
Among their progeny again there are the choicest pigeons in the whole
world, which have brought the trained pigeons of 'Umar Shaikh M i r d
(father of Bt'ibar), Sul@ Husain MirA (vide p. 101, note 4) into oblivion.
Such improvement, in fact, has been made in the art of training, as to
astonish the amateurs of rr$n and Tlidn, who had to learn the art from the
beginning.
I n former times pigeons of all kinds were allowed to couple ; but His
Majesty thinks equality in gracefulness and performance a necessary condition
in caupling, and has thus bred choice pigeons. The cuetorn is to keep a
male and a fomale pigeon, if not acquainted with each other, for five or
sis days together, when they become so familiar, that even after a long
separation, they will again recognize each other. The hen generally lays
her oggs from eight to twelve days after coupling, or more if she be small
or sickly. Pigeons couple in Xihrmcih (September-October), and separate in
Farwardin (February-March). A hen lays two eggs, but sometimes only
one. !I!he cock will sit upon the eggs by daytime, and the hen during the
night, and thus they keep them warm and soft. In winter they hatch for
twenty-one days; but if the air be warm, they only take seventeen or
eighteen. For about six days, the pigeons feed their young ones with
Jam, which means grain reduced to pap in the crops of the old ones.
Afterwards they feed them from the grain in their crops, which they bring
up before it is fully digested. This they continue for about a month, and
as soon as they see that the young ones can pick up their own grain, the
old ones will go away. Eggs, or even young ones, are sometimes given to
other pigeons to take care of. Home bred young ones are trained. Some
are kept in a tor (?) till they get stronger, and get acquainted with the
place. Ae soon a~ these two things have been attained, the pigeons only
get one-third or one-fourth of their daily allowance of food. When they
have got a little accustomed to hunger, they are gradually allowed to
flightg. They take daily about forty Juawcia (air), i. 8. forty flights. At,
this period, the trainers pay no regard to what is called charkk and bhzi
 r s , count ton, and if eight of them have f d e n
( r id^ holtrn-l. Of f t ~ a t l ~ ~they
out, the keoptgrs no longer s~llowtllo pigeons to fly, but keep them at rest
(kilribsi~lirln7r). After two months, tho pigeons get new feathers, and become
very strong. Tliry are then ngain let off. This is the best time for shewing
their tikill. As snon ns the pigeons lol~rnto perform the btizi and tbe chrkh,
they aro hent to Flis Najcsty for inspection, and are kept for four months in
readiness, to exhibit their skill. Cilnrkh i,q a lusty movement ending mth
the pigeon tllro\ving itself over in a full circle. If this circldar turn be not
completely carried out, the ~rioveruentis cnlled katr;f (shoulder), and is held
in no esteem. Br;zi is the snnio as mt2allnq znrlnn (lying on the back
with tlie ieet up~vards, nnd quickly turning round, in Hind. Xali).
Some thought that the two winqs (kntv) meet, which appeara to the
observor as if it a c r e a nrlc'nllny ; but IIis Mnjehty had one wing of a
pigeon bl~lckencd,n-lien tile eiTolieousne~uof that opinion became evident.
Some pigeons gvt 1.onfu~t~c1 (luring tlie bti:; and chnrkh, and come stupsrd
to the ground. This is c;llletl .qulrilnA, nnd is disliked. Sometimes pigeom
hurt thcmsclvea ruid fall down ; but often they get all right again when
they come near the p o u n d ; nncl taking courage and rollecating their strength,
they fly up agnin. A pigeon of the khiic,clil1)igcon cots will perform fifteen
cltarkhs and seventy b,izi's, a ftat which n ill c.ertninly astonish the spectatom.
I n former times, they let eleven or twenty-one pigeons fly a t a time ; but
now-a-days they ltlt off as many nu ono hundred and one. From the
attention wl1ic.h IIib NL?J'esty 11,~ql~tlstoaed11pon pigeons, they are now
curef~lllytrained as to be lot fly at night, even to great heights.
At the timo of departure and t l ~ uIrrcuking up of the camp, the pigeons
will follow, the cots being ciirried by bearers (kuhir). Sometimes they d
alight and take rest for a n-hilo, and then rise again.
I t would be difficult to couut tho pigcons a t Court ; but there are more
than twenty thou~and. Five liundred of them are khciqah. They have a
p e a t reputation, and rernnrknble htories nre told of their skill.
Pigeon truincrs of fornirr tinles, in order to determine the value of a
pigeon, used to twiht tlle h o t , or looked to the slit of the eyes, or the openings
o n tho top of tlie Gill ; but they failed to (libcover more signs of the value of
a breed. His Najtv-tp has discovered runny more ; and fixing the value of a
pigeon, in fornler times a matter ui great difficulty, has now become very
easy. First. n i b Mcljesty hubdivided tlio b e e aigw of former trainom as
follows : the two eyes, and their upper and lower s i p s ; the eight claw ;
the two sides of tho beak, above and bolow. The mutual comparison of
these signs has led to many additional means of fixing the value of a pigeon.
Secondly. E s Nnjesty looks to tho variety and the colour of the annular
protuberances on the feet of pigeons. A book has been made, in which
the eystematic order of these signs has been laid down. According to them,
His Majesty distinguishes tan classes, for each of whichseparate aviaries
have been conetmded. The price of pigeons in the first house has not
been limited. Many a poor man anxious to make his way, has found in
the training of superior pigeons a means of getting rich. A pair of second
class pigeons haa a value of 3 R. ; third class, 24 R. ; fourth class, 2 R. ;
fiRh class, 14 R.; sixth class, 1 R. ; seventh class, 3 R. ; eighth class, 4 R. ;
ninth and tenth classes, # R.
When inspections are held, the stock of 3foiumah first pass in review ;
then the young ones of Aahki. Though the latter belong to the former,
they are now separately counted. Then come the four zirihi pigeons ; they
are the stock of a pigeon which belonged to H6ji 'Mi, of Samarqand, which
conpled with an ' Udi hen, of which I do not know the owner ; their stock
baa become famous. The precedence of all other pigeons is determined by
their age or the time they were bought.

ma Cotours of Ehrigah Pigeons.

B a g m i (fly-bitten) ; ziriJd (steelblue) ; rsmiri (?); gamiri ( a colour
between zirihi and a m i d ; His Majesty invented this name) ; chini (porce-
lain blue) ; nafti (grey like nrlphta) ;ahfapi (violet) ; 'udi (aloewood coloured);
artmui (dark grey, like powder of antimony) ; kiahtniahi (dark brown, like
curate) ; hulwlii (light-brown like Ralwti sweetmeat) ; ~ o n d a t i(light-brown,
like sandelwood) ; jigari (brown) ; nabtiti (greyish white) ; dlighi (bluish-
white, like sour milk) ; wuahki (of the same colour aa the gum called wwhk ;)
j i h i (chilini ?) ;k i r a i (brown, like a new earthen pot ? ); nilifari (bluish-
white) ; atrag (a colour between yellow and brown ; His Majesty applies
this name in this sense) ; litmhi (black brown) ; ahftdlti (peach coloured) ;
g*l i gaz ooloured ( 9 ) ; yellow ; kighizi (yellowish, like native paper) ; zigh
(grey like a crow) ; agri (a colour between white and brown) ; mwhurrapi (a
dmty black) ; khizri (a colour between greenish and 'lidi) ; rib; (water
~loured); aurnaag (a name invented by His Majesty to express a colour
betreen surmai and m q a a i ) .
Pieons of these coloum have often different names, as gulear (whose
head reeembles a flower) ; dumgica'zah (stumptail) ; yakrang (of one colour) ;
LJpr'ma$d (white throat) ; paraofid (white wing) ; kallah (big head) ;
g l z g M (wild chick) ; mcigh (name of an aquatic bird) ; bribari (?); u'l'par
(dwing P ) ; h l t a h par (short wing) ; &Mum (moontail) ; t a q d d r (ring-
btrcuer) ; ~ i u ~ d a (pearla r head) ; muah'alahdum (torchtail) ; kc.
&me trainers of the present age gave pigeons such names as indicate
their colours. His Majesty rather calls them according to their qualities, as
brghr (?), parapilk (with black eyelids) ; d y l i r i ;palangnigiri; rdhtah pilk.
 T l i ~ r enrn also Inany pigeons 1v11ic.h do not perform ch(rrkhe and bi:ir,
111lt arc! clisti1lguis11~:~l 1)y tlieir colours, or l)y puculiar tricks. Thur, the
Kuk(ch 1)iget)11,tho voice of w1iic.h sou~iclslike tho call to prayer. 2. The
n(cyh~th,whi1.h utters n pcc:uliar voic-c. in tlie morning, to wako up people.
3. The Llcpp,ic, nllich struts c11)out l)roudly, wagging itu head, neck, md
tctil. 4. Tlle Lo!tr~r. Thcy turn it ctl~out,ant1 let it off on the ground, when
it will go tlro11gI1 all thc n ~ o t i o l ~\vl~icli s a half killed fowl goes through.
Sonlo pigconswill (lo so 7V11('11 tllfr k ( q ) c r strikes liis hand against tho
grotind, and c~thcrswill shcb~v the same restlc~ssneas,when on leaving tile
cclgc their beak is 111ndcto t0uc.h the grouiid. 5 . The K'herni. The cuck
~ l i o ~a ~renlark:il~l~,
s to thn hen. Though he fly u p so k h tu
zittac~lln~t~~~t
to 1)o no l o n g ~ visil)lc~,
r if tlio 11~11bt) expo~cdin a cage, he will get restless
ant1 drop hin~st~lfi~~stinutly down to join her. This is very remarkable. Some
of them conic. tlonn with 1)otl1wings sl)rcad, othcrs close one ; some close
l~otli; or tllc'y c.11rnlfi0 altcfir~~;tt(bly tho \ v i ~ ~n7llic;h
g they close in fling.
6. T11e Ilat'l~l)ig~,onis c~lii~~fly used for ca:irryiu~glcttcrs, tllough any otller
Irillil Inay I)o truincd't1.1 1~ri11g 1ctteu.s t:rcli fi.0111 great distances. 7. The
ilish(;cc.ari 11igc:on will fly up, and follow its cagu to whatever place it be
t:tkcn. I t \\-ill fly out of sight, and stay away for a day or two, when it
co1nt.s don.11, mid r ( ~ u l c ~in ~ s c.ngcb. 8. Tho I'nrp~i (having feet covered
i ~ it3
wit11 fcatlicrs) mill iullulo riir (?) ant1 act as if it sighed.
Sorule pigeons aro nlcrcly k q j t for tho 1)eauty of their plumage, the
coloiirs of \\ hit 11 re, eive l)ccllliclr ~lull~cs.Tllils some are called ahi'rs,
ahilsftcri, A.,;hkini, .jo!/iynh, rc.:cthtf(ihcor, ~ t ~ u g n sand
i , yzo~rz. Wild pigeons are
culled gulrth. If w111t.of tlioi~inre c t ~ ~ i ~t110y l t t , will be joined by a thousand
others ; tllt~ysoon gc't (lonteaticatcd. Tliey return daily to the fields, andget
on their return salt 1v11tc.r to (lrillk. This make^ them vomit the grain which
they had enten on tlle fields. Tho gain is collected and givon as food to
otllcr pigeons.
Peoplu say that pigeons will but rarely live above thirty years.
Four sera of grilin will 1)o s u t f i c i ~ lfor ~ t o11e hundrctl of such pigeous as
are nlado to fly ; but for otli~i-pigeons, five sers are recjuirod ; or soven aud a
half, if they pair. But flying pigcwns gibt millct, not mixed with other
grain ; tho others get a 111ixttu.eof tho seven kinds of grain, sit., rica, d.J i
nulhu'd (grnn~),mil~rgdriE, millet, knrcrr, lukr(crrctl~, jtclc~ir,(cide p. 63). Though
most servtults of IIis Najexty kecp pigeonsand tillow ~ u u c hskill in training
them, there aro a few that have rise11 to eminence, as Qul 'Ali of Bukhki,
Mnsti of Sulllar(l:ind, Null*k6d1~1~, Pilr i Ififlii Ahmud Chand, Yuqbil
Klrkn Chelali, Kh~vAjali QcnldaJ Chulcrh, Nilnlin of Harht, 'Ahdullatif of
131ik1181$, H i j i QBtiinl of Udkli, Habib of Bllnhrsabe, Siknndar Chelah,
Nklti~,M~rqy~id of Su~uarclund,I<h\r-Bjah l"hi11, Chclah R i r h a n d .
 The servants attached to the pigeon houses draw their pay on the list
of the army. The pay of a foot soldier varies from 2 R. to 48 R. per
memem.
The game of Chulylar.
From times of old, the people of Hind6sSn have been fond of this game.
It is played with sixteen pieces of the same shape ; but every four of them
must have the same colour. The pieces all move in the same direction.
The players w e three dice. Four of the six sides of each dice are greater
than the remaining two, the four long sides being marked with one, two,
five, and six dots respectively. The players draw two sets of two parallel
linea, of which one set bisects the other at right angles. These parallel lines
are of equal length. The small square which is formed by the intersection
of the two seta in the centre of the figure is left as i t is ; but the four
mtangles adjoining the aides of the square are each divided into twenty-four
equal spaces in three rows, each of eight equal spaces, as shewn in figure
. The game is generally played by four players, of whom two play
againrrt the other two. Each player has four pieces, of which he puts two
in the eisth and seventh spaces of the middle row of the parallellogram
before him, and the other two in the seventh and eighth spaces of the right
ma. The left row remains empty. Each player nioves his pieces, accord-
ing to hie throw, in the outer row, always keeping to the right, till he
arrives at the outer left row of the parallelogram from which he started ;
and &om there he moves to the middle row. When arrived at the latter
place, he is pukhtah (ripe), and from here, he must throw for each of his
pieces the exact number which will carry them to the empty square in the
centre of the figure. H e is now roeidah, or arrived.
When a player ispukhtah or roeidah, he may commence to play from
the beginning, which leads to amusing combinations. Aa long as a player
b p s two of hie pieces together, the adversary cannot throw them out.
If a player throws a double six, he can move two pieces over twelve spaces,
p r i d e d the two pieces stand together on one field ; but he is allowed to
move them only six fielde onwarde, should he prefer doing so. A similar
rule holde for double fives, kc. A throw consisting of a six, a five, and
one, ia called U r n (raw) ; and in this case, two pieces, provided they are
together on the same field, may each be moved six fielde forwards, and
every aingle piece h e l v e fielde. I f a player throws three sixes, and three
of b four pieces happen to etand on one field, he may move each of them
over twelve fields. A similar rule holds, if a player throw three twos, or
three ones. There are many other rules for particular cases. If a player
hm brought hie four pieces into the central square, he throws, when his
comes, for his culupnnion, to get him out too. Fomerly the custom
 .
\vns that n11w :I l~icbc.cs had c!olncLto t l ~ o1:~strow, and. . . '. His BI:i,icl.-ty
tlli111is it llrolwr to tlo so f r o ~ nthe1 viXr'yeighth fivl(1. If tho tlirows of two
111;1y$rsrlrcl tllc. same as tllc tllro~rof the prccotling playtlrs, His Majefity
c20untstl~oni11s qcir',~~, or stnntli~~g.Formerly he ditl not allow such equal
throws. Ii the ii111rpiccos of an ol)pc>ncntaro pitllrtnh, and 110 yet lose hi8
l~cat,tl~csother l ) l i l y ( ~IsI ~ Ce~~title~tl
to d0u11lc the anlount of the bet. Should
nlly of the 1,l:lyt.r~Ic~avr~ the galno for sorno reason, he may appoint any-
one to 1)I:ly for h i n ~; but hc will 1i:n.e to ljo rcsl)onsil)le for the hetting of
his su1)stitute. 01 all I V ~ I I I I tlic ~ I I ~s111~stituto
~, is entitled to two ycr cent;
if a 1)l:lyr:r loses a bot, his sul~atitutt~ has to 11i1yono par rrnt. I f a plajer
cLrollwo~~c of his pirlccs, or any of t l ~ o1)ln)-ers 1)c lute or inattentive, he i~
fined one ru1lc.e. llut a fill(. of' a ~ n u h u ris exavtcd if any one prompts the
otller, or niovtbshis 11ieccsovcartoo rilnrly fields, or tries to get two throws.
Fornie~.lyItiar1)- gmndecs took pnrt in this game ; tllero were often as
nlany ns two h~uldrc:~l l~laj-csrs,nilll no one was allowed to go honle before he
had finishctl sistccsn ganllcs, ~vllichin some cases lasted thrco months. If any
of thr1111lost his patic8n1.1:and got rc~stlcss,he hnd to chink n cup of wine.
Su~~wficially co~~sitlercvl, 1dl this is more 1)Iay ; but His Majesty has
higher ailus : hc \\-c.igl~sthe tal(5nts of II man, and teaches ki~ldness.

This gnrnr? ~ v n sinrentc.d 113.His lIi~*jtrsty. Tlie figure, or board, which

is rcquircd, consist3 of sistc.cn pnr:~llelograms, arranged in a circular form
round a ccntre. Erlcah l):~ridlc~logra~n is divided into twenty-four fields,
every eig11t of which for111a row ; ride Figure XVIII. Tho number of p i c e
is sixty-fi~ur,and four dico arc used, of which tho four longer ~idevare
n~nrkcd with one, two, ten, rind twelve points respectively. The number
of'111:1ychrsis bistetbn. F;':;lchgets fourpic?ces, which are placed in the middle.
As in C!ILNI(I~IR~,th(*l)ir(.cs aru u ~ o ~ to
e dtho right, and puss through the whole
c:irc~le. The playctr ~ v h ois out first, is entitled to receive the stipulated
anlount from the other fifteen 1)layers; t l ~ esecond that is out, from fourteen
plnvcrs, and ~o on. Tlle first player, thcrofore, wins most, and the last loses
nlost ; the other pl:~yers110th lose and win. IIis Majesty plays thie game
in several wnys; ono ~ a iny which the pieces are moved as if the fields
wcrc Equares of a chess board, is very often played. I shall give a few
particulars and directio~lshow to play the different kinds of this game.
First kind, no picc,e can throw out another piece, but movos on by itself.
Sc~conrlway, ~ i n g l el~iecesrnny 1 ) thrown
~ out. Each player whose piece has

clear to me.
thus been thrown out, commences again from his starting point. Third
way, at each throw two pieces are moved a t a time, either with or without
the permiesion of throwing out pieces. Fourth way, the preceding rule i s
applied to three or four pieces at a time. Fifth way, the dice are thrown
four thee, and four pieces are moved at each throw. These different ways
may, moreover, be varied by some players playing to the right, others to
the left, or all in the same direction. Sixth way, a player is out when he
comes to the place from which'the player opposite to him commenced to
play, moving from the middle row of his opponent into the empty space in
the centre of the board. Or the game ends when each player arrives at the
p h h m which his left hand neighbour commenced to play. Sewnth
ray, each player puts hie pieces before himself, and has three throws. At
the first throw, he moves of his pieces ; at the second, one of his own
pieces and one belonging to his right hand neighbour ; at the third throw,
he moves any piece of his own, and allows his left hand neighbour to move
one of his pieces. In this way of playing, no player throws out the pieces
of his neighhours ; and when the game is in full swing, he allows each piece
rhich happens to come into the row in which he is, to move according to his
own throw, aa a sort of compliment to a guest. Eighth way, two pieces when
together may throw out another set of two pieces ; but single pieces do not
throw out ench other. Ninth way, four pieces together may throw out three
together; three together, sets of two ; and two together, single ones ; but single
pieem do not throw out each other. Tenth way, each player moves his pieces
.coording to the number of points which he throws ; but at the same time,
the player who sits opposite to him moves his pieces according to the
number of points on the reverse sides of the dice, whilst the two players to
the right and left of the player who threw the dice, move their pieces
amording to the number of points on the right and left sides of the dice.
Ekrrnth way, the players uso five dice and four pieces. Each player, in his
hun, thrown the five dice, and moves his pieces according to the sum of the
t t o highest points of his throw. The next highest point is taken by his
k-d-u, and the two lowest pointa by hie right and left hand neighbours.
WjlA way, the players have each five dice and five pieces. At every
throw, he gives the points of one die to his right hand neighbour, and uses
the othsra for himself. Sometimes the thrower mentions beforehand the
lames of four players to whom he wishes to give the pointa of four dice, he
himsell taking the points of the fifth die. And when a player requires only
a fewpoints, to get pkhtah, he must give the remaining points to those
near whom the dice fall.
The game may alao be played by fifteen or less players, the figure
being lessened accordingly. So also may the number of the dice be increaaed
or decreased.
 Cur&.
This is a well known game. His Majesty has made some alterations in
the cards. Ancient 13430stook the number twelve as the bas&, and made the
suit to consist of twelve cards ; but they forgot that the twelve kings should
be of twelve different kinds. His Majesty plays with the following suits of
car&. lat, Aahwa~ati,the lord of horses. The highest card represents a
king on horseback, resembling the king of Dihli, with the umbrella (chatr), the
standard ('alum), and other imperial ensigns. The second highest card of the
same suit represents a vmir on horseback ; and after this card come ten
others of the same suit with pictures of horses, from one to ten. Znd, Gajpati,
the king whose power lies in the number of his elephants, as the rnler of
Orisah. The other eleven cards represent, as before, the vazir, and elephants
from ten to one. 3rd, Narpati, a king whose power lies in his infantry, as
is the case with the rnlers of Bij6ppGr. The card represents a king sitting on
his throne in imperial splendour ; the vazir sits on a foot stool (qandali),
and the ten cards completing this suit have foot soldiers, from one to ten.
Ith, Gadhpati. The card shews a man sitting on a throne over a fort ; the
vau'r sits on a qandali over a fort ; and the remaining ten cards have forts
from one to ten, as before. 5th, Dhanpati, the lord of treasures. The first card
of this suit shews a man, sitting on a throne, and gold and silver heaps ; the
vazir sits upon a fandali, as if' he took account of the Treasury, and the
remaining cards shew ja rs full of gold and silver, &om one to ten. 6th, Dalpati,
the hero of battle. The h t card of this suit shews a king in amour, sitting
on his throne and surrounded by warriors in coats of mail. The vazir sits on
a qandali, and s-ears a jaibah (breast armour) ; the ten other cards shew
individuals clad in armour. 7th, Nulotipati, the lord of the fleet. The
card shews a man sitting on a throne in a ship ; the vazir sits, as usual,
on a qandali, and the other ten cards have boats from one to ten. 8th, Tipati,
a queen sitting on the throne, eurrounded by her maids. The second card
shews a woman as vazir on a qa~hdoli,and the other ten c a r - have pictures of
women, from one to ten. gth, Surapati, the king of the divinities (dsolah), also
called Indur, on a throne. The vazir sits on a qandali, and the ten other
cards have pictures of divinities Gom one to ten. loth, Awpati, the lord
of genii (dm). The card represents Sulaimh, son of DgGd, on the throne.
The vazlr sits on a qandali, and the other ten cards have genii. 11th, Banpati,
the king of wild beasts. The card represents a tiger ( a h ) with some
other animale. The vazir is drawn in the shape of a leopard (palung) and
the other ten cards are pictures of wild beasts, as usual from one to ten.
12th, Ahkati, the king of snakes. The h t card shews a serpent mounted
on a dragon, whilst the vazfr is a serpent riding on another serpent of the
same kind. The remaining ten carda shew serpents, from one to ten.
 The first six of these twelve suits a . called biehhar (powerful), and the
six last, b m b w (weak).
His Majesty haa also made some suitable alterations in the cards.
Thus the Bhm~pati,or lord of treasures, is represented as a man distributing
money. The vazir sita on a gandali, and inspects the !I!reasury; but the
ten other cards of this suit are representations of the ten classes of work-
men employed in the Treasury, oiz., the jeweller, the melter, the piece-cutter
(mutallas-a&), the weighman, the coiner, the m u h w counter, the bitbkhr'
(writer) of dhan pieces (vide p. 30, No. 17), the bitikchi of man pieces (vide
p. 30, NO. 20), the dealer, the qurggar (vide p. 23, No. 15). IIis Majesty
had also the king of asagnmenta painted on the cards, who inspects f a d n u ,
grants, and the leaves of the w a r (ti& p. 260) ; the vazir sits on a
qandali with the akj2ar before him ; the other cards show officers employed
in the Financial Department, as the paper maker, the mistar maker ( c d c
p. 52, Note 5), the clerk who makes the entries in the Baftar, the illuminator
(muqatcwir), the napqbih (who ornaments the pages), the jadwalkmh (who
draws blue and gold lines on the pages), the farrna'n writor, the mujallid
(bookbinder), the rangrez' (who stains the paper with different colours).
The PcidieRciA i qimcish also, or king of manufactures, is painted in great state,
looking at different things, as Thibetan yaks, silk, silken stuffe. The vazir
sits near him on a gandali, enquiring into former proceedings. The other
ten cards repreeent beasts of burden. Again, the P&aM i Chang, or
lord of the lyre, ie painted sitting on a throne, and listening to music ;
the vazir aito before him, enquiring into the circumstances of the
performers, of whom pictures are given on the remaining cards. Next,
the Paiehcili i zar i srafid, or king of silver, who is painted distributing
rupees and other silver coins; the vazir sits on a gandali, and makes
enquiries regarding donations. On the other cards, the workmen of tho
silver mint are depicted, as before those of the gold mint. Then comes the
Pidiaiuiic irhamhm, or king of the sword, who is painted trying the steel
of a sword. The vazfr sits upon a gantEcrli, and inspects the arsenal ; the
other car& contain pictures of armourers, polishers, kc. After him comes
the Pidishdh i Tdj,' or king of the diadem. He confera royal insignia, and
the upon which the vazir sits, is the last of the insignia. The ten
other cards contain pictures of workmen, aa tailors, quilters, kc. Lmtly,
the PciddahdA i Gluldntjn, or king of the slaves, sita on an elephant, and
the vazir on a cart. The other cards are representatiom of servants, some

This is the Hindbani corruption of instead of the crown of occidental king.

the Pemian ranyraz. Hence the word diadem does not exprew
Tdj is oRen translated by a croum ; the meaning of tdj either.
but tdj is 3 cap worn by oriental kiuya
of whom sit, mme lie on the ground in worship, some are drunk, others
mber, &c.
Besides these ordinary games of cards, Hie Majesty also p l a p chess,
four-handed and two-handed. His chief object is to test the value of men,
and to establish harmony and good fellow-feeling at Court.
30.
THE GRANDEES O F T H E EMFIRE.'
At first I intended, in speaking of the Grandees of the Court, to record
the deeds which raised them to their exalted positions, to describe their quali-
ties, and to say something of their experience. But I am unwilling to bestow
mere praise ; in fact, it does not become the encomiast of His Majesty to
praise others, and I should act against my sense of truthfulness, were I
b u t to mention that which is praiseworthy, and to pass in silence over that
which cannot be approved of. I ahall therefore merely record, in form of a
table, their names and the titles which have been conferred upon them.
I. Conrnia9iders of Tm T h a n d .
1. Shah'aa'dah Sulta'n Ssli'm, eldest son of His Majesty.
I I . Cmmandsre of EGht Thousand.
a. Sha'Wadah Sulta'n Mura'd, tiecond son of His Majesty.
III. Comma&s of Seven T h w a n d .
8. Sha'haa'dah Sulta'n D a ' n ~ s l ,third son of His Majesty.
A kbar had j v e sons-
'.
2. Husain
]
twins, born 3rd Rabi' I, 972. They only lived one month.
3. Sulfin Salim [Jahangir],
4. Sultln Y u r a .
6. S u l t h DhyLI.
Of daughters, I find three mentioned--(a.) ShLhddnh Khhnm, born three
months after Salh, in 977. (6.) Shukrunnis& Begum, who in 1001 waa married to
From the fact that Abulfazl mentions 1003 respectively, i. e., a short time
in his list of Grandew Princo Khusrau, before the #In waa completed.
(wide No. 4) who was born in 995, but The biographicnl not~ceswhich I have
not Prince PRITIZ, who was born in 997, given &r the names of the more illus-
we might conclude that the table was com- trious grandees are chiefl taken from a
prior to 997. But from my note to MS.copy of t h e ~ a c i s iur y ~ n u z r d(No.77
p. 246, i t would appear that tile beginning of the MSS. of the As. Soc. BengaI), tho
of thelist refers to a time prior to 993, n z u k iJahdngirl, the Tabaqat i Akbari,
and Abulfazl may have afleraard added Baddoni, and the Akbarndmcrh. For the
Khuarau's nulne, though i t is difficult convenience of the student of I n d b
to say why he did not add the names of History, I have added a genealogical
Parwiz and Shibjahhn, both of whom table of the House of Timrir, and would
were born before the Kin was com l e a . refer the reader to a more detailed article
Again, AIiwi Sliihrukh (No. b) and on the Chronolo y of Tim& and his De-
acendanta, publisfed by me in the Pm-
M i n i Muzafl'ar Husain (No. 8) arc men-
tioned rrs aCommandrm of Five Thousand, ceedings of' the Asiatic Society of Bengal
though they were appointed iu 1 0 1 and for August, 1869.
 7, below, p. 312) ; and (c.) Krhn B h f i Begnm ; both born after
WLzi, S h l r u k h (No.
&&in DAnpM. Regarding the death of the last Begum, vide Tuzuk, p. 386.
Of Akbar'e wives the following are mentioned :-1. SultLn Raqiyah Begnm
(a daughter of M i n b HindM), who died 84 years old, 7th JumLda I , 1035, (Tuzuk,
p 401). She was Akbnr's first wife (zan i kaldn), but had no child by him. She tended
Ilhihjahhn. N& JahBn (Jahbngir's wife) also stayed with her after the murder of
Gher hfkan. 2. Sulgn Salimah Begum. She wss a daughter of Gulrukh (?) Begum'
(a daughter of Biibar) and WrzB Niuuddin Muhammad. HumLyhn had destined
her for B a g m Khhn, who married her in the beginning of Akbar's reign. After the
deotb of m rn ,Akbar, in 968, married her. She died 10th Zi Qa'dah, 1021. As a
poet=, she is known under the name dlakhfl (concealed), and must not be confounded
with ZehunnisBa (a daughter of Aurangzeb's), who has the same poetical name. 3. The
danghter of BBjah BihBri Ma1 and sister of U j a h Bliagawln Dh. Akbar married her
in 91-38,at Sbgbbar. 4. The beautiful wife of 'AbdulwLi', married in 970, (v& Bad.
LI, 61). 5. Jodh BBi, or Princess of Jodhplir, the mother of Jahirngir. Her
name is not mentioned by any Muhammadan historian. Bs Akbar's mother had the
title of Mulyum Makdni, so was Jodh BBi calld N a y a m uzmmdni. She died in
the month of Rajab 1032, A. H. (!Z'uzuk, p. 361). The m z u k expresses a hope 'that
Qod will receive her in His mercy ; for JahBngir's mother, though a Hindli, could not
well 'be sent to hell.' 6. Bibi Daulat S h U , mother of (b.) and (c.) ; vide Tuzuk, p. 16.
7. A daughter of 'Abdullah Khbn Mughul (964). 8. A daughter of Mhbn X u -
bGik Sh& of Khandes ; vide p. 13, note.
601% Salim. Title as Emperor, JahLngfr. Title after death, Jannatmukdni.
Born at Fathpw Sikh on Wednesday, 17th Rabi' I , 977, or 18th Shahriwar of the
14th year of Akbar's Em. H e was called Sulim, because he was born in the house of
5haikh Salim i Chinhti. Akbar used to call him Shaikhni Bdbd (vide Tuzuk,p. 1). For
his wives and children, wide below, No. 4. Jahbngir died on the 28th Cdir 1037 (28th
Odober, 1627) near G j o r on the Kashmir frontier. Vide my article on JahBngir in the
Calcutta Rehew for October, 1869.
S u w M d ,Akbar's fourth son, waa born on Thursday, 3rd Mnharram, 978,
and died of deliriuin tremena in 1006, at J a l n k l i r in b r d r (Tuzuk, p. 1 5 ; ALL=-
nimah 11, p. 443 ; WM W l n , p. 212). H e was nicknamed P a h d y i (Bad. 11, 378).
He a m sabzrang (of a livid complexion), thin, and tall (firvk). A daughter of his
w u married to Prince Parwiz, JahCngfr's son (Tuzuk), p. 38.)
Sulgn DAnybl was born at Ajmir, on the 10th JumLda I., 979, and died of delieum
twmcnu, A. H. 1013. KhUi Khkn, I. p. 232, says, the news of his death reaehed Akbar
in the beginning of 1014. He was called DLnybl in remembrance of Shaikh Dbny&l, a
fdlower of Xu'in i Chiahti, to whose tomb a t Ajmir Akbar, in the beginning of
hb reign, o h n made pilgrimages. DbnyLl mamed, in the beginning of 1002, the
daughter of Qolij Khhn (No. a), and towards the end of 1006, JBnBn Begum, a
b ~ h t e rof Mimi 'Abdurrahh W B n WBnbn ( K h u i KhBn, p. 213), and was
betrotbed to a daughter of Ibrbhim 'Kdilshkh of B i j b p b ; but he died before the

' R e p d i n g her, vide Journal, A. 5.

I
graphed at Lucknow, A. H . 1284. She
of &ngd for 1869, p. 136, note. was the eldest daughter of Aumgzeb
' Hur charming Diwbn waa lithw and was born in 1048, A. H.
 marriage wns coneummattrl. He bad three wna :-I.
Sul@ Bahh Begum, a daughter of Jahsngir.
Hoehsng, who was married to Hoshmsnd BbiuG

were k i e d by Aqaf Wbn after the death of

hoiety of Bengal, for Angnet 1869). Nothing appears to be
of ayssenghar. Via%Calcutte Bevim for Ohber, 1869.
&ybI ia represented es well built, good looking, fbd@
and clever in compoeing Hindbtani poem^.

m, married in 993, gave birth, in 991, to S

Ehlt&n Begum], and in 996 to Prince Khuarau.
e fit of madneee apparently brought on by the behav10ur

She is not mentioned in the T w d among Jsbbngir'a wiv-

7. The mothem of Jah&nd&rand ShPhrg4r.

% i t (Bad. II, 876), married in 999. 9.

On her marriage with Jehhglr ehe m i v e d the

called N& Jsbbn. (Ihrs. p. 166). Jahhgir doaj
W6r Jahbm.
J&+6 d~n% 1. Sdts,n g h n a ~ a
,gbnmm(8h&4idhn). rL. 8ulte.n J&&. 6
mentioned *(a,) Bul* Nii Begum ; @.)
- -~severalohildren'&erPsmh;buttbe~@.
They appear to hrrw died won sRer their birth.
9 SU#& Z~UUW wm born on the Zith &s
ghBs wye 997. H e was d d tm a
-1. Beland Akhter, who died when
(dm oallad B+)* whose daughter,
bedath of Jahhgir; but at the order of Shlhjahln, he was killed, together with
his brother Garahasp, by Kgaf Khln.
w d r P a d t , born 19th Abln, 997. He was married to a daughter of Minh
BndPm i g&wi (No. 9) and had a son whodied when young (Tuz. p. 282). A daughter
of p& was -ed to D b d Shikoh. Pan& died of delirium tremens in 1036.
&lldn muwarn [ShELhjahbn] was born at Llhor on the 30th Rabl' I, 1000
H. Begarding his family, wide Proceedings A. S. of Bengd, for August 1869, p. 219.
He was Akbar's favorite.
&&dn J d d n d d r had no children. He and Sultdn Shahrydr were born about
& same time, a few months before Akbar's death ( n z . Preface, p. 17). Shahryhr
ms -ie& in the 16th year of Jahlngir, to Mihrunnish, the daughter of Nlir Jahbn
by Sher fi, and had a daughter by her, A d d Begum (Tuzuk, p. 370). The Iqbdl-
d d (p. 306)& her ,& da1Y. From his want bf abilities, he got the nickname
A-&ndari (fit for nothing). Khusrau, P a d z , and Jahdndb died before their father.
Shahryb, at the instigation of Nlir Jahbn, proclaimed himaelf Emperor at Lbhor
r fer days &r the death of Jahlngir. He was killed either at the order of Dhwar
BPlchsh or of A ~ a fKhhn ; w k h Proceedings A. S. Bengal for August 1869, p. 218.
6. M.i'rse' Sulaima'n, son of KhAn M i r d , son of Sulttin Mahmlid, son of
AbG Sa'id.
6. Mi'rza' Ibra'him, son of M i r d Sulairnb (No. 5.)
M ~ I - Suhimdn
z~ was born in 920, and died at Lhlior in 997. He is generally
called WdZi i Badakiiahdn. As grandson of Ab6 Sa'id MirzB, he is G e sixth deacen-
drnt from %w. Abli Sa'id killed Sultdn Muhammad of Badakhshdn, the last of n
wies of k i n g who traced their descent to Alexander the Great, agd took possession of
BdPLhshh, which after his death fell to his son, SultiLn Mahmlid, who had three
mna, Bhjasanghar Mink, 'Ali Mirzb,' Khhn Mi&. When Mahmlid died, Amir
K h r a u =bo, one of his nobles, blinded Bhyasanghar, killed the second prince, and
Ad as usurper. He submitted to BBhr in 910. When %bar took Qandahirr, in
912, fium Shhh Beg Arghlin, he sent Khhn &EL aa governor to Badakhahln.
M i d Sulaimin is the son of this Khdn
After the death of Khhn MYirzB, Badakhsh6.n was governed for %bar by Prince
H d f i n , Sultsn Uwais (Minh SulaimBn's father-in-law), Prince Hinddl, and lastly,
by M i d Sulaimbn, who held Badakhshhn till 17 Jumbda 11,948, when he had to sur-
d e r himself and his son, M i n i Ibrbhim, to Prince K h r B n . They were released by
H n d y b in 962, end took again possession of Badakhshln. When HumByb h d
taken Ebul, he made war upon and defeated Mk& Sulaimhn who once in possession
of his country, had refused to submit ; but when the return of Kimrin from Sind
0blip;ed Humiylin to go to KAbul, he reinstated the Mirzl, who held Badakhshhn till
Y83. Bent on making conquests, he invaded in 967 Balkh, but had to return. His
Ibdhlm, was killed in battle.'

' The Batfair ul U w r d calls the his birth being the word .
wwnd son. Mid Maa'lid ' Hence he never was a grandee
The Matsir =Js', Khbn died of &barss court, and has been put on
in 017 ; but this is impossible, as M i n i the list -ding to fie rulebl of eti-
f h h i m h wss born in 920, the Tdrfkh of
 I n t l ~ cr i c l ~ t h yenr 3IirzR R l l ~ l ~ a ~ n m1T:lkim's
nd (Akbar's brother) mother
)latl 111~.11 I;ilh,kl by Shhl~r\l1111JI:r'kni, Jlitzir P. \vent to Kliblil, and had Abul Ma'ili
II:IIIKI.L~ ; 11t1 then n ~ a r r i ~his d o\vn da~lfil~ter to 3i. A1. Hakhu, and appointd Vmd
.Ali, a Il;~~l;~lil~shRn nol~lr,711. 31. Iii~kim'nYakil (!)70). But M. M. Hakim did not
,KO on acll wit11 .\I irzh S I I ~ ~ ~ I~I 1I 1 ~0retnrnctl
II, nest year to KAbul nith hostile inten-
t i ~ r ;~but s 31. 31. II:rkirl~ilcll ant1 %%liedi\kb;~rfor astiiatance, so that Ninh S., thoogh
11(' 11;ltlt:tl;rn J:11:il:il)itl, h:ld to retr~rnto U:lda!ihsl~Sn. IIe returned to KBbul in 971,
W I I L ~ I I Alil~,~r'stroops h : ~ lleft that c ~ ) u ~ ~ but t r y retreated
, on being promised tribute.
RIirzA S I I ~ : I ~ I I Iwire: ~ I ~ ' s KIIII~T~LIII Ikgum, of the Qibchkk tribe. She wan
r1rrc.r a l ~ d11ntl l ~ c r11u\b:111rl so ~lruchin her power, that he did nothing nithont her
:~tlvi<,r.lIcr c.nrL1ny\v\.;~s JI1111tarin11<11611um, tile \\,idow of Prince Kbrnrdn. M. SulaimLn
\v;~ntcdto ~nilrrylirr; I)ut Kl111rr;lm UC~ILIII got her married, against her will. to
3 I i r ~ AIb~.;~liilr~, 1)y ~ v l ~ o m sllc h;rd :L son, RIirzA Sh611rukh (No. 7). When Ed
Ibr;il~iln t'ell in t l ~ rw:lr with B:~llil~, Kl~urramI3i~fi111n w a ~ ~ t etod send the KhBnum to
her fhther, SII{L~ J I I I I I : I ~ I IorI ;liLs11fi;r
~~ ; but a l ~ ercf11ac.d to go. Aa soon nq Shihrukh
11x1grosvn np, his l~lotl~er and some U:ttlakhshi nobles excited him t o rebel against his
g r ; ~ ~ d l l l t l ~RI.
c ~St11i1inl:in.
r T l i i ~he did, altc~rnatclyrebelling and again making pea,ce.
1il1urr;tun UI.;(III~ then rli,.(l. S11il1r11kl1 took a\vnj- tl~osc.parts of B&khsh&n which his
f : ~ t l ~ 11:ld
c r 11c~1~1. :111df;11111dso I I I ~ L I I J :~d11e%rents, t11:1t 31. S~ll;iimiin,prrtending to go on r
pilqrin~:~ge to .11;1lili:111, Icft B : ~ ~ l a k l ~ s Ifor ~ h ~lii~bul,
i and crossing the Silhb went to
India (9S3). 1<11,:111 .T:IIILII,governor of t l t ~l'i~~!j:il),rt'i,~i\-~'d orders to invade h i s k h -
slliln. hut was S I I I I ~ I C IoI ~~ ~d ~ r et ~dgo ) to lkngal, irs I\Illl~'in~ KIiRn had died and J L i d
Sul:~irnhndid not (xrc tbr t l ~ cg o r , . t ~ ~ o r s l of ~ i i13eng;iI,
) whicll Akbilr h d given him.
J I Sul:lirn~~n tllcn \vent to Is~nk'il11. of l1c>raia. When the d e d h ot' that monarch
diaprivid him of t l ~ c;rssi.trn~c~b\vllicl~he, 11:1djust rcc~~ivctl, ha w n t to Muzaffar I I u i n
1Iirz:i ( S o . S j ;it Q ; L I I ~ ; L:111d I I ~ t~l ~, e nto JI. >I. H : ~ l i i ~atl ~KLbul. Not succeeding in
..
I X I S I I I ~tlisturll:~ncx~s in I<:IIIIII.11e I I I : I I ~ for~ the frontier of Undakhshiin, and luckily
filldill:: S U I I I ~ :id!lt~r~l~ts, 111: I I I : I I I : Ito~ ~ gct
~ f'ro~nhis grm~tlsonthe territory betseen
!/ii;ydn and tl~r:1li11tii I<usl~. Soon nI2er JIuhtari~n KLilnum died. Bciug qain
prcs+t,111)y SIIAII~III~II, I I : ~ ~ I fbr hclI~to 'Al~dullahKhiin Uzbak, king of
31. S I I ~ ; I ~ I applied
I I l o1 I v i s l ~ tol I I I ; ~ ~ l : k l ~ s l ~H R rn invadc~i
. and took the couutry
I $ 2 ; 1111r11111 to 1 1 i s t 1 11 I . 1 1 a i 1 i to 1 . As he could noL
recover 111~d:~lihsh:'u1, and rrntlt.red (lcktitl~teby the tle;rtll of M. M. Hakim, he follolred
tho c r : ~ n ~ ~ofl chis grandson, and rcpaircd to the court of Akbar who made him a
Comlr~;lnderof' six thons:~nd.
A t;am ymrs I;ttcr, hr died at Lhl~or,a t the ngc of seventy-seven.
7. Mi'rza' Sha'hrukh, son of Pllirzi Ibrillim.
f i d e Nos. 5 and 6. Alibar, in 1001, g:rvc him his daughter Shukrunnisb Begom,
and 111adr hirn govrrlior of Alhl\val~,i ~ n dlle d i s t i l ~ ~ u i s i ~lii~nself ed in the conquest of the
1)al;'hin. T o w a l ~ dt~l ~ e of iikbar's reign, he \VLU made a Commander of s e w
thousaod, and \v\.as contin~ledin his iW<r7~frrbby J a l ~ A n ~ i r .
tIc died at lTjain in 1016. His \\rife, hrLhuliUe,qum, was a daughter of ?dirG
&Inhammad IIakim. She \vanted to take his body to 3 1 d n a h , but was robbed by the
Balawis ; and at'ter hallding over tile body to some ' scoundrels,' she weut to Ba$b
and then to Sl~iriz. I n 10'24,Shlih 'Abbis married her to M i n b 9 ~ 1 t h'AH,his U L I C ~ ~
whom he h.d l~linded; but tlie Begum did not like her new husband.
 Shdhrrkh's Children. 1. Hamn and Hnsain, twins. Hasan fled with ghusrau
and was imprisoned by Jahbngir. 4. Badi'wzan~iin(or Mirzb FathpBri), ' a bundle
of wicked bones,' murdered by his brothers in Patan (GujrBt). 3. Mirzd Shujb' rose
to honours under Sbbhjahbn, who called him Najtibat Khbn. 4. M i n b Muhamnlad
Zambn. H e held a town in B h k h s h b u , and fell against the Uzbaks. 6. Alirzb
Sul$hn, a favorite of Jahbngir. H e had xnany wives, and Jahbngir would have given
him his own daughter in marriage, if he had not perjuredhimself in tryingto conceal the
number of his wivea. H e fell in disgrace, was appointed governor of G h k i p b , where
he died. 6. M k d Mughul, who did not distinguish himself either. The I%zak
(p. 65) says that after the death of Shbhrukh, Jahitngir took charge of four of his sons,
and three of his daughters, ' whom Akbar had not known.' ' Shibrukh, though
twenty years iu India, could not speak a word of Ilindi.'
8. Miraa M ~ s f f a rHueain, eon of Bahdm Mireti, son of Shhh LmB'il
i gafami.
In 966, Shhh TahmLp of Persia (930 to 984) conquered Qandahb, which wiw
given, together with Dbwar and Garmsir as far as the river Hirmand, to Sultin llussin
MirLi), hi nephew. Sultin Husain M. died in 984, when Shbh Ismir'il I1 (984 to
9%) was k i n g of Persia, and left five children, Muhammad Husain M i d , Muza11:ar
H w i n M i d , Rustam M i d , Abli Sa'id Mirzh, and S a ~ ~ jMirzh.
ar The first was killed
by Sh6h Ismb'fl in I r i n . The other four in Qandahhr had also been doomed ; but the
arrival of t h e news of the sudden death of the ShBh saved their lives. The new ShBh,
Khudhbandah, gave Qandahhr to NuzalYar Husain M i d , and DBwar as far as tho
H L m n d to Bnstaxn Minii, who ww accompanied by his two younger brothers, their
Vakil being Hamzah Beg Zul Qadr, or Kor Ha~nzah,an old servant of their father. The
lrrbitiary hl~aviour of the Vakil mused Muzaflir llusain M i n b to take up arms against
hirn,and d t e r some mlternatt! tighting and pc:tce-making, M u z a h had the Vakil mur-
dered. This Itd to fights between Muzdnr alld M k z 5 K u s h who, however, returned
to Llirwar.
Not long aftrr, the invasion of K b u r h h n by tho Uzbaks under Din Muhammad
Sul611and Biqi Sulthn (a sister's son of 'Abdullah Khbn of TLritn) took place, and
the Ujrndahhr territory being continually exposed tu incursions, the country was un-
settlud. Most Qiailbirah grandees fell in the everlasting fighta, and the Shbh of Persia
pruuised awistance, but rendered none ; M i r A l t u s t a ~ nwho had gone to H i n d b G n , was
q ~ p u i n Mby Akbar Governor of LBhor, and kppt Q ~ n d a b h rin anxiety ; and M u i i i r
hwitati~~gly resolv~xlto hand over Q,..ndnhbr to Akbar, though 'Abdullah Iihitn of T i r k n
advktui hill] not tu join the Chagat;ii king8 (the blughuls of India). At thmt time Qlrh
Ikg (an old servant of Mwaffar's father, who had fled to India, and ww appointed
fi~rrcishheyiby Akbar) returned to Qzndahirr, nud 1)rerailed upon Muzdiu'a mother
and eldest son to bring about the annexation of Q rndahBr to India.
Akbar sent Beg Khbn Arghin, Governor of U~ngisb,to take prompt possession of
Qandahh, and though, as in all his undertakings, M u a t f i r wavered the lest moment
and had recourso to trickery, he wos obliged by the firm and prudent behaviour of Beg
, 1003, to go to Akbar. H e receivcd the title of F a r z o ~ ~(son),
K h i r ~ in d was made a
Con~~nrnder of Iivo t h o w d , and received S ~ m b h a l Jbgir, <'which is ulom worth
than all QLUdbh."
 But the ryota of his&j preferred complaints againat his grasping collectors, and
Muzaffar, annoyed a t this, applied to go to Makkah. No sooner had Akbar i p n t e d
t h k request than M o z d a r repented. H e was reinstated, but as new complaints were
preferred, Akbar took away the jbgir, and paid him a salnry i n cash (1006). Muzaffar
then went to Makkah, but returned after reaching the first stage, which d i s p l d
Akbar so much, that he refused to have anything to do with him.
Muzaffar found everything in India bad, and sometimes resolved to go to Persia,
and sometimes to Blakkah. From grief and disappointment, and a bodily hurt, he
died in 1008.
His daughter, called Qandahdr Mahall, was in 1018 married to Shiihjahdn, and
gave birth, in 1020, to Nawdb Parhez Bdnd Begum.
Three sons of his remained in India, Bahrim Mink, Haidar Mind, (who roee to
dignity under Shihjahhn, and died in 1041), and IsmB'il &h& The.diarfrir men-
tions two other sons, A l q h M i n d nnd Tahmin Mink.
Muzdm's younger brothers, MinB Abd Sa'id, and Ivlirzi Sanjar, died in 1006.
They held commends of Three hundred and fifty. (VideNos. 271 and 272.)
0. a z a R u e a m . - H e is the younger, but more talented brother of the pre-
ceding. As the revenue of Dtiwar was insufficient for him and his two younger
brothers, he made war on Malik Mahmnd, ruler of %t&n. Muzaffar Husain assisted
him a t h a t , but having married Malik Mahmlid's daughter, he turned against
Rustam. T h i caused a rupture between the brothem. Assisted by Lallah (-11)
IIanlzah Beg, M. Rustam invaded QandahBr, but without result. During the
iilvnsion of the Uzbaks into Khur&sdn, he conquered the town of Farih, and bravely
held his own. Some time after, he again attacked Malik Mahmlid, The latter wish-
ed to settle mattersamicably. During an interview, Rustam seized him, and killed
him, when Jdiluddin, Mahmdd's son, took up arms. Rustam was defeated, and
hearing that his brother Muzaffar had occupied Ddwar, he quickly took the town of
Qalht. Being once absent on a hunting expedition, he nearly lost the town, and
though he took revenge on the conspirators who had ah0 killed his mother, he
p l t himself so insecure, that he resolved to join Akbar. Accompanied by his brother,
Sunjar Mirzl, nud his own four sons Murhi, Shkhrukh, Hssan, and Ibrkhim, he went
in 1001 to India. Akbar mnde him a Punjhazdrl, and gave him MulGn ss jirgirl
" which is more than Q:~i~dahirr." His inferiors being too oppressive, Akbar, in
1003, wished to give him Chitor, but recalled him from Sarhind, gave him P a t ' h k ae
tuylil, and sent him, together with B'qaf Khhn against Rajah B b d . But as both
did not get on well together, Akbar called M. Rustam to court, appointing Jwt
Singh, son of Rqjah MAn Singli, in his stead. I n 1006, M. Rustam got &&in as
jhgir. H e then served under l'rince DBnykl in the Dak'hin. I n 1021, J a h b g i r
appointed him Governor of T'hat'hah, but recalled him as he ill-treated the hghdnrr.
After the marriage of his daughter with Prince Parwlz, Jahdngfr *lade hl a a o ~
hazcid, and appointed him Governor of Allzihiibiid. H e held aefort against 'Abdullah
Khkn whom ShLhjahln, after taking pohneasion oi Bengnl and Bihh, had win&
Allkhhbhd, and forced 'Abdullah to retire to Jhosi. I n the 21st year, he was appointd
Govcinor of BiLbr, but waa pensioned off as too old by Sh&hjahb at 120000 h.per
annum, and retired to A ' ~ a h . I n the sixth year, M. Rustarn married his daughter to
Prince D h d Shikoh. H e died, in 1051, a t k r a h , 72 years old.
 As a poet he is known under the lakhallq of P i d d i . H e waa a man of t h ~world
Pod nnderstood the spirit of the age. A11 his sons held subsequently posta of distinction.
Hiis first son MurM got from Jahbngir the title of IZtfdt E7idn. He was mar-
ried to a daughter of 'Abdurrahh KhAn Khrinzin. Murid's son, M h i Nukrsm
&in, also distinguished himself; he died in 1080.
His third son dlirzd Haaran / (!afawi, a Hazdr o pancadi under Jahringir, was
Governor of K&h; died 1069. Hasan's son, Xirzci pjkhikan, was FaujdiLr of
&ware in Bengal, retired, and died in 1073. qabhikan's son, Sai fuddin i P f a w i ,
accepted the title of K h h under Aurangzeb.
10. Bsiram ghan, t h e fifth in descent from Mir 'Ali Shukr Beg B a h r l i i .
BaAdrlu is the name of a principal clan of the Qa&dii Turks. During the time
oftheir ascendancy, under Qrrir Ybuf, and his sons Qarb Sikandar and M i d Jahzin
W, rnlels of 'I+ i 'Arab and Azarbfiijh, 'A11 Shukr Beg held Dainlir, Hamadin,
and Kurdistain, " which tracta ere still called the temtory of 'Bli Shukr." His son
Pir 'Alf Beg stayed some time with Sultbn Mahmbd MirzA, and attacked afterwards
the Governor of Shirslz, but was defeated. H e was killed by some of the Amirs of
S d g n Husain f i b . P'u Bli Beg's son, in the reign of ShiLh Ismb'il i qafawi, left
'I*, settled in Badakhshbn, and entered the service of Amir Khusrau Shbh (v&
p. 311,l. 26) a t Qunduz. H e then joined, with his son Saif 'Ali Beg, Bibar's army
an Amir Khusrau had been depoaed. Saif 'Ali Beg is Baidm's father.
B a i h W b n was born a t Badakhshbn. &r the death of his father he went to
Balkh to study. When sixteen years old, he entered Hum:iylin's army, fought in the
battle of QInauj (10th Mubarram, 947), and fled to the %jab of Lak'hnor (Snmbhal).
&er Shih met Bairbm in Mfilwah, and tried t o win him over. But Bairrim fled from
Borhbpiu with Abul Qhim, governor of Gwilibr, to GujriSt. They were surprised, on
the d, by an a m b a d o r of Sher Shbh who just returned from Gujdt. Abul QLim,
a man of imposing stature, be in^ mistaken for Bairrim, the latter stepped forward and
naid in a manly voice, " I am Bairim." "No," said Abul Qkim, "he is my attend-
ant, and brave and faithful as he is, he wishes to sacrifice himself for me. So let
hi111 off." Ahul Q b i m wan then killed, and Bairbm eacaped to Sult&n Mahmbd of
GnjGt. Undcr the pretest of nailing for Mnkkah, Bairhn embarked a t Slirat for
Bndh. He joined Humi'ryh on the 7th Muharram, 950, when the Emperor, after
wing through the territory of Rajah Mbldeo, was pressed by the Arghlins a t
Jon. On the march to Pemia, he proved the most faithful attendant. The King of
Peraia also liked him, and made liirn a Khrin. On Humaylin's retnm, Bairzim was
mt on a m b i o n to Prince Kirmrin. When Hu&yGn marched to Kzibul, he took
QMdahk by force an11 treachery fmm the QiuilbLhea, and making Ebiizim governor
of the district, he informed the Shlh that he had done so an Bairtim waa ' a faithful
w r ~ a n tof both.' Subsequently rumours regarding Bairbm's duplicity reached
H u d j & ;bnt when in 961, the Emperor returned to QsndahSs, the rumours turned
out Ms.?.
The eonquest of India may j u ~ t l ybe ascribed to Bsirirm. H e gained the battle of
Michhiwbrah. and received Sambhal aa jLgir. I n 963, he was appointed atdli*
(gasdim)of Prince Akbar, with whom he went to the PanjiLb against Sikandar Khbn.
On Akbnr's accession (2nd I h b i '11, 963) at Kalknbr, he was appointed Wakil and
h3,;ri h ~ l , , : , ~ rni~il; i ~ , rc.t.e~ivtult l ~ rtitle ol' Il%rin h'dl~ri. 011tllr srcond of Shnm'11. 9tX.
hl111rtI:,- : I I ~r : t111.fiurrc~r~der ol' ,ll;inktrt, wllen Akl)nr rrtunled t o Lril~or,nn irnyrinl
c.lcq~ll.~~~t rill1 ;~g:..linstBairAnl's ttsnt, and I3:ririirn blamed A t ~ a hKhirn (So. 151,
ivllo Ilttvc.r 11;ltl I)I-CIIhis friend, fi)r thin wuidcnt. The Atgall, alter arrival at Lihor,
wt,~lt\\.it11 his \\l~ollctlullily to I l : \ i r : i ~ :md ~ ~ , i1tt1'3t1.dhis ~ I I I I I I C C I I ~I)y
~ . a11 oath U ~ ~ the I I

Q O ~ , \ I I . '111 !11i..o, l;:~ir&n~ ~narl.il,(lS ; ~ l i ~ t ~St~lt:(i~i

i t i ~ Bc*giiln (p. 309, note.) and w n
; I I I ~ , I . . tlir t , - t l . : t : ~ ~ t . i i ~Cr 'O I I . , . ~ Ali11:1r an11 11in1. 13ndBoni (11, p. 36)
~I~ItI I I I ~ < I111~t\\vc~11
;iitl.ii,l~:t,:i tIl(* 11111 ot' IL~irl(l~llt ~ rt11e ~ I ~ : ~ C ; L ~ I I I Iof\ I Il'ir ~ AIUII:LII~K (SO.
I L ~2 V ) alld the
il~ll~:c,~l<.c 01' l \ ~ l l l : l l l l 1\11.:111,a11(1 his ~ ~ l o t l ~i\I:iltu111
cr Anag:rh (Xkbar's nurse), (!iddip
I \ ~ I I ~ I : L I I I I I II. iI l( i~ i i ~ ~Sliillilr~~ClJi~~
, Ali~llaCI, ckc:., who ~tlivtu:~llyC O I ~ I I ~ B ~ IofI C the ~

\ \ ~.(.tci~,dr~c-, ul'tlicir j ; ' t ~ i r r n, l ~ dthe e ~ l ~ ~ t t i lot'tlie l ~ s s Trc\;~.,t~ry,wllilst Uair61n Khin'e

fiit.n,ls livt~d in alilucllcc. The :I;rr',ccqtit i ~ I k C i r r says i that no less than twenty-five
of l%:~ililll'stiit~~i,lrirc~ichcdthta t l i g ~ ~ i of t y P a ~ ~ j l ~ a z k r i s - m t l ~ae rproof of Bairkm's
gist of h~le'(.tin~ 11ro11cr 111~11. I : i : ' i ~ ~ I' s is I I I t i l i s t ~ r i ~ n*'. A k c n
tricli rcs~111l11cs ix:tctly t l ~ : ~\vl~ir.l~t SltItA~iI\~II'I h ' i d i Blughul ado1)ted towards his
~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ A111ir i , s t t aCII:LIIII:III.
r (nft,l.)
011 Ire;lril~g the IIC\V\..; tll;lt ~ \ l \ l r : ~Itall r wsumed the rc.iglls of t h e government
1l:ririllr Irtt A'gral~,and W I I ~l ~ i sI'riel~dnwho 11ad adviaed hi111 to go to Alilbar, to Court
Iii~nsc~lf'werltuntlcr t l ~ c111.ett.rtol to Jlakkah t o AIcwkt mnd XLgor, from
\vl~c.rc. Ilc rcturntd his i i ~ s i y ~ i iwl1ir.11 ~ r , reached Akbar a t J l i u j l ~ a ;r for Akbar was oo
hi:, way to tho l';lrij:iI~, wlricl~l j : ~ i r J ~ as n , i t wa9 said, wished to invade. The iturignh
\VITP conltl~ctlon l'ir l \ l ~ i l ~ : l ~ r ~ I<hiln, r n : ~ t l Bairilm's old prof476 ; and he w3s ordered
1 1 , h , , I s l1i111 c1111ri~rk f i ~ rJI:llili;111. 1i:lirAln Silt I I I I I C ~irritated a t this ; and finding the
r~l;~rl to ti~?jr.:ltocclil~icd 11y I:;i,i;~l~ JILltleo, hiu enemy, he p r m e d d to Blkinir to hi
liirnil Ki11j:in Ji;11 (Xu. !I:I). 1;11t u11:tlrlc to restrain himself any longer, h e entrusted
I ~ i s ~~rulxbrty,his lli~llilj..111d llis yo~iiig tion ' A l d u r r a l ~ i r ~( S i o . 29) to Sher Muham-
I I I : Ll)i\v.:ll~ilh,
~ his a d o l ~ t c ~~ lO I Ii1111lj : i ~ i r holder of Tabiu.hiildah, and broke out in
-- ~ -

' So Btrrl. 11, 19. 'ri11, ~ I I I I . in ~ lH(i8, p. 10) and ALulfazZ'r letters, of
l < l l ~ l ~ i ~ t . ~( Ft oi li t~l t~ctlitit~i~),
- 1). <l!l;, (IOVR wllicll the compilrr had fvur lr~c~ks.
I I \ I I I
>
. ,1 I,, Xkl1:tr- Tile sources in ilulics have never I m o
~AIII:LII Y:IJ s, 1;;~irh111\V:I> 011 1111:11,il &: ship used hy preccading I~istorinns. This work
on the . I ; I I I ~ ~ I :rnl~en L ~ I , onc oL' Akhnr's is perliaps tlle only critical hiatorid
r ~ t s illto the 1v~tc.r; I I I I ~1tvarly
r l t ~ l ~ h : ~ r:u~ \\ark written by a nntivr, and wn-
1111s1.tt l , ~lu..~t.AIDIII~:IZI.
i t to it 1;11c>r 1,1>r!11(1
1111.1.,~~vt'r,
'
~.a.:;'rs
[ I I ; I I I ! ) ! ; I , '1'11~:111t1jor
fir1113all opil~ion which I hare ebe-
\vl~t.re ex[rressctl, that tliclse portions of
~ c I I Y ~ I iI ~ ~ I,I~,,I' II;IS :I t i t ~c~rti t i t d
( ~ t ' t l ,$,# 1111li;lnIli?;tory lbr which we have several
note on ~\l111ll1~zl's ar.t.,al~~~t. 1 \\o11111rc- so~~rr.t.s,art: 11111 01' the most astoundillg
111;lrk1 1 i . 1 , t11;it
~ ;I~~IIJII: \\cb It:lvc 1111 1r,i11<- , cli+~,rcl,:~~~cies LS to drtails.
1;1tit11111' till t11c~strt~rcc~st i ) ? :L l ~ i . ~ t i ~ r y 1k.lgril111\van n great scat of Muham-
ot' Aklriir's reign, E11ropc;111I l i h l ~ ~ r i a ~, i s nl:lllnli I ( ~ a n i i ~from i g tlle tililes of' Akbar
sl~oulcl111;lkctl~cbS~tir.(iniRi lik11111-i the to tile present century. For the literati
L;~bis 01' thttir 1:1l1o1irs. This work is a : 01' the town r i d e the 'I'azkirah by G h h
~ I K ~ L . co~nl)il:ition
~ I I dedicatd to William 'Ali Kzid, entitlid u l i v u i Azdd.
i r l i ~ t r i c l , ant1 IV\.:IS compilrtl by The author of the SawciniR iAkbod
Aniir ll:~illar of' Ik*!grAm f i ~ ~ r the n statc.~that Abulfazl does not shew much
Akltnrninlal~,tI1c8' ~ ; I ~ ; I I l~~; iI i~c,l ~ ~Fi- ~ t i ~ ~ ,l'ricndlinws to Bairhn, whilnt Erskiw
risl~t:th, the AkLio.,ttinluh k/ S h ~ t i k h (Elph.instone, . p5, note) represents
llr;h~fcicl of ~!u~.lrii?d(l~oc.tic;tlly c;~llrd AbuUnzl s.'' J a i r n m s warm pancgJrisL"
l ' u i z i ; ride Jourllal AN.SUC.l k . ~ l g ; ~ lbrl
open rebellion. At DipirlpIlr, on his way to the PanjAb, he heard that Diwbnah had
squandered the property left in his chargo, had insulted his family, and hnd sent
Muznffar 'Ali (whom Bairhm had despatched to Diwhnah to settle matters) to Court a
prisoner. Mortified a t this, Bairbm resolved to take Jblindhar. Akbar now moved againat
him ;but before he reached him, he heard that Bnirhm had been defeated1 by Atgah Khbn
(XO. 16). Bairfrm fled to Fort Tilwhrah on the banks of the Bayhh, followed by Akbnr.
Fighting ensued. I n the very beginning, Sultirn Husain Jalhir was killed ; and when
hi, head was brought to Baidm,P he was so sorry, that he sent to Akbar and asked for-
gireness. This was granted, and Bairiim, accompanied by the principal grandees, went to
Akbar's tent, and was pardoned. Bfter staying for two days longer with Mun'im
Khirn, he received a sum of money, and was sent to Malikah. The whole camp made
a collection (chandoqlr). Hbji Muhammad of Sisthn (No. 56) accompanied Bairbm over
N k o r to Patan (Nahrwhlah) in Gujrht, where he wan hwpitably received by Mlisb
KhAn Fa&, the governor. On Friday, 14th Jum6da I, 968, while alighting from
a h ~aRer t a trip on the Sahagsn Lnng Tank, Bairbm was stabbed by a Lohirni AfghBn
of the name of Mubitrik, whose W e r had been killed in the battle of MLhhiwarah.
" With an Alldhr Akbar on his lips, he died." The motive of Mubirrik Khhn is said
to have merely been revenge. Another reason is mentioned. The Kashmiri wife of
S l i m Shbh with her daughter had attached herself to Bairbm's suite, in order to go
t o Hijliz, and i t had been settled that BnirBm's son should be betrothed to her, which
annoyed the Afghbns. Some b e g p lifted up Bainim's body, and took it to the tomb of
Shrikh Husirmnddin. Seventeen y e m later the body was interred in holy ground at,
Mashhad.
Akbnr took chargo of 'Abdurrahfm, Bair&mlsson (vide No. 29), and married soon
after Salhnah SultQu Begum, Baidm's widow.
For +fi Bairdm, we often find the spelling rfi Bairam. Firishtah generally
calls him %rim K h i n T u r k m h . B a i r h was a Shi'ah, and a poet of no m a n pre-
tension~(vide B d b n i 111, p. 190).
U. Mun'im Khan, son of Bairam' Beg.
Nothing appears to be known of the circumstances of hie father. Mun'im Khitn was
a gnndee of Humirylin's Court, as also hie brother Fazil Beg. m i e n HumiryIln, on
h i s flight to Persia, was hard pressed by Mirzh Shith Husain of T'hat'hah, one grandee
&r another went quietly away. M. and Fazil Beg also were on the point of doing so,
when H w h p 6 n mmle them prisoners, as he had done from motives of ~rudenceand
policy with wveral other nobles. M. did not, however, accompany Humbylin to Persia
I I e rejoined. hi111 i~llmediatelyon his return, and rose a t once to high dignity. H e reject-
ed the governorship of @ndahhr, which was given to Wuirm Khirn. I n 961, he waa
qpointeJ. a t d l i p of Prince Akbar ; and when EIumhylin invaded India, M. was left as
governor of Kibul in charge of M i n i Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother, then about

Near>+.. (orleti_tS) in the Par- 6ght took place oubiclc of BIbhhimbrah.

p-~nah>l@a [Bad. ; Mahir ; * The Madsir mc~ltionsthis fact with-
>LBJSa Sarodnib] near Jlilindhar. For out giving the source.
' Some MSS. read Illirana ;but B a i
(I1* has >&>fi.
E'inaLhdl s a y (Lucknow edit., p. 249) the
,
, ;,the prefenrble reading.
 a year old. In Khbul M. remainod till Baidm fell into d i s w . He joined Akbar,
in Zf Hajjah, 967, at Lfidhibnah, where Akbar encamped on his expedition against
hirhm. M. wruc then appointed K h d n Xhdndn and J'akil.
In the seventh year of Akbar's reign, when Adham Khbn (No. 19) killed Atgab K h b
(Er'o. 16), Mun'im who had been the instigator, fled twice from Court, but was caught the
second time in Saror (Sirkhr of Qanauj) by the collector of the district, and wacl brought
in hy Sayyid Mnl~rnfidK1i;lu of Birrha (No. 75). Akbar restored M. to his former honors.
Mun'im Khin's son, Ghanf Khitn, whom his father had leR in chnrge of Kbbul,
caused disturbances from want of tact. MBh Jhjak &gum, Prince M. Muhammad
Hukim's niother, advised by Fazil Beg and his son 'Abdulfath, who hated Ghani Khhn*
clcwed the doors of Kirbul, when Ghani K h h was once temporarily absent at F a r .
Ghani Khbn, not finding adherents to oppose her, went to India. MBh Ji?jak Begum
then appointed Fazil Beg as V a H and 'Abdul Path aa hTdib; but being dissatisfied
with them, she killed them both, at the advice of Shhh Wali, one of her nobles. On
mount of these disturbances, Akbar, in the eighth year, nent Y. to KBbul. Thinking
he could rely on the Kbbulis, M. leR before his contingent was quite ready. He was
attacked near JalQlirbBdby Mhh Jfijak Begum (who in the meantime had killed ShLh
Wali and had taken up, apparently criminally, with Haidar Qbim Koh-har, whom
she had made Pukil)and defeated. M. fled to the Ghak'hars, and ashamed and hesitating
he joined Akbar, who appointed him Commander of the Fort of A'grah.
I n the 12th year, after the defeat and death of Khbn Zamln (No. 13), Y. waa rp-
pointed to his jhgim in J a u n p h (Bad. 11, 101), and then concluded peace with
Sulaimln Kararbni of Bengal, who promised to read the Khutbah and strike coins
in Akbar's name.
In 982, Akbar, at M.'s request, went with a flotilla from A'grah to Bihk, and took
Hitjipiv and Patna from Dhlid, Sulaiiirn's son. M. was then appointed Governor of
Bihbr, and was ordered to follow Dhfid into Bengal. Y. moved to TLncJah (opposite
Gaur, on the right side of the Ganges) to settle political mnttere, and left the pursuit
to Muhammad Quli Khbn Barlb (No. 31). But as the latter soon afler died, M., at
the advice of Todar Mall, left TBn+h, and followed up Dbi?d, who after his defeat at
a>&, submittd at Katak. In gofar 983, M. returned, and though his army had
terribly suffered from epidemics on the march through Southern Bengal, he quartered
them against the advice of his friends at Gaur, where M. soon after died of fever.
The great bridge of Jaunpiv was built by Mun'im Khbn in 981. Ita tdrikh is
WI . b y . M.'s son, Ghani KhBn, went to 'Adilshh of Bijirph, wherc he died.
la. Tardi Beg Khan, of Turkis&.
A noble of Hurn$linls Court. BRer the conquest of Gujritt, he was made
Governor of Charnpbnir (Pbwanga~h). On M i n i 'Asknri's defeat by Sulthn BahBahlidur,
T a d Beg nlso succumbed to him and retreated to HumiryGn. During the emperor's
flight from India, T a d Beg distinguished himself as one-of the moat faithless' com-
panions. When passing through the territory of N j a h Mbldeo, he even refused
Hum&+ a horse, and at Amarkot, he declined to assist the emperor with a portion of

Elphinstono, p. 452 note, says Tad

Beg was one of the most fuithful follow- I era of Hum6 Qn, a statement which is
contradicted$d l native hi~torians.
t h e wealth he had collected while a t court. Hence %i Pmbd advised H. to imprison
some of his nobles and take away part of their property by force. H . however retunled
afterwards most of it. In Qandahh, Tar& Beg left the emperor and joined M i d
~Askari. But M i n S 'Askari put most of them on the m k , and f o d also Tardi
B e g to give him a large sum as ransom.
On Humtiy6n's return fiom ' I r k , Tardi Beg asked pardon for his former
fnithlessness, was restored to favour, and was sent, in 966, &r the death of M i n 8
Ulugh Ekg, sou of &i Sultbn, to Dbwar. During the conquest of India, T. dis-
tinguished himself and received hlewbt a t Jigir. I n 963, when Humbylin died (7th
Rabi' I ) , T. read the KAutbah in Akbar's name, and wnt the crown-insignia with M.
AbLl Q b i m , son of Prince Kbmrin, to A k k in the Panjbb. Akbar made T. a
Commander of Five Thousand and appointed him governor of D i . T. drove away
Htiji KhBn, an officer of Sher Shbh, fiom Narnaul. On Hemli's approach, rrfter some
unsucce~sft~lfighting, T. too rashly evacuated D i l i , and joined Akbar a t Sarhind.
Bainim KhBn, who did not like T. from envy and sectarian motives, accused him, and
obtaining from Akbar " a sort of permiaaion" (Bad. 11,141 had him murdered (end of
963). Akbar was diplenml. Baidm's hasty act was one of the chief causes of the
Ciatrust with which the Chngathi nobles looked upon him. Tardi Beg was a Sunni.
13. Kha'n Eama'n i Shaibafni'.
His Eather IIaidar Sultbn Uzbak i Shaibbni had been made an A m h in the J b m war
with the Qizilbi*ihee. I n e n Humbylin returned Si-om I'ersia, Haidar joined him, to-
gether with his two sons 'Ali Quli Khbn [Khiri ZamLn] and UahLdur Khhn (No. 2.2,)
a n d distinguished hiniself in the conquest of Qandallbr. On the rnarch to Kblul, cm
epidemic broke out in Ilumbylin's camp, during which Haidar Sultiun died.
'Ali Quli Khhu distinguished himself in Kibul and in the conqutat of Hindilsbin,
was made Amir and sent to the Dubb and Samlhal, where he defeated the AfghBns.
A t the time of Akbar's accession 'Ali Quli KhLn fought with S h X Khbn, an Afigh6n
noble ; but when he h e a d that Hem6 had gone to Dillli, he thought fighting with this
new enemy more illlportnnt; but before 'Ali Quli arrived at Dihli, Tardi Beg (No. 14)
had been defeated, and 6.returned from Yeerut to Akbar a t Sarhind. 'A11 Quli was sent
in advance with 10,000troopem, met Henih near Pbnipat and defeated him. Tliough
Akbar and B a i d m were near, they took no purt in this battle. 'AH Quli received tho
title of A-hu'n Zamdn. Next to B n i r h , the reatoration of the Mughul Dynasty may Iw
justly ascribed to him. KhBn ZamS~lthen bwt Sambhal w a i n as j k i r , cleared the whole
north of India up to Lak'hnau of the AfghBns, and acquired an immense fortulle by
plunder. I n 964, he held J a u n p h as &dim mapdm for Bika~rdnr,after the latter had
surrendered Nbnkot. I n the third year of Akbar's reign, Khhn ZaniBn bc~ainethe talk
of the whole country in consequence of 8 love ~candalwith Shirham Beg, a page of
H u m L y h , nud LLS he refused to send the boy back to Court, Akbar took away some of
KhQnZambn's luy.lils, which led him to rebel. BnirSm from generosity did not interfere ;
but when Nuhammad, K l ~ b nZ a m h ' s enemy, had been appointed Vakil, he took
away, in the 4th year, the whole of his mulialb, and had him appointed commander
against the Afghins who threatened the Jaunphr District. Ph Muhammad had also
B u j 'Ali thrown &om the walls of F i n i d b ~ X ,whom K h h Zambn had sent to him to
settle matters. W i n Zambn now thought, i t wes high time to send away Shiiham
l:c:,., \ \ V > I I ~ to J ~ I I I I ~ I I.'III ~I I ~, C ~ I . O ~:SL W : Ithe
~ Aikl~Lnh. 1lpo11 tho of %rim,
tl~vy :qq)t~:~r~d : L ~ : I ~ I Iu11dvr S11t>r S I I ~ I I ,SIIII of' 'Adli, wit11 a l;trKe army a114 fi)

l I ~ l ~ : l~i l ~~: is~; I.l~ . L I I IIIO\YCVLT,

~II, deti.:cted tl1e3111ill the str~11.t.s ~ ~ i ' . I i t u n and
~ ~ rcarriid
,
olt' i~nrner~+c 11l11ntIer:u111nrllntsrousclc.l)l~ants,\\.l~ivl~ IIC restained for I~ir~~self.
111 Zi Qil'dah of the 6th ycnr, Akl,;rr rnovcd l)erno~~;~llg against Ilirn; but at Kay&
(on t l ~ c(ianglbs.) Khhn Zi1111:in and his 11r11tllcrU:IIII:L~U~ srlb~nittedand delivend the
L o ~ ~ :t LyI I ~the L'IP~III:LII~S. They were p:lrclo~lctland H C L I I ~a ~ i i i nto .Jaunp6r. Soon ailer,
lle def;uted t l ~ cAl$l~:i~~n, who I ~ a d;~tta~:livd lii111in i~ ibrtili~d11osition11wthe k n .
111 tllc 1Otl1 gear, KlAn Za~nhu rcbellcd i g i ~ i ~ill l e o ~ ~ c with
~ ~ r tthe Uzbalir, and
att:ickrvl tile Tuyill11:irs of tho province. As suou as all irnl)erial anny ~ u n r r l ~ eagain~t d
hit~i,Ile \ v c ~ to ~ t GI~:izipilr,and Akbar on arrival a t ,J:n~npilrnt.nt JIu~l'inrKhbn against
11i1n. 1Jring a f r i c ~ ~ofd Iil~AnZ ~ I I I :l ~~~ei1ld11evd , IIIII~ to subn~it,which he did. But
n I~utly01' i~upcrisltroops u~~elcr BIu'izzuln~ulkand IL'ijill~Tud:~rJIitll having &en de-
fc;~tc*d by BilLidtlr ntidlrlia~lditrUzl)ali, ( S o . 'IS) the rehellion cuntin~lcd,thoughrepenttd
nttcn~l)tswere made to bring allout a. cui~ciliatio~~. IIal-ing at last sworn t o be faithlid,
KIILII Zin11h11was 11'tt in 11ohht~szivnof' I ~ i j:igirs, s and AIiLbar returned to XL+. But
\VIICII the e~nl~eror, ou tlle 3rd Ju1116d:rI, '374, n~arcli~ul agninst hi. Muhammad Hal;i~nl
KIILII Zit1116nrebelled ag:tin, rend the l i h r t [ l ~ u ha t Jaunpilr in 1Cl. h1ulLmunad Iialiinis
I I I a~ 1 a r 1 v it S l r g 1 1 1 ( a j ) Alibnr was now resolved no lonprr
to pardon ; he lctt tllc P:ll;jLb, 12th 1i:irriilz:ill i)izl,, and A'grah on the 26th Shawail.
A t S:lliif, e:rst oi' ~ l ' g r ~ ~Alilliir ll, herird tl111tl i I i L 1 ~Z ~ l ~ n h had
n fled from S h c p r h
to AlA~~ikpilru-l~ere B:lh:idur \tr:rs. and lion1 there ~narchingalong the Gangs,
Ilsd ovcr-l)ridgcd the river near the froutier of' Singror (Nawhbga~~j, between hliuilr-
pilr and t\llil~:il,ild). Alibar s e i ~ ta detachn~rnt of GOOO troopers under Nuham-
I I I : I ~Quli lillii~lBi~rliisand Tod:ir RIall to A u d l ~to oppose Isliandar K h i n Uzbak, a11d
n~:ircl~ed over R i i U:rrcli to h1611ikl1ilr, C ~ O S S Ctlle ~ G;inges with about 1011 men, and

sltsl~t :it n i g l ~ t11e:lr t l ~ eba11ks 01' tile river, a t a rllort d i s t t ~ ~ iiwrn ~ c e K h i n Zmin's
c.:inlp, wllo nlust Lave gone fi.o~nN:~\v.il~ga~ij I):Ic~ agi~in011 the right side of the river
to I < : ~ : L ~ Next I. ~ ~ l o r n i l ~1st
g , Zi Il.~,ij:d~, !J74, Akl~ar wit11 h-olne reinforcel~lentj
athclictl K ~ I &Z:IIII~II. II Ual~ktlur\\*as vxl)tur~ul,and brougltt to Akbar, and be h d
ticiirct.1~.b~c.11dcsl)atvl~c'd,w11~nJ<h6t1 Z.1111hn'sh c d J Y ~ I Yhrougl~tin. H e had k n half
kille~tl by at] e l c l ~ l i a ~ wl~ose
~t driver \ v ; I ~ ci~lledSou~llit,wllrn a auldic~cut off his h d ;
for AkLnr ha1 promised a rnul~urfor every Alughul'a head. But allother soldier
s~~:rtvl~cd away tlic Ilead and took it t o Alillar. The fight took place dur 'arpd i
~ l I3:1tl:io11i, ;Iltrttgu~.tcdl] " whicl~pli~cc II~IS sinc~,bc.r~~
S d i ~ . t i i c ~[iu calltd rluthp'r.
The Trig. S. rn;ll)s sl~cwu, nruall villago Fatl~pilrabout 10 or 12 ~nilessouth-east of
liay;~ll,not filr fro111the river.
On t l ~ es;une day, thougl~the heat was terrible, Akbw started for and reached
All~~l~il~kd.
K11:irl Za~uknas a pocl stjled himself SultJn ( ~ i r l cProceedings Asiat,ic Society, &,I)-
trll~berlstlt).) Z(z~izciniyci (nuw a tkation on tllc E.I. Rsilwaj) was founded by him.
Thoug11HII Uzl):lk, K l ~ i nZau~Bn,from his lull;: reridcncc in Perah w w staunch Shi'ab.
K I I ~ IZa1111~11
I I I I I I S ~nut be confv~u~dcd with No. 124.
14. 'Abdullah Khan Uzbak.
A lluble of' lluul:igil~~'aCourt. A t h r tho defeat of Hcmu, he received the titlc of
 S h u j h t Khh,got Kblpi ns tuydl, and sowed under Adhuu Khln (No. 19) in GujrAt.
When Bhz Ba.h6dur, after the death of Pir Muhammad, had h k e n possetmion of
Mblwah, 'Abdullah was madea Panjhaz;dri,nndwaa sent to Mirlwah with almost unlimited
authority. He re-conquered the province, and 'reigned in Mandli like a king.' Akbar
found it necessary to move against him. 'Abdnllah, after some unsuccessful fighting,
fled to Glijkt, pursued by Q h i m Khbn of=hbp& (No. 40). Leaving his wives in
the hands of his enemies, he fled with his young son to Changh KhBn, an officer
of Sulgn Mahmlid of Gujrht. Hakim 'Ainulmulk was despatched to Changiz with
the requent to deliver up 'AMullah, or to dismiss him. Changiz K h i n did the latter.
'Ahdullah again appeared in MBlwah, and was hotly pursued by Shihbbuddin Ahmad
B i n (No. 26), who nearly capturod him. With great difficulties he eluded hie
pursuers, and managed to reach Jaunphr, where he died a natural death during the
rebellion of Khbn ZamiLn (No. 13).
16. Shammrddi'n Muhammad At& Kha'n.
Son of Mir Y C Muhammad of Ghaznl, a simple farmer. Shamsuddin, when about
twenty years old, once dreamed that hc held the m w n under his arm, which dream WM
justified by the unparalleled luck which he owed to a little d ~ of d kindness.
Shamoddin entered Prince Khmrbn's service sa a common soldier, and was present
in the fatal battle of Qanauj (10th Muharram, 947). H u m b y b , after the defeat,
crossed the river 'on an elephant,' and dismounted on the other side, where a soldier
who had eacaped death in the current, stretched out his hand to assist the emperor to
jump on the high bank. This soldier w~ Shamsuddin. HumiLylin attached him to his
emice, and subsequently appointed his wife wet nurse (anagah) to Prince Akhar a t
Amarkot, conferring upon her the title of Ji Ji AmaguA. Shamsuddin remained with
the young prince, whilst IIumBylin was in Persia, and received after tho emperor's
restoration the title of Algah (foeter father) KAdn. Humbydn sent him to Hi&,
which S i k k had been ~ e aside
t for Prince Akbar's maintenance.
After Akbar's accession, Atgah KhBn was despatched to KBbul to bring to India
the E m p m mother and the otl~erBegums. Soon a h r , on the march froin Mankot to
LUor, t h e elephnnt affair took plnce, which has been related under Bairdm Khdn,
p. 316. H e held Khuahbb in the Panjilb a~ jhgir, and received, after BairBm's fall, the
ituignie of that chief. H e was also appointed Governor of the Panjib. He defeated
hi& Khbn near JBlindhar, before Akhirr could come up, for which victory Akbar
honored him with the title of A'znm Khbn. I n tlie sixth year, he came from LBhor
to the Court, and acted as Vakil either in supersession of Mnn'im Khbn, or hy
'usurpation,' at which Akbnr connived. Mun'im Khbn and Shihbh Khbn (No. 26)
felt much annoyed a t this, and instigated Adham (vide NO. 19) to kill Atgab KhBn,'
12th Ran~azbn,969.
For Khbn's brothers tide Nos. 16, 28, 63, and for his sons, Nos. 18 and 21.
The family i often called in Histories Algah Khail, ' the foster father battalion.'

' He utabbed at tho A/.qah, nnd ordered Uudtioni (p. 62) nnd Elpllinstunc ( P
one of his own servants, an Urbnk, ot'tlrr
u m e of Khushrm &-g, to kill him.
41
I 6W2, 1. l), r ~ t11:rt
Atgah.
y Adha111Lin~aelfliill&
 16. Kha'n i Kala'n, l6i.r Muhammad, elder brother of Atgah nth.
He served under Kimrhn and H d y h , and rose to high dignity during the reign
of Akbar. Whilst Governor of the PanjBb, where most of the A t g a b (Atgah mil)
had j+, he distinguished himself in the war with the G'hakkars, the extirpation
of SultBn Adam, and in keeping down Kamhl Kh&n. In the ninth year he
misted M k B Muhammad Hakim against Mi~iniiSulaimin (No. 5), restored him to
the throne of Kibul, settled the country, and sent back the imperial troop under hi
brother Qntbuddin (No. 28), though Akbar had appointed the latter Atdliq of the
Prince. But Khbu i KalLn did not get on well with M. M. Hakim, especially when
the Prince had given his sister Fakhrunnisb Begum (a daughter of Humby611 by JJjjsh
Begum, and widow of Mir ShBh 'Abdul Ma'ili) to Ehwijah Hasan Naqshbandi in
marriage. To avoid quarrels, KhBn i Kalhn left one night KBbul and returned to
LBhor.
I n the 13th year (976), the Atgah Khuil waa removed from the Panjhb, and ordered
to repair to tY,orah. Khan i Kalin received Sambhal as Jigir, whilst Husain Q d i Khhn
~
(No. 24) was appointed to the Panjib. In 981, he was sent by Akbar in advance, for
the reconquest of Gujrht ( B d . 11, 165). On the march, near Sarohi (Ajdr), he was
wounded by a Rijpdt, apparently without cause ; but he recovered. After the conquest,
he waa made governor of Patan (Nahrwilah). He died at Patan in 983.
He was a poet and wrote under the takhallrp of' Ghaznawi,' in allusion to his birth-
place. Badbni (111, 287) praises him for his learning.
His eldest sou, Fizil KhBn (No. 156) was a Hazdri, and was killed when Mimi
'Aziz Kokah (No. 21), was shut up in Ahmdnagar. His second son, Farmkh
Khin (No. 232) war, a Panjpadi. Nothing else is known of him.
17. Mi'r~a'Sharafhddin H w i ' n , son of Khwfijah Mu'ln.
He was a man of noble descent. His father, Khwhjah Mu'in was the son of
Khiwind Mahmdd, second son of KhwBjah KalLn (known as KhwijagQn Khwhjah),
eldest son of tho renowned saint Khwijah Nkiruddin 'Ubaidullah Ahrir. Hence
Mind Sharafuddin Husain is generally called Ahrdri.
His grandfather, KhBwind Mahmdd went to India, was honorably received by
Humiydn, and died at KBbul,
His father, KhwLjA Mu'iu, was a rich, but aoar'icious man ; he held the tract of
land, called' RJdkhQuah i Nasheb,' and served under 'hbdullah Khin, ruler of Khhghar.
He was married to a j a k Begum, daughter of Mir 'Aliulmulk of Tirmiz, who is a
daughter of Fakhr Jah6n Begum, daughter of Sultkn Abd Wid M i d . ' Hence the
blood of Timdr also flowedin the veins of MinB Sharafuddin Husain.' As the son did

~
not get on well with his father, he went to Akbar. Through the powerful illfluence of
Mihum, Akbar's nurse, and Adham Khbn, her son (No. 19), Mirzi Shard wea
appointed Panjhazdri. I n the 6th year, Akbar gave him his sister Bakhshi BBni
Begum in marriage, and made him governor of A j d r and Nhgor. In 969, when
Akbar went to Ajmh, M k i i S h a d joined the emperor, and distinguished himself in
the siege of Mirt'ha, which was defended by Jagmal and Devidb, the latter of whom
was killed in an engagement subsequent to their retreat from the fort.
I
In 970, M i n i Sharafs father came to A'grah and was received with great honors
by Akbar. I n the same year, I d h i Sharaf, from motives of suspicion, fled from
 A#gmh over the frontier, pursued by Hueain Qulf Khbn (No. 24) and other grandees.
Hin father, ashamed of his son's behavionr, left for Hijbz, but died at Cambay. The
ship on which his body was, foundered. Minb Sharaf stayed for some time with Changiz
&in, a Gujrht noble, and then joined the rebellion of the MirzSs. When Gujrlt was
conquered, he fled to the Dak'hin, and passing through B s l i n a h , was captured by
the Zamindk of the place, who after the conquest of Slirat handed him over to Akbar.
To Gighten him, Akbar ordered him to be put under the feet of a tame elephan5, and
after having kept him for some time imprisoned, he sent him to Muzaffar Khin,
Governor of Bengal (No. 37), who was to give him a jggir, should he find that the M i n e
ahewed signs of repentanoe ; but if not, to send hi to Makkah. Muzaffar was waiting
for the proper season to have him sent off, when M h M a ' p h i Khbulf rebelled in
Bib. Joined by B&b&K h h Q8qsh81, the rebels besieged M u d a r Khbu in Tbudah
and overpowered him. Mfnh Sharaf fled to them, after having taken possesnion of
the hidden treasures of Muzaffur. But subsequently he became Ma'plim's enemy. One
was waiting for an opportunity to kill the other. M a ' q h at last bribed a boy of the
name of MahmGd, whom Mirzb Sharaf liked, and had his enemy poisoned. Mirze
Sharafs death took place in 988. He is wrongly called Sifuddeen in Stewart's History
of Bengal (p. 108j.
18. Ydsuf Muhammad Kha'n, eldest son of Atgah K.hh (No. 15).
He was Akbar's foster brother (kokrrh or ktikaltdsh). When twelve years old, he
distinguished himself in the fight with BairBm (p. 317, 1. 6,) and was made Khhn.
When his father had been killed by Adhaol Khhu (No. 19), Akbar took cam of him
and his younger brother, 'Adz Kokah (No. 21). He dintinguished himself during the
several rebellions of Khbn Z a m b (No. 13).
He died from excessive drinking in 973. Bad. 11, p. 84.
10. Adham Kha'n: son of Mdhum Anagah.
The name of hie father is unknown ; he is evidently a royal bastard. Hie mother
YBhum was one of Akbar's nnrsea (anagah'), and attended on Akbar ' from the cradle
till after his accession.' She appears to have had unbounded influence in the Harem
and over Akbar himself, and Mon'im KhBn (No. ll),who a h r Baidm's fall had been
appointed Vakil, was subject to her counsel. She also played a conaidersble part in
' bringing about Baiim's M l ; Bad. 11, p. 36.
Adham K h h was a Panjhuzciri, and distinguished himself in the siege of Mbnkot.'
Bairhm KhBn, in the third year, gave him Hatkhnt'h,' South-East of h h , as j e r , to

' Generally called in European histories of this fort, partly taken from the Akbar-
Adam K h h ; but his name k put, not niimah.
Hatkint'h waa held by Rtijplits of
F'T. This is the pronunciation given in the Uhadauri ah clan. Vide b m e s ' s
the Calcutta CbagatQi Dictionar Mis-
led by the rinted editions of h b n i ,
edition of EIE~~'~
and I, 27, where the word;&
,.
Glomrv. 11. D. 86.
kdoubt-
-,

KEBO
~rin~ht.h, K ~ & Dkc..
. I put o,l p.
223 of my Text edition of the A'in, Md-
ful, though it is certainly not Luhore; for
the old wpelling ' Luhbwar,' for Lbhor,'
hum At oh, as if it wacl the name of a had ceased when the author of the
man. k
from below.
P h i t i Khio 1, p. 132,l. 6 Makhzun i rlfyhdni wrob. Besides, a
place in CJw&liir is meant,, not fkr from
' The dlccciair gives a short history the Sindh river. F o r y b the two edi-
cheok the rebela of the Bhadauriyah clan, who even during: the preceding re@ hsd
given much trouble. Though he accused BairQrn of partiality i n bestowing bad j2igim
upon such as he did not like, Adham did his best to keep down the Bhadaurij-Phs.
After B a i m ' s fall, he was sent, in 968, together with Pir Muhammad Khirn, to
U l m h , defeated BBz BahMur near %rangplir, and took possession of B a h a u r ' s
treasures and dancing girls. His sudden fortune made him refractory; he did not
send the booty to Kgrah, and Akbar thought i t necessary to pay him an unexpected
visit, when MQhum Anagah fouud means to bring her son to hi senses. Akbar left
&r four days. On his departure. Adham prevailed on hie mother to send back two
beautiful dancing girls ; but when Akbar heard of it. Adham turned them away. They
were captured, and killed by Xihum's orders. Akbar knew the whole, but said nothing
about it. On his return to Agrah, however, he recalled Adham, and appoiuted Pir
Muhammad governor of Mblwah.
A t Court, Adham met again A t p h K h h , whom both he and Mun'im Khh envied
and hated. On the 12th R a m a h 969, when Mun'im Khbn, Atgah K h h , and several
other grandees, had a nightly meeting in the state hall a t A'grah, Adham K h h with
some followers, suddenly entered. All rose to greet him, when Adham struck Atgah
with his dagger, and told one of his companions (viide p. 321 nota), to kill him. H e
then went with the d a g g r in his hand towards the sleeping apartments of Akbar, who
had been awakened by the noise in the state hall. Looking out from a window,
he saw what had happened, rushed forward sword in hand, and met A d h m on a
high archway (aiwcin) near the harem. " Why have you killed my foster father, you
son of a bitah P" (hachah i lddah), cried Akbar. " Stop a moment, majesty," replied
Adham, seizing Akbnr's arms, "first inquire." Akbar drew away his hands and struck I
Adhaxn a blow in the face, which sent him " spinning" to the ground. " What are
you standing here gaping," said Akbar to one of hie attendante of the name of e

Farhat IUIAn, " bind this man." This was done, and a t Akbar's orders Adhaul Khirn
was twice thrown down from the dais (pufah) of the Aiwdn to the ground, with his
head foremost. The corpses of Adham and Atgah were then sent to Dihli.
Mirhum Anagah heard of the matter, and thinking that her son had been merely
imprisoned, she repaired, though sick, from Dihli to A'grah. On seeing her, A l i k
said, " H e has killed my foster father, and I have' taken his life." " Pour Majesty
haa done well," replied MiLhum, turning pale, and left the hall. Forty days a f k r , she
died from grief, and was buried with her sou in Dihli in a tomb which Akbar had
built for them. For Adham's brother, vide No. 60.
20. Pi'r Muhammad Kha'n of Shirwh.'
Notling is known of hi father. Pir Muhammad was a Mullh, and attached
himelf to Bairrim in Qmdahdr. Through B a i r h ' s influence he was raiscd to the
--
tions of Uadioni hnve3u ; Dorn has Another neat of robbers was the eight
db &hdr ; Briggs lw $>bar; the villages, called Xt'hgnh, near Sakit, in
Lucknow edition of Firisl~tah h a e J k . the SirkiLr of QBnauj.
There is a town and Parganah of the
, ,n my Tert edition, p. 223, No. 80.
name of J,U in Sirkbr h n h n b h 6 r . d e l p . Shira6n is also the birth-place
of h' bni. The spelling S/uzrwcin given
The paxlwe in the AkbamQmah * in the%n'jam, does uot, appear to be
garding Adham KhAn quoted by Elliot usual.
may be fouud among the eventa of the
third ycar.
dignity of Amir on Akbar's accession. H e distinguished hinlself in the war with
Hemli, and received subsequently the title of A-dpirulmulk. His pride offended the
ChwtAi nobles and, a t last, Bairim himself, to whom he once refused adnlittauce
when he called on him a t a time he was sick.
Bainim subsequently ordered him to retire, sent him, a t the instigation of Shaikh
Gadii (& p. 272) to the Fort of Biybnah, aud then forced him to go on a
pilgrimage. Whilst on his way to Gujrit, Pfr Muhammad received lotters from
Adham K h l n (No. 19) asking him to delay. H e stayed for a short time a t Rantanbhlir ;
but being purnued by Bairim's men, he continued h b journey to Gujrlt. T h k 11anh
treatment annoyed Akbar, and accelerated Bairbm's fall. Whilnt in Gujrbt, P. hi.
heard of B a i r h ' s disgrace, and returned a t once to Akbar who made him a Khin.
In 968, he was appointed with Adham Khbn to conquer Mirlwah, of which he waa
made sole goveruor after Adham's recall. In 969, he defented B&z B a h a u r who had
invaded t h e country, drove him away, and took B'ijhgarh from I ' t i m a K h b , B i z
BahBdur'a general. H e then made a raid into Khandea, which was governed by
Mi& Yuhammad Sh&, sacked the capital Burhinpdr, slaughtered most unmercifully
the inhabitants, and carried off immense booty, when he ww attacked by Bf~zBahMur
and defeated. Arriving a t night on his flight a t the bank of the N a r b a d U , he
insiisted on crosning it, and perished in the river.
a Kha'n i A's- Mi'rza' 'Aisi'e Kokah, son of A t g a h Kh6r1 (No. 15).
His mother was Ji Ji Anagah (vide p. 341). H e grew up with Akbar, who
renlsined attached to him to the end of his life. Though often offended by hi boldness,
Alibar would but rarely punish him ; he used to say, " Between me and 'Bziz is a river
of milk which I cannot cross."
On t h e removal of the Atgah Xhad (p. 321, 1.1.) from the Panjib, he retained
DfptilpGr, where he was visited by Akbar in the 16th year (978) on his pilgrimage t o
the tomb of Shaikh Farid i Sbakkargunj a t Ajhodhau (PBk Patan, or Patau i Panjib).
I n the 17th year, after the conquest of Ahmadirba, M i d 'Mu was appointed
governor of Gujmt an far ns the Nahiudra river, whilst Akbar went to conquer S6rat.
Muhammad Husain Nid and Sh& Mimi, joined by Sher K h i u FFlidi, thereupon
besieged P a t a n ; but they were a t laat defeated by M i r d 'Aziz and Qutbuddiu.
'Aziz then returned to Ahmadib{id. When Akbar, on the 2nd galar 981, retunled to
Fdhp& Slkri, Ikhtigbulmulk, a Gujrirti noble, occupied r d u , an? then ~noved
against 'Bziz in A h d b b & L hiuhammad Husain Mini a h came from the D ~ k ' h i n ,
and after attacking KmbhBgit (Cambay), they besieged Ahmadlibiul. 'Adz held
himself bravely. The siege waa rained by Aklar, who surprised the rebels1 near
Paton. During tho fight Muhammad H u a i u 31irzl and Ikhtiyir u h u l k were killed.
The victory wne chiefly gained by Akbar himself, who with 100 chosen men fell upon
the enemy from an arubash. 'Azh hnd subsequently to fight with the sons of
Ikhtiykulmulk.

1
A k h r left on the 4th Rabi' between #gmh and Patan k i n g 400 koa,
I., and *t&kt*l
the Mir& on the ninth AkLar'a lLrc~d march h w often hn
day &er his drpartuwe. The distance admired. Uriggs, 11, p. 441,
 .-

disobedient, that Akbsr wm aompelled to deprive him'

Though restored to hie honoure in the 2Sd gerr,
fillthe%th year (9881, when disturbpneenhsdbdeao&
fkr I W n , No. 37). 'A& was promoted to a command of
A'= K h h , andwas despatched with a large m y

ghsn QBqehQI, 'A& succeeded in

ill, and hand& over th

sin Bihk. Soon after,
s and BbLIn (993). -
In the 31st yeu (BW, lK. '4& au
ione were frnstrated through the en
gnndeea, *A9& withdrsn, plondsrsd

M ~ h u l s . 'A& gave both of them j*.

 mompanied by his sir gsunger sons (Khurram, Anwar, 'Abdullah, 'Atdttll~$f
Afurtad, 'Abdulghafiu), six daughters, and about one hundred attendants. Akbar
felt sorry for his sudden departure, and with his usual magnanimity, promoted the
two eldest sons of the MinL (M.Shamei and M. Shsdmdn).
M. 'A& spent a great deal of money in Makkah ; in fact he was so ' fleeced,'
that his attachment to IslBm was much cooled down ; and being assured of Akbar's
good wishes for his welfare, he embarked for India, landed again a t BnlLwal, and
joined Akbar in the beginning of 1003. H e now became a member of the ' Divine
Faith' (vide p. 208, 1. 4)was appointed Governor of Biihr, was made Pakil in 1001, and
received Multlm as J k i r .
I n the 45th year (1008) he accompanied Akbar to &ir. His mother died about
the same time, and Akbar himself assisted in carrying the coffin. Throngh the
mediation of the Mirati, Bahtidur Khdn, ruler of Xhandes, ceded #sir to Akbar
toward8 the end of the same year. Soon after, Prince Khusrau married orle of 'Adz's
daughters.
A t Akbar's death, Miin Singh and M. 'Adr were anxious to proclaim Khusrau
successor ; but the attempt failed, as Shaikh Farid i BukhBri andothers had ~roclaimed
JahBngir before Akbar had closed his eyes. Mhn Singh l e a the Fort of Agrah with
Wusran, in order to go to Bengal. 'Aziz wished to accompany him, sent his whole
family to the %j&, and superintended the burial of the deceased monarch. H e
countenanced Bhusrau's rebellion, and escaped capital punishment through the
intercession of several courtiers, and of Salimah Sultbn Begum and other princesses of
Akbar's Harem. Not long after, Kb.miijah Abul Hasan laid before Jahirngir s
letter written some years ago by 'Aziz to m j a h '811 Khiin of Khandes, in which
'Aziz had ridiculed Akbar in very strong language. JahLngir gave 'Aziz the letter
and asked him to read it, before the whole Court, which he did without the slightest
hesitation, thus incurring the blame of a11 the courtiers present. Jahiingfr deprived
h i of his honours and lands, and imprisoned him.
I n the 3rd year of JahLngfr's reign (1017), M. 'Adz was restored to his rank, and
appointed (nominally) to the command of Glijriit, his eldest son, Jahbngir QuU Khhn,
being his ndib. I n the 6th year, when matters did not go on well in the Dak'hin, he
was sent there with 10,000 men. I n the 8th year (1022), Jahdngir went to qjmir,
and appointed, at the request of 'Aziz, Shkhjahbn to the commattd of the Dak'hii
forcea, whilst he was to remain as adviser. But ShLhjahln did not like M. 'A&
on account of his partiality for Khusrau, and Hahbbat Khdn was despatched from
Court to accompany 'A& from Udaipdr to Agrah. I n the 9th year, 'Azk was again
imprisoned, and put under the charge of #gaf Khbn in the Fort of Gtvblitir (Tuzuk,
p. 127). H e waa set free a year later, and soon after restored to his rank. I n the
18th year, he was appointed Atdliq to Prince Dbwar Bakhsh, who had been made
Governor of Gujrbt. M. 'Adz died in the 19th year (1033) at Ahmndhbtid.
'Adz was remarkable for ease of addreas, intelligence, and his knowledge of
hihtory. He also wrote poems. Historians quote the following aphorism from hie
' pithy' saying. ' A men should marry four wives-a Persian woman to have some-
body to talk to ; a IIhA8ni woman, for his housework ; a Hindu woman, for nursing
hie children; and a woman from MBwarbnnehr, to have some one to whip m a
warning for the other three'. Pide IqbUntimah, p. 230.
 Bokah menns ' foster brother,' and is the same as the Turkish KriEaldduA or
Erikaltush.
Wird 'Aziz's sons. 1. Mirzd S h d (No. 163). H e hes been mentioned
abore. During the reign of JahQngir he rose to importance, and received t h e title
of JahLngir Quli Khin.
2. H l r z d Shcidmdn (No. 233). H e received the title of Sh6.d Khlin. Tuzrk,
p. 99.
3. Mlrzci Khurrum (No. 177). H e war, made by Akbar governor of J f i n k q h in
Gujrit, received the title of Kbmil Khbn nnder JahSngir, and accompauied Prince
Pliurram (Shihjahbn) to the Ilak'hin.
4. iifirzd 'Ahdullah (No. 267) received nnder Jahhngh the title of S a r d h KhQn.
H e accompanied his father to Fort Gwiliir.
6. Mirzd Anioar (No. 206) waa mamed to a daughter of Zain Ehh Kokah
(No. 39).
All of them were promoted to commanderships of Five and Two Thousands. Bziz's
other sons hare been mentioned above.
A sister of M. 'Adz, M i h %nb, wes mamed to 'Abdurrahim Khan K h i r n h .
(No. 29.)
22. Baha'dur Kha'n i Shaiba'ni', (younger) b r o t h e r of Kh6.u Z m h .
(No. 13.)
His real name is Muhammad Sa'id. Humbfin on his return from Persia pnt
hi in charge of the District of Diwar. H e then planned a rebellion and ~ n d e
preparations to take Qandahbr, which waa commanded by Shhh Muhammad K h h of
Qalbt (No. 96.) The latter, however, fortified the town and applied to the king of
Pemia for help, as he could not expect Humtifin to send him assistance. A party of
QizilbLhes attacked B a h a u r , who eficaped.
I n the 2ndyear, when Akbar besieged Bibnkot, Bahirdur, a t the request of B a i h
Khin, was pnrdoned, and rewived Multhn as jwr. I n the 3rd year, he assi~tedin the
conquest of Mblwah. After Bairim's fall, through the influence of Mihum Anagah (tride
p. 323), he was made Pakil, nnd was soon after appointed to IGwah (SirkBr of Xgrah).
Subsequently he took an active part in the several rebellions of hie older brother
(vide p. 320). f i r his capture, Shahbiz K h i n i Kambli (No. 80) tilled him at
Akbar's order.
Like his brother he was a man of letters (Bad. 111, 239).
23. Ra'jah Biha'ri' Mall, son of Pritlhil;Zj Kwhhwhhah.
I n some historical MSS. he is called Bihdrd Mall. There were two kinds of
Kachhwihes, RIjLwat and Shaikhimat, to the former of which BihSri Nnll belonged.
Their ancient family sent was Amber in the qfibah of Ajmh. Though uot so extensive
~8 Marwhy, the revenues of Amber were larger.

B i i r i Mall was the first Rijpdt that joined Akbar's Court. The flight1 of H u m i -
&
J from India had been the cause of several disturbances. Hhji KhBu, a servant of Sher

The ' flight' of H u m & ~ 4 1from

i India able event,' or rihlat (departure) ; or
was a delicate subject for Mughul Histori- dmadan i Sher k h d u , tbu coming of
ans. Abulfazl generally,uses eupl~emisms, Sher Khbn (not Sher ShPh), &c.
as dn wdgi)uh i ndyw~zr,'tl1:~t unaroid-
 B i n , had attacked Xbnanl, the jigh of Najnbn K h i n QlqshCl (No. a), who happened
to bea friend ofthe Rijah's. Through his intercessionboth cameto anamicable settlen~ent;
sod Majndn W P n , stkr the defeat of Hemb, (963) brought BihAri Nall's senices to the
notice of the emperor. The R6jah waa invited to come to court, where he was
presented before the end of the first year of Akbar's reign. A t the internew
Akbar was seated on a wild (maat) elephant, nnd as the animal got restive and ran about,
the people made way ; only Biiki Mall's B j p d t attendants, to the stuprise of Akbar,
stood firm.
In the 6th year of his reign (969), dkbar made a pilgrimage to the tomb of
Mo'in i Chishti at Ajmir, and a t KaltX, Chagliti, K h i n reported to the Emperor, that
the Ejah had fortified himself in the passes, as Sharafiiddin Husain (No. 17), Governor
of 3Ililwah, had made war npon him, chiefly a t the instigation of Sojoj8, son of Pilran
Ilall, elder brother of the Rirjah. Sharafuddin had also got hold of J q n L t ' h (Xo. 69),
son of the Rijah, RAj Singh (No. 147), son of Askaran, and Kangiir, son of J q m a l l
(So. 13-1). his chief object being to get of Amber itself. A t Deosah, 40 miles
mt of Jaipdr, Jaimall, son of Rdpsi (No. 118), Bihiri Mall's brother who was the
chiefof the country, joined Akbar, and brought nfterwards, a t the request of the
emperor, his father R d p i . A t Sankhnir, a t last, Bihivi Mnll with his whole family,
attended, and waa most honorably received. His request to enter into Akbar's service
and to strengthen the ties of friendship by a matrimonial alliance ax. granted. On
his return from Ajmir, Akbar received the Etjah's daughter a t Ssmbhur, and was
pined. at Rttzn, by the Rhjah himself, and his son Bhagawant D h , and his gmnd-
Prrgwar Hzin Singh. They accompanied Akbar to Agrah, where Bihari Mall
pas made a Commander of Five Thousand. Soon after, B i h M Mall returned to
Amber. I i e died a t .4&pih (Tabnqiit).
Amber is said to have been founded A. D. 967 by Dholii %i, son of Sorb, of
whom B i h G Mall waa the 18th descendant.'
The Akbernimnh mentions the names of fi)iir brothers of Bihiri Mall. 1. P i l ~ m
Mall; 8. R u p i (No. 118) ; 3. Askaran (vide Nlr. 174); 4. Jagmall (No. 134). BiLJri
h i 1 is said to hnve been younger than Pbran Mall, but older than the otlier three.
Three Rons of Biihri &fall were in Akbar's service-1. l 3 h ~ w i i D&a
i (KO. 27) ;
2. Jagannzit'h (No. 69) ; and 3. Salhadi (No. 267).
24. Kha'n Jaha'n Husain Quli' Kha'n,=son of W d i Bog Zulqadr.
He is the .son of Bainim KhCn's sister. His father Wali Beg Zulqadr m w much
attched to Bairbm, and was captured in the fight in the Parganah o f J l d 3 (JJlindhar,
p. 317, 1. 5,) but died immediately afterwards from the w o u ~ ~ dreceived
s in battle.
A k k looked upon h i as the chief instigator of Birilm's rebellion, nnd ordered his
hd to cut off, which was sent all over Hindfisthi. JWicn i t was brought to ItJwah,
& U u r K h i n (No. 22) killed the foot soldiers (lawdrlrh) that carried it. Khirn
J A i bad brought BairPm's insignia from Mewht to Alibar, and us ho was n near

' The present Nah&rAjali of Jaiplir is Amlwr was dcscrtcd in 1725, wlren J a i
the 34th descendant ; wide Szlections Sinah 11. fbunddd the moderri Jaipilr.
Go~enrment01' I ~ t d i aNo. LXV, 1868. Husaii~(d11li Beg. Muhrr.
42
 ,iookthe Fort d Jodhpb fram Chmdar Sen, san of lW,N1ldeq id
h h d f in the pursuit of Udni Gigh during the siege of Wtor.
In the 18th year (9?6), he nss transferred to the Pmjhb,
msidhg in the oonqueet of Bantsnbhh.
In the 17th year, he was ordered to & X&@, which
Jb Chend. Badironf s a p (Usp. IQ), that the war nslr
son, thinking that hii father wae
Fwt I(otlPb, m h s d Nagarkot in the baginning of w
b
Bhawan temple outaide of the

gold mu3 m e vduablee, and

ip.frant of J u Chand's p a h in the Port, and to have 4the
mpme (Mday, middle of ShawwPl980).

@onem. The vietori

mpuhtion nest to that of Khan Khlinirn.' b u t the
Bad&jmhh (p3U)had clnna to Indiq drivea sway by

; Qizilbltah, to a o a t d with tbe ~ d i 5 ~ u l t i e a

n p o L d & ~ m r i o d - g u k s .
with rn- d& oppouibiem at & Mahall, where

I ( '

,
,
Ndd's ~ ~ n s i which
n , ~ led to a general battle (16th Rabf 11,984). The right wing of
the Afghbns, commanded by Pahbr, gave way, when the soldiers saw their leader
wounded, and the centre under Dfrdd was defeated by Khfrn Jahhn. DBdd h i e l f
was captured and brought to Wfru Jahhn, who sent his head to Akbar.
&r this great viotory, K h h Jahhn despatched Todar Mall to court, and
moved to Sbtgfrgw ( H k l i ) , where DBlid's family lived. Here he defeated the
remnant of Dfrlid's adherents under Jamshed and Mitti, and reannexed Stgtigw, which
since the days of old had been called BulghdkkhLnah,' to the Mughul empire.
Dblid's mother came to K h h Jahfrn aa a suppliant.
Soon after Malkli Skin, %jab of Khch B i h k sent tribute and 64 elephants,
which Khb Jahbn daspatched to Court.
With the defeat and death of Difid, Bengal waa by no meam conquered. New
troubles broke out in Bhbti,' where the Afghhns had oollected under Karim Dhl,
Ibdhirn, and the rich Zamlndbr ' h b (-1. With great difficulties K h h Jahbn
ocenpied that district, asitad by a party of AfghiLns who had joined him together
with~bfid'smother at Go69 ; and returned to Qihhatph, a town which he had founded
near Tknaah. Soon after, he took ill, and died after a sickneea of six weeka in the
mme year (19th Shawwbl986(.
Abulfazl remarks that hihis death opportune, inasmuch as the immense plunder
collected by K h h Jahfrn in Bengal, had led him to the verge of rebellion.
m & n Jahhn's son, Bizb Quli (No. 274) is mentioned below among the Corn-
madere of Thxw Hundred and F a y . I n the 47th year he was made a Commander
of Five Hundred with a contingent of 300 troopers. Another son, Rahim Quli, was a
Commander of Two Hundred and fifty, (NO. 3 3 ) . For Khbn Jahh'e brother vide
No. a.
26. W d Khdn, son of Ya'qGb Beg, son of Ibr&im Jbbbq.
H e is $so called Sa'id Khbn i Chnghthi. His fumily had long been serving
under the Tim6ridcs. His grandfather lbrhhim Beg Jhb~iq was an Amir of
Humfrfin'e and distinguished himself in the Ben& warn. His, son Yiusuf Beg,
waa attacked near Jaunpfir by Jalll Khln (i.e., Salim Shlh), and killed. His other
son also, Ya'qlib, Sa'id'e father, distinguished himself under Humlyfin. According to
the Tabaqdt, he was the mn of the brother of Johbngir Quli Beg, governor of Bengal
under Humfryin.
W i d rose to the highest honors under Akbar. He was for some time Governor
of Multtin, and was appointed, in the 22nd year, atdliq of Prince Dbnya. Some time
aRer, he was made Qlibahdhr of the Panjib, in superceeeion to Sh& Quli Muhrim
(No. 45 ), of whom the inhabitante of the Panjbb had successfully complained. Sa'id
again waa succeeded in the governomhip by Bjah Bhagwbn D h (No. 27), and
&eked Snmbhal as tccyoil I n the 28th year, he was called to Court, waa made a

The Ed. Bibl. Indicn of Budbolri (mbellion), which may be found on almoat
(11,238) has by mistake musin. B.dioni every p y of the Tdrikh iEida Shdhi,
says that the battle took place near is w r c c y ever met with in Historicnl
Colgong: (K'halgitnw). works !?ON the 10th century. I t i now
This nickname of Shtghnw is evi- quite obsolete.
dently old. Even the word lulghcik a For Bhdfi, vide below under No. 32
co~~lriiauderof Three Tl~oussnd, and wae sent to Hdjipirr (Patna) as succesm to
3fwB 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21). I n the 32nd year, when Vazk Khtb (No. 41) had
died in Bengsl, Sa'id was made Governor of Bengal, which office he held till the 40th
ycar. H e warr also promoted to the rank of Panjhazdri. I n the 40th y w , Min
Sirigh (No. 301 being appointed to Bengal, he returned to Court, and was, in the
following year, again made Governor of Bihlr. I n the 48th year ( l o l l ) , when
Mimi Ghhzi rebelled in T'hat'hah after the death of his fkther Mh& J d n i Beg
(No. 47), Sa'id was appointed to Mult6n and Bhakkar, and brought about the
submission of the rebel.
After the&xeseion of Jahdngh, he was offered the Governorship of the Panjiib
on the condition that he bhould prevent hie eunuchs from committing oppressions,
which he promised to do. (Tutuk,p. 6, 1. 2). He died, however, before joining his
post, and watl buried ' in the garden of Sarhind.'
Hia affairs during his lifetime were bansacted by a Hindli of the name of Chetr
Bhoj. Sa'id had I( passion for eunuchs, of whom he had 12(H)'. One of these Phm-ijah-
ear&, HilBl, joined d k r w d s Jahhnglr's service ; he built HikliLbird, six kos N. \V.
frorn A'gmh, near XAnknttah,P regarding which the Harfuir tells an amusing incident.
Another eunuch, Ikhtiybr Khbn wae his Vakil, and another, I'tibBr KhLn, the
Faujdir of his j q u . For Sa'id's brother, vide No. $0.
26. Shiha'b Itha'n, a Snyyid of NishBpbr.
His full name is Shihhbuddin Ahmad I(h6n. H e wan a relation and friend of
N i h u m An& (p. 323) and was instrumental in bringing nbout BairSm's fall.
From the beginning of Akbar's reign, he was Commander of D i N . When Akbar,
a t the request of M&um, turned from Sikandnrhbird to Dihli to see his sick mother,
S h i i i b K i n told him that his journey, undertaken ae it w8s without the knowledge
of RairBm Khbn, might prove disastrous to such grandees as were not B a i i ~ u ' s
friends ; and the ChaghtBi nobles took this opportunity of reiterating their compldnts,
which led to a i r h n ' s disgrace.
As remarkcd on p. 321, Shihiib served in Mdlwnh against 'Abdullah Khtin.
I n the 12th year (975),he was appointed Governor of Mblwah, and was ordered to
drive the ItIirzi~sfrom thnt province. I n the 13th year, he was put in charge of the
Imperial domain lands, as Muzaffu Khbu ((No. 37) hnd too much to do with financial
matters.
In the 21st ycar, he was prolnoted to a command of Five Thousand, and was
*in appointed to MLIJlwah ; but he wan transferred, in the following year, to Gujrht,
as Vuzh K h i n (NO. 41) had given no satisfaction. H e was, in the 28th year,
succeeded by I'timBd K h i n (No. 119 ), and intended to go to Court; but no sooner
had he left AhmadhbM than 110 mes deserted by hi servants, who in a body joined
Sultin Bluzaffar. The events of the Gujriit rebellion are known from the histories.
\Yhcn M i n i K h i n Khdnhn (Xo. 29) arrived, Shhbl, was attached to Qulij Khiin

I f not acquircd in Beng'll, this pre- Ihok, Gabah of Bengd, and Tu,lck i
dilcction could not have bee11 better Juhdnrliri, pp. 72, 328.
airtisficd clncwllere. The eunochs of Sikandrah (or Bihishbibird), where
Ik.ngal and Silhnt were renowned; for Akbar's tomb is, lies half way between
iutercsting pusages vide hlow, Thud 6 g n h and &nliaBah.
[Yilwah Corps). He distinguished himself in the conqueat of Bahrogch (992), and
received that district as tuyzil. I n the 34th year (997), he was again made Governor
of Mllwah, in succession to M. 'Adz Kokah (No. 21).
Shihib died in Mllwah (Ujaiu, Tubayat) in 999. His wife, BlbG AghB was
related to Akbar's mother; she died in 1006.
Dnring the time Shihtib waa Governor of Dihli, he repaired the canal which
Pix Shih had cut from the Parganah of Khizrlbtid to Safidiln; and called it
X d r i Shihdb. This canal was again repaired, at the order of ShhhjahLn, by the
renowned Maknunat Khbn, and calledA&, Fair Nahr, (20th year of Shiihjahbn).
During the reign of Aurangzeb it was again obstructed, but has now again been
repaired and enlarged by the English. (A'sdr~~anddiu!.)
27. Ra'jah Bhagwa'n Da's, son of B j a h Bihhi Mall.
In the Histories we find the spellings Bhagwant, Bhagutdnt, and Bhagzodn.
He joined Akbar's service with his father (No. 23 ). I n 980, in the fight with
Ibrihim Husain M i m i near Sarnbl (Briggs, Sartll), he saved Akbar's life. He
distinguished himself against the %nti of Pdar, whose son, Amr Singh, he
brought to Court. When, in tlie 23rd year, the Eachwbhahs had their tuydls
transferred to the PanjBb, m j a h Bh. D. was appointed Governor of the province.
In the 29th year, Bh.'s daughter was marricd to Prince Salim, of which marriage
Prince Khnsrau was the offspring. In tlle 30th year, Bh. D. was made a commander of
Fire Thousand, and Governor of Zirbulistbn, as Nbn Si~ighwas sent against the
F6nf7ais. But Akbar for some reason detained him. I n KhairBb&d. Bh. D.
hd a fit of madness, and wounded himaelf with a dagger ; but he recovered, soon
rRer, in the h d s of the Court Doctors. I n the 32nd year, the jbgirs of the Rhjah
and his family were transferred to Biibr, MBn Singh taking the command of the
province.
Ujah Bh. D. died in the beginning of 998 at LBhor, a short time afbr %jab
To& Hall (No. 39). People say that on returning from Todar Mall's funeral, he had an
Utacli of stranpary, of which he died. Hc had the title of Amir uE Umard.
T h e JBmi ' Masjid of Llhor was built by him.
Regarding his sous, vide Nos. 30, l a , 336.
28- Qutbuddi'n Kha'n, youngest b r o ~ e of r Atgah KhAn (15).
As he belonged to the AQUA Rhail (vide p. 321), his tuylil was in the Panjbb.
Be founded several mosques, &c., at LBhor.
In the 9th year (972), Akbar sent him to Ktibul. During his s h y there, he
built a villa at Ghaznin, his birth place. On thc transfer of the ' Atgsh Khail' from the
Panjib, Q w3s appointed to Nilwah. After the conquest of Gujrirt, he received as
jig* the S u k b of M m g c h (Broach), "which lies south of Ahmdkbiul, and has a
fort on the h k of the NarbuddL near its mouth." Subseque~itlyhe returned to Court,
md was made a commander of Five Thousand.
In the 24th year (12th Rajab, 987), he waa appointed atdliq to Prince Salixn,
d v c d a d*,' and tlie title of Beglur Begi. Akbar also honoured him by pluiug
rt a h a t Prince S& on his shoulders. Afterwards Q. wru, again appointed to

' A kind of warm mautle-a great distinction under thc Timliridos.

 Bahro~ch'as far as NazrbBr.' I n the 28th year (991), Muzaffir of Gujrht triod to
make h i i e l f independent. Q did not act in concert with the other officers, and in
consequence of his delay and timidity, he was attacked and defeated by Muzaffar near
Barodah. Q's servants even joined Muzaffar, whilst he himself retreated to the Fort
of Barodah. BAer a short time he capitulated and surrendered to MuzaEar, who had
promised not to harm him or his family. But at the advice of a Zamindbr, M d a
m-ent to Bahropch, occupied the Fort in which Q's family lived, and confiscated
his immense property (10 krors of rupem), aa also 1 4 lacs of imperial money.
Immediately after, Muzaffar had Q. murdered.
His son Naurang KhSn served under Minh Khhn K h h h n (No. 29) in Gojdt
(992), received a jSgir in Mdlwah and subsequently in Qujrht. He died in 999.
The MSS. of the Tabaqdt, which I consulted, contain the remark that Naurang
Khbn waa a Commander of Four Thousand, and was, in 1001, governor of J l i n h h .
His second son, Gfijar KbSn, waa a Hafl&i (No. 193), and served chiefly under
M. A'zam KhSn Kokah (No. 21). He also had a t u y a in Gujrht.
20. Kha'n Kha'na'n Mi'ma' 'AbdurrWm, eon of Bai* Khh.
His mother was a daughter of Jamhl Khhn of Mewbt? I n 961, when Hum&y&n
returned to India, he enjoined his nobles to enter into matrimonial alliances with the
Zamfudh of the country, and &r marrying the elder daughter of Jamhl Khhn,
he asked Bairhm KhQn to marry the younger one.
M. 'Abdurrahim was born at Lhhor, 14th Cafar 964. When Baidm KhBu was
murdered at Patan in Gujnit (p. 317), his cnmp was plundered by some N g h h s ;
but Muhammad Amin Diwbnah and Bdbb Zamblir managed to remove the child
and his mother from the scene of plunder, and bring them to Ahmddbful, fighting
on the road with the Afghbn robbers. From AhmadEb&d, M. 'Abdurrahim was
taken to Akbar (969), who notwithstanding the insinuations of malicious courtiers
took charge of him. He gave him the title of M b z d Xhdn, and marrid him
subsequently to Mah X n & , sister of M. 'Aziz Kokah. (No. 21).
In 981, M. 'Ahdurrahfm accompanied Akbar on his forced march to Patan
(p. 326). I n 984, M. 'A. waa appointed to Gujrit, Vazir KhQn having the manw-
ment of the province. I n tho 26th year, he was m d e Mir 'ATE, and three JeaR
later, atciliq to Prince Salim. Soon after, he was sent against Sulgn M u z d w of
Gujrlt. Muzaffar, during the first Gujrbti war, had fallen into the hands of Akbar's
officers. He was committed to the charge of Mun'im Khln (No. l l ) , and &r his
death, to the cnre of Shhh Manqlir tho DiwEn (No. 122). But Muzaffar managed,
in tho 23rd year, to escape, and took refuge with the Kbt'hia of JLnBgarh, l i t b
noticd or cared for by Akbar's officers. But when I'timtid KhBn was sent to Guj&
to relieve Shihbbuddui (No. 26), the servants of the latter joined Muzdnr, and the
GujrBt rebellion commenced. Muzaffar took Ahmadtiba, and recruited, with the
treasures that fell into his hands (vide Qotbuddin, No. 28), an army of 40,000
troopers. &b 'Abdurrahim had only 10,000 troopers to oppose him, and though
his officcn advised him to wait for the arrival of Qulij Khbn and the Mblwah
* He mw the nephew of IInsan Khirn that the KhhnzAdhs of MewSt were
of JIewLt. (Bad. I, ,p. 361). I n the
fourth Uooli of tho Xin, A b U says 1 chiefly converted Jaufiah Sjpfits.
tontingent, Dost W h Lodi, M. 'A.'s Mh- Shumaher, reminded him not to spoil his
h l s nnd claims to the KhBn Khhnhship. M.'A. then attacked Muzaffafl and
defeated him in the remarkable battle of Sarku, three kas from AhmadBtid. On the
h a 1 of the M&lwah contingent, M. 'A. defeated M u z d a r a second time near Nklot.
M ~ B concealed
T himself in Rhjpiplah.
For these two victories Akbar made M.'A. a commander of Five Thonsand, and
gave him the coveted title of K h h Khhnbn. For thi reaaon Historians generally
dl him M'd Khbn K h b b n .
When Gqj& was finally conquered, M. K h b Khhnbn gave hi whole property
to hia soldiers, even hi inkstand, which WBR given to a soldier who came lsst and
i d , he had not received anything. The internal affairs of Gujrht being settled,
Qulij gbhn was left in the province, and N.'A. rejoined the Court.
In the 34,th year he presented to Akbar a copy of his Persian translation of
&bar's ChaghtAi Memoirs (Wa'qi'dt i Bdari).l
Towards the end of the same year he was appointed 'Vhkil, and received Jaunpiv
M lnqrpil; but in 909 his jigh was transferred to Multin, and he received orders
to take T'hat'hah (Sind). Psssing by the Fort of S a h ~ B nhe, ~ took the Fort of Lak'hi,
"which was considered the key of the country, just as G d h i is in Bengal and BBrah-
mlilab in Kashmir." after a great deal of fighting, M i r d JBnf Beg (No. 471, ruler
of nat'hah, made peace, which M.'A., being hard pressed for provisions, willingly
rcPp@d. Sahwkn was to be handed over to Akbar, M. Jbnl Beg was to visit the
ampemr after the rains, and M i r d Prich, M.'A.'s eldest son, was to marry J i n i Beg's
daughter. But an M. Jhnf Beg &r the rains, delayed to carry out the stipulations.
?d.'A. moved to T'hat'hah, and prepared himself to take i t by assault, when N.J h d
kg submitted and accompanied M.'A. to Court? Thus Sindh was annexed.
When S u l t h M u d assembled, a t Bahro~ch(Broach), his troops for the conquest
afthe Dak'hin, Akbar dapatched M.'A. to his assistance, giving him Bhilsb as j&r.
&r delaying there for some time, N.'A. went to Ujain, which annoyed the Prince,
though M.'A. wrote him that Ujah 'AU KhBn* of K h h d e s was on the point of
juining the Imperialish, and that he would come with him. When M.'A., a t last,
joined head quarters a t Fort Chhdor, 30 koa from Ahmadnegsr, he was slighted by the
brnx ;and, in consequence of it, he hesitated to take an active part in the operations,
bving the colnmand of his detachment chiefly in the hands of N. Shhhmkh (No. 7).
Only on one occasion after M d d ' s departure h m Ahmadnagar, he took a prominent
f l in the war. Mu'tamitluddaulah Suhail KhBn (Briggs, 11,274 ; 111,308)threatened
h e Murid, who had been persuaded by his officers not to engage with him. M.
'A, Rijah 'AX Khbn, and M. Sllirhrukh, therefore took it upon themselves to fight
the enemy. Moving in JumAda 11, 1005 from Shhh~rir,N.'A. met Suhail near the
toan of Ashti, 12 kos from Pathri. The fight was unusually severe. RJjah 'Afi
Ilhbn with five of his principal officers and five hundred troopers were killed (Briggs

17de p. 105, l a 4 line. sub-jt~tof n M ~ ~ n a w

byi Mulli Shikcbi,
* Alaocdled Siwistfin,on the right bank whom Abulfazl rne~ltio~lshelow among
of the Indun. Lak'Li (Lukkee) lies a the pooh of Akbar'n age.
little muth of Shwirn. ' KhLti Kh&n calla him Ba'ji 'Ali
' The conqueet of Sindh forms the Khhu.
 IT,32 1). Tlic niqlit put nn cnd to thc engagement; but each party believing itswlt'
\i~.ton'olls,rCni;~ined~ u l d r r:urns. \irhcn next morning, M.'A.'s troopers went to the
river [nrar Sir11:i. f;i~~isk!crW] to get r a t e r , they were attacked by 25,000 of the
cni.niy9shorsr. 1):rlllat Kll:in n-llo coinmnntlcd RI.'A.'s avantguard, said to him," It is
d ~ i n g;r t~sclrssdcath to fjll figl~tingwith but 600 troopers against such odds." "Do
jou h r g c t I)illli ?" n ~ k e dlI.'A. " If wc keep up," replied Daulat B h ,
: ~ we Iiavc discoverrtl a hundred Dilllie ; and iT r e die, matters rest with God."
R U I odds,
CiAsi~not' Ilhrlla' and sevt~mloilier 8:ayyiils \vtlre near ; and on hearing li.'A.'s solution
t . s:~id," Well, Irt 11s fight n.3 I~indilstAni~,
to f i ~ l ~Ile nothing is left but death ; but ask
tlw K l l h I\'ll;iniln what he xnrnns to (lo." Daulxt Kli6n returned, and said to Y.'b.
" 'lllcir nunlbcrs are iinnicnse, ant1 victory rvctu with h ~ a v e n; point out a plnce where
we can find yo~i,sliould we bc dr$att.tl." " Under the corpses," uaid N. 'A. There-
npon tlicy chnrged thr. flank of the cnelny and routed them. After this signal rictory,
M.'A. d i ~ t r i b u t ~i5d 1 : ~ ~ofs Ilupce~:~tilonghis soldiers. A t the request of the Prince,
Rf.'A. was soon nftcr recalled (lOD(i).
I n the same ytxar 3I:~h13Jn6. 31. ' A ' s wife died.
I n the &ith ye:ir. Prince 1)Anyill was appointed to the Dalc'hin, and 31.'8. WES
ordered to join the Prince, and besirjie Allmadnspr. The town, as is known from the
histories, \vus t;~lcen after a siege of 1 n~ontlls and 4 days.' M.'A. then joined the
Court, bringing- with hirn I)ah.:ld~ribn i Ibrirlriln, who had been set up 04 Ni7.m Sblih.
D h r ~ f i l m;w appointed governor of the newly conquered territory, which rm d d
by Alcbar Dtintles,' and married to Jilnh Begum, 3I.'A.'s daughter. The W h
Khi~uhnwas also ordered to rep:dr to A l i m i ~ d n i ~ gto ~ r ,keep down a party that had
made the son of Shilh 'Ali, uncle of Nurtazh, Xizirm Shilh.
After tho death of Akbnr, ~nnttcm in the Lhk'hin did not improve. In the
3rd y m r of .Jnhlhngir (1017), i\I.'A. promised tu bring the war to a close in two years,
if he revcircd n sufficient number of troops. SIi&hz&dahParwiz, under the Atd11'q-
uhip of S ~ a f ' K l ~ h nJIilr~
, Singh, Rhiln .Jahiln Lodi, and others, werc appointed to
assist ,\I.'A. 1Ic tool< the Princc in the rains from B u r h h p d r to Bhl;lbg'h&t; but in
'
conseqncnce of the U*II;II d~iplicity and rancour displqed by the Anlirs, the imperial
unny s~iftbredfrom w:int of provisions and loss of cattle, and M.'A. wae compelled
to concl:ide a tre:rty dishonorable f i r ,Jdi6ngir, who appointed H h i n J a h h Lodi as
Lin fiucct2ssor, and s e ~ i tlIah&l):rt KhLn, subsequently M.'A.'s enemy, to bring the
unsugcessful commandrr to Court.
I n the 5th Fear, RI. 'A. reccived Iiillpi and Qanallj M tuyril, with orders to crush
the rebels in those districts (citle p. 3'24, note). &lne time afterwards, K'A. WXS
again sent to the Ilak'hin, as matters there had not improved; but he did not gain
any adrantage either.

The Pn.vyitls of Ilkrha considered i t the Akbnrn6mah and tho Mrhsir have
tlieir privil(~gcto fizht in the Harriwal, A b l n n , ~Bhdn. The Luclinon Ed. of
or van, Ji'tle ATo. 75. Firishhh has ARnny &%in. The did-
Abulfizl and the Lockno~v edition f~rences,moreover, between Ahulfszl and
of Piriuhtah call the ellrn~ch who mur- Firishtah in details are very remarkable.
dered Chirnd Bibi &+ +L. or ' A combination of the words DdyJ'l
U r i g p IINIIIarnid Khiln. For X h u n g and Elrdndea.
Khcin, which Uriggs gives, all copies of
 In the 11th year (1026) JahBngir, at last, despntchecl Prince Kllurmm, to whom
he had k,ven the title of Shkheh.' Jahingir himself fixed his residence nt Nindli in
Marah, in order to be nearer the scene of war, while S h i h Khurram selected Burhbnphr
an IIead Quarters. Here the Prince also mamed the daughter of Sbahnawbz KhBn,
SI. 'A's son. 'Xdil Shbh and Qutbulmulk sent tribute and submitted, and Jahkngir
bestowed npon 'Adil Sh&h the title of Farrand (son) ; and 'Ambar Malik handed over
the keys of Ahmadnagar and other Forts, together with the Parganahs of BBI&g'hLt
which he had conquered. Shbh Khurram then appointed M.'A. Fhhahdkr of
Khindes, Bsrir, and Ahmadnagar, whilst Shahnawh KhBn was appointed to
BblAg'hit. Leaving 30,000 horse and 7,000 artillery in the Dak'hin, Shbh Khurrsm
joined his f t h e r a t Mindh, where new honors awaited him.'
In the 15th year, Malik 'Ambar 'broke' the treaty, and fell upon the T'hBnahdkirt of
the Mughuls. DbrBb KhLn, M. ' X s second son, retreated from BUh'ghbt to B&l&plir;
and driven from there, he went to Burh&npbr, where he and his fnther were besieged.
On ShBhjahbn's approach, the besiegers dispersed.
In the 17th year, (1031), S h i h 'Abbb of Persia attacked Qandahk, and
Shihjahbn and 'Abdurrahim were called to Court, to take the command against tLe
Persians ; but before they joined, Prince Parwiz, through N i u J a h h ' s influence, had
been appointed heir-apparent, and Mahibat KhBn had been raised to the dignity of
Mdn Khcindn. Sh&hjnhBn rebelled, returned with ?&.'A. to M h d h , and then
moved to B u r h h p i u . On the march thither, ShihjahBn intercepted a letter which
M.'A. had secretly written to Mnhribat Khkn, whereupon he imprisoned him and hie
mn D6Gb K h i n , and sent him to Fort #sir, but released them soon after on
prole. Parwiz and Mahbbat KhBn had, in the meantime, arrived a t the Narbaddah
to capture ShkhjahLn. B a i r h Beg, an officer of ShbhjahBn's, had for this reason
removed all boaB to the left side of the river, and successfully prevented the imperials
from cmsning. At M.'A.'s advice, ShkhjahBn proposed, a t this time, an armistice.
He made M. 'A. swear upon the Qorbn uot to betray him, and sent him as mbarrsador
to P&. l a l ~ b b n Khrin,
t knowing that the fords m,ould not now be so carefnlly
rrtrbrd aa before, eRected a crossing, and M.'A., forgetful of his oath, joined Prinw
Parriz, and did not retnrn to Shtihjahln, who now fled from BurhBnpiu, m m h i n g
through Tdinghnah to Orissn and Bengal. Mahribat and M.'A. followed him up a ah01-t
distance beyond the Tapti. N. 'A. wrote to R i j a h Bhim, a principal courtier of the
Ihulatshibi party, to tell Shihjahin, that he (M. '8.)would do every t h i n p i n his

' " Since the time of Timlir no Prince rank, and a contingent of 20,000 (aa agl
hd received this title." ilfucisir. Shdh u9tr izdfah, i. e. his follner contingent
Khurram received suhequently the title plrcs arl increase in troops). H e was alW
of Shdhjuhdn, which he retained as kina, allowed a +ndali (vide p. 306), likewise
in conjunction with the titles of qdhib a custom that had not been obsemed
Qrdn i Scini and A'ld H a z r a t (&I since the age of Timlir. JahBngir even
a+). The last title had also been cnme down from the J'harokah (the win-
uwl by Sulairnirn i KararbnC, King of dow in the State hall, familiar to'all that
&ngd. A u r a n ~ e b in
, imitation of it, have seen the hnlls of the palaces of Kg-
sdoyted the titJe of A'ld Khdqdn. rah and F a t h p h Sikri), and placed a
He received the title of Shdhjahdn dish fill1 of jewels nnd gold on ShBLja-
md ran made a Slh&dl"j, or Commander hbn's head, distributing the whole (as
d Thirty Thousand, personal (breret) nuadr) among the Aiuin.
43
 r dehtitt the imperial anny, if thcl prinw wonld allow hie sons to join him. E j a h
p o w ~ to
R h i n ~replied that the prince had atill from five to six thousand followera, and that he
would kill 3I.'A.'s sons, should i t come to a fight. ShhhjahBn then moved into Bengal and
BihBr, of which he made DbrLb KhBn, who had evidently attached himself t o t h e prince,
Governor. Nahbbat Khbn had in the mean time returned to Iihhibhd to oppose S h h .
jahhn, and had plaeed M.'A., who looked upon him with distrust, under surveillance.
I n the 2 l s t year, JaLBngir ordered Mahhbat KhLn to send M. 'A. to court, where
he wan reinntakd i n his titles and honours. H e afterwards retired to his j&& at
Lihor, when MahBbat KhBn followed him and sent him back to Dihli. Soon Rfter
the failure of his scheme of rebitling possession of Jahirngir'a person, and the
return of tho monarch from Khbul, M a h l h t K h i n had to fly. N d r JahLu now
appointed M.'A. to follow up MaLlbat, and contrihut~dherself twelve lacs of mpees
s been completed, M.'A.
to the expedition. But before the necessary p r e p m t i ~ ~ nhad
took ill a t Lithor, and on his arrival in Dihli, he died a t the age of seventy-two, in the
end of Jahbngir's 2 l s t year (1036). The words bllrdn Sipuhedldr rlu' (where is the
Khbn Commander) are the tdrikh of his death.
M. A ' :* grent deeds are the conquests of G u j A t and Sind and the defeat of
Suhail KhRn of Bijbpfir. During JahLogir's reign. he did nothing remarkable ; nor
was he treated with the respect which lie had enjoyed during the lifetime of Akbar,
though he was allowed to retain his rank. For nearly thirty yearn, he had been
serving in the Dak'hin. Every grandee, and even the princes, aecused him of secret
friendship with the rulers of the Dak'hin, and Abulfnzl, on one occasion, gave hie
fatwd that M.'A. was a rebel. Under Juhitngfr, he was the open friend of Yalik
~ A m b a r ;and Muhammad Ma'q6rn, one of his servants, once informed the emperor
that he would find Malik 'Ambar's correspondence in the possession of 'Abdurmhim
of Lak'hnau (No. 1971, who was much attached toM.'A. Mahbbat K l ~ b nwwas appointed
to enquire into this ; but 'Abdurraliim of Lak'hnau would not betray his friend.
People said, M. 'A.'s motto was, ' people should hurt their enemies under the mask of
friendship,' and all seem to have been inclined to blame him for malicionsness and
faithlessness. H e used to get daily mportr, from his newswritera whom he had posted
a t various stations. H e read their r e p o h a t night, and tore them up. But he was
also proverbial for his liberality and love of lettars. The Mudsir i Baho'mi' is a
splendid testimony of his generosity ; i t &hewsthat he was the Mrcrenas of Akbar's age.
People, by a happy comparison, called h i n ~Mir 'Ali Sher (vide p. 101, note4.) M.'A.
wrote Persian, Turkinh, Arabic, and Hindi with great fluency. As poet he wrote under
the name of Bahim.
Though his father had been a Shf'ah, M.'A. was a Sunnf ; but people said, he
was a Shi'ah, but practised t ~ ~ i y y a h . ~
X.'A.'s most ftithful servant was Miyicn Fahim. People said, he wna the son
of a slave girl; but he appeam to have been a U j p J t . H e grew up with M.'A.'e
eons, and was as pious as he was courageous. H e fell with his son Finiz KhBn

Called Madsir i Ha h inai in allusion ( @,pr. fear, caition), i. e., they do

to his name Ed. 'Abdur-&him. Vide a.i if they were Sunnis. A Shi'ah may
Elliot's Index (1st edition), p. 377. even vilify his own eect, if hb persond
Wl~ereverS h i ' d ~ sare in the minori- safitty requirea it.
ty, they practise, if necessary, tayi-qyith
 and 40 attendants in the fight with Mahbbat Khin, who hed imprieoned his master.
' M.'A. built him a tonlb in Dihli, which is now d e d Nilah B r l j , near H u m b f i n ' ~
/ tomb. (Abdrugca~ddid.)
Y.'A. ontlived his four sons.
1. Mirzd liich (or l"4, Bhahnawdz Khdn Bahddur (NO.a55). When young h e
used to be called Xhdn Khdndn ijawdn. H e distinguished himaelf by his courage. I n
the 40th year of Akbar he was made a Commander of 400. I n the g l t h year. after
a fight with Malik 'Ambar who got wounded, he received the title of Bahddur.
During the reign of Jahbngir he was called ShAuawBz Khbn (vide Tuzuk, p. 95), and
rss made a Coni~nanderof Pive Thousand. He died in 1028 from excwsive drinking.
(Vide Tnzuk, p. 270).
Two of hiu sons are mentioned in the Pddiaddhnhmuh. 1. &Unit KhBn. He
ra% Faujdk of Kbngph, and retired ' foolishly' from public life in Rabi' 11, 1046. But
'
he was re-employed and was a Commander of Three Thousand in 1055 (Pddbhdhndmah
11, pp. 483, 723). 2. Lashkamhikan KhC. H e got in 1041,a present of 4000 R.,
and received an appointment in Bengul.
Historians call Shahnawbz Khbn generally Shahnuw& Khdn i JuMngiri, to
distinguish him &om ShahnawL Khkn i cafawi, a grandee of Shbhjnlitn.
2. Mirzcf Ddrci6 Ddrdb-Xbdn. H e haa been mentioned above (p. 337). w h e n
Bbihjahin made him Governor of Bengal, he retained his wife, a boll nnd a daughter,
urd a mn of W a h n a w h Kh6n as koskea (yarghalahl). When the prince after the
k h t near the Tons (Benares) had again to go to the Dak'hin, he wrote to DirrBb.
Kh6n to move to G&i (N. W. entrance of Bengd) and join him. Ddrirb wrote him
that he could not come, being besieged by the z a m i n d h of the place. He fell a t last
into the hands of Parwiz and Mahiibat Khbn, and BS J3hSllgir l ~ l d* no objections',
Mahitbat executed him (ln36h wrapped his head in e table cloth, and sent i t to his
LtLer M.'A. as a present of a 'melon.' A short time before, 'Abdullab Khbn had
I ldllecl D s b ' son
~ and a son of YhahnawBz KhBn.
, 3. Mirzh Rghmdrr D&Z. His mother belonged to the Sandaha of hnarkot.
Though very dkolrrte, he was most liked by his father. H e died, at Bhliiphr, about
t h e m e time as his eldest brother. Vidu Tuzuk, p. 315. Xo one dared to inform
his father of the e v e ~ ~till
t , people sent a t last the faxnous eaint l I m r ~ 'rs6
t of Sindh.
to M. 'A. on a visit of wndolence.
4 Mirzh Ainmllah. He grew up without education, and died when youmg.
80. Be'jah Ma'n Singh, son of Bhngwtin Diis
He m born a t Amber, and i~ the sou of E j a h BhagwBn D h (No. 27). Euro-
pen Historians say that he was the adoptad son of Rcijah Bh. D., but Muhammadan
A- do wt allude to this circumtance, perhaps because Hindlis make absolute-
IJ no diRrrenee between a rcnl and an adopted son. H e in also known under the title
01 Mirzd Bjjah, and Akbar bestowed upon him the title of Farzand (son).
He joined Akbnr wit11 Bihbri Mall (p. 31!1).I n 984, he was appointed'iainst
Eni KikB, and gained, in 985, the great battle near Gognndah.' m j a h RBmsih of

' The Inat W C O I I I I ~ ol'tl~iaIrnttlo is to

h fuuud ill i l d h u i , wb, ww m c ~ c - I wit~icua. Had. 11. 230 to '2%'.
whole is lrll out in Brigg*
The
 Gw6li:ir was killlbd \vitIi his sons, \vl~ilut the KAnh I~i~nself in the melc'e a% wounded
y I i 1 1 . Alil);~r,lio\vcver, felt i l n ~ ~ o j ebcc:cose d, 3f. S. did not follow up his
victory, n n r l r~,cnllcdhi111.
W I I I ~Dl~:lg\vhn D i s xns apl~ointetlgovcrnor of the Panjlib, ill. S. commanded
t l ~ cdistrit.t!: :11o11gtllc Indris. In the year 093, Prince M. Muhammad Haliim
died, and A1. S. \V:Wsent to K:ihnl to k ~ . the ~ p country in order. H e rejoiued Akbrr
I I P : I ~the 11i(l11s wit11 31. JIuhnn1111~~~1 II:LI;~II~'s sons (31. Afrhsjhb a11d M. Kaiqubhd);
but was soon nftrr wnt b:cclc to Kibul, where IIC chastised the R ~ u s h i n i swho,
lilic, ot111-r Afkl~lin trilws, \rere gi\.rn to prrdntory incursions. ARer the death of
Rh.j;~l~ Bir 1{,1r, in t l ~ cwar with tlle Ylisufzi~is.fir. 8. was appointed t o the comniand
of tlic arniy in Iifill~ll.ill sn1)~rcv~kion of' Z;cin K l ~ h n Koknl~ (KO. 34) and H3kh11
Abnl F a t l ~ . IIe was also 1)ut ill c:l~;lrgcof Z h l ~ o l i s t h ~~LS ~ , Bl~agn,hn 1 % had ~ a lit of
+ s 333). 111 tlle 33nd gear, M. Y. \v;wrec:illed ill conrtxlucllce of loud complsintr
r n a d ~ ~ c(1).
of thc p ~ ~ l l , lncg a i ~ ~tllr s t 1lhjl)ilts itrid 31. S.'s i~ldifl;~rc~~cr to the Klibulir, nnci nas
al~l)oi~~tctt G o r c r ~ ~ ofo r Billhr, to which pruvince tlle Iziyril.~of' the KwhhwiLas had
1~sc11 tr:u~rkrred.
Aitcr the death of Bl1ag\\411I)hs in 9!)H, 31. S., w11o I ~ i t l ~ e r t11ad o the title of
lircal~.ctr,rcceired from Altbar the title of RAjah and a C o ~ ~ ~ n l aofn dFire Thoa?;nl~d.
In Rill Ar lie ~ ) u r ~ i s l ixcvcral t ~ ~ l rcfi~actoryZ:l~~~indbrs, as P i l r l i ~Nnll
~ and M j a h Sing
1:hlil. : ~ n drt:cei~edtheir tributv.

T l ~ cl)rincip;~lt a ~ e ~of~ t &I611 s Sin%11's lifk from !I97 tn 1016 are given in Stewart's
t o of I I 1 . 1 1 to 1 1 . ' 111tllc, 95th year, 31. S. invaded O r i s a by aay
o f J l 1 r 1 ~ 1 (1 1 I I r ~ ) . l'llc r c n ~ ~of l t this cxpcditioll w w tlle cession of Phi.
1 1 1 the :37tl1 !car. \ v l i c ~t ~ l ~ cAfgl~hnsunder K11whj;ch Srtlaimln m d Khwijnh 'Usruin
att:lclir-tl l ' h i , JI. 8 . agair~ i r ~ v a t l ~Orissa, d and re-annexed, in 1000, t l ~ a tprorinw to
tllr 1)ilili v~npirc.. I n t l ~ c39th yr:lr, 31. Y. co11ti1111edhis conquests ill Bh&$iti (the
cntitcrn portions of the S1111darl):~n). and built, in the follo\ving year, Akbarn agar, or
R~~iii:111:1ll, : ~ :It 1)l:tce 1v11ivl1 8l1er Yl1i11,before him, had selectrd as n convenient spot.,
as nlso Silli~n~~ilgar, the Fort of' Shcrpilr 3Iurcl1ah fMy~nensingj. The whole of Eastern
T3engal o n thl. 1.ig11t side ofthr* H~,:~l~~n:tl)~rtrn was likewise annexed. In the 41st year,
31. Y. n~icrri(.ilt l ~ vs i b t ~ 'of ~ . L : ~ ( , ~ INi~rhin,
I I I ~ I!h,ji~ll of K6e11 Uil~hr,who had declared
hirnself'a ~ 1 1 ~ of ~ 8~1I I L.' \ I I I ~ ~ (:lnl)i~.e.
III~ 111 t11c 8:llnc year, hf. S,took dangeronsly

ill at Cr'l~orhg'liiit, \ V I I ~ I I tl1c2 Afkl~hls :~ttnckctlhim. Thcg were soon after driven
b;~ckl)glIinl11iat S i ~ i g l ~one , of ;\I. S.'s s o ~ i s into , ~ the Surrd:~rb~in. In the 42nd year,
31. 8. 11nd to s c ~ ~a ddrt:lcl~~nrnt11ntlt.r Hi.jilz I < h i ~ into t ~ Kilch Bihirr for the protection
of' L;cch~niNi~rkin. 111 the ~fLtl~ yr;tr, BI. S., at Akbar's request, joi~~ecl the Dali'hin
r . T l ~ i n k i ~t l~~gi tllo ~ t A f ~ l ~ h ~ini sconsrqnence
, of the death of their leader, t l ~ rich
r
'I'S;L oSG'11orhg'hit. ~vouldrcn~;linquiet, N. S. nppointcd bin son Jngat Singh (So. 160)
11i~ deputy, nnd ,joinetl 1'rillc:c Snli~nat Ajmir. J q a t Sing11 died after a short time, and
wm sr~ccecded111 nli~116Singh. a yort~lgr~r #on, or grandson, of hi. S. TheAfgh&us under

The nilme of ' 8:iyid' KIlh~i(uL c\fru) 811~11 :W take an interest i n the History of
~ l l i c 13~(.11r<
l~ Beveri~ltinles in Stc~\~;ll.t, 1 ~ r 1 1 ~and: l l OL.~SRR ~ h o u l d~ n d use
e of the
I . c.. shoul~lI,<, correcattd to Sa'id ]<Ii:itl A l t l ~ i ~ r t ~ k ~wl~ich
n a l ~ . contains many new
(UL-), the S ~ I I I C grnlldeC: \ ~ I I O S ~ f h t s and details not given in Stewart.
Liogmphy wi~4 given ;rbore (1). 331). He died in 1006.
'Usmin used t h k opportunity, defeated, in the 45th year, the in~perialanear Bhadrak in
Orissa, and occupied a great portion of Bengal. M. S. then hastened h c k over lblitiw,
and defeated the Afghbns near Sherpdr ' A w , atown of the S i r k b of Sharitgbtid, which
extended h m Bardwirn to Fath Singh, S. of NurshidBbHd. After this victory, which
obliged 'Usmirn to retreat to Orissa, M.S. paid a visit to the Emperor who proluoted
him to a (full) command of Seven Thousand. Hitherto Five Thousand had been the
limit of promotion. It is noticeable that Akbar in raising M. S. to a wmmund of Scve~i
Thonsand, placed a Hindd above every Muhammsdan officer, though, soon after, M.
Sh6hrukh (vide p. 312) and M. 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) were raised to the same dignity.
M. 5. remained in Bengal t i 1 1013, when the sicknessof the elllperor induced
him to resign his appointn~ent,in order to be in the capital. The part which he played a t
the time of Akbar'a death is known from the Histories. Jahinb4r thought it prudent
to overlook the con~piracywhich the %ah had made, und sent him to Bengal. But
soon &r (1015), he wae recalled and ordered to quell disturbances in R a h h (Bihirr),
a h r which he joined the emperor. I n the 3rd jcar of Jahbngir'a reign, he was
permitted to go to his home, where he raised levies, in order to serve with M.
'Abdumhirn (No. 29) in the Dak'hin war.
M. S. died a natural death in the 9th year of J.'s reign whilst in the Dak'hin.
Sixty of his fifteen hundred wives burned then~selveson the funeral pile. At the time
of his death, only one of his numerous sons was alive, Bhho Singh, regrrding whoae
succefision to the title vide Tnzuk i Jahirngiri, p. 130.
The ground on which the TLj a t A'grah stands, belonged to MBn Singh.
31. Muhammad Quli' Kha'n Barla'e, a descendant of t h o Barmaqs(?).'
H e served under Humbydn, and held MultLn as j d g i r . I n the beginning of
Akhr's reign, he conveyed, together with Shamsuddin Atgah (No. 15) the princesses
fro111 Kbbol to India. His t u y d waa subsequently transferred to Nhgor. For a
short time he was alwo Governor of Milwah.
I n the 12th year, he was sent against Iskandar Khbn Uzbak (cide No. 48)
in Audh. After the death of KhLn ZamLn, Lkantlar fled to Bengal, and Audh wiu,
given to Muhammnd Quli Khbn as j d g i r .
H e subsequently served under Mun'im Khbn in BihLr and Bengnl. I n tho 19th
year, \\.hen Ubdd had withdrnwn to SlitgLpw (Hligli), Mun'im Khin despatchd
51. Q. Kh. to follow up the Afghbs, whilst he remained with ltirjah T d a r Mall in
TJnclah to settle financial matters. When M. Q. K h i n arrived a t SiltgLprv, DHlid
withdrew to Orissa, to wh~chcountry neither M. Q. Khbn nor his officem hid much
inclination to go. From SitgBpw, M. Q. KhBn invaded the district of Jesar (Jessore),
-- - --

S o in the MSS.; but tho name B n r - altogether impossible. The MSS. of the
mn is very doubtful. Being a ' BnrlL,' Mudair hnve Burantag & 111 the
he &longed to that Chaghthi tribe which beginning of the Akbarl~imah,Ahulth.L1
,&'
tiwet1 its descent to 3 2 o r e 331 says thnt thin 8th ancestor of Tilnilr wsrr
the first that held the titlo of barlie,
-the MSS. have various foi~nsfor this
nmnc8--, who k the 8th ancestor of Timlir.
If &JA be the correct form, the
which nleans the same us pe b
bmve. Another Bar& had been men-
ehujd'.
- .

substitutiou of *2,a renowned name in

Muhammadan liiatury, would not allpar
1 tioned nbovc on p. 206. An A I I I ~
Chikli lli~rliia r r u e d with dbti~~ction
under Thilr.
 w l ~ r r rSar111:rlli.n fi.icl~dul' l)ii~itl'~,h.rd rebelled; b ~ tile ~ t iu~~~erialiut.;
111et wit11 no
sllcccsa, and retl~rncdt o Sitqi!lrv. 31un'inl Kl~lin a t l ~ q tordered T&r Mall to join
b[. Q . K L h . :rnd t i r t l ) s c . ~ l ~ ~ t ~1~1,tli
~ ~ t l y111ovcc1
, into Orissa. so011 d t e r pnssing the
frontier, JI. Q. K ~ I L I died I at .lIrtlnil,~ir ( J I i d ~ ~ a ~ ~ o Ra111a7ln,
re). 9H2. He seelnr
to Ilnvo died a natur:~ldr:rtl~,tho~:;l~ s0111r accusetl one of Ilis e111111ehsof foul play.
Ilia son, ~UirtdI;j~.icltin Uu/./(is ( S o . 22;). I l e served u11~1erJi. 'AMurrahim
( S o . 2:)) in Sind, and acco~nl~anieil, in 1001, J:ir~i Beg ( S o . 47) to Court. He wiu a
c o l ~ ~ l ~ ~ nof
n dFive
r r Iiundrcd. u ~ i d c rJ:~L:ingir, he W;LS ral~idlyl~rolilotd,o ~ r dheld, in
t l ~ cHth year, a C ~ I U I I I ~ I I C I01' Two '~'I~UII*:LII~, ~ V I I C ~ ~he
I I scr\.eJ uuder Prince Khurrm
n ~I tA I . 1Ir died duriu; tile csspc.ditiol~.
H i s son JIillr 'hli U:rrlis rvus 111:~ile113. Jirl~;i~~;ir ;i conl~nnoderof One Thownd.

32. Tarson Kha'n, sister's aoll uf' Slliil~i\lulinillmuct B a i f u l M d k .

Iu Histories ho is cilllcd Tarson TvIul~amnlad lil~iin. Sitiful BZulk l i d h n an
indel)cnd~.llt ruler i n Gharjistirn (a part of K h w L i r n ) ; but he h d to submit to
T:th~nnsp(A. 11. 'JI.0.)
T:L~ROII KIILU was in the serrire of &irirm K h J n (Ro. lo), and joined Bkbar,
w11cn Usil.liln fell into disgrace. Alibnr sent hiln together with Hiji Muhsmmrd
Sisthni (No. 55) to see h i r h ~ n on , his tv;rj to JIirkkah, as i i r as Nbr, t h n the
frontier of the empire. T. Kll. I\?LS sitbriequently promoted, to t h e post of a Com-
ni;rndcr of' F i r e Thonsantl, and was for some t i w c (iuvernor of Bhakkar and then of
I'ntim in Ciujrit. I n t11r P l s t year, he served in Hirjl)i~tkllB,uide KO. 51. In the
29rd year, he was rnade k'ar~jtlir ~ ~ . J : I I I I I ~a tI Ithe ' I ~salne
, time that BIulli J i o h a w d
Yuzdi (vide p. 189) was :lppoiuttd QhzillluzJt and (i:idr of that SirkG. When the
J:ru~ipilr 1h:l1ellion broke out, T. Kh. with other firithfiil Bmim moved to Bik
ag;iinst Ualllidur Khhn aud 'Arab Kliin, who were j o i ~ ~ e by d BIa'qhm I i h h
Fa~tinklihdi(No. 157). 111 the 27th gear, 11e served n l ~ d e r11. 'Aziz K o k ~ ~inhBib%.
JVhen t11c Qiiisl~irls(So. 5 0 ) left J L n ' y i ~K~h~i n~ and joined the I~nperialinta,X. 'Bziz
scbnt T. Kh. t o G ' l ~ o r : i ~ ' L i twhcrc , most of the Qirqshils had jkin. T. K h . sQed at
TL,jl)6r (I)inagcporc), settling mattc.m, bvhe~i M a ' c ; ~ i ~I\'I~iln ~ i came with a large muy
fronl U l ~ b t i(S~JJ),' and ~ , ~ I ~ I I ~ Il IS~~I ~. Ii~~Ilk~~giil,
~I r 1 1 al~1)rowhingeven t h e enuirom
of 'rh1111nl1 ; III! i~lsohrnt a tlt~t;wlu~leiit;ig:ri~~ut T. Kh., who w a besieged ~ in the Fort
of'l'hjplir. The sivge wm raistad Iry a corps sent by SSa11b:iz KhLn i Iiarnbli (No. 80)
from Ptttno, and T. KII. W L L ~thus enabled t o join Shalrbhr, and drive away the rebels

lil,r~lhr.l gives this s l ~ r l l i ~in ~ ; the correctly my JIPS. H e came in co~ltact

; r 1 1 n 1 1 ,I I S it I l i d , wit11 Si~lilnK l h n antl TRj Khin of
(ti-0111 the 1Li11distk11iY :& do~rvr fhr l , killed, and his two sow, 'I&
I k t ~ ~ r awas
,.ilVe,.), RTld estellds Ilt,;lrlp ,II,~) x.,,~fiolll and I s ~ i ~ k ' iwere l nold w aIavt.8. T h r j
E~~~~ \vest, a l l l l :j,n, kux froln N,s,, ~vc,rcs n l ~ s c q n e ~ ~trac:cd tly b y Qutbuddin
froln ~ h i l ) ~to, ttile o~~!~,,. , brnught
11 wt,llltl~ l l l l t i 1illA11,'l'>&'sunclc,to T ~ & I Iantl
illeludo tllr ~ l l l l ~ a r ~ and a I l till, tral.ts lacli. '1'Asoon b n ~ n i et,ht~cl~iefofBh&i,
alollC: tile N~,~~~. (frant, ill the ~ t h, and 11ad twelve g r r a t zamirrdbm delm-
firport,, p, xu, rlote, define, ~ h , i ! i dent on 11in1. Henct. hc is generally called
con1 lslng the suIltlcrl)xn :111ti tile b3' Abull'azJ ~ ~ r zi Bhd/i,rlller
~ ~ f i lrf
n e i ~ l ~ , u r i l l b rlow lallds, pb,eIl ~ i j l i ,over- Bl~;r$i. H c gave the Irnl~*ridint* rill end

flowcql by the tide. of'tronblc. l i v 1111lxt not h c o ~ ~ f o ~ ~ n d d

>rRgs t;Tther, mcordirlK to ~ b ~ ~ l 1,vim : ~ ~ 1 . with 'I'r'li, the Vakil of Qntl\i Khiu of
a ~ ~ j of~ tho wu i t if 1 I Oris& who cctlc<l Y i r i to idAu Singb.
Gom Upper Benpl. Ma'qtint fled again to RhLti, and Shaltbriz and T. Klr. planned
an expedition against 'Ish, who had atforded Bfa'qlin~ shelter. They crossed the
Ganges a t Khizrpk, which stands on the frontier of BIiLti, took Sunnirginw,
plundered Baktarhpdr (?), where 'Is& used to live, and nearly caught Ma'glim. At
this juncture, ' l s 6 return~xl from a n expedition to Klicll BiItQr, and attacked the
Ilnperialists near Bhowhl (N. of Dacca). The Imperialista had entrenched themselves
near the Brahmaputra, and the fighting was continued for a long time both by land
and on the river. At one time, T. Kh. with a small detachment came too near a
p i t i o n held by the enemy, and waa attacked by Ma'qlim Khhn and wounded.
Immediately h r w a r d s he waa caught, and killed by Ma'qilm (994). For a relation
of hie, aide No. 400.
33. Wy8' Kha'n Gnng.
Q i y d ib a Turkish word and means 4,
ornament. Uung, if i t is the Persian word,
means 'dumb.' H e rierved under Humiybn, and lleld Kol Jalbli. On the approach of
Henlli, he joined Tardi Beg (No. 12) in Dihli, and retreated with him. After Hemb's
defeat, Qiyb waa sent to Xgrah, and was raised to the dignity of a commander of Five
Thousand. Several parganahs in Gwbli6r having been given to him aa tuyiil, Qiyh
J<hbn, in the 2nd year of Akbar's reign, besieged G w i l i k , which waa held by Bhil
K h h , a general of Salim Shhh, during whose reign Gwklibr had been the capital of
the empire. Bhil Khiin, thinking i t impossible to hold the Fort for a long time,
wiahedl to hand i t over for a consideration to S j a h RAmshh, whose ancestors had held
GwUiC, when Qiyii Khbn arrived, and after defeating the S j a h , prepared himself to
besiege Bhil Kbtin. When Akbar, in 966, came to Agrah, he sent a detachment to
wist Qiyk, and Bhil Khbn submitted.
H e was a friend of Raimm, but waa the first that left him and joined Akbar.
A few yeam later, Qiyb Khkn joined K h i u Zambn's rebellion, but repented and
was prdoned, a t the request of Muu'im K h h .
After the first conquest of Bengal, Q. Kh. was nent to Orissa, to settle matters,
H e remained in Oriaaa and Bengal during the Bengal rebellion, and when, in the 25th
year, the Imperialists withdrew from t h a t country, Qutld Khbn seized upon Orissa,
and besieged Qiyb Khhn in some fort. Deserted by his soldiers, Q. Kh. was
killed (989).'

1 &J the Mad8ir. The Sazodnih says I! p. 237), where t h e native editors have
that lthjah Hirrnsih with a large force of glven three wrong names among twelve,
m j p l i t a had come to besiege Gwhlitlr. viz.,
Fir~ahtah instead of Bltil KhLn (Akbar- P. 237,last line, for Amin E h d n
nimah, SawBnih, Bndioni) haa S u h d Eokd, read Zuin Khdn Kukcih (No. 34).
KllLn (?), and IqbC1 Khirn (?) for Q i y d P. 238, 1. 1, for Sht~jd'h h d n , read
YA&n, vide Briggs, 11, p. 194. ?he Shujd'at K h d n (No. 14).
change from & to &pu ia not remnrk- P. 238, 1. 2, for Huatil Xhcfn, read
Tarson K h d n (No. 32).
able ; b u t the alteration of to J$l Mi\.loreover Khifi Kl~ri~l'wlint is most
more violent, 8s we have an additional inco~~lplete,and dom not coincide,
slay and Idm. although he nays so, with the number of
How untrustworthy our rinted edi- Panjhnziris given in tlie Tubapit.
!
tions are, may be seen rom Khhfi
Khkn's l i n t of Commandera of Five
* &veral copitw of the Tab i t which
I have consttltrd, say that giyb%klh d i d
Thounand under Akbar (Ed.Bibl, Indica in 984 (?).
 7;rr1/i Ahciri (S~I. 1011, I ~ i ssnn, was a Com~nnnder of Fifteen IIundrd. FIB
I C I I I : I I ~ r~ i I I f I l : ~ k ' l i ,but e l a t e I i r e . III t l ~ r,i!+th
>-tz;rr,11e w:ls r~~storcd :111d prolllof(-d ~AI a coulniand of Two Thousand Five IIundred,
~ da p r ~ ~ s c on ft 5 lacs of Ilulntes.
s ~ got

V. CUIII111u1~Jcrsof Four Tho~csantlFire Rr~ndred.

34. Zain Khs'n,' tion of Kliwijiih hlnqqild of H n r l t .
Iiis li~tlle~r, Kll\vCjl~l~ i l ~ l W;IS s servn~ltof Akbar'n mother. The name of
J l : ~ ~ ~ ( :'Ali,
I not11r L l ' i l ~ I: ~ I ;I I S I o k ; r sI . On H~llntiyin's
f i ~ l to~ tl'c.rriii~, >I;~qylidwas :~l\v.~ysncnr the l1o\vda1101' Akbi~r's mother, and ren~aind
att:u:hctl to Ilcr ill ill1 her n~isl;~rtl~nrn. Elis Lrothrr \v;rs Khailjal Haqan (Zain Khrln's
I C )~ I a tI e ~ ~ : r r ri icc e a l i ~She is tllc rnntller of Pri11c.e Parwiz.
111 9113, Alirzil ~ I U ~ I ~ I I III:rkim, I I I I : ~ ~Akbnr's brother, l ~ n d d i d , and A k h
croilscd the Indus 1i)r ZibulistJn. Znin Khiln a.m a t that time n co~nmirr~der of' TKO
Tl~ousnnd at~tlFive IIu~ldrc.tl,and was sent nrninst tlle Yilsutiais. Thin tribe, y s
ALulfkzl, l1;1d ti~r~nerly l)ccn in Qar;ihilgIi and Qnnd;~Iiirr, and had invaded Gitbul,
wl~erea grc:~tnumber of t h c n ~\vere killnl hy )I. Ulugh Beg. The remainder settled
a t I~:~~n,qll:i~~irt. ; ~ n ds u l ) s c ~ ~ l t ~at~ ~Isl~t:~,ql~ar.
~tly For the \:\st one 11undredyarn, they
h:ul l~eldthe territory ~(1' \Vni.jiir, atltl were notorio~~s robbers. In tvaijiu, tl~crewas
also a tribe of' tllc. II;LIIIC of Sultic~li,who trn*lcd tllc'ir ~ L ~ S C tO ~ IaI daughter
~ of Sulgn
Sikandar. The Y i ~ r ~ ~ t idc~pl.ived ;~ia them tre;wl~crously of their district; a few
ot'the Sult.:L~~idvs, I~o\vcvcr, re~naincdin \\Tni,jilr frorn attaehrnent to their old rountr!.
On a ibr~nerocc:lsion, when Akbar 1 1 4 moved against M. h11111amrnadHakim, the
chiefs of' t l ~ rY l i a ~ ~ l i s~~brnittcd,
:~i~ and one of them, Killi. went with Akbar to Agrah
and na.5 Iioapitably treated. 1Ie fed, however, but \vw cauallt by Sh~msuddinK h Z
(No. l5!)) n w r Atak, and was srnt back ; and altl~ooghAkbar continued t o treat him
ki~ltlly,Ilr flctl ;lg:1ili :rlrtl stirred u p his couutrymen.
Zairr 1Cl1ir11luovrd into the 1)istrict of W:iijilr (north of Pashbwar), and punisl~ed
the Yils~~li.:~is. St,vt.r;~l clliefs asked for lmrdon. Alter tl~in11e erected n fort ip
Jillidar;il~,in t l ~ c~r~idtlle of the co~ultry.and defbated the ene~niesin twenty-threefighta.
1 I r had s t last to ark tbr reiulbrcen~ent,aud Akbnr sent to him a j a h Bir Bay and
Hakiln Abul E'irith with some troops. Zain K h i n asked them to attack the Afghins,
wllilst IIC would ocbcnpyt l ~ cc o n q ~ ~ c r rdistrictu, d or he would attaek the enemies, and they
fihould llold the district. But IJir Bay R I I ~1f:tkirn Ah111 Fath, wllo were no friends of
&in Khdn, l ~ r ~ ~ ) n stllnt c d they should nttnck the Yilsufznis together, and then go
back. Z. Kh. said, it \vould not do to return witboat better rrs~lltsfrom a COUIIQ
which had cost so many sacritic.es ; else, the best thing they could do, was to rrturn
tile name \\ray t l ~ r yllnd colnc. But to this they would not listell, and retunld +y
allother road ( u v e r g g ) . Z. Kh. paid n o attention to their in~ubordinationand joined
tl1~111,cl~ietlybrc:iuse he \virs afi.nid tllcy \vould d c n o u ~ ~ chim e a t Court. As soon as the
Alkllins saw the I ~ n ~ ~ e r i n l i returning,
sts they attacked them in every narrow valley.
On passing the Girenah" Uidaudri (LSjd a2>), Z. Kh. who commanded the

As 1le wai Akbsr's foster I~rothcr,he

i~ generally valkd in histories, Zain KLhn 1 Kok 111.
tiiretoah means a hill.
ehrddwl),was so severely attacked, that he had to face them. Arrows and stonee
rere showered from all sides on the Imperialists, the aoldiers got bewildered, and the
h o w ran into the train of elephants. Many lives were lost. Z. Kh., unable to prevent
r rout, m h e d among the Afghins seeking death, when Jhnish Bahhdur (No. 236) got
hold of the reins of his horse, and led him by force out of the melds. I n the greateat
disorder the Imperialists reached the next station, when the mere rnmour of an
approach of the Aehbns dispersed the soldiers. I n the darknem of night most of
them lost their way, and several detachments entered the valleys occupied by the
A f s h s . The enemies being engaged in plundering, they were a t first safe; but
next day they were all cut off. This wan the occasion when Bir Bq with 600 officers
fell (wide p. 204).
In the 31st year (994), Z. W. operated succeasfnlly against the Mahmands and
Ghoris near Pashbwar, who under their chief Jalhluddin Raushini had committed
nmvous predations. I n the next year. Z. Kh. wan made governor of ZibulistAn vice
Hiu Singh, and moved, in the 33rd year, against the YdeuFLais. After eight months'
khting, they ~ubrnitted,but Z. Kh. insisted on occupying their territory. He followed
the same policy as before, and erected a large Fort on the banks of the river Bajgomh
(b*), where their district commences. During the festival of the 'rd di Qurbdni
[ h q r 'fd, in Zi Hajah), he surprined the AfghLrs, and took possemion of the whole
district., erecting a fort wherever he thought necessary, and leaving in each a sufficient
number of wldiers.' (Vide No. 46.)
In the 36th year, he was sent to pnnish several rebellious zamlndbrs in tho
Himilayas. Most of them, as Bdjah Budl (Badhi) Chand of Nagarkot (tide p. 330).
& Perthb of M h k o t , RQjah Parisrb~n of Mount Jamd, M j a h %h of Mau, &i
Edbhdr of Lsk'hinph, &c., submitted and accompanied Z. Kh. to Court, though they
bad an army of 10000 horse and a lac of foot soldiers.
A h having been made, in the 36th year, acommander of Four Thousand, Z. Kh.
wan allowed an 'alum and a n a q q d ~ a h(vide p. SO), and was appointed, in the following
j a r , governor of the districts beyond the Indaa up to the Hindhkush, when new
opportlnitias offered for punishing the mountaineers.
In the 41st year, he was made a Commander of Five Thousand, and governor of
Kibul, Price Qulij K h h . I n the same year, Prince Saliru fell in love with Z. Kh.'s
daughter, and married her soon a h r , though Akbar wna d i v p l d (vide p. 277, 1. 4,
from below). With the death of JalU Khbn R a u s h h i the disturbances in Zibulistin
came to an end, and Z. Kh. was ordered to Lbhor, froru where Akbar, on his return
Burhhplir, called liini to dgrdi.
Z. Kh. died in 1010, pnrtly fro111 exceeaive drinking. He played on ~ e v e r d
lrtru~uents,and comlws~dpoems. An Sr'id K h i n (No. 25) for his eunucliu, and
wj K h b (No. 42)b r his hol-nee, so w m Z. Kh. lirmoua for his elephanb.
' Such forb were called T'hdnalrs, now provisionu (rmad) to the next T:hbnnh."
the common word for a police station. Pddishdhndmuh, I. p. 167.
" T A d d means a corps of cavalry, How old the use of the word T h d m h
mrtcblockmen, and archers, stationed is, may be seen from the k t that it
+thin an enclosure. Their duty is to occurs ti.equently on Tribcni :md Sitgirfiw
W tbe mads, to hold tho places inscriptinns of the eighth and ninth ccn-
m a n d i n g the T'hbnnh, and to despatch turies of the Hijmh.
 A +on o l ' l ~ i - .S I I I I ~ ~ I I I (IS; IoI.I:Ij:l), I . ~ I /~CJ ( . ] ~\II.\LV. ,a R~~tnrnal~der of T w o Hrlndrd.
'l'l~r. ,lt,rr;s;r 111,*11tiorrs ar~otl~c.rson, J111~11111 K ~ I ~ \TIIO
I I , ticrvcd under . J a h i l r ~ and
r
I 1 l ~ ~I':iilihl16h11.J J . 1). (;1.1), and died 10th I<umu6n 1067. H e commanded
~ l l i l l , j : l l ~ (t.i,lr
1i1r~ ( I I I I I . li1111, F l ~ r tO l l ~ i rin tllc I);tk'l~in,wllerr t l ~ cxutl~orof tile 3I&*ir later found
;III i l ~ > < - r i ~ ~ rcfCrring
tion to his ; ~ p ~ ) o i n t n l r ~For ~ t . a second dsugl~ter,ricle p. 3'28.
I:t~r %:,in J<h;in's I~rritl~c~r, ride Ko. 38.
35. Mi'rzal Yu'suf Kha'n, fion of &fir Al~mndi Rnzawi.
111%\v:L~ a rv:11 Rnyyid or Bl;~sl~l~ad. and was III~ICII likcd by Akbar. In the 30th
v1.:1r 111. \\.:is :L C ~ ~ I I I I I IOS ~ LTwo
I I ~T11ous:~nd
~~I. and Fivc H~rndred. When S h a h h S R h h
114i Iiil~irrli)r llc~ig:~l, JI. Yils11fKl16n\V;L< sent Srorn Ancll~to keep Bil16r. I n the 32nd
yeill. ( ! ) 3 5 ) , \v11c11 QArii~n K l ~ h n(No. b!)) rcsigncd, 31. I'. \\-as sent to Kashmir as
rulvr. I l e \v:w I I I I I I .liked ~ I IIJ tllr people of that coul~try,conciliated Shams Chak,
the clainlnnt of' t l ~ vtl~ronc,and sent him to Court. In thr :Xth year (997), Akbnr
vi?;itcd I\':r.sl~n~ir, and isslled sevi~lnlorders regarding thr taxation of the conntry. In
1111-tlistricts ol' AI:~rar;ljand Karnrij, i. e., the upper and lower districts on both sides
o l ' t l ~ cll;111:1triver, he fised the taxes at oric-fonrth.
111 K : ~ . s l l ~every ~ ~ i r piccc of ground is called pnlfnh, thol~gha pntlnh originnlb is
c.clr~:llto 1 Ili:'l~:lll, 1 Ilis\r.:~I~ ( I l ( i l i ) of Akbar. T ~ v oand a half p n t t a h and a little
il~orc~ :nc, ccl11:~1 to 1 Ii~rshmiriUix'hali. Tl~reekinds of grain pay tuxes in Kashmir,
; L I I ~ encll vill;~gcis ;~s.(~ssedat some khni.<aci~.sof sl~tlli. A klrurtccir is equal to 3

rncrrrs, 8 srrs of' A1<1):1r. Tlre 1)rincil)al weight u ~ e din Kashmir is the turk, which is
rclunl to H ncrs of' Alilli~r(r)i~lc1). H,note 3). A t the time of the Rali' crop, they t&e
2 ftrt.ks fiom cac.11 p~~rtterhof wlrcut and vetches (mdsh). The country having been
rcrrntly an~~c,xcd, \ v ; ~ s: ~ ~ s c s s cwdr y lightly, a t 22 lncs khnrw.irs, which was 2 ha more
tlrnn bcf'orr, tllc khcr~trrirbeing rcclioned at 16 ddms. For this sum, Akbar handed
ovL8r l < n ~ l ~ ~ton i>I. r Y. 1Cl1.
I n t l ~ :Hit11
r yci~r,one of 31. T.l<h.'s AIutqaddis (revenueclerks) fled to court, and
stntctl tl111tt l r C r c l v ~ l l>11u111d l ~ ~ lie 6 0 12rr r e u f . (dith-pciitzdcrlr) higher, and the khamlt
NIIOIIIJ LI(% v;~luc~i :it 2S cl~i1118.31. Y. K h . informed Akb:rr that so high an assesmnent
was :LII i l ~ ~ l i ( l ~ s i l ~ iInlt l i t y ;A1;Lnr scnt (2% Blirullal~ and Qlizi 'Ali to Kashmir, to
rcbl~~rton t11v r c v c ~ ~ u r .As 11. Y. Khiin's pci)pIe assumed n threatening attitude,
N i ~ n ~ l l : irhc t u r ~ ~ e ;du, ~Akliar l srnt 1I:wan Beg Sh:tilih 'Urn& (No. 161) to Kashmir.
011 his arrivnl, some ol' 31. 'I-.Kll's people made a conspiracy, and s t k d
111) t i ~ c rnnlcontc~~tsof tllr countrr, w l ~ o collected under T&dg.ir, the son of
nl. 1'.Kll'a uncle. l'hc tlisturll;~nc.csIic~;c~nc~ so scrious, that Q&i 'AUand Hasan Beg
rcturntd to 1Iindil.st:in ; i)nt tile r1.1)i~lsblockaded the r ~ a d s , and killed Qid 'Bli.
IIasnn I k y c?;t~:11~d, 110t \vitllout \rounds. Yidgirr t l ~ e nread the khuflah in hi
n:\nlc, nnd l1:td dics ~)rtaliari~d 1i)r s t r i l i i ~ ~coins.
g Several bad omens f o m l ~ d o w e d
his s l ~ v t l yruin. \Vitl~ibut 11:rving :in1 knti\vI~YIgeof this rebellion, Akbar re~%itPd
Kaslrn~ir; but \VIICII 11c \\-:IS inl;)r~llt.~l 01' tlie state of the country, he put M. Y. Kh.
o~ldzrt l ~ ccll:irgt, ul' Xllulll1~1. Y:i,lg:ir in vain tried t o oppose Alibar a t the frontier
~ : I w > sand , llcd *~'I.C~IIISri~l.ug:rrto l i i ~ . J l ~ i lwLem r, some of 116. T.W.'s men spresd at
night the rumour thlit AliL:ir h:id S I I ~ I ~ I C Iarrived. II~ I n the confusion which ensutd.
Y6dS6r Rcul out*iJc of t l ~ cr:lrnp, i ~ c t ~ ~ i ~ l ~by l ~anservant
u i ~ ~ l of the n m c of Srisuf:
i i i s ciunp \vtw plr:ndcnul. and ;U. Y. li h .'r 1111'11gk~tt~vldof Yiw~~t; who hard w t ~ u n r d
 to get a h o w for his master. They tortured him, till he confessed whew YMgbr was.
Soon a h , they caught him and cut off his head.
As M. Y. Kh. refused to remain in charge of Kashmir under tho increased revenue,
the country was mnde khdliph, and Shamsuddin KhBK (No. 169) was appointed
Governor with 3,000 troops. Some time after, a t Prince Salim's request, M. Y. Kh.
m re-instated.
In the 38th year, M. Y. Kh. was appointed Diirogah of tho Topkhiinah, and
received Jannpbr as tuytil, mce Qulij Khbn (1002) ; but in the 41st year his jdgir was
hfiferred to Gnjriit, to enable him to serve in the Dak'hin. I n the following year,
when qiidiq of Hanit (No. 43) died, M. Y. Kh. was appointed atdliq to Prince M u d ,
whom ho joined in %lhp& (Barb). After the death of Prince Muriul (p. 300),
hf. T.Kh. distinguished himself together with Abulfazl in the Dak'hin wars, and later,
under Prince DhyB1, in the conquest of AhmsdbbM, on which occasion M. Y. Kh.
is said to have been more energetic than other grandees.
After joining Akbar's Court a t Burhbnphr, in the 46th year, M. Y. Kh. went
in to Prince Dbnya, who, in 1010, sent him to assist Abulfhzl aod thr Khtin-
mbdn a t &l&g'h&t. But soon afler, he died of abscess a t JelnLpbr', in JumMa 11, of
the m e year. H i body was taken to Mashhad.
M. Y. Kh. generally stayed a t S u l ~ n p b r ,which he looked upon as his Indian
home. H i s contingent consisted exclusively of Rohilohs, whose wages be paid monthly.
Hid rona. 1. Mimd Inrshka~i qyfehikan Khdn (No. 375). Ho wss under
&bar T'hhnahdh of B 'u (East of Ahmadnagar), and got from Jah6ngir the title of
P d a r Khbn, and a tuyzil in Bihbr. I n the 6th year (of Jehbngir), he was promoted to
the post of a Commander of 1600, with 700 horse, and was made in the following year
$hibahd&r of Kashmir. I n the 8th year, he was removed from his 051%. I n the 21st
gear, when Mahtibat Khhu had fled, he was sent towards Dihli, to intercept Mahtibat's
+amwhich were known to have arrived from Bcngal. This he did. I n the
beginning of S h M Jahiin's reign, he was made a Commander of 2600, and 2000 home,
rcoeived the title of gafshikan K h h , and was again sent to BE,where he remained
for a long time. H e withdrew a t last from ~ u b l i clife, got a pension of b.12,UW
per urnurn, and lived a t W o r . H e died in 1056.
He was h n k to a fault. Once he invited the Manpbdiinr of KBbul, and feasted
them on pork ; and when called to Court, to answer for hi conduct, he gave Jahin&
a lesson by saying that not only pork, but also wine was forbidden in the law. For
this answer he fell into disgrace.
2. M i n d 'Iuaz (U;p). H e was a good Prose writer, and wrote n HiYtory of
the World, entitled Chaman.
3. Mt'rzd Afldtrin. ' H e lived with his brother.' H e was subsequently mnde
MutawaU of Sikandrah (Akbar's tomb), where he died.
' M y copy of the Tabaqdt, an also Jalncipu'r.' It is difficult to say how
mother MS. which I have seen, contains these words have found their way into
the following entry-'At the t h e b some NS. of the Tabaqdt, which was
*or appointed lo q w a t e ogaimt finished in 1001 A. H., or uine years
Bdjf, Re died at Jannatdbdd it6 the before N.Y. Khtiu's death.
but hln, which ir yenerully callcd
 \ oI' >I. Y . KII., Mil. ' A l ~ ~ l o l l awas
i rt.lntit~~~ l ~ . 1111der Shhhjahbn a Commander of
15U3 ant1 G(K1 horse. 1Ie was for some time Governor of Fort DharlEr, E. of Rir,
~nrntionrrlnhnrt.. H r d i d in t l ~ pRt,h ycar of ShBljahLn.

1-T. ~/~lrlllt/lll~if~l~.v
1J' J-"u1* ~ ' / l ~ ~ l l ~ e l l l ~ ~ ~ .

36. Mahdi &a aim Kha'n.

'rile :lirl,tryrit r ~ ~ c ~ ~ ItI ~i IoI I~R I~I I (sI I I ~ the Con~manders of Fire Thouuand. He
served tirrt unclcr N. 'Askiwi, Biibar'fi third son, whose foster brother he wan. His
brother \\.as <;h;rz:mfar Kokahl (_f6ib;. ). TIu~niylin,after the conquest of Gujrit,
had apl~ointcd 'Askari to AllmatlAbAd. One night, wllen half drunk, M. 'A~karisaid,
" I an1 kinq and thc shadow of God ;" \vlrcn C;llnzn~~fargently replied, " Thou ert
drunk, aucl I1:rst lost tlry senrjc,q," iit svl~it.l~ all who were present laughed. 'Askari got
c~nragcd,and i~ul~risonrd Gl~azanfar; but 11c escaped, went to Sulthn Bahhinr, king
of Gqjrit, who Il:ld rvtreatc~dto Fort Diu, and betrayed the plans of 'A~kari. Bah6d~
tl~rreuponcollected itn army, rnarcl~culto Al~rr~xdAbJd, nnd dmve the Priuce away (vide
No. 12).
on Iris return fro111 Persia, and was made
Jlahdi Q A ~ ~ I iI lI~ h njoincd IIu~ni~yfin
in tlrc b~fiinnirrgof Akbar's reign, n Co~r~mii~rdcr of' Four Thousand. I n the 10th JES,
Abd111JIqjid ~iqai'K h i n (No. 43) h;rd beer1 ordered to pursue Khbn Zambu (No. 13 ;
but entertaining douhta regarding his own safety, he fled to Garha (Jabalph).
31. Q. Kh. w ; L ~ , therefore, sent to Garha, after Akbar had, in 973, returned
from Jaunpilr to A'grah, and wns ordered to wpturc 'Abdul Najid. Ti'l~enI.Q. gh.
arrived a t Garha, 'AMul Na,iid fled to KhLn Ziurlhu; but the wretched state of
the country displeased 1\1. Q. Kh. so much, that without asking Akbar'spemissi~n,
11e left GarIra and went to Makkah. From there he returned over Persia and
Qandahbr, and arrived, towards the cud of the 13th Scar, a t Rantanhhlir, which A k k
hcsic~grd,nnd asked to be forgiven, sendiug at the samc tinie a fine batch of Persian
horses as a preserrt. Alibar pardoned him, rebtored him to his old muk, aud gave him
Lak'l~nnuas tuyril.
'Not,l~ir~g else is known of him' (Madsir). He had been dead for some time in
1001, \vbrn the :licbtrydt was c~ml)letcd. liusaiu Khhn Tukriya (No. 53) aasthe son
of his sister and his son-in-law.
He l i d a villa at Lkhor, which w m called Bdyh i i a h d i & h i m K h d n , oidc
BadLut~i11, 90,2Y2, aud Calcutta llevicw for October, 1869 (Jahbngir's Death).
37. Muzaffar Kha'n i Turbati'.
Tuvbai is the name of a tribe (ulu's) in Khurbshn. His full name ia Khwijah
&Iuzatfnr 'Ali Khhu i Turbati. H e wuu B a i r h ' s Diwbn. BairQm delebated him
frolu Dil1Alp6r to Sher nIul~nmmud Diwinah (p. :J17), who sent him in chaius to
Akbar. T l ~ o ~ r gseveral
h courticr~advisc!d the E~nperorto kill h l u z d u , he pnrdoucd him.
and uiade liirn 'Ainil (Collector) or the I'argnuah of' l'arsaror. Subsequently Alilrar
irladc him Uiudr~i Bt~yu'ldl(Collector of the Imperial Stores, Cc.), and a t last Divln
with the title uf Ifluzaif'ar KhLn (971). Rhjah Todarmall w s s thtq
of t l ~ cK~t~pirc,

G h o z a i f i r means a lion. Bcztf~io~zi

(I;. 11. U5, 1. b ) calls hi111 t i l u r u i y u r I Blg. The Ed. Uibl. I n d i a Edition ha&
Iy mistake, (ilunu;for.
 under him. Amrding to Bsdsonl, the two quarrelled inwsantly, though people said
that the Bbjah was a better financier than MnzaEar, whose accossion to ofiw was honor
cd by the short tdrikh $Uh, zdlim (= 971), or ' Tyrant.'
In the 11th ye&, he abolished the Jam' i R q m i . This is the name of the
assessment of the DihK empire, which had existed since the time of BairiLm ; but the
rent roll shewed an sssessment very different from the actual state of things ; ' for, on
ant of the number of men (kamat i mardum, i.e. Jdgir holders) and the unsettled

$:dPte (qalb i M'ldyat) of the country, the revenue was increased in name (bandm
4aid41) for the sake of mere shew (bardi marrid i d'tibdr)'. This Jam' i Raqmi
rss now abolished ( d e Third Book, A'dn i Dahsdlah), and Muzaffar prepared a
rent d according to his experience and the returns of Qhnlingos. The new rent roll
M called Jam' iIidqil i ~ d l or , the Roll of the present actual income ( v k l e p. 362).
As the Ddgh law (pp. 266, 266, and p. 242) did not then exist, Muzaffar Khdn fixed
the nnmber of soldiers which the contingents of the Bmfm and the Mwldzims (friends
of the king) should wntain, and the soldiers were divided into three c1asses.l
In the 12th year, it was reported that M u z d a r loved a boy of the name of Qutb.
&bar had the boy forcibly removed, whereupon M u d a r assumed the garb of a
Fa+, and went into the forest. Akbar was thus obliged to recall him, and r ~ t o r e d
the beloved.
In the 17th year, a mania for Chaupar (p. 303) had seized Akbar's Court-
X d a r lost not only hi goldmuhurs, but also his temper, and annoyed the Emperor
M ma&, that he was told to go to Makkah. But he was re-called, and joined the
Conrt .t S h t , which Akbar then besieged. I n the 18th year (981), after having- been
foraome timein Sdrangpdr in Mdlwah, he was appointed ?'iikdlof the Empire,with the
title of Jnmlatul Mulk. But he did several things which Akbar did not approve of,
md when the Emperor returned fmm Patna, fmm where he had despatched a corps
to take WtBa in South Bihiir, he ordered M u z d a r to join the expedition, without
&wing him first to pay his respects (vide Brigge 11, 249). Like his companion,
6hwijah Shamsuddin Khsfi(No. 15Q),H.distinguished himself in the campaign, puriish-
ed the rebels on several occasione, and took H g p i r , of which the Afghhna had again
taken poawsion. For these services, M. was appointed, in tho 20th year, Governor
of ~ i h kfrom
, C h a d to Gayhi. Soon after the taking of Hi?jippli M. was nearly
caught by a party of Afghdua, who saw him reconnoitering the banks of the
c'handak
In the 22nd year, M. returned to Court, where Shid Manp6r (No. 124) and
4 lUj& Todar Mall continued, under his superintendence, their financial rcforms.
On the death of Kh6n Jahbn (No. 24) in 986, he was made Governor of Uengal.

The M&ir says, he allowed thejirst Sihaspahs, 1000 d. p e r mensem.

class 48,000 ddme, the aecond 3'2000 cl., Duaspahs, 800 d.
md the third 44000 d. per unnum. Yakiwpahs, 600 d.
Thew numbem appear to be very large, 1st Class Rnjplits, 800 d.
when com red with p. 231. But what 2nd ditto ditto, 600 d.
r.stho v x e of a driln in those day s P I n (Alibarnhmah). But a t that time 40 ddme
the 40th year of Akbar's reign,the follow- were equal to 1 Akbarshal Rupee,
ing pay regulation was introduced- which differed very little from our rupee.
Mughul, Afgli611,or Hindi
 111the J.*,tll yc;rr (!J8S), S11hl1I I a n ~ i l rrubjcetcd the hniirs of UihL illld h o g $ t11
i ~ t s ,c;rllcd ~ I tl1c111
strict e ~ i q ~ ~ i r ant1 I to rctiind SUIIIS \vhieli they had spent without,
~xwni*rion. flicn he insisted I)II his de~nuidti, ~ I I : I ' F i~ IKBbuli U and sercral
oth~arg~a11dc.c~ t11:~tl~eldjhgirs in l$il~iir,rtfibelled. J1~1x;~lfkr imitated Sh6h Han$'s
1)olicy in l$cn~:rl,and ~vllcr~ 11c comnle~icedvigorously to collcct outstanding, %ti
]<ll:ill Q&rlshhl iLlldotlirr Jhgirdim ot Bei~g:rl rabclled likewise. N. defeated them on
serc.ral occ:~qions,but would not listen to prupositlu of peitec.. A t last the Bibir rebeL
joined tllose of Ik.nK:il, :rnd uiustered it fiufficicr~tl'orce to take the field against YuzaBar.
Xot\vithstanding this, tlic rebels would hare gladly come to terms and gone to
hnd not h111zafbr bctril~ed his weakness by moving to the Fort of Tin&&, which,
according t)lkidhoni, consisted of notl~ingbut four old walls. The rebels thus
e~iil)oldencdd ( ~ ~ n ; u ~full d e d pardon, pcrruission to go to Xakkah, and restoration of one-
tliird of their property. At this juncture, Sliarilfilddin Husain (No. 17) esarp
ed from Muznffar's custody, joined the rebels, and informed them of M.'B miserable
condition. They moved tllercibre %ainst TlincJah, took it, captured X.,and
killed him (Rnbi' I, !)H8').
The J ~ I ; I ~ 3I:~,~jid
' in .Xgr;Lh w;s built by hluzaffar. I a m told the Masjid
is ~iowin ruins which still go by the uanle of A-uwdb bluzuffur Ehdn N Xarjid
or hrdi Xur;jitl. The ,V(ccisir says, it stood in tho I i u f r u h ilfiycin Raqip, but
this nariic docs not npl)e;Lr to be now-a-days in use. The J1;ujid now called the Jimi'
JIasjid of Xgrall W:LS built, in 1058, by Juh6n .<r& &gum, ShJhjahBn's daughter,
a t a cost of five lacs of Rupecs.
According to tlic iUir-ritul 'A'lam, his youngest daugl~terIVW married to Sbih
Fatliullirh of S h i r k .
38. Saif Kha'n Kokah, cldcr brother of Zain KhLn Kokah (No. 34).
e r ~ I I I J .di~ughters,and when she wzxs prcgunnt with Saif K h h , her
His ~ i i o t l ~ Ilnd
husband tllrc:rtc~~e~l to divorce her, aliould it again turn out to bu a daughter. She
complili~~cdof this to Alib:lr's mother, and Akbar, tl~oughthen a child, told her
husband that 11e woultl illcur liis disl)lealiure if he sl~oolddo so ; 'besides,' said he,
' i t sliull be this tirne a tine boy.' The iuotl~crlooked u1)un l'riuce Aklar's w o r b ass
propl~ecyfrom heaven, aud in course ol'tiiur Saif lCh611 w;is born.
Alibrv \\.as v c q l'uncl of SaiS Elhill, and made hirn, though quite ycung, a
Cornniaiider of Four Tlioi~s:~nd. H c distinguisl~rd 11iulbc4fby hi# braverj, especially
in the 17th year, a t the taking o!' Silrilt, \vhcre he \r;w wounded by a bullet. I n the
brginning of the uest re:ir (!)8l), he xconip:t~~icdAlib:lr on his h e e d march h m
1Xgril11 to Ahi11i~d6b:id(p. 32.j), aud W ~ L J liiilcd bravely fighting with Yul~ammd
liusain JIirzh.
How A k l m npl)rcciatc.tl 1 l i . i b1.1.ricesni:~yl,e seen from the fwt, that having heard
that Sltif lilliu w:rs lici~rilyiuvolvetl, I,uid, on his return to A'groh, every debt due
by h i u ~ .
His two sons, Sher Afkan (335),and AmAnullah (356) are mentioned below W
Commanders of Two Hundred niid FXty.

According to B a d b n i (11, p. 2 8 ) .
hlnz:rHlv mpitulated, left thC Fort, and
1 w,w the11 captured and s k u .
 SO. Ea'jah Todar Mall, a Khetri.
H e was born a t Lhhor. The iKaa'si7ul Umurd does not record his services
before the 18th year of Akbar's reign; but T. M. appears to have entered Akbar's
service a t a very early period. I n 971, he was employed under M u z d a r (Bad.11,
65), and in 972, he served under Akbar against KhLn Zamdn (vide No. 61). H e held
the first important post in the 18th year, when aRer the conquest of Gujrht he was left
there to assess that province. I n the 19th year, after the conquest of Patna, he got an
'alonr and a mqqdrah (p. 66), and was ordered to accompany Mun'im Khbn to Bengal.
He was the soul of the expedition. I n the battle with Dh6d Khbn i Kararbni,
when W b n 'A'lam (vide No. 68) had been killed, and Mun'im Khbn's horse had run
away. the U j a h held h i ground bravely, and ' not only was there no defeat, b a t
an actual victory.' " What harm," said Todar Mall, " if Khbn 'Klam is dead ;what fear, if
the Bh&nKhbnhn haa run away, the empire is ours !" f i r settling severally financial
matters in Bengal and O h & , Todar Mall went to Court, and was employed in revenue
matters. When Khbn Jahda (No. 24 ) went to Bengal, Todar Mall was ordered to
accompany him. H e distinguished himself, as before, in the defeat and capture of
6 . In the 21st year, he took the spoils of Bengal to Court, among them 3 to 4QO
elephants. In the following year, he was again sent to Gujrlt, vice Vazir W L n
(No. 41). who had given no satisfaction. Whilst arranging at AhmadPbM matters
with Vazir K h b , Muzaffar H u s h , a t the instigation of Mihr 'Ali Gulhbi, rebelled.
Vazir K h b proposedto retreat to the Fort, but Todar Mall was ready to fight, and
defeated Muzaffar in the 22nd year, near Dholqah, which lies 12 koe from Ahmadhbid.
Vazir KhAn would have been lost in this battle, if Todar Mall had not come to his
assistance. Muzaffar, &r his defeat, fled to J d n k a ~ h .
I n the same year Todar Mall was appointed Vazir. When Akbar left Ajmfr
for the Panjhb, the house idols of the Rlrjah were lost, as mentioned on p. 32, note.
When the news of Muzaffar's death (No. 37) and the occupation of the whole of
Bengal and B i h k by the rebels reached Akbar, he sent T d a r Mall, g M i q Khhn,
Tarson Khbn, &c., from Fathpdr Sikri to Bihkr. Muhibb'Ali (No. 107), Governor of
Rah&, and BZuhamhad Ma'plim KhLn i Farankhitdi (No. 167 ) were appointed
Eumukia, or auxiliariee. The latter joined the Rijah with 3000 well equipped horse,
evidently bent on rebellion. Todar Mall managed to keep him quiet; but he reported
the matter to Court. Tho Bengal rebels, under Ma'Cdm i Kibuli, the Wqshhl~,and
M i d Shmfuddin Husain, with 30,000 horse, 500 elephant, and many ships and
artillery, had collected near Mungir, and Todar Mall, from fear of treachery among
hia auxiliaries, shut himself up in the Fort of Mangir, instead of risking a genernl
engagement. During the siege, two of his ~fficen. Humriyitn Fnrmili and Tarkhin
Diwhnah, joined the rebels. Though suffering from want of provisions, Todar Mall
held h i e l f bravely, especially ss ho received timely remittances from Court. After
the siege had lasted for some time, B&bh Khhn Q&sh61 died, and JnbBri, son of
BIajnlin K h i n &sh&l desired to leave. The rebel army dispersed ; Ma'qiun i K&bulf
went to South Bihb, and 'Arnb Bahsdw wihed to surprise Pntna, and h k e
poavevsio~iof the Imperial trerrsury, wliich P a h b ~Khgn (perhaps No. 4 ~ 7 )had
safely lodged in the Fort of that town. After sending M;r'qitni i Fnnrnkhitdi to Pirtna,
to maist Pahir Khbn, T o d u N d l and @diq Khan f'ollow~d Me'yilln i K&buli to
1hll:ir. J I n ' q 6 i ~niadc
~ n fruitless attempt to d e f e ~ FBdiq t KhBn in a sudden night
.bttnck, but was obliged to retreat, finding a ready asylum with 'Tsb K h l n , Zamindir
of' Orisil. T d a r Mall ~ n thus s enabled to report to Akbar that South Bihh, aa Ear as
Garhi, w m re-annexed to the Dihli empire.
I n tho 27th year (!)I)O), Ttxlar Ma11 wm made Divbn, or rather FaW. Dnring
this year he introduced his financial reforms which have made him so famow. The
t l l i ~ d book of the Ain contains his new rent-roll, or d ~ 1i Jam' i 7 ' 4 d r , which
soprr5c~dedAXIIIR[~~'RI.'S ~X\CS~III~ ( pT .I 339).
~ Hiu regulations regarding the coinage have
bccn alludud to above, and otl~ersniay be found in the Akbarnln~ah.
Tho 111oat i~nl)ortnntrrfor~n introduced by Todar Mall is the change in the
I:~rl:~r:qe and tho ch.lr,lctcr 11zeJ for the revenue accounts. Formerly they had been
bcpt in Hindi by Hind6 .lirrAnr~~ir.s. Todur J1:111 ordered that all government accounts
sllc~rrldIlpncc~furtllbe written in I'cr.ii,rti. He t l ~ r ~forced s his co-religionists to learn
tlre court Iangu(rge of tl~eir role^.,-a circ~unstaucewhich may well be compared
to the introduction of the Et~gllsll l a n g u : ~in~ ~the courts of India. The study cd
I'crsian therefore becanle neccwrry for it.; p r c u n i a ~advnntnges.
Todar nI,~ll'sorder, and Akb;rr's generous policy of allowing H i n d b to compete for
the highest honors-we saw on p. 341 that RIin Singh was the first Commander of
St.verl Thousand,-esp1:rin two f.lcth,Jirst, that before the end of the 18th century the
Hind68 h.d almost Lc.eornc tlie Persian t f a c h e ~of t l ~ eMuhammadans ; secondly, that
a new dialect could arise in ul)per India, the Ordli, which witl~outthe Hind& as receiv-
ing medium, never coold have been called into existence. Whether we attach more
h~tlurnceto Todar AIall's order or t o Akl~ar'spolicy, which once initiated, his succeseors,
willing or not, had to follow, onis fact should be borne in mind that before the times of
Al,bar, tlle Hind68, as a rule, did not fitudy Persian, and stood therefore politicallg
below their &Inharumadan rulers.
I n the 8'3th year, Akl~arhollorcd him by paying him a visit. I n the 32nd y w ,
a I<lirtri, from privste hatred, wountlcd T. & a march a t night time. The nun
onI.
w;ra a t oncc cut down.
When Bir Bar (No. 85) had been killed in the war with the Prisufzds, T. M.ass
orderrd t o acconrpany Xirn S i ~ l g l ~nho , had been appointed commander-in-chiet In
the 3-1.tl1 jcar, wlrcn Akbar went t o Kashmir, T. 11.was left in charge of L&hor. Soon
nttcr, he applied for leave to go to the banks of the Ganges, as he was old and
wisl~edto die. AlcLnr let bin] go ; but he rec;rlled him from Hardwir, and told him
that looking after his duties was Illore virtuous than sitting on the banks of the Gpngea.
T. N. unwillingly returned, but died soon alter, on the 11th cltry of the year 998 (aids
No. 27, p. 383).
Though often accused of headstrongness and bigotry by contemporaneoos
historians, Todar Mall's fame, a8 general and financier, has outlived the deeds of
moat of Akbar's grandees : together with Abulfazl and M i n Singh, he is best known
to the people of I n h a at the present day.
His son Dhiini (No. 190) was a Commander of Seven Hundred, and wae killed
during the Sindh expedition, while serving under Khbn K h i n i n (p. 335 ). Pw$
ntty that l ~ u~ied
e to shoo l ~ i ahorses with golden shoes.
The narric l'uduv Mull k o l h n s p l t in MSS. with tho Hindi T , 4 , and r, wbic.!~
 explains t h e spelling ' Torel M:rll,' which we find in old Histories. Under Shhl~jahLn
also there lived a distinguished courtier of the name ' Todar Mall.'
The Tafdhul 'Imdratl s y a , Todar Mall's father died when T. M. was quite young,
and t h a t the widow was in great distress. T. M., a t an early age, shewed much cle~mmesa
and common sense, and received an appointment as writer, from which humble position
he mse to the greatest honors.
40. Muhammad Qa'sim Kha'n, of NishLprir.
The Maciair calls him QiLsirn Muhammad Khbn, and has put his name under
t h e letter Q; but Abulfazl, BadBoni, and the Tulaqdt give his name in the above
order.
H e was a rich landowner of Nishhphr, and fled after the invasion of the Czbaks
to India, where he served under BairBm Khhn. H e distinguished himself in the war
with Siknndar SLr, and aerved as Hardwal, or leader of the van, under Kh6n Znmbn
(No. 13) in the battle with Hemii. Immediately after, but still in the first year of
Akbnr's reign, he war sent against Htiji Khrin, who had defeated RAnL Udai Sing of
Maiwlir, aud taken posxcsaion of Nbgor and Ajtnir. HAji K h i n was au old servant of
S h e r Khirn, and was cLiatinguis11ed for his wisdom and bravery. On the appearance
of t h e Imperiulists, however, Hhji Iihirn's army dispersed, and he hitr~selfwithdrew to
G~?j&t. M. Q. Kh. thus took possession of d i ~ g o and r Bjmlr, which for a long tirne
r e m a i n ~ dthe South Western frontier of Akbar's empire.
In the 5th year, he left Ikrirbln's party, and joined the ChaghtLi nobles. H e
commanded tho left wing of Shamsuddin Atgah's corps in the fight in which BairBm
wau defeated (p. 317). After the victory, he received Nulhin as jhgir.
H e +as next sent to Stirangpilr in Mhlwah, where, in the 9th year, he was visited
by Akbar on his sudden hunting expedition to that province, the object of which wm
to g e t hold of 'Abdullah Khhn L'zbak (NO. 14). M. Q. Kh. assisted in the pursuit.
According to the Tabaqcil, M. (2. Kh. died noon a t h r a t Stirangpiir.
QZ, Veei'r Xha'n,brother of 'Abdul M~jidiK~afKhBn(I),ofHarit(N0.49).
When Vazir KhBn escaped with his brother (vide below No. 49) from Bahiidur
Kl16n (No. 21), he fled to Kayah, and obtained subsequently, through the mediation
of H u z a f f ~ rKhBn (No. 37), free pardon for himself and ri'qaf KhBn.
I n the 2 l s t yenr, when 'Azh Kokah (p. 326) had incurred Akbar's displeasure,
V. Kh. was sent to GujrBt, to gove1-n in 'Aziz's name, and when that chief had been'
d l e d t o Court, he was appointed govcruor fsipahsdld~.) of the province. But he did
not distinguish himself, and Akbnr, in tllr 2Jnd year, sent Todar AIall (No. 39) to
Cflxjrkt, to tnke the administnrtion out of V. Kh.'s hnnds. It happened that about the
same time, Mihr 'Ali Gulbbi, a friend of 11. Ibrhhim Husnin, rebelled arid set up aa king
M u ~ d n rHusain, IbrBhim's young son, whom he had brought from the Dak'hin. &s

l This is the title of a Persian MS. the preface an English gentleman is

preserved in the Library of tbc Anintic praised, whose Christian nnmes aro James
Society of Bengal. I t was composed by Stephen, but the surname is not legible.
Sil Chand, of the Government Collcgc of The name clearly ends in gton, and may
A'@, and treats of the antiquiticv of be Babington, or somc nimilar niinle.
t h a t town. The book gives 111nny Thc ~ t y l ois bombrujtic, and thcre is IIO
valuable arid interc%tii~gpiuticulm. In propcr arrangement.
15
mentioned above, the rebellion WM crushed through Todar Mall's bravery. When the
BBjah left, Mihr '811 appeared again, and V. Kh., most of whose soldiers had joined the
rebel, shut himnelf up in the fort of AhmadLW. In one of the ase.aulte, Mihr '811was
killed by a bullet, and Y&ar Hnsain M h & from timidity, r aid the siege. Nob
withstanding this m m , mattem in Oqjrht did not improve, and oppreaaions
became so numerow, that Akbar deposed V. Kh. and called h i to Court.
I n the 26th year, Akbar appointed him a a d r in the placa of Sh& i h q l i r of
S W (Xo. 122). and eoon after governor of Audh.
In the 27th year, when M. 'Aziz (No. 21) hnd been sent to Bihkr, V. Kh. was
ordered to join him with his contingent, and as after the flight of Ma'gfim K h h
rickneee obliged 'Azh to return to Bib, he left V. Kh. in charge of the province.
till a new $!Gbahdt should be appointed. V. n. made use of the opportunity, and
moved against Qntl6 Khkn, ruler of Oygs, whom he defeated ( d e p. 366). Qutlli, in
the following (29th) year, sent tribute, and waa left in possession of Oyis& V. Kh.
returned to T&n,ndah,and applied himself, with the aseistance of $!Adiq K h h (No. 43)
and ShahbBz KhBn i Kambfi (No. 80) to financial matters.
I n the 31at year, Akbar ordered that each g6bah should, in future, be ruled by
two Bmirs, and Vazh K h h was appoiuted P b a h d k r of Bengal, with Muhibb 'Ali
KhL (No. 107) an assistant. In the following year, 995, V. Kh. died.
Shahbhz K h h , who wae Bakhshi of Bengal, allowed M i d Muhammad CBlih,
V. Kb.i son, to take wmmand of his tither's contingent. ' But M. M. $!klih shewed
much inclination to rebel, and Akbar m t fiM d (282, or 380) to bring him and
his contingent to Court. On the mute, at FathpCr Haswah, be behaved so rebelli-
ously, that Mir M d imprisoned him with the aesistence of the jhgidh of the
district, and took him fettered to Akbar. He was kept imprisoned for some time.
42. Qdijghe'n.
He is called Andajdni, from Andajlin, a province of Earghdnah, south of the
Saihh. His ancestors had been for many years serving under the TlmGdes. His
grandfather waa a noble a t S u l t h Hnsain MinB Bbiqds court.
The principal facte of his life have been mentioned on p. 34, note 2. I n mention*
bin appointment to S h t , the 'iron fort,' which Akbar, in the 17th year, conquered
in one month and seventeen days, A b u l f d says that the F d had been built in 947
(lb10-41, A. D.)by Cafar #%h& alias KhuGwand K h h , a Turkish slave of S d p h
Mahmfid of GqjrBt. The tdrfkh of its wnstrnction is charactmbtic (metre l o ~ g
Ba~0,
GLi!d~yL?j~h~&-r~3~
' May this structure prove a barrier for the cheat and the life of the Firia."
Qulij K h L died at the age of eighty, on the 10th RamazBn 1022 (end of 1613,
A. D.)*at Pmhdwar. He was at his death a Commander of Six Thousand, Five Thousand
horn.

The numbers added give 047. The Misled by bad MSS., I mentioned on
last yd, though somewhat irregular, 3 4 , note, the year 1G35 as the year of
cannot be left out. [is death. The Mir-dtul ' A h m aod
* So according to the fizuk i Jahdi- the M a h i r give as Idrfkh of his death
girf (ed. Sayyid Ahmad, p. 123, 1.1.). the Arabic words, Alraoutu j a m s
 The M&r snd Bdbd (111, p. 188) say that he belonged to tbe tribe of
@>y'l+ Jdni Q d d n i (T); but for the latter word the MSS. have different
readings, as Qurbdni, Farbdni, F a y d n i , &.
The Macbir copiea from the Zakhirat ulkhamdnin the following story which in
mid to have taken place in 1000 A. H., when Jaunplir was Q.'s jw. ' & wan building
a home, when the working men in digging came to a cupolalike-structure. Q. and
several other respectable men were called, and they m i n e d on the spot ti the
newly dimovered building wee fidly dug out. I t had a door with an immense lock
attached to it weighing one man. When forced open, an old man made hin appearance,
r h o esked the bystandere in £bnscrit, whether R6m Chandr's cwatdr (incarnation) had
taken place ; whether he had got back hi Sits ; whether J(rishn&'s a w t d r had taken
plsce at Mathud; and, lastly, whether Muhammad had appeared in Arabia On
receiving a h n a t i v e answers to theae queations, the old man further wbhed to know,
whether the h g e a still flowed. Thia also being a h n e d , he e x p d a wbh
to be taken out. Q. then put up seven tents, joined to eaah other, in each of which the
sage remained for a day. On the 8th day he came out, and said prayere eccording to
the way of Muhammadans. In sleep and eating he differed from other men; he
spoke to no one, and died after six months.'
QuZij KhdnL #om. 1. M i d Saifullah (NO. 292). 2. M i d Chin Qulij
(No. 293), regarding whom irids below.
43. qa'diq Kha'n, eon of BQqir of H d t .
Other Historians call him @diq Muhammad KhBn.' His father, Muhammad
B&i, had been o a z k to Qd Khh TorkmBn, ruler of Kh&n. Qd had rebelled
against Sh& Tahmbp, and fled to India q8diq entered Bahh's service as Bikdb-
&r (spur-holder), and got soon a h a mungab, and was made, after Baidm's death,
an Amh. BaddonC (11, 220) alludes to his sedcee under HumByGn in QandahBr, and
the Tabaqdt says that he had been since his youth in Akbar's service.
After the conqumt of Patna, Akbar returned by boat to Jaunplir. On the rod,
in crossing the river at ChaneB, a valuable elephant perished through g.'s mleesness.
Akbar confiscated his j&, excluded him from Court, and told him to go to Bhat'h
(Bhat'h G'hod, or Bendah-Bewah), to get another elephant. &r passing over ' the
heighta and the low placea' of fortune, gQdiq, in the 20th year, returned to Court with

&lu alhdhiba ild alhabibi ; ' Death is Quli' proper1 9.iilij', means in
the bridge which joins the beloved to ~urkis6)'a m w z and Wj n l n 9 is
the Beloved;' but the lettere added the aame as Shamher Xhdn. The word
give 1023, not 1022, as in the l'azuk. is variously spelled in MSS., sometimes
For Hwain in the last line of the note with long vowels, and a final d.
on p. 34, which is given in inferior MSS., Akbar disliked the names Muham-
better co ies have ChCn Qule, which in mad and Ahmad; hence we find that
to be suitituted for it. Abulfazl leaves them out in thia list.
His tahhallup ' Ulfatf' han been men- Similar omissions occurred above, as
tioned above. The Tdaqdt sa s that an- Mun'im Khbn (No. 11). M M 'Adz
other poet of the same taklal&p was in (No. 21), for Muhammad Mun'im and M.
tbe serviceof Zain K h h Kokah (No. 34), Muhammad 'Bziz ; or, Shihlb K h h
and Badbni (111, 188, 189) mentions (Nu. 26), for Sbihhbuddh Ahmad Kh6n.
two other poeta of the same takhallup. More examples mill be found below.
and cutting dowri the jungle, advanced to the river Desthbrb: d
ley, Jkfadhukar's residence. A fight ensued. Nadhnkar was
hie son m m St&. Another son of his, H o d Deo ( M e ,
UW) Rhjp6ts mere killed. 9. remained encamped in the
extremities, Yadhulrer eeot Rhn Chand, a relation of
asked and obtained pardon. On the 3rd Ramadn, 086,
&vd at Court.
Soon after, P.'e aqlct' were transferred to the Eaetarn

HQljipkr, and sent his head to Akbar. I n the

l& for Bilk.

In the beginning of the 29th year, he wan o
(Xo. 4l), who at a place ah kor from Bard& waa
Q.'s shill, a sort of peace waa concluded, which confirmed
OFia&. 9. then returned to ?lie tuytil at P a h
When Shahbib K h h (No. 80) retuned from

ran against Shah&, who believed the &dent

subjugate the Y b d z d s .
the Prince,l whom in the .i(Xh year he uccompanied to the Dali'hin. ShnIlbir~ Kl~un
being one ofthe the old enmity broke out again. After the siege of Ahrnnd-
n w r had been raised, 9. distinguished himself' in protecting the frontiem of Barhr.
I n the beginning of the 41et year, he was made aCommander of Five Tliousand.
I n the same year he defeated SarBwar Khiin, and n i d e much booty. H e was then
made governor of ShShplir, which town Prince Mupiid had founded six kos fLor11
XlLpQ.
9aq died a t Shhhplir in the beginning of 1005. At Dholplir, which 'lies '20 kos
from Xgrsh, nenr the left bank on the Chambol river,' 9. had erected splendid building
a n d a &fausoleurn. H e had also done much for the cultivation of the surrouudit~g
country.
H e W ~ Fone
I of the h t officers Akbar had.
His aom. 1. ZBhid Khiin (No. 286), a Commander of Three Hundred and Fifty.
Iu the 47th year, he was made a Khdn, and, on the accession of Jal~iLngir,u Comr~lander
of Two Thousand.
2. Doat M u h m m a d (No. 287). 3. Yfir Muhammad (No. 288). 'Ncithcr of
them was alive a t the time of ShBhjahLn.' Zudair.
44. Ra'i Ra'isingh, son of R& K a l y S n N d (No. 93).
Eii Singh belonged to the U t h o r s of BikSnir, and is the fourth deacendnnt from
R&i Mbldeo. His Gther, KalyLn Mall, wns a friend of h i r b m (p. 316), and paid, in the
16th year, hi respects t o Akbar a t Ajmir, when he together with his son entered the
emperor's service. H e also sent his brother's daughter to Akbnr's Harem. Kalyiilr
Mall wae in the 4Qth year a Commander of Two Thousand.
R&i Singh, in the 17th year, when Akbar l n d e preparations to crush the rebellion
in Gujriit, occupied Jodhpfir, the old seat of MBl Deo, in order to prevent the rebels
h m invading the Dil~literritory; but I b d h i m , after his defeat a t SarnBI, invaded
Akbar's territory, and benieged Ntigor, which a t that time wss the tuyzil of Khbn
i Kal6n (No. 16), and wlw defended by his son, Fnrrukh Khbn (p. 328). R. came to
h i relief,
~ and the M'inir hnd not only to raise the siege, but wlw pursued, and defeated
by R. I n the following year also, R. distinguished himsell' in the engagement with
Muhammud Husain MirzB (p. 328).
I n the 19th yenr, R. and ShSh Quli Mahram (No. 45) were ordered to punish Chandr
Sen, son of Rlijah Mh1 Deo; but as they were unable to take Siwhnuh, Chandr
Sen's stronghold, notwithstandirrg the auxiliaries which Akbar had sent then, a t R.'n
request, K.,in the 21st yenr, way called to Court, and ShahbL Khbn (No. 81) h k tho
command. Before the end of the same gear, however, R. and Tarson BIuha~~imad
H h h (No. 32) were sent agai~rntthe refractory zarnindhm of Jiilor arid Sarohi ; but ss
they applied to Akbar for pardon, R. and Snyyid HhYhim of BLhah (No. 143)
garrisoned Nddot to watch the %nii of Udaiph, and bring the rebels of those
dintrictsto obedience. As a t this time Saltin Deodah, the zamindiir of Sarohi, from
distrust agein assumed a hostile attitude, R. marched against Sarohi and besieged

' From several passages in the Akbar- . their own, and ap inted their Vazir8,
ndmuh i t is dear that aid14 (pr. a their Diudm, BuE8hir. kc. The ap
tutor) means the same as Vaki'l or Van'r. pointment of the Vakil, however,
The imperial princes kept 111) Courts of uppean to have rested with the eullwror.
it. During the siege, R. called his family to hia camp; but Sal& Deodah fen
upon the caravan, kiied several relations of R., and then withdrew to Ab6gqh.'
R. in the meantime took h h f , and hastened to Abdgarh, which Salten snrrended.
R. left a p;arriaon there, and took Salten to Court.
I n the 26th year, when M i d Yuhammad HaMm, Akbar's brother, threatened
to invade the Panjbb, R. together with several other grandee8 wan sent in
advance. They were soon followed by Prince Mu&. When the imperial army,
in the end of the same year, returned to Agrah, &. and aeveral othem were sent an
tuycilddra to the Panjbb. I n the 28th year, he served in B e n d .
In the 30th year, R. and IamL'fl Quli K h h (aide No. 46) led auoceesfnlly an
expedition against the Ballichis. I n the following year (19th Rajah, 994). R.'s
daughter was married to Prince Sallm. I n the 36th year, he went for some time
to Bikbnir, and served, in the end of the36th year, in Sindh under M. 'Abdurrahh
(No. 29).
I n the 38th year, Akbar paid R. a visit of condolence. The son of Rijah
Kirmchand Baghelah of X u d h d died wddeuly on his way to Bbndhd, to which
he had only lately. after the death of his father, been appointed. The young U j a h
had married a daughter of R. Akbar interceded for their young children, and
prevented R.'s daughter from burning hereelf. Soon &r, R. stayed away from Court
for some reason, during which time one of his servants complsined of him to Akbar.
The emperor called the man to court; but R. concealed him, and gave out, he had
run away. Akbar was annoyed and excluded R. for some time from the darbsrs;
but after some time he restored him and sent him as governor to S h t , with the
order to waist in the Dak'hin wars. R., however, delayed in BikWr, and when he
had at last left, delayed on the road to S h t . Akbar advised him to be obedient ;
but seeing that he would not go, called him to Court, but without allowing him
to attend the darblrs. After some time he was pardoned.
In the 45th year, R. was ordered to accompuy Abulfazl to NBsik ; but as his
sou Dalpats (No. 262) had caused diaturbences in Bikbnir ( o d e p . 3691, B. got leave
to go home. In the following year, he went s p i n to wurt. In the 48th year.
he served under Prince Salim against the U n B of Udaiplir.
At the death of the emperor, B. was a Commander of Four Thouaand. Jahbngir,
on hi acceaaion, made him a Commander of Five Thouaand. When the emperor

' Ab6gayh is a fort near Sarohi, and Sultdn Deorah (sea ulhL, for
not far from the frontier between Gu'At
and AjmV. Abulfazl says in the ALL=-
ntimah (event0 of the 21st year) that the
Salttin Deodah (IJ*~
Mahir.
of the

old name of A b w h was Arludd

* For Dalpat, the Tuzuk i Jahdfi9in'
(pp. 36,106, and 126) has m n DdQ.
Achal, Bvbudd being the name of a The Tuzuk and the s e e d volume
spirit who, disguised as a female, shews of the Pddiehdhndmah Edit. Bibl.
wanderera the wa , and acha2 meaning Indica, p. 635) have Stiraj Singh, for
v n o u n l ~ i ~The
. J r t on the to of this
high mountain was difficult 07 access ;
-
Siu S in h, and the latter
( instead of +l+J,
him a
perhaps
it wuld moreover hold out for a Ion e blunder of the native Editors. But
time, as there were ievend spring an8 the Macfsir and the 3 r d volume of the
fields within it. My copies of the PBdiahbhnamah have Stir Singh (pp. 297,
Sawdnih and the Akbarndmah have 302, at the end of the first decude.)
set out for the Panjbb to pursue Khusran, R. was put in charge of the travelling
harem; bnt on the road he left without order and went to Bikhnir. I n the second
year, when JahBngir returned h m Kdbul, R., at the advice of Sharif Khhn,
presented himself before the emperor with a fautah round his neck, to shew his
willingness to suffer punishment for his crimes, and was again pardoned. He died
in 1021.
His sans. 1. DaZpat (No. 262). He was a Commander of Five Hundred. I n
the 36th year, he served in the Siad war, but was looked upon as a coward. I n the
46th year, when Akbar waa in the Dak'hin, Muzdar Huaain M i n k in consequence
of hie differenow with KhwBjagf Fathullah, had fled ; and Dalpat, under the
pretext of following him up, had gone to BikBnir and created dirrturbances. I n the
46th year, his father brought him to his senses. D. aeked to be pardoned, and
was ordered again to come to Court.
I n the third year of JahBngir's reign (1017), he appears to have offended the
emperor; but at the request of KhBn JahBn Lodi he was pardoned. After the death
of his father, D. came from the Dak'hin to Court, was appointed successor, and
got the title of Bdi, although his younger brother (by another mother), S ~ ISingh,
claimed the right of succession, which RBi Singh had promised him from affection
to his mother. Siu Singh, however, disgusted J d h g i r by the bold way in which
he preferred hi claim.
D. wan then ordered to join M. Rustam i $'afawl (No. 8), the governor of Sind.
I n the 8th year, it was reported to Jahbngfr that fhk Singh had attacked and
defeated his brother, who in consequence had created disturbances in Hi$&.
Hbhim, the Faujdsr of that Sirkdr, caught him and sent him fettered to court, where
he was executed es a warning to others.
For Dalpat's son, Maha Dbs, and grandson. Ratan, via% PBdishfihnBmsh,
pp. 635,723 ;6841 729.
2. 8th Singh. Bfter the death of his brother he rose to favor. I n Histories he
is generally called Bdo Sfir Singh, a title which he received from Sh&,jahbn.
He died in 1040. He had two sons, Karan and Satr S l , the former of whom in-
herited the title of Bdo (vide PbdishBhnhah 11, p. 727).
PIT. Commanders of Three Thousand ~ i u Hwndred.
e

He was in B d m ' s service and distinguished himself in the war with Hemi.
I t was Shhh Qdthat attacked HemCs elephant, though he did not know who hi
opponent was. The driver, however, made him a sign, and he led the elephant
with Hemli, whose eye had been pierced by an arrow, from the battle-field; and
brought the wonnded commander to Akbar.' Soon after, before the end of the b t
*

' 'Before the end of the b t year, They also caught Hemri's father alive,
Ph Muhammad was despatched against and brou ht him to Pir Muhammad,
Htijl Khbn in Alwar, and as he with- r h o nskefhim to embraoe Isliim. As he
drew, the imperialists took possession would not, he was killed by him. Bfter
of the Sirkbr of Alwar 8s far as Deoli gathering his spoils, Pir M. returned to
%jM[or Sdchdd], the birth-place of Akbar.' Sawdnih from the Aklarnd-
Hemd, and performed many breve deeds. mah.
 !#.:I;. 511. (2. -orreti :\it11 ?IIIII.I!IIIII:IJ (2Lini KllAn ( S n . L'b) asrin%t Hiji Kbin in
X;;?,r .1r,11.I.j111ir.
111 the tllir(l ye;ir, it \v:I. l,ra)uzl~tt o .lklb:~r'snotice. that Sh. Q . was psionatelj
:1!t.11 I~l,tlto a il;u~oit~g 110yof'tl~r.nanic 01' Q i l l ~ i lKIILII ; and :ls the e l p e r o r had the
1 1 ~1;1r(-iillxn.rnorwl,' SII. (2. tlrcssed :IS L: Joqi. and went into the forests. Bai&
1 ~

tr::,...d I I ~ I I I\\-it11 I I I I I ~ .trol~I,l+.,

~~ :ind L ~ O I I C III I~ ~I I I t m k to court, where the boy au
re.-tored to Ililn.
Liki. Ijh11:i Zan,111'1r.Ite rttn~:~incdf : ~ i t l ~ Vt~d ~ I3.lirhrn l to the last, a d waspar-
~ O T I t( o~ g ~ t l wit11 ~ t ~ l ~ i , I I I : I . G ~ , , ~ in Til\viir,rl~(1). 317).
Afier 1<,1ir:L111'~ di,:~tl~, 111: \V:L~ r:~l,iillypr0111otttd and made an Anih. I n the %h
y a r , ~vllcr~ K l ~ : i r ~.J:ll~:in ( S o . 2 l ) \vi~4ht'nt f r o ~ nthe Panjhb to B e n p l , Sh. Q. wan
nlq~tintc*lG o ~ c r n o rof tho I'irr!i:il~, riiit~;. I1ig111,rand I ~ i g l ~ einr Akbar's favour.
I t is h;iid t11:it tli', I ~ ~ I ~ ~fro!r~ I I . ~~'o0111vill
O ~ , to\varJs him, adrnittcd him tohis
f'i~r~~:llo a11artmc.11t.q. Lli'ta.r t l r ~lird timr 11c 11.itI lic~el~ :illowed to enter the Harem,
11c wc.nt home, alld 11;1dhis tc~.~ti~.l(~.; rc~lrovecl(i~rrrj/,C~,l.Froni this circumstance, he
w:ls tsv(>ry\vl~crccaller1 -llahr(o/z,"i . e. one wllo is aJ111ittcdto the I I a r e ~ u and knows
its s e c r ~ t s .
I n the :lit11 year, Alil~;lr, after l ~ i sreturu from ZiLnliattin, crowed the Bahat
(.lhe1111tt) nvnr I::~hill~~~ir, and cncxrn11~da t 1I:rillin. During his 8ta-j there, he
11ror111tt~11 :r 1;.111:11~* ~ * l q , l ~ : r nand t , IV:W in1111i~~1i:~tcly : ~ t t : i ~ l iby
d a mast m d e elephant.
Akl,:ir \r:rs t l ~ r ~ , dt vc l~n ~. ~nud ~ suitairled severe contusions. A rumour of his death
ti~rt&:ulover t l t ~\vl~rjl(* co~lrltry:in sonle provir~cc~a even disturbauces hrulic oat. The
1t4jl1ilts of Sl~;~ilil~h\vilt, ~ ~ l ~ ~ c i : ipIlI~y~, n t l e r etlled districts f r o ~ nNewiit to R e w E ;
r~ndin t l ~ c36th y t w , 1Zl;l1;1r h:id to tiend Sh. Q. against t h e m H e soon restoredordrr:
111 tho l l s t yc:lr. IIC \v;r$ mntle a culnm:~nderof F o u r TLOUMLII~, and soon alter
ol'Five Tl1o11s:lnd. 'l'11~ ?:iC~gril says t l ~ i ~iut 101 he had been a cornllmnder of
T11rr.t.T11uu~:uldIbr t l ~ i r t yyc:irs.
I l c dictl a t .Cgrall in 1010. A t Nhrnn111, where he chiefly lived, he erected splendid
b~liltlil~gs, and dug large t:inlis. Whcn hc felt disath apprnarhing, he gave the soldiers
'1
of' 11iq c o ~ ~ t i n g c nt\vo t years' pay in ndvancc, and left, Lcsidrs, many le,wies. AB he
1i;ltl 110 Ilcirs, I ~ i s~.c.n~;rinil~g prullcrty I:~psedt o t h e state ( T t t z z ~ kp. , 22).
46. 1sma"i'l Quli' Kha.n, Lrotllcr of lClrhn Jalllin (No. 24).
111. I I I I I ~110t
~ I ~ c ~ ~ ~ n l L ~nrith ~ n dKO.
e d 72. 1x0 wlls caught in t h e battle near
J.:llindhnr ($1. 317). I I e jtrincd Akbnr's scrvic:r, wit11 his brother, under whom he
111ostlg scrvctl. When his h r o t b ~ >11:rd r dicd iu IJcII~:LI, lie carno with the immense pm
pcrty IIC 11:1dltlft behind hi111t o C l o ~ ~ rmld t , was i'a\roraLly received. I n tho 30th ycar,
Ilc was srnt :~;;iinst tllc Il;alficl~iu( r i d e No. &I). On his arrival in Ballichistiin, the
I)c~)l,lcsoon sr~l)~l~ittecl, and t l ~ e i rchicfb, (;ll&zi Khhn \rVajhiyah and I b r h h i ~ nhhin,
rcI,aircd t.o Col~l-t,and were allo\vcd t o rctnin tlie country. 111 t h e 31at year, whcn
Ullagwlin I)hs (No. Bi), on account of llis madr~ess,h:rd not been allowed to go to
Z:illulisthn, I. Q. wlbs: sent thc~rrinstead. B u t I I conl~nitted ~ certain i~r~proprieties
and
f~sllillto disgrace, imd was ordcrrd t o g o from 1lh:rkknr to M;ikk&. l i e begged hard

F o r simil:ir c~salnlnlta, v i d e 11. 319,

which :11w I I : I ~ I ~ I V I iI l~l ~ tllc
~ third ye:rr, I and No. 87, p., 3.49.
Or illnkrcm.
 hlirt6 N M u l 'Ali 'rartbin. U~taarband SipahshlQrof Sulhn fiusain Mirzk
I H e ulho was atdliq and father-in-law to Prince
M. Muharnniad ' r s i Tarkhhn, d. 976.
1 Badi'uzmmin Mimi, Landlheld Qandahk se
M. Muhammad BL$ Tarkhbn, d. 993. je. menthe prinm's career ended, hi
I
M M Phyandah Muhammad Tar- two wns, Badi'uzulmirn and Muzaffar M i d ,
khhu. proclaimed themselves k i n p of Kh&n.
I Anarchy prevailed ; and mattenr grew worse,
MirzhJ4niBegTarkh'n.
I whell ShniGn Kh6u invaded the country.
M i n i G h b d Beg Tnrkhkn. Zul-ndn Beg fell in battle against him.
Shnj6' Beg, better known as Sh4h Beg, Zul-ndn's eon, held Qandahiu doring the
absence of his fnther, and succeeded him in tho government. H e was bent on con-
quest. I n 890, he took Fort Sewe from Jhm h'izlmuddin (generally called in Histories
Jdm xandd), king of Sindh. I I e continued to interfere, as related by Abulfazl below
in the Third Book, (?libah of Sindh), and managed a t last, in 929, to conquer the
country, thus compensnting himself for the loss of Qpudahhr, which had been occupied
by %bar. A short time before his death, which took place in 930,' he invaded Multhn,
then in the hands of the Lungdh.
ShQh Beg Arghdn was succeeded by his son Nin& Shirh Husain A r g h b , who
took MultQn from SultQu Huaain Lung& (vide Third Book, Cdbah of MultAn). M.
Sh4h Hueain Arghiur was aWicted with a peculiar fever, which only left him when he
we^ on the river Indus. H e therefore used to travel down the Indue for air months
of the year, and upwards for the remaining portion. Ou one occasion, he went towards
Bhakkar, when some of the nobles dmerttd him, and elected M i n i Nullammad 'I&,
third ancestor of M. JBni Beg, as their chief. M. Shbh Husain, minted by his foster
brother, Sultbn Mahmdd, Governor of Bhakkar, opposed him ; but he had a t last to
come to terms, and cede a large part of Sindh to M. 'lab. On Sh& Husain's death,
in 963, the whole country fell to 'lsh.
I n this manner the older brunch of the Arghlins came to the throne of T'hat'hah.
'I&died in '376,and was succeeded 1?).llia son 11. Nuhammad B h i , who snccessfully
crushed the revolt of his younger brother, M. J l n B&b;i. W. Birqi, in 993, committed
suicide during an attack of insanity ; and arc 11isson, M. l'iryandah Muhammad, was &,
subject to fits of madnees, the government passed i ~ , t othe hands of M. Jhni Beg, the
@ sou of M. PBynndah.
Akbar had ofton felt annoyed that, notwithstanding his frequent strrya in tbe
Panjib, M. JBni Beg had shewn no anxiety to pay l ~ i ma visit. I n the 36th
year therefore (999), when the KhQn Khbuirn was ordered to invade Qand&&, he
was told to send some one to & J. I.and dmw hi^ attention to t h neglect ; if no
B.,
heed was paid, he W M to invade Siudh on his return. Multin and Bhakkw being
the tuytil of the K h l l K G n h n , he did not move into Qandaliir by way of Ghaznin
and Bangash, but chose a round-about way through his j*. I n the meantime the
wnqoest of T'hat'hah had been determined upon a t Court, arid the K h h KhBnQn set

1
ShBh Beg was a learned man, like and commontariee to the Mcrfctli,
hii renorued opponent %bar. He t$~k. and the l ~ q k di ~ w f i
wrote a Commentary to the well known
A r a b i ~ g r g r e m m a r h d f i y u ~ ( ~ $ ~ $ = ; ) ~( Y i ~ ~ V=>.
b
 out a t once for Sindh (& p. 336, and Brigg's Firzihtah). After bravely defending the
country, M.J. B. had a t last to yield. I n the 38th year (1001), accompanied by the KhBn
Khbnbn, he paid his respeds to Akbar a t Lbhor, was made a Commander of Three
Thousand, and received the Cfibah of Multbn as tuyril, Sindh itself being assigned to
M. ShBhrukh (No. 7): But before this arrangement was carried out, a report reached
Akbar that the Arghfin clan, about 10000 men, women, and children, moved up the
river, to follow M. J. B. to his new tuyril, and that great distress had thereby been
c a d both among the emigrants and those who were left behind. Akbar felt that
under such circumstances policy should yield to mercy, and M. J. B,was appointed to
Sindh. Lbhari Bandar, however, bemme k h d l i p h , and the Sirkir of SiwisGn which
had formerly paid peshkash, was parcelled out among several grandees.
I n the 42nd year, M. J. B. was promoted to a command of Three Thousand and
Five Hundred. H e was much liked by Akbar for his character, religious views (vide
p. 209), pleasing manners, and practical wisdom. It is perhaps for this reason that
Abulfazl has placed him first among the Commanders of Three Thousand, though
names much more renowned follom-. From his youth. M. J. B. had been fond of
wine, but had not indulged in excesses ; his habitual drinking, however, undermined
hie health, and brought on delirium (aarsdrn), of which he died, in 1008, a t BurhknpC
in the Dnk'hin, after the conquest of A'sir.
A short time before his death, he offended Akbar by declaring that had he had
an #sir, he would have held i t for a hundred yeam.
31. J. B. was fond of poetry ;he wae himself a poet and wrota under the tukhallug
of Hallmi.'
Mind Ghdel Beg, son of M. Jdni Beg. At the death of hin father, he was only
17 years old; and though not a t Court, Akbar c o n f e d S i d h on him. H e was
opposed by M i d 'rsb Tarkhkn, son of Mimh J l n Bab6 ( brother of M. Muhammad
Biqi, grandfather of 116. J b n i Beg) ; but Khusrau Khbn Chirgin, an old servaut of the
A r g h h s and Vakil of hia father, espoused his cause, and M. 'lsb Tarkhhn fled from
Sindh. The army which M. Ghbzi I k g and Khubrau Khbn had a t their disposal,
seems to have made them inclined to rebel ng;rinst Akbar ; bllt the Emperor sent
promptly Sa'id Khbn (No. 25) and his son Sa'dullahP to Bhnkkar, and M. Ghkzi Beg
Court, and was confirmed in the government of Sindh.
after the accession of JehBngir, M. Ghbzi Beg received Multhn in addition to 4

Sin&, was made a Commander of Seven Thousancl, and was sent to relieve Qandahhr
(Tuzuk p. 33, 72, 1091, which had been besieged by 1Iusain W l n Shbmlii, the
Per&n Governor of Horbt. H e also receive11 the title of Furzand (son). ShLh
'Abbb of Persia often tried to win him over, and sent him several khil'rrk.

' Here follows in t h e B a d s i r u2 Umard of Siaistin and Bl~akkar. Subsequent

a description of Sindh taken from the Iv when the district# on the other side
Third Book of the #in, concluding with 2 the Iiltlus were ceded to h'tidir Ghirh,
the following remark :- Khudb TCr Khbn d~niuistered them
' A t present (when the author of the for Nbdir ShBh.'
M a h i r mote), the whole of Sindl1 is un- Sa'dullah has been omitted to to men.
der KhudL Ybr Khbn Latf (d). From tioned on p. 333. He received the titltr of
n'awcizirh h h d n iu 1020; vide T h u k ,
a long time he had farmed (+ciraL kard)
the $5bah of T'hat'liah, and the Sirknrr pp 3 L, 96.
 I T e ditd L ~ I I , I ~ ~ Ca It I Ithe
J . :tgr of twenty-fire in 1018,' the word Ghdzibeinpthc
7ii1ikh of his death. Sus~~icion : ~ t t a c l ~ etos L u t f ~ ~ l l n hhi^, l i r k i l and son of ICIIUS~~U
Khhn Chirgis, who appears to 11:lve I~ccntrcvlted u n k i ~ i t l l ~ .>I. Gliizi does not a p p r
to have hat1 children.
Lilir his f;~tlier,he was :i~ ~ w tHe . ~ v r o t r11ntlrr the t o k h c r l l ~ rof~ Thqdri, which
he hat1 b n ~ l g h tof n Q a n d a h h poet. H r pin!-etl nearly every instrument. Poets be
TAli11iof' A'Iuu~,A11tllL JIurshitl i Yazc!jirtli, JIir Ni'lnatullah VBpili, bfullti BBad Qiec;ah-
khrvhn, ant1 esl~c:ci:illy Fugl~l'ilri of Gilin el~joyetl I ~ i sliberality. The last left him,
brmuse his rrrses \yere too ottcn used for d u k h l (zitlo p. 101, note 6). I n his prirate
liti., JI. ( i l ~ l i z i\vas tlis~olutc. Not only was 11e given to wine, but he required
every night a virgin ; girls from all places were brought to him, and t h e wonlen of the
town o1'T'hat'L:~li arc said to have been no tlehsuched, that every bad woman, esen
long after his 1l~at11,claimed rclationfihip with the M i n i .
A-ote on the nbeaning of' the title of ' TarIRdn.'
Abulf:~zl, in the AkbanlLmah (38th year), has a valuable note regarding tbr
meaning nntl t l ~ chistory of this ancient title. The title was hereditary, and but rarely
given. Cl~infiizKh:in conferretl i t on Qishliq and BhtJ, for having given him cormt
information r t ~ g a r ~ l i nthe
g encrny. The titlo in this case, a s in all others, implied
tllat the holtlcr w:~q e e c ~ ~ s e dcertain feudal services, chiefly attendance at Court
(lakl$i htir). Chirrgi~ K h h , moreover, did not take away from t h e two nobles the
r o p l share of the pluntler. U n d w Timur, a T e r k h i u hot1 free access to every placp
of tho palace, and could not be stopprd by the mncebearcrs; nor was he or his
chiltlrrn liahlc to be punisl~ed for any c ~ i u ~ eprovided
, the number of his or their
crimes did not escccd the number ~ t r ~ r e . ~
Some say, a TarkhAn hnd sfrlei~distiuctions and privileges-1. a tab2 ;2. a tiida-
h g h ; 3. a nayycirah; 4. h e can confer on two ofhis men n gush6n fogl,or chatr togi;'
6. his Q u r ( p . 100) was carried ( 9 7 ; ~i 6 nit: I,arcldrand). Among the Mughuh
n o one but tho king was allowed to use a quiver. 6. H e could enclose (qrrq) a
forest as his p r i v a t hunting p o n n d , ant1 if any one cutered t h e enclosure, he forfeited
his personal l i k r t y . 7. He was looked upon as tho head of t h e clan to which he

' So the Nt~tisit.. The T'uzuk (1). log), 2. MirziL Muhammnd P l i h , who plered
, perhaps n o r e corrrctly, places the d t ~ r t h some part during Aurangaeb's war with
of 31. Gl1:izi in the 7th year of' Jthilngir's 1)LrA Shikoh ; 3. Fathull:h ; 4 M. 'Aq'i.
reign, lV2l. RIinB U i h ~ z ,M. bfuhammad Plih's
After 31. G11Lir.iBcg'sdrath, Sindh w.w son, irr mentioned as a Commander af
take11 away from ~ I I L .l'arkhins, and RI. Five ICundred under S h b h j a h h .
liustam was ~ ~ q ~ o i ~ i Governor
tetl (tide iVine wolc looked upon as an im
p. 314). a n t n u m k r hy the Pughula.
K h u s n u C'hirgis tried to set up somr kings ~ C I - P ~ VtrineC ~ presrnts, or the pre-
'Ai,dul 'Ali l'nrlil~icn, \vllose pedigree is sent consisted of nine ieces of the m e
not k~lo\vn; but Jal1611;ir bcstowed his
fhvors on 3liriir 'I'sh 'I'arkllirn, son of
article. Henca also tie CChaghtbi tiiqus
(or triqu'z, or tuqciz), nine, came to mran
BI, J i n IGbA (UIIC~C, of RI. .J&ni Ekg). n y r t s c * ~ ~int ,which sense i t occurs in the
H e rose to the I ~ i g l ~ c nhoilors
t under PtitZishdAndmaA and the 'A'lamgirnd-
Shirhjahbn, aud died Inore than hundred mah, especially in reference to present8
year old, in lO(i2, nt Silnibllar. H e bad of stutt's, as hafl tuouz ~ d r c h a l ',a
f o u r lions-1. 3Iin.B 'InLy;~tull:rh, who present of seven pieces i f clckh.'
died in the 'Llbt year of Shil?jahQn; ' Vide p. 50.
 belonged. In the statehall the Bmfrs sat behind him to his right and left arranged in
form of a bow (kamdnwdt).
When Tugllluq Timur conferred this title upon an Amfr,' he put all financial
matters (ddd o &lad) ' as far aa a Haz&ri' (P) in hie charge ; nor were his descendants,
to the ninth generation, liable to be called to account; but s$ould their crimes
exceed the number nine, they were to be called to mount. When a Tarkhirn had to
aneaer for blood shed by him ( p d d h h ikhdn), he waa placed on a silver white home
two years old, and a white cloth was put below the feet of the animal. His statement
was made by a chief of the BarlBs clan (vide p. 341, note), and the sentence was
communicated to him by a chief of the Arkiwat (o&j) clan. His neck vein was
then opened, the two chiefs remaining at his side, and watching over him till he was
dead. The king was then led forth from the palace, and sat down to mourn over
him.
Khizr Khw4jah in making Mir Khudiidiid a Tarkhdn, added three new privi-
leges.
- 1. At the time of wedding feasts (lit'),when all grandees have to walk on
foot, and only the yusciwal (chief mace bearer) of the king is on horseback to keep
back the crowds, the Tarkhdn also proceeds on horseback. 2. When during the feaat
the cup is handed to the king from the right side, another cup is at the same time
handed to the Tarkhbn fiom the left. 3. The Tarkhirn's seal is put on all orders ;
but the seal of the king is put to the beginning of the last line and below his.
Abulfazl, in concluding these remarks, says that these distinctions are extraordi-
nary enough ; he believes it possible that a king may grant a virtuous man immunity
for nine crimes ; but he thinks it absurd to extend the immunity to nine generations.

48. Iakandar Kha'n, a deacendant of t h e Uzbak Kings.

He distinguished himaelf under HumLy6n who on hie return to India made him
a A d n . after the restoration, he was made~~overnor of Agrah. On Hemb's approach,
he left &-ah, and joined Tardi Beg at Dihli. Both opposed Hemd, lskander com-
manding the left wing ~ j d r a n ~ h d 7 ) His
. wing defeated the rightwing (bwrunghdr)
and the van (hardaal) of Hemb, and hotly pursued them, killing many fugi-
tivea. The battle was almost decided in favor of the Imperialists, when Hemd with
his whole force broke upon Tardi Beg, and put him to flight. The victorious Ishndar
was thus obliged to return. He afterwards joined Akbar at Sarhind, fought under
KhBn ZamBn (No. 13) against Hemd, and received after the battle for his bravery the
title of Khdn 'A'lam.
As Khizr Khwkjah KhSn,e the Governor of the Panjkb, had retreated before
Sikandar KhBn S h , and fortified himself in LBhor, leaving the country to the Afb.hCn.9,
Akbar appointed Iskandar to move to Siyirlkot and assist Khiv Khwirjah.
-- -

The MSS.cal1 him c y a Y l or &J,,

with every variety of diacritical points.
' Khizr had descended from the kings
f2KLwbjah
n on his return besieged that town.
fore the town surrerrdered, Khizr
threw himelf down from the
of Mughulindn ; but according to the Ta- wall, managed to reach HumByylin's tent,
baqdt from the kin a of Xdehghar. and implored forgiveness. He was restored
He was a randec of dumsdn, left him to favor, was made Amir rl Umard.
on his f l i a t to Persia, and was with and married Gulbadan Begum, H.'s
M. 'Askari in Qandahb, when Hum& ~iutar. When A k h r marched agaiuet
 Afterward* lie recci\.ctl Audh as trc,qtil. ' From want of occupation,' he ntwlled
in the tenth y e a r AlcLar ordercad Asliraf Kllin (No. 74) to bring him to Court
but Isk. joined Khbn Za~nirn(No, 13). Together with BahCdur KhGn (No. Tj),he
occu~~ied Khairhl~id(Audl~),and atL1cked Dlir &Iu'izzulmulk (No. 61). Bahlidur
ultinlately dcli~;rtcd.theImperialists ; but Jsk. had in the first fight heen defeated and
fled to the north of Andh.
When in the 12th year KhLn Zamin and Rahildur again relxllcd, Isk. in concert
with tliem occupied Aodh. H e was attacked by i\lul~ninnlndQuli Khbn BarlriR (So.
31), and besicaged in Avatlli. Wtiel~Isk. heard that K h i n Za~liLnand Bahhdar had
been defeatc.tl a~ltlkilled, he made rrroposals of peace, and managed during the ng*
*i;~tionto ( l s c ~ lby
~ )boat
~ with his Ili~nilyt o iforbk'lipdr, which then belongcd to Sulai-
m i n , king of' Ucnjial. I l e alqwaru to haves uttached himself to the BellKd Court,
and accomp;~uied, in !)is,U:iy:~ziil,Sul:ri~ni~tt'sSOII,over Jhilrliand to O&h. ARer
Sulaimbn'a return from the conqucst of Orish,' Iwk.'s presence in &ngal was looked
upon as d;~ngeroos,rn Sulainihn widled at all hazards to lm a t peaco with A k b r , and
thc Afg11Ann waited Sir a tvorable opportunity to kill Isliandar. H e escsprd in time,
and applied to DIun'i~nl<hbn, \vho promised to speak for him. At his iequwt, Isk.
was pardo~icd. H e received the Sirkir of Lirk'huau an tuylil, and died there in tho
following year (980).
40. A'caf Kha'n 'Abdul Msji'd (of H d t ) , a dosccndant of Shailrh
Abil Unkr i T i i b h d i .
His brother Vazir Kllbu has been ~nrntionedabove (No. 41). Shaikh Zain-
uddin Abd Bnkri TLiLidia was a saint (qtihib ktrtt~J1)at the time of Timur. When
Timur, in 782, set out for tlie collqlicst of linrht, ~vliichwns in tlle hands of BIalik
Ghiilsuddin, he sent, on his arrival a t Tiriblid, a messenger to the Shaikh, to ask him
why he had not p:rid his respects to the conqueror of the world. " What have I," replied
tho Shaikl~," to do with TimurYTirnur, struck with this anetver, went himself tothe

IIe1n6. Khizr Khhn was madt: Governor 'Al~durrahmBnwith some elephants as

of' tlie PanjiiL and oltlcred to opcrnte peshkash, and was allowed bb- Akbar to
ag:iiust Silii~ndnr Skr, who dnrit~g occupy LIiliirr as t~lytil (aide p. 319,
H u n ~ h ~ i l n ' slili.ti~tic h;rd retr~~ntcrlto I . 10 from below). Mbnliot sumended
tile Sawiilik~. Leaviri:: IIhji I<ill(in on t l ~ e27th RamazBn 964. Sikandar
Sihtbui in Lillor, Kllizr Klibn In rv, d dicd two g0;~rslater.
agi~iilst Sik:c~~dnr,wllonl hr net 11c;cr I t is difticult to say why Abulfazl has
a 11laee c;lllcd in tlle AISS. @>'++*, not elitered Khizr Khbn in the List of
Ktl. srlrctcd t\vo t l ~ o r ~ z ahorGicl~~cu
~~d to (;rarldtaca~. His name is given i n tbe
rtbconnoltrc; but Sikatltltrr was or1 tile '!Lbaq(it. Sin~ilarly Iihwiqjah Mu'sz-
alert, fell u11ou the tlet;~chment,a~ltlde- zi~rlalld Dfir Sllbh Abulma'ali are left
featetl the 1111~1crialirts. Kll. without out. For Kh.'s eon vide No. 153.
further fighti~igretreated to Lihor. Si- On Sulnirnbn's return from O&&
kelldar used the respite, a ~ i dcoll~.ctt.da he appointtd Khan Jai~Bn hi, hu
large army, till Akbar himself had to A u i r ul Umar& Governor of @u-
move againat him. F i ~ i d i u Akbar's ~ Qutl6 Khhn, who subsequently mde
army too strong, Bikandnr shut 11irnseLf hinlyelf king of Oris&, wes then Gorer-
up in NLnkot. After a siege of sir nor of P h i (Jsggamath.) ~LP
months, Sikandar bribed Shiunsuddin 174.
Atgnh (Xo. 16) and Pir Muhammad a H e died A. 791. bi repby
(N~2 . 0), who upon A t b m i~ ire* in Jlmi'a xafhdl rl ~nr.T&b&d
s pYdon hiim. (iikan& writ hi. mn b e ? ~ ~topJku i P b u b k n .
 Shaikh, and upbraided him for not having advised Malik GhiL. " I have indeed done so,'c
mid the Shaikh, "but he would not listen, and God haa now appointed you over him.
However, I now advise you, too, to be just, and if you likewise do not liiten, God
will appoint another over you." Timnr afterwards said that he had seen many
dervishes; every one of them had said something from aelfish motives, but not so
Shaikh AbJ Bakr, who had said nothing with reference to himself.
KhwGah 'Abdul Majid was a Grandee of H u m t i y h , whom he wmed as D t w b .
On Akbar's accession, he also performed military duties. When the Emperor moved
to the Panjib, to crnsh Baiibm's rebellion, 'Abdul Mrijid received the title of lpqf
gllcfn, regarding which vide the note after this biographical notice. Subsequently # ~ a f
waa appointed Governor of Dili, received a flag and a drum, and was made a Commander
of Three Thousand. When Fattd, a servant of 'Adli, made overturea to surrender
Fort Chanb@ (Chnnar), A., in concert with Shaikh Muhammad Ghans, took posees-
sion of it, and was appointed Governor of Kaph-MBtlikplir on the Gangee. About
the same time, G h M Khbn T a n n a , an Afghbn noble who had for a time been in
*bar's aerrices, fled to Bhat'h G ' h o b and stirred up the Z a m l n d h against Akbar.
A., in the 7& year, sent a mesaage to U j a h R h Chandr, the ruler of Bhat'h, to pay
tribute t o Akbar, and surrender the enemies. But the Rirjah prepared for resistance.
A. m h e d against the Rtijah, defeated him, and executed G h M K h h . The %ah,
after his defeat, shut himself up in Bbndhd,' but obtained Akbar's pardon by timely
submiseion, chiefly through the influence of several U j a h s a t Court. A. then left the
R&j& in peace ; but the spoils which he had collected and the strong contingent which
he had a t his disposal (vide p. 241, 1. 18) made him desirous of further warfare, and
he planned the famous expedition against Gadha-Katangah? or Gondwbnah, south
of Bhat'h, which was then governed by Durgbwati,' the heroine of Central India.
Her heroic defence and suicide, and the death of her son, B'u SBh, a t the conquest of
Chanr&gaajh (about 70 miles west of Jabalplir), are wellknown. The immense spoils
which A. carried off, led him temporarily into rebellion, and of the 1000 elephante which
he had captured, he only sent 200 to Court. But when Khbn Zamhn (No. 13), in
the 10th year, rebelled and besieged MajnJn Khbn QSqshbl (No. 60) in Yhikp&,
A. m e with 6,000 troopers to his relief, presented himself before Akbar, who had
-hd against K h b 5 b n , and handed over the remainder of the Ga@a spoils.

Abulfazl, in the events of the 42nd Ga&a-Katangah. Abulfazl says, it had

year of the Akbarnbmah, says that 'AIL an extent of 160 kos by 80 Eos, and
uddio-i-Khilji besieged BBndhd in vain. there were in ancient times 80000 flour-
a G d h a I Gurh, Gurhah, Gurrah) lies ishin cities. The inhabitante, he says,
close to Jabalplir in Central India. Hatan- are a t Gonds, who are Imked upon by
is the name of two small places, one Hind& aa very low.
P ue sonth of Jabalp& below Lat. 22, as on
the Ma In Journal A. S. U.,Decr. 1837,
The Rtijahs of Gaaha-Katan h are
pnerally cnlkd the (iadha- an& RL
PI.L V ~ ;Ianotherap arently largerplace jahs. Mandlb lies S. E. of Jabalp&, on
of the same name 1iesk.w.of, and nearer the right side of the Narbaddah.
to, Jabalp& and Gadha, about Lat. 23" ' Capt. Sleeman in his ' History of the
W ,aa on the Ma of Central India in Sir Gurha Mandala Rhjas,' Journal A. S.
J. Malcolm's ~ & ;abut both are called Bengal, Vol. VI., p. 627, spells her name
on the maps Xatangf. I n Muhnmmadan Durghoutes. He cells her son Bir fi-
Iiiatoriea, the country is generally d e d rdin. Vide also Baddani 11, 66,
Hr tl~crcbbyrt~piricdAltbar's confidrnce a11,1wi~s nppointed to follow up the rebels.
.it t l ~ i * j ~ ~ ~ l c the
t ~ i riml)eri;il
t~, Alutymldis, whom A. before had l~andsomelybribed, re-
pt~rted Sro~nenvy his i i ~ r ~ n cun\villingness
r to hand over the spoils, and exaggerated
d to A. ; and afraid of his personal s h t y ,
his n-ctalth. Ilyl~c,criticillfriends n ~ c n t i o n ~this
Ilr fled to G;ii!l~:t (9:tfilr. $173).
Al;l~nr looked upon his fligl~tas very snspicin~ie,and appointed nlahdi Wsim KhL
(KO. 36) to (.;.~dli:i. A. then Iett Central India ' with a sorrowful heart,' and joined,
tox,.rtllt.r with his Lrothcr (No. 41), KlAn Za~nilnat J a u n p b . But he soon saw that
1<11Lr1Zau161i only rvanttd his \\-e;ilth and watched for a favorable moment to kill
hirn. A. thtbrctfi~rc rnilde use of the first opportunity to escape. Khkn Z m h had
nont his brother Bal~icdur(No. 22) against the A f i ~ l ~ i ~and i s , A. was t o accompany him.
Vuzir KhLn, \vhom K11:in Zan~hn hud detained, managed likewise to escape, and-
on t h r road to Ai:inikpilr, \\.t~ic.bA. had appointed as place of rendez-vow. No ~oon-
r r had A. rscill,cd than H:~h:idorfollowed him up, defeated his men, and took A pri-
soner. Bahicilur's men im~nedintelydispersed in searell of plunder, when suddenly
V:uir Kliii11Sell over Hnl~iidur. nahhdur niade nonie one a sign to kill A., y h o sat fetter-
rd 011 an c>llyhant,and A. had just rercired a~voundin his hand and nose, when Vazirin
t i ~ n esared 11;s lifi, and carried him away. Both reached, in 973, Knyah, and aaked
filuzattirr KhLn (No. 37) to intcrcedc for tlien~with the emperor. When Muzaffar, in
'374, \v:w called by the cnlllcxrorto tlit. P a ~ ~ j l i he b , took Vazir with him, and obtained
full pardoll Ihr the twro brothers. A. \va.s ordered to join M a j n h Qhqahsil at K q h -
filiiuikpfir. Hiti 1)rarrry in the last struggle with K h i n Zamkn induced Akbar, in
975, to give Ilim Piyilg as trc?/~/:I,ice Hiji AIi~I~:rmn~ad Sistkni (No. 55), to enable
~ ~ tthe rspudition against U n b Udai Singh. A. was sent
hi111 to recruit a c o n t i i ~ g c for
in advance ( ~ n t r n ~ i t f 6 ) . In the n~iddlroSI(:tbi' I, 975, Akbnr left X p h for Chitor.
T l ~ eI::~II~Lhad c o l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i s sJni
i c l Ttlall.
~ ~ e d who had fo~merlybeen in N r t ' h a , to defend
t l~i~llselfhad witlldrawn to the mountains. During the siege,
tlie fi~rt, w l ~ i l ~hi)
wllicl~li~sttdfol~rm o ~ i t l ~and s seven days, A. distinguished himself, and when, on
the 25th Pl~:t'l,Qn,975, the fbrt i'cll A. w:m made Governor of Chltor.
Neither tl~tr ,Utrcisir, nor tlle ?'ubtrqu't, mentions the year of his death. H e mnst
have been dead in 981, Lec;~usethe title of Syaf Khhn wns bestowed upon another
noble.'
Xote on the Title of 'A)af Khdn.'
&crf w a s the name of tlie Vazir of Sulni~llCn(Solomon), who like his master
is prorcrbiirl in the East fhr his wisdom. During the reign of Akbar three p d e e a
received this title. Uadtioui, to avoid confusion, numbers them Xqaf Khh I., II., and
111. Thcy are-
'Abdul AIajid, A'pf KhBn I., d. before 981. (No. 49).
Khwlijah Nirzb Ghiirtuddin 'Ali, Syaf Khiln II., d. 989. (No. 126).
IkIirzit Ja'far Beg, Xqnf Khitn III., (No. 98).

' Stewart (History of Bengal, 120) .

I
112, that Fariduddin i Bakhbri P o . 991
says, 'Abdul Ma.jid A'qaf Khan o k i a t n l is the author of the aiabry of the Em-
ill 1013 for Mkn Singh in Bengal. This peror J a h h g i r .
is as impossible as his statement on 11.
 The three A'qafs were Diwbns or M h Bakshis. The third was nephew to the
as the following tree will shew :
Aghb Mulli Dawbtdbr.
I
1. ~ h i ~ d d d 'Ali,
in 2. MirzB Bdi'uzzamh. 3. Mirzb h m a d Beg.
Aqaf X h d n II.
I II
A K d g b n g h t e r IfirzB Ja'far Beg,
1 Apaf Khcin III.
MnmMn Mahall,
(Shdhjahiin's wife).
Jahingir conferred the title of' A'qaf Khin' (IV.) on Abul Haaan, elder brother of
SGr J a h h , and father of Mumtiiz Mahall (or Tiij Bibl, Shbhjahbn's wife), whose
mother wm 5 daughter of A ~ a Khbn
f 11. During the reign of ShBl~jahitnwhen titlev
conbaking the word Darlah1 were revived, A'paf Khdn was changed to A'pafud-
dadnA, and this title wss conferred on &afuddaulah Jnmlatul Mulk Asadjang (ShBh-
jabin-Anraogzeb), a relation of Aqaf Khbn IV. Under Ahmad Shbh, lastly, me find
A'pfuddanlah Amir ul Mamiilik, whose name like that of liis father, NirL~n ul Mulk
dpfJ&h, occurs so often i n later Indian History.

60. Mqjnu'n Kha'n i Qa'q~ha'l.~

He was a p n d e e of HumdyGn, and held Nbrnaul as jL.yir. When Hurnhydn
led to Persia, Hdji Khiin besieged NBrnaul, but allowed Majndn Khhn to march away
nnmolarted, chiefly st the request of U j a h B i B d Mall, who, a t that time, was with
H&ji g h i n (vide p. 329).
On Akbar's accession, he was made Jtigtrdh of MdnikpGr, then the east frontier of
tbe Empire. H e remained there till after the death of KhBn Z a m b (No. 13), bravely
defending Akbar's cause. I n the 14th year, he besieged KUiqjar. This fort waa in
the hands of Wah R b Chand, ruler of Bhat'h, who during the AfghBn troubles had
bought it, for a heavy sum, from Bijli Khdn, the adopted son of Pahiir Khln. When,
during the siege, the Ititjah heard of the fa11 of Chitor and RantanbhGr, he surrendered
Glinjar to M. (29th Cafar, 977). Akbar appointed M. Conlmander of the Fort, in
addition to his other duties.
I n the 17th year (980), he accompanied 3Iun'im Kh6n (No. 11) on his expedition
to Go&k'hpGr. At the same time the Gujrhti war had commenced, and as BBbL KhBn
@qsbbl' had words with S h a h b b KhBn, (No. 80), the Mir Tozak, regarding certain
' They had been in use among the the Pat'hbns, waR never conferred by the
Khalifahs and the Ghaznawis. Tliun Y a - Mughul (Chaghtbi) Kings of Delhi.
a i a nd-tlaulnh which title Shbhjahiin Titles with Jany, a3 Fa'lizjang, N~tp
Leatored on Abul Hasnn Xqaf khBn ruljang. &c., came into fwhion with
IV.). h d also been the title of Mahindd Jahingir.
of Ghazni w11en prince. The k i n p of Name of a Turkish clan. Like the
the Dak'hin occasionally conferred titles Uzbaks, they were dialiked by Akbar,
w i t h Daulah. This ia very likely tho and rebelled. Ma.jndn Khbn was cer-
rmon ally Akbnr confe~rcrlthe title of tainly the best of them.
Am1 ud-d~cttluh on JIir Fatl~i~ll;rl~ of 'Bdbd Khdn Q d shd2 also was a p n -
Shhiz, who had come from the Di~k'hin. dee of hkbar, but ~%olfazlhas left him
Tho title Malik, so common among out in this list. Like M n j n h he distin-
47
arrnngementa, he wlu reproved by Akbar. But the rumour s p i d in Hnn'im's m y
that Bhb6 Khbn, Jabhri (Msjnfin's son), M i n b Muhammad, and other Qh+ils, had
killed Sbahbbz Khbn, and joined the rebellion of the hZirz6.n in G u j d t ; and that
Akbnr had therefore ordered Mun'inl to imprison MajnBn. I n consequence of these
fake rumours, M. and others of his clan withdrew from Mun'im, who in vain tried to
convince thrm of the absurdity of the rumours ; but when M. soon after heard
that BAbB Khbn and Jabiri bad been rewarded by A k b a ~for their brnve behaviour in
the Gujrhti war, he was ashamed of his hastineea, and fejoiued Mun'im who, in the
meantide, had taken Goriik'hplir.
M. accompanied Mun'im on his Bengal expedition. When, in 982, Dhlid retired
to Orfsh, and KBlb Pahbr: Sulaimirn Mankli and Bhb6 Yankli had gone to
G'horhg'hht, Mun'im sent M. against them. M. cotiquered the greater part of N31-
them h n g a l , and carried off immense spoils. On the death of SulaimLn Nanlrli, the
acknowledged ruler of G'horbg'hht, a great number. of the principal Afghbn nobles
were caught, and M. with the view of securing peace, married the daughter of Sulai-
m b i Mmkli to his son Jabhri. He also parcelled out the whole country among
his clan. But Bhb6 Mankli and Khl6 P a h i l h.ad taken refuge in Klieh Bib&, and
when Mun'iin wns in Katak, they were joined by the sons of Jalhluddin Siu, and
fell upon the Q&qshbls. The latter, without fighting, cowardly returned to Thndah,
and waited for Mun'im, who, on his return from Oyisir, sent them with reinforcenlenb
to G'hoAg'h6t. The QiiqshbLs re-occupied the district. MejnGn died soon &r at
G'homg'llkt.
The ?abaqdt says that he wna a Commander of Five Thousand and had a contin-
gent of 6,000 troopeta.
His son Jab6riP distinguished himself by his zeal and devotion. The enforcing
of the Ddgh law led him nnd his clan iuto rebellion. J a b M then sssumed the title of
X h d n Jahdn. When the QBqshbls left Ma'qiun (p. 3261, Jabhrl: went to Court.
Akbar imprisoned him, but pardoned him in the 39th year.

iahed himself in the war with K h h kept for the last six hundred years i n the
E m L n and the Mln&s. During AIun- temple of P h i ) differs considerably from
'im's expedition to Bengal, the Q;iqsh&ls the Akbarnhmah. KhlL PahLy was killed
received extensive j& in G'horbg'liht. by a gun shot in one of the fights be-
BQbL Khhn wns looked upon as the brad tween Ma' dm and Qutlli of O y K and
of the elan alter Msjnln's death. He 'Aziz ~ o k a (aids
i p. 326), whicb, in 990,
rebelled with Mn'q6m Khbn i Khbnli, took place between K'halgbw (Colgoug)
partly in conrrrquenceof Muzaffsr Khhn's and Gacjhi (near Rajmdall).
(No. 37) exactions, and assumed the title Bbb6 Mankli subsequently entered
of Khbn Khinbn. He died i11 the saxno Akbar'a service (vide No. W2). Euro
year in whicb MuzaEar died, of cancer in Hiitorians p m e r d y s p l l his name E l i
the face (klrtirah), which he snid he had Mangali, aa if i t came from the Hindi
bron ht on himself by his faithlessness. m n g a l , Tuesday. This may be correct;
$he renowned conqueror of the tem- for common people in India do still use
le of Jagann~t'ha t YGri in S. Orid. such names. But mankli is perhaps re-
ferable. Two of Timlirh mopston %ad
f
%de below Third BmL, hbahs of i k n -
gal and Ow. Aminute escription ofhis
conquest is given in the B a k h z a n a Af-
the same name. The Turkish mankli
meansJIJL&, khcilddr, spotted. 0
ghdni, and by Stirling in his Account s ~h~ best MSS. of the ~ k b ~ ~ ~ b h
01 %ma, Asiatic Researches, Vol. xv. mbd, and ~ * ibve ~ wh.
But Stirliug's account, taken as they
are from the Phi Vynsayali (a chrouiole Sbwart (p. 109) c a b him Jebbabnrdy (?J.
 61. Shnjat9tctKha'n, Muqi'm i 'Axab.
H e is the son of Tardi Beg's sister (No. 12). Humbytin made Mi~qima Rhcin.
On the emperor's flight to Persia, he joined M h h 'Asksri. When Hurnhy~in took
Qandahk on his return, Muqim, like most old nobles, presented himself before the
emperor with a sword hanging from his neck, and was for a short time confined.
After hie release, he remained with Mun'im Khbn (No. l l j in Kbbul, and followod
him to India, when Akbar called Mnn'im t o take Bairbm's place.
I n the 9th year, M u q h distinguished himself in the pursuit of 'Abdul1:h Khbn
U z h k (No. 14), 'the king of ?&and$, and received the title of Shujd'at Khdn, which
&bar had &ken away from the rebellious 'Abdullah.
I n the beginning of the 16th year, Akbar honored him by being his guest for n day.
I n the 18th year, he accompanied the Emperor on his forced march to Ahmadhbld
(p. 325). Once he slandered Mun'im, and Akbar sent him to tho KhBn W k n b to do
with him what he liked ; but Mun'im generously forgave him, and had him restored.
I n the 22nd year, he wns made a Commander of Three Thousand, and Governor
and Commander-i-Chief of Mhlwah.
I n 988, when troubles in Bihirr and Bengal had broken out, ShujB'at K h h , a t
Akbar's order, left SBrangplir for Fathphr (Baddoni 11, 284). A t the first stage,
'Iwaz Beg Barlib who complained of arrears of pay and harsh treatment of
the men, created a tumult, made a man of the name Hhji Shihib K h i n leader, fell
upon ShujL'at's tent, and killed hi son Q a h Khhn.' ShujB'at himself was mortally
wounded. Some of his adherents, at last, managed to put the dying Sh. on an elephant,
and led him off to k g p h r . Though Sh. had expired before they reached the town,
they did not spread the news of his death, and thua kept the greater part of tho
soldiers together, and joined Akbar in SBrangpdr.
Akbar punished the rebels severely. According to p. 284, Akbar once saved
Shujs'at's life in the jungles.
From B a d b n i (II,284), we learn that Qawim h%hwas 8 young man, renowned
for hie musical talents.
x q i m K h d n (No. 386) is ShujB'nt Khbn's second eon. H e was promoted under
Akbar to a Commandership of seven hundred.
&dim Xhdn waa t h e son of Muqim K h h . Qbim's son, 'Abdurrahim, was under
Jab&a a m m a n d e r of seven hundred and 400 horse, got tho title of Tarbiyat Kh6n,
snd was made, in the 6th year, Faujdbr of Alwar. Qhim's daughter, pdlihah Bdnri, was
received (3rdyear) by Jahhngir in his harem, and went by the title of Pddtdishdh Mahall.
fie adopted iHiydn Joh, son of the above 'Abdur~ahim.Miyin J o h was killed by Mahi-
bat KhSn, when near the Bahat (Jhelam) he harl taken possession of Jahinglr'a person.
NO.62. Sha'h Buda'gh Kha'n, a descendant of U'ymBqs Kl of Sa-
marqand.

So the M&i and the AkbamBmah. They were renowned in India as horse-
B a d b n i (11, '284) hm &dim hh,dn; but men. Hence 34, as the word is gene-
Ws is perl~as a mistake of the native d l y spelt by ~ ~ HistorianR,
~ h ~ l
editorn of tho$ibl. I n d i a . a kind of superior cavalry ; vide Tnzuk
There were two tribes of the QarS . 147, 1. 17. How this Turkish word
Turks callcd jLI( or &>f, c~j)&&7. Post ita original meaning in indin, may
 Humiigrin, md waa made by Akbar a
In the 10th yesr, he accompmi
No. B). Though the imperdbta w m

Inaide Fort h n d 6 to the south, olose to the

Xadsir gives a few interesting partiadare.

'He in the B a y d and the Don Qairote of

WM pew, and in his private life rcpnt twpwh;
Wmem and attaahment to his mastem, but hir, con
darays poor, though hie wvnte in aonsequenoe

r - a that have gone before.'

He was tke patron of the H
i& M1

1b8m ~ E FW.hen Akbar, in G8f.r

;iBaPemor ofthe Paoja. During his
and in concert with Nuqamb K h h , the luydldctv of that place, he tried to fortify himself
in h t w b . But Muqarrib loat heart and fled; and H. Kh. was forced to leave the
Fort, and asked Ibrbhim Huaain Miirzb for an interview. Though urged to join the
W,H. Kh. remained fsithful to Akber.
I n the 12th year, when Akbar moved against KhHn Zambn, H. Kh. was to
take a command, but his contingent was not ready. I n the 13th yenr his jhgir was
transferred from Lak'hnau, where he and B a d b n i had been for about a year, to Khnt o
Golah.' His exacting behaviour towards H i n d b and his religious expeditions against
their temples annoyed Akbar very much. I n the 19th year, when the Emperor went
to Bihbr, H. Kh. was again absent ; and when Akbar returned after the conquest of
Htijiprir, he confiscated H.'s j&r ; but on mti~fyinghimself of hin harmlessness, he
pardoned him, restored his j&r, and told him t o get his contingent ready. His mania,
however, again overpowered him. H e made an expedition against Basantpdr in
K a m b n , which was proverbially rich, and got wounded by a bullet in the shoulder.
&bar waa almost convincd that he had gone inta rebellion, and sent 9Ldiq Khhn
(No. 43) to him to bring him by force to Court. H. Kh. therefore left Garh &Iuktcsar,
with the view of going to Mun'im Khbn, through whose influence he hoped to obbin
pardon. But he was caught a t Bhrha, and wns takeu to Fathplir Sikri, where in tho
same year (983) he died of his wounds.
The Tabaqbt says, he was a Commander of Two Thousand ; but according to the
AkbarnLmah, he had since the 1'2th year be%n a Coxnnlander of Three Thousan;.
Hb son, YiLRuf KhHn, w a ~a grandee of Jahbngir. H e served in tho Dalr'hin in
the corps of 'Aziz Koknh (No. 21), who, in the 6th year, had been sent with 10,000
men to reinforce Prince Parwiz, the Khbn Khhnhn, and Mbn Singli, because on account
of the duplicity of the KhHn KhhnHn (Tuzuk p. 88) the imperialinta were in the greatest
distresv ( u d e pp. 3'17 and 336). YiLRuft~ son, 'Irzet Khbn, served under ShBhjahh,
(Pddiahdhn. 11,121).
64. Mura'd Kha'n, son of Amir KhBn Mughul Beg.
His full name is Muhammad MurM K h h . I n the 9th year, he sarved under
.%pf Khhn (No. 49) in Gadha Katangah. I n the 12th year, he got a jhp~ir in
Milwah, and lbught under Shihbbuddin Ahmad against the Mirzh. After the
YirzL had returned to Gujrbt, M. got Ujjain aa tu$.
I n the 13th year, the bfinb invaded Mhlwnh from Khandesh, and MU&
W B n , together with Mir 'Azizullah, the DiwHn of bfblwab, having received the news
two daye before the arrival of the enemies, shut themwlues up in Ujain, determined
to hold it for Akbar. The Eniperor sent Qulij KhJn (No. 42) to their relief, when the
retreated to Yandri. Followed up by Qlllij and Nuriul, they retreated a t last
across the Narbddnh.
I n the 17th year, the MirzL broke out in GujrJt, and the jJgirdJrn of MLlwah
w m b l ~ duuder the con~rnrrndof X.'Aziz Kokah (No. 21). Murbd held a corninand
in the left wing, and took part, though not very actively, in the confused battle llear
Patan (Ramazjn, 980).
1 Elliot (Index, p. 238, Firat E(litio11) and he calls IIl~s;~in KIIAII kahmiri.
hM by n~ist;,ke Luk'hnor (on tlio Iii~rn- 'l'l~is luuat be an overaigl~t.
gangs) inatead of Luk'lrauu (in AudL),
A* the didriot of FathhMd, W k Bog%(9. E.
d Jaleaar (Jellssore) m 'O&& d h DB6d had made
of Bhadrak (OyM), and treaohemdy lc@d hisr,

'hbbre the mil of hi loyalty wse mt.'

BRer hia death, Y u h d , the principal 2;omlad6ue d
eans to a h t , and treaoherously murdered them.
Prde No. 369.
66. Ha'ji' M a s m m a d Khn8n of 8bt$n.

irmooe~t,he went beok, W n g

ada WM rapidly promoted.

B&kn fell out witb Pfr

'e~roppmeptswhioh were given
and Muhammad Tamon Khirn (No. 32) accompanied him on his way to B i j L as far as
Niger, then the frontier of the Empire. Once, on the road, BairLln charged H. M.
with faithlessness, when the latter gently reminded him that he had at least never
drawn his sword against his mester.
11. M. waa present in allnost every campaign, and was promoted to the post of
Sih-hazdri. I n the 12th year, when Akbar set out for the conquest of Chitor, he sent
H. M. and Shibbbuddin Ahmad (No. 26) from G k d n against the sons of Sultirn Mu.
hammad Mind, who had fled from Sambhal and raised a revolt in Mawah. H. M. then
reoeived the SirkL of Mandli aa jdgfr.
In the 20th year, H. M. accompanied Mnn'im Khan on his expedition to Bongal
and O&h, and got wounded in the battle of Takaroi (20th Zi Qa'dah, 988). He then
accompanied the Xhhn K h h h to Gaur, where soon after Mun'im'~death he, too,
died of malaria (983).

ATOte on the BattL of Takuroi, or Mughulmc'ri, in Oyiaii.

This battle is one of the most important battles fought by Akbar's generals. It
crushed the Afghhns, and decided the possession of Bengal and Upper @is& The
MSS. of the Akbarndmah and the Madsir have &@Takarohi, and d;pTakorof.
My copy of the Sawbnih haa the former spelling. A few copies of the A k b a r n h h have
8 & N a b o h f . In Baddonf and the T d a q d t the battle of Takaroi is called the
battle of I&' (oids p. 318), which may be Bajhorah, Bachhorah, Bajhorh, or
Bachhorh. Stewart's account of Mun'im's Oristi erpedition (Vth Section), differs in
many particnlars from the Akbarnbmah and the Tnbaqht. He places the battle in the
environs of Kabk, which is impossible, and his " Bukhtore' is a blunder for 13
ba chittud, ' in Chittuir,' the final alif having assumed the shape of a re, and the
that of . The Lucknow lithograph of the Akbarnhah, which challenges in
wrruptneas the worst possible Indian MS., has ba chitor, in Chitor !
The Akbarnhah, unfortunately, gives but few geographical details. Todar
Mall moved from Bardwin over M a d h ' into the Parganah of Chittub
(r*), where he was sulmequently joined by Mun'im. Dhrid had taken up a
atrong poeition at 192, H a r p h or Hlrripiu, " which liea intermediate (barzakhe)
between Bengal and Oyhb." The same phrase (barwrkhe), in other passages of the
Akbarnbmah, is applied to Chittuh iteelf. Dblid's object was to prevent the Imperialists
from entering Otisir, into which led but few other roads ; " but Ilyb Khbn Langbh
mhewed the victorious army an easier road," and Mnn'im entered the country,
and thua turned Dblid's poaition. The battle then takes place (20th Zi Qa'dah, 982,
or A. D., 3rd March, 1676). After the battle Todar Mall leads the pursuit, and reaches
with his corps the town of Bhadrak. Not long after, he writee to Mun'im to come
and join him, ss DSlid had collected his troop near W k , and the whole army

' Madlrran lies

in JahRnBbKd, a Par- this town vide m 'Places of Historical
r h of the H Q l i district, betmen Interest in the &dgli Ditrict,' in the
nlwirn and Mednlpfir (Midnnpore). Re- April Proceedings of the AB. Sot. of Ben-
garding the importa~~ce aud history of gal for 1870.
 moves ao Raw, where a peace was d n d e d , whieh m a
at' KMk.
N w h m the facts that the battle tooL plaoe eooo
miW, w b i lies a little E. E. N. of MduSpC

probably north of it, as Abnbd w d b v e rnenfioned

tom. On consulting the large Wiometrical Map of.
found on the road from Hdnipdr to J k the village oF1 - -
i.s, Magbul'~Fight), ead sbont eeven milee s o n t h w a d s , ~ ~
mM md Jdeaar, and two mila from the l& bank of the & ,

A d a g to the the latitude of Mughulm#,riia

- t
a

' . 81e63 newly.

Them can be no doubt thmt this Too- ie t86
AkhernSaMa , t!
Thp bsWe ertended over a lPrge grousd. Bdib$
t;k.w,&t kr,i.s., about e k milea, and thm the d
e
im J
m k i Q amounted for.
1 am giveno aatiafPotargexphatimdh~me&

Bsleeot diatriot6.

I
L Mnn'im Khbn, ghLn ghenh, 8.
(1Bth w).
T& p. 818.
9. E4jl Khbn &th& (NO.561, ,
3. &idm KhQ, (No. 66).
4. M f d Q d Khh, hie brother
6. w Khsn, (NO.94).
6. ~ u ' i M, n ~ (No. 1a).
I.La1 Khb, (NaBOB).
-
 him to pay large sums of money. On HumLy6n's return to India, A. Kh. was made
Hir B a k h h i , and got an 'alam. H e was togetlier with Tnrdi Beg (No. 12) in Dihli,
when Humirydn died. I n the battle with Hemd, he held a command in the centre (pol),
and his detachment gave way during Hemfi's charge. A. Kh., together with Pir Muham-
m d (Xo. !& and I
Asbraf
) KhBn (No. 74), fled from the battle-field, partly from hatred
to& Tardi Beg-the old hatred of K h u r h h i s towards Uzbaks-, and retreated to
Akbar and B a i m . As related above, Tardi Beg wns executed by BairLm for this retreat,
and A. Kh. and Ashraf Khhn were convicted of malice and imprisoned. But both
mped and went to Xakkah. They returned in the 6th year, when BairLm had lost
his power, and were favorably received at Court. A. W.waa made a Commander of
three thousand.
'Nothing else is known of him.' Madair.
67. Shs'hbeg Khs'n, son of Ibr6hirn Beg Harik (P)'
He in sometimes called Beg Rhdn (p. 313). H e was an Avghdn; hence his full
m e is Shdh Beg Ahdn Arghtin. Under Jahlngir he got the title of Khdn Darrdn.
He was in the aervice of M i n i Yuhammnd Hakirn of Khbul, Akbar's brother,
and n-a.9 Governor of PwhBw3r. When after the Prince's death, YBn Singh, in 993,
crowd the NilBb (p. 340) for KBbul, ShBh Beg took M. M. Hakim's two sons, Kai
QuWand Afrhiyirb, to Akbar, and received a m a y a b . Sh. B. distinguished himself
in the war with tlie Ybsufiais, and got Khuahdb ar j@r. H e then served under the
K h h K h h b in Sindh, and waa for his bravery promoted to a command of 260.
In the 39th year Akkar sent him to Q bndahlr (p. 313), which Muzaffar Husain had
ded. During the time of his Governorship, Sh. B. succeeded in keeping down the
notarioue G k a r (fY ) tribe. I n the &lid year, he was made a Commander of
35&. I n the 47th year, Ghaznin w a placed iu his charge (uide No. 63).
Immediately &r the accession of J d h n g i r , Husain KhBn ShB~nlii,the Persian
Governor a t Harirt, thinking Akhnr's death would lead to diiturbauces, mlde war upon
6h. B. and besieged Qzndahbr, which he hoped to starve out. To vex him, Sh. B.
gave every night feasts on the top of the castle before the very ejes of the enemies
( f i z u k , p. 33). One day, Hulain Khin sent an nmbassador into the Fort, and Sh.
B, though provisions had got low, had every available store of grain spread out in
the streets. in order to deceive the enemies. Not long after, Husain ShBh rreceived a
reprimwd from ShBh 'Abbb for having besieged Qnndahhr 'without orders,' and
H k n Khin, without having effeoted anything, had to raise the siege.
Whcn JAbngir in 1016 (18th Fafar) visited K i b ~ l Sh. , ~ B. paid his respects, was
made a Gmmander of 6000, and received the title of Khdn Daurdn. He was also made
h e r n o r of Khbul (in addition to Qandahhr), and was ordered to prepare a financial
Mtlement for the whole of Afghinisthn. after having held this office till the end of 1027,
complained of the htigues incideut to a residence in Ktibul, horse-travelling and tho

'According to the IPllzuk (p. 53), 8h. B.

!
& the M&ir. My MSS. of the f i n
bre which may be Zan'k, H a r - then held the Parganah of Shor a4 jdgir,
m), lzatbak, $c. some~ 8 s . ri,gi~rdiugwhich vide Elliot's Index, first
c m y Hamak. edition, p. 198. 3

48
drizzly state of the atmosphere of the country,' paid in the beginning of 1028 hi re-
spects at Court (Ibt.,p. 267), and waa appointed Glovernor of T'hat'hah.' He resigned,
however, in the same year (Tttz., p. 276) and got the revenue of the Papnab of
Khushbb assigned lur pension (76,000 Re.).
Before he went to T'hat'hah, he called on #qaf Khbn to take leave, and Kqaf recorn-
mended to him the brotbera of MuUh Muhammad of T'hat'heh, who had been a friend of
Aqaf. S h a b e g had beard before that the hfullb's brothers, in consequence of #@s
support, had never cared for tbe Governors of the province ; hence he said to
"Certainly, I will take an intemt in their welfare, if they ere sensible (sarhkdb); but
if not, 1 shall flay them." #pfgot mucb annoyed at tb, opposed him in everythmg,
and indirectly forced him to resign.
Sh. B. was a frank Turk. When Akbar appointed h i Governor of QandahC, he
conferred upon him an 'ahm and a ~ q q d r a h(p. 60) ;but on receiving the insignia, he
enid to Parid (No. 99), " What is all this trash for P Would that His Majesty gave me
an order regarding my mancab, and a jcfgir, to enable me to get better troopers for hie
service." On his return, in lo%, from Kbbul, he paraded before J a n g i r hie con-
tingent of 1000 picked Mughd troopers, whose appearance and horses created much
sensation.
He was much given to wine drinking. He drank, in fact, wine, c a a d k , opium,
and k d h d r , mixed together, and called hin beveragz of four ingredient. CAC B g h r d
(p. 6 0 , l . 13), which gave rise to his nickname Chdr Bughrd Khur.
H w sona. 1. M i d ShdA Muhammad, QAuznin Khdn, a well educated man.
JahBngir, in 1028, made him a Commander of One Thousand, 600 horse.
2. Ya'qrib Beg, son-in-law to Milin& Ja'far #gar K b h (111) (No.98), a Com-
mander of Seven Hundred, 350 horse. The Ma& says, he was a fatalist (azalparcwt),
and died obscure.
3. Aead Beg ( n z . p. 276), a Commander of Three Hundred, 60 horse. The
Maciw'r does not mention him.
The l b z u k , p. 34, mel~tionea Qbim Beg Khbn, a relation of Sh. B. Thi in
perhape the m n e as No. 380.
Shbhbeg KhBn Arghfin mnst not be confounded with No. 148.
68. gha'n 'A'lam Chslmah Beg,' son of Halxldam who wm Mi&
K h r i b ' s foster brother.
Chalmah Ekg was Humhyfin's Safardi, or table attendant. MfrzB K h &
had, in 960, been blinded, and at the Indns asked for permiaaiou to go to Makkah.

' The tart has qatrah, which is men- good MSS. of the Akbarndmah have
tioued as a peculiarity of Kiibul. I do Chulmah. Turkish dictionaries give
pot know whether I have correctly trans- chalmuh (6) in the meanirlgofroild
l a k d the term. goat's d u g , anxcha'lmah (4b)in tbat
Sayjid Ahmad in hie edition of the
f i z u k , (p. 266) maken him governor of a turban'
Patnah-a co~lfusio~~ aJ?
of and. I n the Edit. Bibl. Indica of Badeod
a For Chalmah, the YSS. of the A'in
KhBn '#lam is wrongly ded,&l&,
have, at this "lace, Halim. In No. 100, imtead of &&.
1
the same nam'e occ-&a. The i K u h i ~and I
Mnre he left, Humbytin, accompanied by some of his courtiem, paid him a visit, when
tbe unfortunate prince, aRer greeting his brother, quoted the v e r s e
,IF$ JiL; pG$+ qL 6 4- 4 2 &a, kg 8%
' The fold of the poor man's turban touches the heaven, when a king like thee wte
hia shadow upon his head.'
And immediately afterwards he said the following verse mkvnpo~+
&16,~,6> . ~ - - t ~ ~+ - $~j l , l& >+ ~ ~
' Whatever I receive a t thy hands is kindness, be it the arrow of oppreesion or
the dagger of cruelty.'
Hnmhy5n felt uncomfortable and tried to console him. H e gave next day ordem
that any of Kbmrhn's old frienda might accompany him free to Makkah ;but aa no one
ame forward, he turned to Chalmah Beg, and said, " Will you go with him, or stay
with me?" Chalmah Beg, though he knew that Humhyhn was much attached to
him, replied that he thought he should accompany the Prince in the 'gloomy daya of
need and the darkness of his solitude.' The Emperor approved of his resolution, aud
m d e liberal provisions for RBmrBu and hi companion.
After Kkmrhn's death,, Chalmah Beg returned to India, and wss fsvorably
received by Akbar, who made him a Commander of 3000, bestowing upon him the
title of Xhdn 'Alum. He served under the emperor against the M i n b in Guj&t, and
was pmesnt in the fight a t Sarnirl (p. 330, No. 27).
In the 19th year, when Akbar moved against DBid in Patna, W h 'Alam
commrnded a c o w and psesing up the river in boats towards tho mouth of the
G'handak, effected a landing, though continually exposed to the volleys of the enemies.
Atbar praised him much for his daring. I n the same year he was attached to Mun'im'a
corps. In the battle of Takaroi (p. 376), he commanded the hardwal (van). H e
charged the Afghbns, and allowing his corps to advance too far, he waa soon
hard pressed upon and gave way, when Mun'im sent him an angry order to fall back.
But before his corps could be brought again into order, Gijar KhLn, Dbid's b e ~ t
general, attacked the Imperialists with his line of elephanh, whioh he had rendered
fierce looking by means of black qu!cfsea (Yaktaih) and skins of wild beasts attached to
them. The horses of the Imperialists got frightened, nothing could make them stand,
a d their ranlre were utterly broken. W. A ' !.s' horse got a sword cut, and reared,
throwing him on the ground. H e sprang up, and mounted it again, but waa imme-
&Is thrown over by an elephant, and killed by the A f g h h s who rushed &om all
d m upon him (20th Zi Qn'dah, 988).
It is said that before the battle he had presentiment of his death, and begged of
his frienda not to forget to tell the Emperor that he hnd willingly sacrificed his life.
W. 'A'. waa a poet and wrote under the Takhallup of Ha&mi(in allusion to
the n m e of hie father).
A bmther of hi, Mnzaffar, is mentioned below (No. 301) among the Commanders
of Three Hundred, where for ,&I, in my Text edition, p. 229, read ,Jb.
60. Qa'sim ghs'n, Mir Bahr Chamaddi (?) Khurhb.'

' I un doubtfnl regarding the true

mubg o f the odd ti& dawn-drdi I Khwdrdn, ' Ruler of KhurLhn.' T h e
Matiair, not knowing what to do with
' selves down from a turret between the &anin Darwseah
bastion, and went over to Humtiylin, who received them with
Soon after Akbar's accession, Q Kh. waa made a Cornman
H e mperintanded the building of the Fort of lipah, ,oh h

well joined together and fastened to each other by iron

W b k n 995 (32nd year), he wae ordered to conquer Kashmir, # a

e large army. The then ruler of Kashmfr was Ya'qfib Kh

He had fortified a pses ;'but ae his rule w r diiliked,
~ a

ing out in some part of the countrp. & tired of th

ShPrakh? Hemet
 Bhbh. The pretender then made friendship with the Zibuli H d r a h s , and when &,
on one occasion, had repaired to Court, he entered Akbar's territory, giving out that
he was going to pay his respects to the Emperor. But Hbhirn Beg, Q ' s Ron, who
officiated during the absence of his father, sent a detachment after the pretender, who
now threw himself on the HazGahs. But H b h i m Beg followed him, and took him a
prisoner to Kibul. Q., on his return from India, let him off, and even allowed him to
enter his service. The pretender in the meantime re-engaged his old men, and when
he had five hundred together, he waited for an opportunity to fall on Q. At this junc-
ture, Akbar ordered the pretender to repair to Court. Accompanied by his ruffians, he
entered at noon Q.'s sleeping apartments, when only a few females were present, and
murdered his benefactor (l(02). H b h i m Beg soon arrived, and fired upon the pre-
tender and his men. I n the m l d e , the murderer was killed.
For QLim's brother vide No. 241, and for his son, No. 226.
60. Ba'qil Khs'n, (elder) brother of A d h a m KhLn (No. 19).
His mother is the same Mhhurn Anngnh, mentioned on p. 323. " From Badhnf
[II,340] we learn that Biqi K h i n died in the 30th year as Governor of G@a-Katan-
gah." This is all the Mahir says of him.
His fnll name is Muhammad Biqi KhHn Kokah. From B a d b n l 11. 81, we see
that B&qi Khbn took part in the war against Iskandar K h h and Ballidur KhBn
(972-73!, and fought under Nu'izzulmulk (No. 61) in the battle of KhairibU, in
which Budtigh WHn (No. 62) was captured. The battle was lost, chirfly becaulre BSqi
WBn, Mahdi QLim Khbn (No. 36), and Husain Khbn Tukriyah (No. 63) h d
personal grievances-their Uzbak hatred-against Mu'izzul-Mulk and Rhjah Todar
Mall.
61. 1Yli'r Mu'izeul-MUUC i Mlisami, of Mashhad.
H e belonga to the M h w i S1-j-yidsof N ~ ~ l ~ the
h a Holy,
d who trace their descent to
'A11 M&B Rad, the 8th ImHm of the Shi'ahs. A branch of these Sayyids by a diierent
mother is called Ram&.
I n the 10th year, Akbar moved to Jaunplir to punish K h i n ZamBn (No. 13),
who had despatched his brother BahSdur and Isknndar KhHn Uzbak (No. 48) to the
district of Sarwdr.' Against them Akbar sent a strong detachment (vide No. 60) under
Mu'izzulmulk. ~ahiklur,'on the approach of the Imperialiste, had recourse to nego-
tiations, and asked for pardon, stating that he was willing to give up all elephantn.
rity, " H e ran away from BurLBn iu, country. But the enemies pressed upon
went to sea and to Persia, from w ere
he went to Badakhshbn. People uay
E him, cnnght him, and cut off hin head
which wan carried on a spear all over
that he is still alive [lo161 ; but no one Bdalch~hirn. Sevcral falhe AlirzL have
knows whether thia new pretender is since been killed: but I really think their
Sllll~rukh's son or not. Shlhmkh left race will continue, as long aa a truce of
Badnkhshin about twenty-five S a r a ago, Badakhrliis remain on earth." lbzuk i
and since thep the Badakhehis hnve set Juhdngiri, p. 57.
up neveral false M h h ,in order to shake Most IUSS. have >by, The Edit.
otf' the yoke of the Uzhaks. This pre- Bibl. Indica of Badhod, p. 78, has )I*-
tender collected a large number of Sarddr; but again )?,?, on p. 83.
Uyrnhqs (p. 371, note 2) and Badakhshl
Mountaineers, who go by the name of There is no doubt that the district got
Gkarjahs [+.,whence Gharyy'ietdn], its name from the Sam River ( p P y f ,
and took h m the Uzbaks a part of the 59- ~f,>*?f).
11.11.. I~owcvcr,desired war. and t,hongh lie granted Bal~lrdura n interview, he told
him thiit his cri~ncscould only be rleans~d with blood. But he report& the matter
to ~llihar,wlio ~ e n Llnhkart Khhn (No. 90) and R i j a h Todar Mall to him, to tell him
that lie rniglit make pe;w with B;~Iiidur, if lie wnq satisfied of his good intentions.
Hut Ilrre :~l*othe mncour of Khuri~s:inisto\vards Uzbaks decided matters, and Todar Hall
only contir~l~cd hI. BI. in his resolution.' Altl~ougha few days later the news amred
tlrat AkLar h : d pardoned Khhn Z:imin, because he sent his mother and his uncleIb&
11inl l<hiln (NO. 64) to Court as guarantees of his loyalty, M. M. attncked Bahiulur
ncar I<hairi~bhd. RInliarnrnad Yirr, son of Iskandar Khhn's brother, who commanded
the van of the rebels, fell in the fimt attack, and Islmndm who stood behind him, aab
ci~rricd along and fled from the field. The 11nl)erixlists thinking that the battle was
d(sc.itlcd, co~ilmcncedto plunder, when suddcnly Bahhdur, who had been lying in n i t ,
fell npon I'II. Rl.'s left wing and put it to flight. Not only was B u d k h K h b (No. 5%)
talic.~~prisoner, but iuany soldiers wcnt over to B a h d u r . Flushed ~ R i t hvictory, he
attacked t l ~ eccntre, where the grandees either f l ~ dor would not fight from rnaliee
(aide No. 60). Todar Rfall's firmness wss of no avail, and the day wss lost.
M c r the conquest of Bihhr, hf. Rl. got the I'arganah of Arah (Arrab) as jdp'v.
I n the 24th year, the noblea of Uihir under Ria'vilm i Kkbuli, tu:yzikldr of Patna,
rebellvd. They won over RI. >I., ant1 Itis younger brother Mir 'Ali Akbar (No. 6'7);
but both soon left the rebels, and JI. ill. went to Ja1inp6r recruiting, evidently medi-
tating revolt indcpende~~tly of the others. I n the 25th year, Akbar ordered A d
K11:'tnTurl;~nin, j,ip'rddr of BIl~~ilipdr, ta h:wten to Jaunpdr, and convey M.11.with
to Court. Asad Kliin succeeded in catching M. M., and
all his s ~ i s ~ ~ i c i adllcre~~ts
ons
srnt liirn by boat to the Eniperor. Neur ItAairti, however, the boat 'foundered,'and
Rl. 31. lost 1 1 ilifc.
~
82. Mi'r ' U 'Akbar, (younger) b r o t h e r o f the p r e c e d i n g .
He served with his brother, nnd held the same rank. I n the 22nd year,
he prcsentcd Akhar, according to the Tabuqcit, with n Jf~ul&dndmah,or Histoy of
t l ~ cbirth uf the Einperor. I t ww in the hand.writing of @zi Ghilisuddin i JBmi, a man
of Icarning, who had served under Humiiyiln, and contained an account of the vision which
Huuliyilu had in the night Akbar was born. The Emperor saw in his dream the new
born babe, arid wits told to call his naiue Jaliiluddin Muhammad Akbar. Thi Maulitdni-
nlah Alibar prized very iiiuch, and rewarded N i r 'Ali Akhar with a Parganahs aa in'&.
When his brother waa nent to Bihhr, M. 'A. A. was ordered to accompany him.
H c estahlisl~edhimself at Zninitiiiyah, which " lies 6 kos from G h L i p W 3 (vide p. ZO),

B d h o n i 55SS Todar B11lll's arrival shumd,' ' 0 people of M a ~ h h a d ,with the

was " nul)l6tu on BIu'izznl Rlulk's tire."
exception of your ImBm [ M h B -1,
Throughout his work, Badhoni thews may God's curse rest u n all of yon!
himsell'nn adiuirerof'Khh11Z a ~ n i n a n dhis And a h , ' The s u h o r t h e earth m
brother Uab:itiur. Wlth R l u ' i ~ . ~a ,Shi'ah joices iu its inhabitanta ; how fonuude
of the Shi'iilis, he has no patience. ' MU- would it be, if a certain Hashhw! sankh-
'izz's idem, be tilr~-S,were ' I and nobody ed from the surfaee of the earth.
else;' he behaved ~ l sproud as Fir'aun Called in the dirthit +i,(though
and Sliaddtid ; for pride is tho inheritance i t cannot be Nuddea in Ben$); in my
of all Sayyida of h l w h h d . Hence people copy of the Sawdnih 4- ;but Nadi-
say-' dltl i JfuslrAod, bajuz Imdm i
shu~iid, Lu'jratvlldhi bar tamdm i nab in Sarnbhal appears to be meant.
urd rebelled like his brother in Jaunpiu. after the death of his brother, Akbar
ordered M. 'Aziz (No. 21), who had been appointed to BihLr, to send M. 'A. A. fettered
b Court. Notwithstanding his protesta that he waa innocent, he was taken to the
b p r o r who imprisoned him for life.
63. Shari'f Khs'n, brother of Atgah K h h (No. 16).
He was born at Ghaznin. &r BairLm's fall, he held a twy62 in the Panjlb,
md generally served with hie elder brother Mir Muhammad Khlrn (No. 16).
On the transfer of the Atgah Khail from the Paujhb, Sh. waa appointed to the
BLLr of Qannanj. In the 21st year, when &bar wae at Mohid, he sent Sh., together
with Qkzi Khlrn i Badnkhehi (No. 223), Mujlrhid K h h , S u b h b Quli Turk, against
the %nb He atterwarde distinguished himself in the conquest of Kogbhalmir.
In the 25th year, he waa made atdillg to Prince Mursd, and was in the Bsme year
unt to MUwah as Governor, ShujB'at Khlrn (No. 61) having been killed. His son
Bk BahUur (No. 188) was ordered to join his father from GujAt. In the 28th year,
he m e d against Muzaffar, and distinguished himself in the siege of Bahronch, which
wan held for Mnzaffar by Chirkii i RJmi and Nqirh, brother of Muzaffar's wife.
Tbe former having been killed, NaqM escaped in the 7th month of the siege, through
the trench held by Sharif, and the Fort was taken. In the 30th year, he was sent with
Shihibuddin (No. 26) to the Dak'hin, to assist M i d 'Adz (No. 21).
In the 35th year, he went from MUwah to Court, and was made in the 39th year
Governor of Ghaznin, an appointment which he had long desired. There he remained
till the 47th year, when Shbh Beg (No. 67) was sent there.
'Nothing else is known of him.' Mahir.
His son, Bb Bahedur (No. 188), held a j(tsir in Qujrbt, and was transferred to
M P d as related above. He served in the siege of k i r , and in the A h m a d n w
war. I n the 46th year, he was caught by the Talingahs, but was r e l e d , when
A b W made peace, and the prisoners were exchanged.
IX.-Commanderr of !lbo Thowand and Five Hwndred.
84. Ibra'hi'm Khsln i Shniba'ni' (uncle of Khin ZamBn, No. 13).
He served under Humlrydn. &r the conquest of Hindtisttin, Humbyfin sent
h i with Sh& Abul Mn'hli to LBhor, to oppose Sikandar SCr, should he leave the
Sawiliks. After the fall of MLnkot, he received the Parganah of Sarharpdr,' near
Jaunph, as j&$r, and remained with W h Zam&n. During KhLn Zarnln's first
mbellion, I b d h h Khkn and K h h Zamhn's mother repaired at Muu'im Khan's request
to Court, as hostages of his loyalty, I b r U m appearing. aa was customary, with a
h a d and a sword round hie neck, which were only taken off when the Emperor's
pardon had been obtained.
In the 12th year, however, Khlrn Zambn again rebelled, and Ibrlrhim went with
I.)undar (N9.48) to Audh. When the latter hail gone to Bengal, IbnWm, a t
Mm'im's request, waa pardoned, and remained with the Khan Khlrnh.
In the 'J'abapdt, Ibr. is called a Commander of Four Thousand.
-
It is difficult to reconcile this s t a b
meat with BadbnI 11. 23, where Bar-
hupiu, which "lies 18 kor fiom Jaun- 1 piu," is mentioned a8 the j6gigir of 'AM-
urrahmh, Sikandar Slir's son, who got
it after the surrender of MWkot.
 Itis son. Tsn~b'il Kl1511, hell1 from K l r h ZanliLn the town of Sandelah in Audh.
111the :3rJ yr2ar,Akl~nrg;ivc this town to Sultlin Husain KhiLn Jalkir. Isrnb'il ol~lusd
11i11iwit11 troops ~ l ~ ilie~ ll~ii ~got
d tiorri Iillkr~Z i ~ r n i n ;but he wnu defeated and Irilld.
65. Khwa'jah Jala'luddi'n Mahmu'd Byju'q, of K h h s B n .
The RISS. of the .fin 1i:tve ;Ulrircctirltacctl, instead of ..lfalrtnhl, which other his.
toritbs 11:1ve,~ u i dhare brsidcs a word i~ttcr ilfuktc~,r~ncrdwl~icb r e d s like and &I
+'. This should be 110 douht Gs! C u j u y . the scriptio dexcctiaa of the TurIr'ih
3# h u j ~ i y .' haring the no5c cut,' as given in the copy of the X u h i r .
.TalhluJdin W : L ~ i i ~tlic scrvicc of h1. 'Aslinri. H e had sent him from Qandahir
to Oarnisir, t d ) c ~ l l c . t:ixes,
~t \vl1(.11 1111111:Iyin Passed tlirough the district on his way to
I'cl.si;i. The Euil~eror1::iIlt.d I I ~ I Iand I , .J;~l:ilpresented l ~ i ~withn whatever he hnd with
hi111 of cash 311d pl.uli~!rty, h r whic11 I C ~ V ~ C LHumAy.4-iln
' conferred on him the title of
a i r Stiii~lin, which under tile c i r c ~ i ~ u n t ~ ~was ~ s eriipty distiuction. On Hum&-
r ~ c cnu
yin's return from Persin. ,Ji~lhljoined the Enil)eror, nnd wus ordered, in 959, to
accon1p:iny the young Alcbar to Gl~:iznin,the tzc!/ril of tl~c\Prirrw. His devotion to hi8
rri:~ht~.r rendercd him so conlillc~~t01' the E:~nptbror's protrction, that he treated the
g r a ~ ~ d crudely,
~s and incessantly n u n o ~ e dtlic~iiby satirical remarlts. I n fact, he had
not a sir~glefriend.
Akbar on his iwcession made him a Con~mnndt>r of Two Thousand Fire H n n M , a n d
appointed him to G11:izuin. IIis enenlies usc.tl the opportunity atid stirred up Mun'im
K l ~ b n ,who owed J;il:il :rn old grudge. Jalbl soon found his post in Gliaznin so dis.
qrcenble, that he dc.tcnni~ledto look for enlployment elsewhere. Eie had ecarcely
left Gl~az~iin, when Mun'im callrd him to account. Though he had promised to spere
his lift., JIun'im irnprisone(1 I~iui,aiid had a ~ l l o r ttime after his eyes p i e r d . J W s
sight, hotvevcr, had not been e ~ ~ l i r r ldestroyed, y arid he meditated a flight to Indu.
fitire he rcnched the frontier, BIun'im'> Inen caught him and his sou Jdirluddin
bIi~q'ild.' Both were i111l)ris011eJ illid shortly afterwards murdered by Mun'im.
Tliis tlouble mnrder is the foulest blot on RIun'im'n character, and takes us tbtbe
more by x~~rprise, as on all other occrwionv Lo shewed hinluelf geuerous and forbearing
t o w r d s his enemies.
66. Haidar Muhammad Kha'n, Akhtah I3egi.
1Ie was an old servant of Iiurnliyin, nnd accounpanicd. him to Persia. He p v o
the Ernl~erorhis horht~,when in the defeat near 1;alkh 1iumiyJn'fi home had been shot.
On the march against lih~iirirn wl~ollad left Kibul for AfghSnistcin, the imperialists
came to tlie River S u r k l ~ i b ,II:lid:lr, with severnl other faithful Amirs, leading the
van. Tlley reached the river Sij;ill-hb, wliich flows near the Surlrhirb, before the
army could conle up. l i i m r i n suddenlg :itt:icked them by night ; bnt Haidar
bravely held his ground. H e accomp:rnicd tlie Emperor to QandallBr and to India,
and WM appointed to Baylinah (Bad. I., 4GY), which was held by GhAzi K h L SGr,
father of IbrLliim Iihirn. Attcr tlie siege h d lasted some time, Haidar allowed
Ghkzi to capitulate; but soon after, he killed Gt~izi. HumJ.glin was annoyed at tLia
breach of faith, and said he would not let Haidar do so again.
' H e must not he confo~~ndrd
with
the J d J l u d h blaii'6dmeutiond [lizuk,
1 p 67, wllv ' ate opinm like d o e r oul vf
the hands of h i mother.'
had to believe the story, and Nat'h6 was raised to the throne under the title of
Sul$n M d a r .
This is the origin of Sulgn Muzaffar, who subsequently canaed Akbar's generals
M) much trouble (vide pp. 326, 334 336).

I't. was thus again at the head of the government; but the Amira parcelled out
the country among themselves, so that each was almost independent. The consequence
was, that incessant feuds broke out among them. I't. himself was involved in a war
with Chingiz Khln, eon of I'timMul Mulk, a Turkish slave. Chingiz maintained
that SultBu Mu~affar,if genuine, should be the head of the state; and as he was
strengthened by the rebellions Mi&, to whom he had afforded protection against
Akbar, I't. saw no chance of opposing him, left the Sultitn, and went to DhngarpJr.
! h o nobles, Alif WBu and Jhujhitr IChBn, took Sulgn Huzaffar to him, went to
Chingiz in AhmadBW, and killed him (Chingiz) soon after. The M k d s seeing
how distracted the country was, took possession of Bahronch and Sdrat. The general
confusion only increased, when Sulgn M d a r fled one day to Sher WBn FJliuti and
his party, and I't. retaliated by informing Sher WBn that Nat'h6 was no prince at
all. But Sher KLBn's party attributed this to I't.'s malice, and besieged him in Ahmad-
BM. I't. then fled to the Midinh, and soon after to Akbar, whose attention he drew
to the wretched state of Glujrlt.
When Akbar, in the 17th year, marched to Patan, Sher KhLn's party had broken
up. The Mi& still held Bnhrogch ; and Sd* Muzaffar, who had left Sher Khh,
fell into the hands of Akbar's officere (oideNO. 362). I'tim&d and other GujrPtI nobles
bad in the meantime proclaimed Akbar's accession from the pulpits of the mosques and
struck coins in his name. They now waited on the Emperor. Barodah, Champiinir,
end S h t were given to I't. as tu@ ; the other Amira were confirmed, and all charged
themselves with the duty of driving away the Mh&. But they-delayed and did
nothing ; some of them, as Ikhtiyhl-Mulk, even fled, and others who were attached
to Akhar, took I't. and several grandem to the Emperor, apparently charging
them with treason. I't. fell into disgrace, and was handed over to Shahbk Khiu
(No. 80) as prisoner.
I n the 20th year, I't. was released, and charged aith the superintendence of the
Imperial jewels and gold vessels. I n the 22nd year, he waa permitted to join the party
who under M h Ab6 Turbb (oids p. 198) went to Makknh. On his return, he re-
ceived Patan as j d g i ~ .
I n the 28th year, on the removal of ShihBuddin Ahmad (No. 26), he was put in
charge of Qujr6t, and went there accompanied by several distinguished nobles, though
Akbar had been warned ; for people remembered I1t.'a former inability to &y the fac-
tions in Gujrht. No sooner had Shihlb handed over duties than his servants rebelled. I't.
did nothing, alleging that Shihlb was responsible for his men ; but aa Sulgn Muz&
had been successful in Kitt'hfwPr, I't. left AhmadhbM, and went to Shihkb, who on
his way to Court had reached Kari, 20 koe from Ahrnadkbtid. M d a r uaed the
opportunity and took AhmadBbM, Shihbb's men joining his standard.
Shihbb and 1%.then shut themselves up in Patan, and had sgreed to withdraw
from Gujdt, when they received some auxiliaries, chiefly in a party of GujrBtis who
had left MuzafTarI to try their luck with the 1mperielist.a. I't. paid them well,end
 rent them under the command of hie Eon, Sher K h h , against Sher Khbn F 6 U , who
was repulsed. I n the meantime M. 'Abdurrahim (No. 29) arrived. Leaving I't.
a t P a h , he marched with Shihbb against Muzaffar.
I'timiid died a t Patan in 995. The Tabaqdt puts h i among the Commanders of
Four Thousand.
In Abuhzl's opinion, Gujrbtis are made up of cowardice, deceit, several good
qualities, and meanness ; and I'timM was the very type of a Gojdti.
No. 68. Pa'yandah Kha'n, Mughul, s o n of HAji Muhammad E h h
Koki's brother.
Il6ji Muhammad and ShBh Muhammad, his brother, had been killed by H d
~n for treason on his return from Persia. Hbji Muhammad waa a man of great dar-
ing, and hie value, when he was faithful, was often acknowledged by the Emperor.
Pbyandah, in the 6th year ofAkbar's reign came with Mun'im from Kbbul, andwas
ordered to accompany Adham KhBn (No. 19) to MUwah. I n the 19th year, he eccom-
panied Mun'im to Bengal. I n the B u d year, he served under Bhagwbn D L against
&in6 P d b . I n the GujAt war, he commanded M. 'Abdurrahfm's (No. 29) Aurdwal.
I n the 38nd year, he received G'horhg'hbt as j k i r , whither he went.
This is all the Macfair says regarding Pbyandah.
His full name was Muhammad Piyandah. H e had a son Wall Beg who is
mentioned below (No. 369).
From the !Z'uruk, p. 144, we see that Pbyandah died in 1024 A. H. J a h b g i r , in
1017, had pensioned him off, as he was too old. Tuz.,p. 68.
NO.60. Jsgmst'h, son of Rajah Bihiri Mall (No. 23).
H e waa a hostage in the hands of Sharafuddin Hueain (No. 17; oide p. 329).
Bfter some time he repined hia freedom and was well received by Akbar. He gene-
rally served with MSn Singh. I n the 21st year, when U u b P d b of Maiwlr o p
posed the Imperialists, Jagannbt'h during an engagement when other ofticers had
given way, held his ground, and killed with his own hands the renowned champion
BBm Dire, son of J a i Mall. I n the 23rd year, he received a jkgh in the Panjiib, and
was,in the 26th year, attached to the van of the army which was to prevent
M n h a m m d Hakim from invading the Panjib. I n the 29th year, he again sewed
against the UnB. Later he accompanied Mirzh Ydsnf KhBn (No. 36) to Kashmir. I n
the 31th year, he served under Prince N u r a in Kbbd, and accompanied him, in the
36th year, to Mblwah, of which the Prince had been appointed Governor. I n the 43rd
year, after several years' service in the Dak'hin, he left Mu14 without orders, and was
for some time excluded from Court. On Akbar's return from the Dak'hin, J. met the
emporor at Rantanbhdr, his jirgir, and was then again seut to the Dak'hin.
I n the 1st year of Jahbngir, he served under Prince Parwiz against the RBnb,
and was in charge of the whole army when the emperor, about the time Khusmu
had been captured, called Parwiz to Court ( n z u k , p. 33). I n the same year, J. sup.
p m e d diatnrbances which Dalpat (p. 359) had raised a t NLgor.
I n the 4th year, he was made a Commander of Five Thousand, with 3000 horse.
Rdm Chand,' hia son. He was under J a h h g i r a Commander of Two Thousand,
1500 horse.
' The Tuzuk, p. 74, calk him Karm Chaud. ' also PcidwhMncitnalr, I., b., 318.
7Gkze
 BcboL M i ~ ~ ~ , t3i son
p . of R&m C11;nrd. H c mompar~iedPrince Shhhjalhr~on
his rebellion, and got on his a c c ~ ~ s ~3i oCOIIIIIIXII~
n 01 Three Thowand, with 'UX)O hone.
H c died in the 4th jcnr of Shitl?jahhn. H e had a son Gopdl Sinq'h.
70. Makhsu 8 Kha'n, (younger) b r o t h o r of Sa'id W n (NO. 25).
H e served undcr his brother in MultQn. I n the 23rd year, he aemed under
S h a h b b Khrir~(No. 80) against Gnjpati, and three je:m latrr, he accompanied Prince
3Iu16d to IiAblll, where he also served under Akbnr, who had gone thither and
pardonell his brother, 31. Nul~nrnmadHakin).
Sub.equently, B l , i l i l ~ ~ scrred
ii~ under Prince Alim. I n the 49th year, he waa r
Commander of Thrco Thousand.
110 was alive in tho beginning of Jahingir's reign. The author of the Madtit
has not rccordcd thc d:rte of his death.
H e had a son IIaqgild who did not get on well with his father, for which reaaon
JahBngir would not give him a munfab.
71. The a u t h o r o f the A1i'n,Abulfml, son of Shaik MubLik of N e r .
Abulfazl's biography will be found elsewhero.
X . Commalders of Tzoo Thousand.
72. Isma'il Kha'n Duldsi.
Duld:J, or I)illdai, is tile name of a subdivision of the Bar& clan (& p
341, note).
The M a d s i r calla him IrmL'il Quli R P Dilldai.
~ A similar tliffemnce was observed
in the name of IIu~;rinQuli Khhn (No. 24), and we mny conclnde that Beg, at least
in Indin, was con~idcr~cl a lower title than Khdn, j u t aa Beglar Begi wes considered
inferior to E h d n K/~dndn.
Isrni'il Q11li waa a grandee of BQbar and Humlyylin, distinguished in the field and
in council. Wllcn Humityylin besieged QandahBr, and the Grandees one &r the
other lett M. 'Askari, Ism. also joined the Emperor, and wns appointed, after the oon-
quest of Qandahhr, Governor of DHwar. When Kitbul was besieged, Ism. and Khin
Khwhjah (vide p. 366, note 2) attacked Sher 'Ali, an officer of Yird Kim&, r h o
a t the prince's order had followed up and plundered the Persian caravan (pdjkk i
m'ldgat) on its way to Chhrikrin ;l but as the roads were occupied by the Irnperirrbta,
Sher 'Ali could not reach Klbul, and marched towards Ghaznin, when he was over-
&ken and defented. Ism. and Khizr spoiled the plunderer, and went again to Hu-
m l y b . A short time a h r , Ism. and several other grandees left the emperor, b
cause they resented the elevation of Q ~ r k h a hKhln, and followed M i d Kemrbn to
Badnkhshln. Hurnl+n followed them u p and caught them together with l h &
Ism. among them. Ism. was, however, ~ a r d o n e da t Nun'im's request.
Ism. accompanied the emperor on his march to India, and was sent, PnRTtb
capture of Dihli, together with Shhh Abul BIn'irli to U h o r .
"Nothing else im known of him." Mudsir.

' SO the Mndsir. Our maps have

C b n k a r (Lat. 35'. Long. 691,which lien
north of Khbul, and haa always been the
I centre of a large caravan trade. 1st6lif
( d l L . 1 , or d+lli*) lin half way b,
tween K i b u l and Charikar.
 78. IKi'r Bsbna (?), the I'ghnr.
The rghura are a well known Chaght&i tribe. The correct name of this grendee
is a matter of doubt, as every MS. haa a different 'lsctw ;aids my Text edition, p. 224,
note 6. The Ma* has left out the name of thie grandee ; nor do I find it in the
of the Tabaqdt.
74. Aahmfghs'n Xi'r Manehi', Muhammad A~gharof B a b d r (?).
He was a Hnaaid Sayyid of Maahhad (Illbcfeir, Mir-cft ul'd'lam). The author of
the Tabagdt nays, he belonged to the ' A r d d M f Sayyida ; 'but people rarely make
such h e diitinctions.' Abulfazl nap, he wae of Sabzwk ; but in the opinion of the
Ma&, thii ia an enor of the copyieta.
Behraf Kh&n waa a clever writer, e d in his style, and a renowned calligrapher,
perhapa the first of his age in writing the Ta'lip and Narta'Z/q charaaters (p. 101, 1.
14). He a h understoodjafar, or witch&
h h r a f wan in Humdyh's service, and had received fmm him the post and title
of Mlr Munshi. After the conquest of H i n d b a n , he waa made Mir 'Ars and M f r
MdZ. At Akbar's aceension, he was in Dihli and took part in the battle with Hem6
(p. 365, No. 481. He was imprisoned by M m , but 88~8pedand went to Makkah. He
returned in 968, when Akbar wan a t MBchhiw&rahon his way to the SiwtWts where
Bairh~wss. He wan well received and got a maqd. In the 6th year, when the
emperor returned &om Mblwah, he b w e d upon him the title of A J m f Khdn.
In the 19th year, he went with Mun'im to Bengal, waa present in the battle of
! h k d , and died in the twentieth year (983)' at Gaur (vida p. 376).
Behraf was a poet of no mean pretensions.
Hia son, fiAbul Muzaffar (No. W )held s Command of 500. I n the 38th year,
he was Governor of Awadh.
Behraf's grandsons, Husaini and Burhbni, held inferior commands under Shdhjahirn.
76. Sayyid Mahmu'd of Ba'rhs, [Klindliwil].
' Sayyid Mahm6d waa the f i s t of the U r h a Sayyide that held office under the
Tim6rides.' He wna with S i h d a r S h ( B a d h i 11, 17) in f i n k o t , but aeeing that
the oaw of the Afghbs wan hopeleas, he let%Shdar and went over to Akbar. He
was a friend of Bairim, and served in the first year under '811 Qnli K h h Zamb
(No. 13) against Hemi. I n the second gear, he took part in the expedition against
H6ji Khdn in Ajmir (& Nos. 40,%). I n the 3rd year, he conquered with Sh&
Qd Mahram (No. %) Fort JaiGran,' and served in the same year under Adham Ko-
Lab against the Bhadauriyahe of H a t k h t ' h (o& p. 323, last line).
f i r Bmirh's hll, Sayyid Mahmdd got a jhgh near Dihli. I n the 7th year, he
brought Mun'im Khdn to Court (v& p. 318). I n the 17th year, he nerved under the
K h L i K d h (No. 16) and the emperor in Gujdt, waa present in the battle of Sum41.
and followed up lldirzB Ibrdhim Huaain. On every occasion he fought with much
bravery. Towards the end of the 18th year, he was sent with other Sayyidn of IXrha,
a d Snyyid Muhammad of Amrohah (No. 140) against %ah Madhukar, who had

I
TheMir-dt aap in the tenth yemr(973), 'The best MSS. have o &. The
as stated on p- 101, note 6 - T h i s i s c l m l ~ name is doubtful. A k b r pasaed it on one of
a mietalie of the author of the Hir-dl. his marches from Ajmk over P U ta Jblor.
invaded the temtory between S i n j and Gwblih. S. Mahmud drove him away, and
died soon after, in the very end of 981.
Sayyid Mahmrid was a man of rustic habits, and p t personal courage and
generosity. Akbar's court admired his valour and chuckled a t his boorishness and
unadorned language; but he stood in high favor with the emperor. Once on his
return from the war with Madhukar, he gave in the State hall a verbal aceonnt of his
expedition, in which hia " I" occurred o b n e r than was deemed proper by the =em-
bled Amirs. "You have gained the victory," interrupted Aqaf K h h , in order
to give him a gentle hint, " because His Majesty's good fortune ( q b d l ipddishdhi)
accompanied you." Mistaking the word ' IqbBl' for the name of a courtier, " Why do
you tell an untruth ?" replied Mahmdd, " Iqbil i Phdiishbhi did not accompany m e :
I was there, and my brothers : we licked them with our sabres." The emperor smiled,
and bestowed upon him praise and more substantial favors.
But more malicious were the remarks of the Auiim regarding his claim to be a
Sayyid of pure blood. Jahbngir ( n s u k , p. 366) also says that people doubt the
claim of the Btirha family to be Sayyida. Once Yahmrid was asked how many genera-
tions backwards the Sayyids of Birrha traced their dencent. Accidentally a fire was
burning on the ground near the spot where Mahmdd stood. Jumping into it, he
exclaimed, " I f I am a Sayyid, the fire will not hurt me ; if I am no Sayyid. I shall
get burnt." He stood for nearly an hour in the fire, and only left it a t the earnest
request of the bystanders. " Hia velvet-slippern shewed, indeed, no trace of being
singed."
For Sayyid Xahmlid's brother and sons, vidc Nos. 91, 105, and 143.

Note on ths Sayyida of Bbrha (Siidht i Biirhn).

In MSS. we find the spelling bdrha, and bk bdrah. The lericagraphist Ba-
h8r i 'Ajam (Tek Chand) in his grammatical treatise, entitled Jawdhir ul HuAJ saya
-
that the names of I n d i i towns ending in r form adjectivea in c ~ ) as
, aij, Tatfuh or
dejj I n h t ' h a , forms an adjective q$ tatzld; but of UJL!no adjective is formed, and
you say sdddt i bdrha, instead of sdddt i barhatd.
The name B d r h a has been differently explained. Whether the derivation from
the Hindf numeral bdrah, 12, be correct or not, there is no doubt that the etymology
was believed to be correct in the times of Akbar and JahBngir ; for both the T d a q d C
and the Tuzuk derive the name from 12 villages in the DuBb ( M d a m a g a r District),
which the Sayyids held.
Like the Sayyids of Bilgrbm, the Bhrha family trace their origin to one Sayyid
Abul Farah of Waisit;' but their nasabndmah, or genealogical tree, was sneered at, and
even Jahangir, in the above quoted passage from the % m k , saya that the personal
courage of the Sayyids of Bbrha-but nothing else--was the best proof that they were
Sayyida. But they clung so b l y to this distinction, that some of them even p l a d

I
" From him are descended the most many other places, branches of the same
renowned Muealmbn families in North- stem are found." C. A. E'lliolt,Z&!
ern India, the Barha and Belgram Syuds, Chronicles of Onao, Allahabad, 1862, p.
and in Khjrbbhd, FuttehporeHuawq and 93.
the title of Sayyid before the titlea which they received from the Mughul emperors, as
Byyid K h i n Jahdn (Sayyid Abul Muzaffar), and several others.
But if their claim to be Sayyida was not firmly established, their bwvery and
valonr had become a by-word. Their place in battle was the van (harciwal) ; they
claimed to be the leaders of the onset, and every emperor from the times of Akbar glad-
ly availed himself of the preetige of their name. They delighted in looking upon them-
elves as Hinddstirnis (uia'e p. 336). Their military fame completely threw to the
background the renown of the Sayyids of Amrohah, of Min.nikpb, the Kh&nzidahs of
Yewbt, and even families of royal blood a s the gafawh.
The Sayyids of BCha are divided into four branches, whose names are--1. Tihan-
pin'; 2. Chatbanoiri, or Chcitrauyi;' 3. Bzindliwcil ; 4. Jagneri. The chief town of
the first branch was J i n s e h ; of the second, Sambalha~ah;of the third, Mnjhayah;
of the fourth Bicjauli on the Jamnah. Of these four lines Muhammndan Historians,
perhaps accidentally, only mention two, k.,the KzindliwrU ( ~ 3 & ~ #to) which
Sayyid Mahmdd (No. 76) belonged ; and the Tihanpzin' of which Sayyid
W i n J a h i n was a member.
The Histories of India do not appear to make mention of the Sayyida of
BBrha before the times of Akbar; bnt they must have held posts of some in~portsnce
under the S b , becaw the arrival of Sayyid Nahmfid in Akbar's camp (p. 389)
is recorded by all Historians as an event of importance. He and other Saygids were,
moreover, a t once appointed to high manpabe. The family boasts also traditionally
of services rendered to Hum&fin; but this is a t variance with Abulfazl's statement
that Sayyid Mahmlid waa the first that served under a Timuride.
Tho political importance of the Sayyids declined from the reign of Mnhsmmad,
Shbh (1131 ta 1161), who deposed the brothers Sayyid 'Abdullah K h i n and Snyyid
Husain 'Ali Khirn, in whom the family reached the greatest height of their power.
What a difference between the rustic al;d l o p 1 Snyyid Mnhmlid under Akbnr, and the
above two brothers, who made four Timuridea emperors, dethroned and killed two, and
blinded and imprisoned three !s
The Sayyids of Birlla are even now-a-days nun~erousand 'form the characteristic
element in the populntion of the Muzaffarnagnr district' (Leeds' Report).
Abulfazl mentions nine Saypida in this List of grandees. wit.-
1. Sayyid Nahmdd (No. 76). 6. Sayyid Jamiluddin (No. e l l ) , son
2. Sayyid Ahmad, his brother, (No. 91). of 2.
3. Sayyid Q h i m (No. 105). ] .on8 of l. 7. Sajyid Jhajhd (No. 221).
4. Sayrid R L h i m (No. 143). 8. Sayyid BByazld (NO. 295).
6. Sayyid RAjd (No. 165). 9. Sayyid Lid (No. 409).

T i Sir H. Elliot's Glossary (Bcames' Muzaffnrnagnr District (Glossary, p. 297,

Edition) I , p. 11 and p. 297. On p. 12 ff.), Sir H. Elliot has Chantraudi.
of the Glo~sary read ~Yayyid Mal~mLd * The made Farrukh Sigar, Rd'-
twice for Seyyid Muhammad ; Sayyid uddaraj& Rafl'uddnulah, and Muham-
'Ali A$.ghar for Sayyid ' A l i Auaf; mad Shhh, emperors ;the dethroned and
Ddlir Khcin for Deb/ Xhdn. Instead of killed Jahindbr s h i h a n d ~ a r r n k hSiyar,
Chtbantirl (or Chdtraurij, which Mr. whom they had moreover blinded ; and
R.J. Leeda, C. S. in his veluable the blinded and imprisoned Princes A'azz-
Report on the Caatea and Rsces of the u d n , 'AX Tabir, and Humbpin B a k h t
 The Akbarnbmah mentions aeveral other Snyyida without indicating to what
family they belong. Thlm S. Jambluddin, a gtandsoll of S. Mahmtid (Aunder 91) ;
S. SBlim ; 5. Fbth K h h , (Bed.II., 180) ; &o.
The following ~IWE are compiled from the Tusnk, PdduActbmhA, and dlhdsir.

(a.)Sagyid Mahmhd of BArhrr, Klindliwlrl-*d Ahmad,

h ~ brother.
s
L(N0.106.)
S. Qhim. 2. S. HBshirn. 3. S. 'AU Aqghar, 4. Sn id ~ahfingi:,
0 . 1 ) SaifKhh. (&.1,439.)
(No. 91).
1 I d. 1026. I S. ~ a m ~ l u d d
I
I.S.Xdnm,
I
8. Bsyazid. 8. dhl I
S. Ji'fY ShnjPat KhAn,
(No. 217.)
Tua. 80. (No. 296, P) 'I tin. d. 1068.
1 f,
2. S. Sulaimh,
Phl.I,b.330.
S. S*bn, (hlhbat
Pdd. 736.
I
I. S. Xnz&ar,Himmat Khbn, Pdd. II,736.
2. S. Qutb. Pdd. 11, 746.

-
Khbn, alias Ikhti-
F&F Khbn. 3. 9. Najibat. Pdd. 11,749.

(b.) Sayyid Dilu W b n ('Abdul Wahhbb), d. 1042.

7----
1. 9. Hesen, P&?.I, b., 323. 2. 8. Khalidullah, Pdd. I, b., 323.

(c.) SByyid H i b r KhBn, d. 1047.---Sa yid 'Marn, his brother.

I
S. Zabsrdast.
$eriBhed with Prince
ShujP, in Itakhang
(Arracsn).

(d.) Sayyid Wfin Jahfin i ShfihjahQnf,TihanpiuL A brother.

(alias 8. Abnl Mueaffar Khhn), d. 1066.
1 I
5. S. Man+ 2.9. Sher Zambn, 3.8. Munawwar,Laa W h . f-p
1. S. AH. P&. 11,
title, S. M u d a r 1 748.
Khh. S. Wajlhnddfn K h h . 9. S. Fir&., Ikhti&
K h h , d. 1077.

The Pctdishdkdmizh (I., b., 312, 319 ; II., p. 733, 734, 735,741, 762) mentione

-
also S. Mirk'han, d. 9th year of Shbhjahbn ; S. Sfkhan ; S. 'Abdullah ; S. Muhammad,
son of S. Afzal ; S. W a i m ; 9. S&l&r; S. Shihhb.
(e.) Sayyid Qhim, Shahbmat Khbn [Chbtrauyil- a brdher
(was d v e in the 24th year of
Aurangzib). 1. S. Nuprat YCIr Khbn
(under Muhammad ShLh).

($1 Seyyid Husain Khhn, d. 1120.

i. S. ~ b f ~i 8 ' i dghh. 2. Ghairat K h h . 3. &an KhAn.

'1. 8. Hasan 'AU Kh8n ; title, Qotbul- 2. A&

mulk S. 'Abdullah Khbn.
--
.) Seyyid 'Abdnllah Khbn, tl'ihanp6dl.
.4$.Sayyid Miybn (under W& '&am I.)
MamBlik 8. Husain 'Ali Khbn.
(killed by Muhammad Shkh).
- 7

3. S. Saifuddiu Hueaio '811 Khbn. 4. 8. Nqjmaddfn 'Ali K h h .

 For the following notes, I am indebted to R. J. Leede, Esq., C. S., Miipore, who
kindly sent me two Urdd MSS. containing a short family hiitory of the Sdddt i
Bdrha, composed in 1864 and 1869 by one of the Sayyids themselves. b Mr. Leeds
has submitted together with his Report ' a detailed account in English of the history
of the hyyids,' the following extracts from the Urdh MSS. will suffice.
The data of the arrival in India of the above-mentioned Abul Farah from W h i t is
doubtful. The two MSS. mention the time of Iltitmish (Altsmsh), and trace the e m i p
tion to troubles arising from Hu&
l g&
s' invesion of Baghda and the overthrow of the
empire of the Khallfahs ; while the sons of Abul Farah are said to have been in the
service of Shihibuddin Ghori-two palpable anachroninme.
Abul F a d is mid to have arrived in India with his twelve eons, of whom four
remained in Indii on hi return to his country. These four brothers are the ancattors
of the four branchen of the Sayyids. Their names are-
1. Sayyid s l i d , who settled in the maura' of Tihanpir.
2. Sayyid Abulfszl, who settled in the qapbah of Chhutbandrb (G-).
3. Sayyid A b u W i l , who settled in the mauecr' of Kdndlf.
4 Sayyid Najmuddin Hnsain, who settled in the marur' of Jhujar.
Theae four places are Baid to lie near Patiilb in the Paqj&b, and have given rise
to the names of the four branches. Instead of Chhutbandrf, the name of the second
branch, the MSS. have a h Chhdhamjf, ,&>+, or q~',jk, and J q d
inetead of q
* Jhujad, although no explanation is given of these
alterations.
From PatiUQ, the four brothers went to the Duib between the Ganges and Jam-
nah, fmm where a branch was established a t Bilgrhm in Audh.
The etymology of bdrha is stated to be uncertain. Some derive it firm bdhir,
onbide, because the Sayyids excamped outside the imperial camp ; some from bdrah
imdm, the twelve Imimn of the Shi'ahe, as the Sayyids were Shfahs ; some derive it
from twelve (bdrah) villages which the fmily held, just ss the district of Baland-
shahr, Tahgil AnGpshahr, is said to contain a bcfrhu of Pat'hhs, i.e. 12 villagen be-
longing to a Pathin family; and others, lastly, make it to be a corruption of the
Arabic alrdr, pious.
The descendnnts of 5. Dhfid settled at Dh&ri; and form the Tihanp6ri branch,
those of S. Abulfazl at Sambalhaph, and form the Chhatbanliri or Chhbtrauyi branch ;
those of S. Abulfazhil went to Majhayah, and are the Klindliwhls ; a l ~ dthose of S.
Najmuddh occupied Bi$uli, and form the Jhujnn', or Jagneri, branch.
A. !Eke Tihunptirir.
The eighth descendant of S. Ddfid mas S. Khbn Qir (?) (ymjok)'.
He had f o q
mns-

The word* occnrs also in the lists &.$, qurbegl, the officer in chaw
of Pilt7hinnobla in the -Tddkh i Fi- of (p. 110). But the name
&zthcihi. The title of&^ pirbak, which m b n & r in perhap wrong ; the MY.
is mentioned in the same work, appears him J'.~u'+, Or I ~ ~ umuxf"G,
to be the mme as the Iater d$JJ or Fir or X h ~ d fQir
i
 1. Sayyid 'Lr~t,nctr.8Jaltid, who n ~ t t l r din JAnsnth, a villagr then inhabited by
Jirtn and Brallmins. To his descendants belong the renowned brothers mentioned on
P 392, ((1).
The occurrence of the name 'Urnar shews that he, a t any rate, was no Shi'ah.
2. Sayyid Chatnan, who settled a t Chatorah (#A), in the Parganah of
Jolf-Jbnsath. To his descendants belongs S. Jalirl, who during the reign of S h b h j a h h x
is said to have founded K'harwah Jalblpdr in 'Ilhqah Sirdhannh, district Blirat'h.
His son S. Shams left the imperial service ; hence the family declined. H e had two
sons, Asad 'Ali and 'Ali Aqghar, whose descendants still exist in Chatorah and Ja161-
pdr respectively. They are very poor, and sold in 1843-44 the bricks of the ruined
family dwellings in Chatorah for Ra. 10,000 to the Government for the wnstruction
of works of irrigation. The buildinp in Chatorah are ascribed to S. Muhammad
Calbh KhAn, who wmed in Audh, and died childless.
3. Sayyid Hund (LA). H e hcttled a t BihHri, M ~ ~ ~ f f m a gHaer had
. six sons-
I. SaSayYyid Qufb, whose descendanb octaupy the village of Eilrisplir in the Mu-
zaffnmagar District. From this branch come the llit'heri Sayyids.
II. S. Sulfdn, whoso descendants hold Sirdhbli.
1 1 . S. Y h u f , whose posterity is to be found in BihLn' and DhalnaL (one MS.
reads Dubalnah).
IP. and K S. Jdn and S. X d n , had no offspring.
VI. 8. AirFiruddin. To his descendants belongs 5. Khbn Jah&n i Shbhjahbi,
p. 392 (d.). On him the Saygids appear to look as the second founder of their
family. His first son, S. Munpir built ManqCrpfir, and his descendant hold now-
a-days ManqlirpCr and K'hatauli ; his second son Muzafar Khdn [Sher Z d n ] built
?rIu7affarnagar, where his descendants still exist, though poor or involvd.
4. m di Ahmad. H e settled a t J I g in JoliJBnsath, where his descend-
ants still are. The MSB. mention Thtb Khirn, and Diwbn Yiu: Muhammad Khh
as having distinguished themselves in the reign of Aurangzib.

B. The Clthatbandri, o r Chhdtrauyi, Clan.

One of the descendants of S. Abulfazl is called S. Hasan Fakhruddin who is said
to have livcd in the reign of Akbar a t Sambalhaph, the r&jlrhs of which plnce were
ou tiiendly terms with the Gmily. His 80n, S. Nadhah, is said to have had four sons-
I. Wtyyid 'All.
IT. Stryyitl Altmad, a descendant of whom, S. Raushan 'Ali KhLn, served under
Nuhaiumad Shhh.
Ill. S. I'djuddin, whose son, S. 'Umar, settled a t Kakrauli.
II: S. SdlLr (perhaps the same on p. 393, 1.11 from below), who had two sons
S. Haidar Khhn, and S. Muhammad K h i n . The descendants of the former settled at
.VirQupilr, which waa founded by NawBb 8.Shahhmat K h h , evidently the same ae
on p. YYL, (1. 10). S. Muhammad I h i n settled a t K'hatorah (" a village so called, be-

I
The Pddiahdhndmah, though very mi- died of his wounds received in the fight
nnte, d m not mention S. Jalhl audS. Shams. a t Bhaironwil (vide No. 99).
A S. Jald2 is meutioned Tuz., p. 30. H e
 cause i t wss a t first inhabited by KQithe"). Among his descendants are S. N u g n t
Y 1 Khiin, (p. 392), and Ruknuddaulah. .
C. The XtiluEliwcfls.

S. Abnl F a d i l settled a t Xajhnyah, which is said to have been so called, because the
site was formerly a jungle of mdnj grass. The MSS. say that many Sayyids of the
h c h are mafqzid-ulkhabar, d. e., i t is not known what became of them. The
Kfindliw& which now exist, are said to be most uneducated and live as common
labourers, the condition of Mnjhayah being altogether deplorable.
The K6ndliwals are now scattered over Najhayah, H h h i m p i u , Tang,' Tan-
' derah, &c.

D. The J a g n d .
The son of S. Najmuddin, S. Qamaruddin, settled a t Bi&uli. A descendant of his, S.
Fakhruddin left Bidauli and settled a t csJ"jin JoliJdnsath, and had also zerninddris
i n Chandaurl Chandaurah, Tulsiplir, and K'hart. Now-a-days many of this branch are
in Bi+uli, 'Ilhqah P b i p a t , and D i l l .
*#*
The chief plsces where the Sayyids of Bbrha still exist are-MirQnprir, K'hatnuli,
Y o d a r n a g a r , Joli, Taa-ha, Bak'herah, Najhayah, C h a t a d , Sambalhayah, Tang,
B i h p f i r , Mornah, SirdbQol(, KiILodah. Jdnsath.
After the overthrow of the Tihanpfirl brothers [p. 392, (g. ) 1, many emigrated.
Sayyids of BQrha exist also in Lak'hnau, Bareli, 'Anwlah, in Audh ; also in Naginah,
Maiman, and Chdndplir in the Bijnor district. A branch of the Joli Sajyids is
said to exist in Pfirniah (Bengal), and the deswndauts of the saint 'Abdullah Kirmirui
of B i r b h h claim likewise to be related to the Bdrha Sayyids.
During the reign of Aurangzib, the Sayyids are said to have professed Sunnl
tendencies.
The political overthrow of the W Q t i E r h a under Muhammad Shbh (vide Elphin-
stone, Vth edition, p. 693) was followed by the disastrous fight a t Bhasi (y-g!),
which lies on the K'hntauli road, where the Sayyids were defented by the Imperialists,
and robbed of the jewels and gold vessels which their ancestors during their palmy
days had collected.

' As this pl,we is said to have been i Bbrha, barred upon the Muhnmmadrm
founded by H ~ z a b rKhiin [p. 392, ( c . ) ] Historians of India,-now so acacc+tiible
it would seem ns if this Sayyid also waa -and completed from inscriptions and
a K6ndliwLI. His brother, S. 'Klam sanads and other docuu~cntn~ t i l lin the
privhed with Prince Shr!jii' in Arracirn ; puwssion of the clan, woultl be n most
and i t is noticeable thnt of t l ~ e22 cum- welcome contribntion to Indian History,
paniona of the unfortunate prince, ten and none are better suited fbr such a
were B r h a Sajyids, the remaining task thnn the Sayjicls tl~emselves.
twelve being &Iughuls. There is no doubt that the Sayj-ids
The value of the above-mentioned two owe their renowu and success under the
Urdti MSS. lies in their geogrsphical Tiulurides to the Kdndliwhls, who are
details and traditional informlrtion. A tho very opposite of mujyid-ulklrular.
more exl~austiveliistory of the Sbdit
 76. 'Abdullah Kha n n f ~ ~ g h u l .
I cilnuot tind tllc name of thi.; grander in the i7irrcisir or thc Tubnqn't. He lla*
])ern mentioned allovr, p. 309, 1. 21. Akl)nr'u m:lrrinqe with his daughter displmd
Il,rir;im, because 'Abi1ull:tlr's sister was married to Kfirnrbn, of whow party Baihm
bclirred him to be. When B,lir:im, durin:: Iris rebvllion (1).31i), marched from Dipilpiu
to JAlindllar, hc pawed over Tihlir:th, wl~erc'Al,dullnh defeated a party of his friend3
~rndcr\Val[ Rcc ip. 389, Ko. 2 la).
'Ahdr~llnlr Khan ;Ifzcgb r r l ]nust I I O ~bt. cont>)nndad with 'Abdullah K h j n CzhaX
(Yo. 14).
77. Shaikh Muhammad i B o l d ~ i r i .
IIe mns a cliztinguished IIintli~qtliui S ~ y y i d , and maternal uncle (fuyhdi) to
Shailih Farid i l31llihiiri (Xa. 991. Alibnr lilicd him for his ~ v i s d o nand ~ faithfulnew.
Fclttil EiLilph IClrnil Afgh511handed over the Fort of CLauhr to Akbar, through the
nrediation of' Shnikl~ilIuh;rn~n~ad.
I n tllc 11th year, Alil~~irpave him a tlr!/li? in Ajmir, and odercd him to take
chargo of SlraiLh BIu'in i CIli+lrti'n tonrb, as the klcddin~sxere gcuerally a t feud ahot
the e~nolu~rrcntsnnd i1i.itributiou of rows pre-cntcd by pilgrims. Nor had the efficwp
of tlleir prJyer.3 been provcd, tlrough they cl,ri:ned to poszess sufficient influence with
(:od 10 proulize off-pring to tlre b,lrrcn and chilclless.
I n tlrc l i t l r jc:ir, Shaikh 31. wnq attached to the corpn under BIirzd ' A ~ i:z(an.
'"
?I), ~ v l ~ o nAlcbar
l hnd put in ch:~rgeof A11m:tdBl)id. After the Emperor's victn rp nt
Sar nAl, 1l)r:ihiru 3Iirz;i joined Hus:iiu 31irz5, Sl15h MirzA, nnd '-qqil 3Zin.ir, a t Pntan
((:~\jr:lt); but having quai-rellctl with them, he left them, nod invaded the Distr,ict of
.t;.rah. Tlic. other three nlirzAs rc~n:lined in Patxn, and entered into s league nit11
tlle F1il:itli party (1-irle No. 67). 3Iirz.i ' A h had been rc-infbrced by the i?lliln.~h
eo~lti~lqerltunder Qutbuddin (So. 2Q), Sl15h BudLq1:h (No. 6'2), and AIatlah Fillin
(KO. 63). His army XV.IR fr~rtlrer increased by the contingent of Shnikh hI., %horn
A l , b ~ rlrnd ordcrcd tu move from Dholqah to Silrat. J I i n i ~'Aziz Kokah left S n y d
1I:inrld (No is) ill AhmadAbLd, m ~ dmoved aqi~iustthe JIirzlis in P'rtan. Tllc J l i n i ~
and Sher Iil~tinFilllidi, howcvcr, wished to delay the fight, as their re-inforcements h.111
not n r r i ~ c d ,nrld Sher IilrAn sent propo*nls of pcnce through Shaikh Eti. to ,?I.'bri7.
Shkh BudLqIr ndviied JI. ' A ~ i zuot to tistcn t o them, as the enemies only wisl~lrlto
qain time, nud 'Aziz tlrew up his army. He hi~nself,Shlih Budigh, Rlu'hod~!i~~ i
F.~mnlilrildi(No. IS), J1a'~irmKlr511 and his son, and Matlab Khkn (No. 83) ti,
the centre ( p l ) ; Qrrtbuddin (Xo. 28), and JamLluddin InjG (No. lGi), on the
\\,inq ; Sllailtl~ RIuh~mm.ul, 3IurAd Rlliln (NO. 54), SLliih Nuhnmmad (No. 95). 1
Falihruddin (No. 88), JIuzalTu I f u ~ h u l ,Pkpndah mo. GB), H+ji I < h h.
alrd the \on of Khawhq KhAn, on the left wing ; Dastam Kh6n (No. iD), ;1
lihhu ( I - i d ep. 334), JIuhammad Quli Toqbbi (No. 10,9), and l l i h r 'Ali Silda
130), Icd the van (harci~cu?) ; BAz B&lidnr (So. 188) occupied the Alfimnslc (!grL-rL

the van and the commander) ; and nlirzh Jluqim and Chirgis Khhn formed the rc+pmr
behind the centre. Tho centre of the enemies ma4 held by Sher Kh5n F11l:ldi 1n1I
Junaid i R n r ~ r B n ;i tho right wing by the three MirziLs ; the left wine h 3l1th~mm?~1
Kll5n (Slrer Kll;inls eldest son) and Pbdlit KhAn ; and thcir van was led by I3.1drKliin.
youngcr qon of Sher K h h . The battle then comlnenced in the ~reiglrbnrhwdo f
Patao, 18th h u b , 980 (22nd January, 1673). The leR wing of the Imperialists
ru defeated by the M h b . M d Khbn (No. 64) preferred to look on. Sh&
Muhammad (No. 95) wan wounded, and carried off by his men toAhmadBbb3. Shaikh
Muhammad himself wm killed with several of his relations, an the son of Sayyid Bah&
uddln, and Sayyid Ja'far, brother of Shaikh Parid (No. 99). The Mh& also fell upon
SW Fakhruddin and repulsed him. Qutbuddin even wan hard premed, when M. 'Aziz
by a timely attack with his oentre put the enemies to flight. Be usual, the soldiera
of the enemies had too early commenced to plunder.
Sher Khbn fled to Jbnhgafi, and the M i n b to the Dak'hin.
78. Sayyid Ha 'mid i BukhLi.
h y y i d Himid wan the son of 9. W n , aon of 5. Mubirik. Sayyid Mubhrik
rss s GnjAti Courtier (& p. 386, note) who, it is mid, arrived from BukhhrB with
but a horse. One day he wan attacked by a m a d elephant, when he discharged an
arrow that entered the forehead of the animal so deep, that only the notch of the arrow
.as visible. From this event, the people of GujrSt swore by 8. Mubbrik's arrow. He
grsdually rose to higher dignities. When I'tirnbd Khbn (No. 67) raised Nat'hb to the
throne, under the title of Muzdar Shbh, 5. Mubdrik got several Mahalls of the Patan,
Dbolqab, and Dandoqah (W. of the Peninsula) Districts. After his death, Dbolqah
and Dandoqah were given to his son, Sayyid MirAn, and after him to hi grancbon
Sayyid H h i d .
When Akbar, on his invasion of Gujrlt, arrived on 1st Rajab, 980,at Patan,
Gyyid IILmid went over to him, and was favorably received. During the war of
ErA 'Aziz Kokah with the M h d a (vide No. 77), S. H. was put in charge of Ahmad-
iMd. In the 18th year, Dholqah and Dandoqah were again given hjln a~ tuycylil.
Gubeequently, he served under Qutbuddin in Kambhhit.
In the 22nd year, he was appointed to Multirn, and served in the end of the same
year with M. Y h a f Khin i Razawi (No. 35), against the Balbchis. In the 25th year,
when M. Muhammad Hakim invaded Lkhor, S. H. with the other tuylilddra of the
P a j i b slurembled and joined the army of Prince Murfd, S. H. commanding tlle left
wing. He also served under Akbar in Klbul. On the Emperor's return, he was
permitted to go from Sirhind to his jdgir.
In the 30th year, he served under M&n Singh in Kbbul. On his arrival at
Pashiwar, his jwu, 9. H. sent most of his men to Hind&tirn, and lived swnrely in
B@m (on our Mapy, Beghram), leaving his affairs in the hands of a man of the name
of N U . This man oppressed the Mal~mandaud Gharbah (Y) Khail tribes, 'who have
tn thonsand homes near Panhbwar'. The oppreswd Afghhns, instead of complaining
to Akbar, chose Jaldlah i Tadkf an leader, and attacked S. H. He first resolved to
shot himself up in Biiriim ; but having received an erroneous report regarding the
h g t h of the enemies, he left the town, and wan defented and killed (31st year).
The MoJBir asys, he waa killed in 993. In this fight, forty of hiu relations and clientv
rbo periehd. The Afghbns then besieged the Fort, which was held by Kamhl, son
of 8. H. He held it till ho was relieved.
8. Kamdl, during Akbar's reign, was promoted to a command of Seven Hundred,
rod, on the ammaion of Jahingh, to a H d i b h i p . He wan made Governor of Dilhl,
c i a Shaikh 'Abdul Wahhib, also a Bukhhi Sayyid ( n z . p. 35,l. 8 from below).
KnmM wmcd under Farid i Bukhbri (No. 99) in the expedition w i n s t Prince Khus-
mu, and commanded the left wing in the fight near Bhairogwiil, rendering timely
wistance to the Sayyids of Bhrha who, as was customary, led the van.
Sa.y.yid Ya'qtih, son of S. Kamril, wus a Commauder of FiReen Hundred, 1000
lrorsc, and died in the third year of Shhhjahbn's reign. The biacta'r says, in the
2ud year.
The two lista of Sli6hiRhLn's grundees given in the Pddihdhnctmalr (I, b.,
3'22 ; 11, 140)mention another son of Sayyid Himid, of the name of Sayyid Bhqir,
who lield a Command of Five Hundred, 900 horse.
70. Dastam Kha'n, son of Rufitam i Turkisthi.
The correct name of this p n d e e is Daatam PirJ,
a very unusual name, thongh
most MSS. of the Kin and many of the Akbarntimah give ,.ir), Rusturn. The
Madsir correctly places his nnme under the letter D.
His father's name was Rustam. His mother-her name is not clearly written in
the MSS. of the b l u h i r and Aklarndmah, which I have seen, either iTajilah or
Bukhya1~-was a friend of hIhhum Anugah (aideNo. 19), and had free ucccss to the
Harem. Dusturn appears to have been a play-fellow of Prince Akhar.
Dustam KhBn, in the 9th year, served under Mu'izzul Aiullr (So. 61) against
'AbduUah Kh6n Ucbak (No. 14). I n the 17th year, he served under NinA 'Aziz
Kokah in the battle of Patali (vide No. 77), distinguished himself in the !Tar with
N u l i a m m d I I ~ ~ n n Mink,
in nnd got a flng. I n the 22nd year, he was appointed to
the (i'ilbilh of Ajmir, and got Rantunbhdr as tuyil. His adrniuibtrntion wus praise-
worthy: he kept down the rebellious, and protected tlie oppressed.
I n the 26th year, Uchl6, son of Balbhudr, and Mohan, S i r Di.9, Til&k.si, sons of
U j a h Bihhri Mall's brother, came without permission from the Panjirb to Lilni (P), their
native town, and caused disturbances. Dastum, from a wish not to be too hard on
Kachhwrihnhs, udvised them to return to obedience ; but his lenicrrcy only rendered
the rcbcls more auducious. Akbar then ordered D. tu hold out threats, and if this
was not ~Ufficieut, to proceed agaiunt them. D. h d a t last to do so ; but he did
it hiiritily, witl~out collectiug a snfficient number of troops. I n the figlit: the three

The geogruphial cdetaila given in the gnrh (nhout 4 miles S. E. of Rantanbhrir

Akbarndmnh arc unsatisSat.tory. to h u l l l e e in bisected by the Banas
l n Qcrpbah (small
Abulhzl ~ n e ~ i t i o ~the Rivcr. lhntanbli6r lies in tho anl?le
h w n ) of Lhlri (>,I) arr the birth-place formed by tltlle co~ifluenceof the ~haui!al
and the Banas, and Bonnles lies x b o ~ 30 ~t
of the Knchhwihah rebels ; tlre fight, Ile mil,,s N. w. of it. There are villa-
Rays, h k l)l=e in a villaFe (m(rcl;a'l of ges of the names of fihra, one &bout 3
the name u;d Dastaln miles S. W. of BounIce, and the other S.
died a t Sfierpzir, which is also called a of it, on the right bank of the Bauss.
Qa$lah. But the Akbarnhnnh lenvcs Bounlee, or Bauqli, would be &9, or
the reader to find out where these three
places are. The ZuRoqril, in it3 libt of
gmndees, fortunately frays that Da.4:un
d31 which will be found belo; as the
head of a Pargunah in Sir& Rantan-
Khiio urmkilled in the neighhurhood of bhir, and the change of &>! to &
Kantmbhdr. The only pluccs near R m - is very ~h~ diferellm
Lmbliiu which resemble tlre abovc three, lies in ,cjhcrykr and sheTurh.
are Bounlee, T o h r ~ ,and Shergarh, ns Thc Akbar~lhni& says, the fight took
given on tlie Trig. Map of the Jodlrpilr pliccu on the l0tll xbkn of the 26th year.
Territory for 1850. The r o d from Sher-
nephews of the M j a h were killed. Drstam received a wound from UchliL, who h , d
attacked him from an ambush. Wounded a s he was, he attacked Uchlh, and killed
him. Immediately aiterwards he fainted and fell from his horse. His men put him
lgdin on horseback--s usual expedient, in order not to dishearten the soldiera. The
rebels were totally defeated and their estates plundered (988).
Dastarn died of his wounds, two days later, a t Sherpdr. Akbar said that even D.'s
mother could not feel the lose ofher son aa much as he did, because D., with the
exception of three g e m , had never been away from him.
The N&ir says, ho was o Commander of Three Thoueand. Rantanbhlir was
then given to Mirzir ' A b d u r m h h (No. 29) aa j k 4 r .
A son of Dastarn is mentioned below (No. 362).
8 0 . Shahba'e Kha'n i Kambil.
Regarding the tribo cnll~dKambti, vide Beames' Edition of Sir H. Elliot's Glossary,
I,% The Persian hemistich quoted (Netre Haraj)-
Y# 0li3! r+& pJ $2
' The AfqhSns are the fimt, the Kamblis the second, and the Kashmin's the third,
p t of ~eonndrels'must be very modern ; for during the r e i p s of Akbnr and Jahbnglr;
it ass certainly a distinction to belong to t h i ~tribe, as will be seen just now.
The sixth nncwtor of Shahbtiz was Hhjji Inmb'il, a disciple of tho renowned saint
Bahinddin Zakariyh of Multhn. Once a beggar asked the saint to give him an ash-
mi[, or goldmuhr, fgr the name of every prophet he would mention ; but as Bahriuddin
muld not pay the money, Hhji Isrn4'il took the beggar to his house, nnd gave him on
Lhrafi for ench of the ten or twenty names he mentioned. Another time, Hi?ji
Mil acknowledged to the saint that his power of understanding mas defective, where-
upon the saint prayed for him, and from that time the K a m b b are proverbid in
H i d b t h n for sagacity and quickness of apprehension.
S h a b b k a t first devoted himself to a life of abstinence and austerity, as his an-
mtors had done ; but the excellent way in which he performed the duties of kotwd2,
drew Akbar's attention to him, and he was made an Arnir and appointed Mir Tozak
(quarter master).
In the 16th yenr, when Lashkar Khbn (NO. 90) fcU into disgrace, Sh. was ap-
pointPd Mir Bakhshi. I n the 21st year, he was sent against the rebels in Jodhpdr,
especially against Knllah, son of RAi a m , and grandson of E i Mbldeo, and was
ordered to take Fort Siwbnah. Shnhbbz first took Fort ~ a i ~ (?)I, d ; where a large num-
of fithor rebels were killed ; a b r this he took Dlinirah, from where he passed on
to Siwinah, which on hin arriral capitulated (984).
In the same year, Shahbbz was sent against Rbj& GnjpatLs This Rtijah wan the

The MSS. h a r e )AJ,which I can- S. of Dhnhmh, about 10 miles from the

ad find on the maps. There are many left bank of the Ldni.
pb of a -ilar name, S. W. of ' SO a c c o r d i ~ to~ ~ the best MSS.
J d h iu, near it lie. D& Stewart calla him Cujety, the Lak'hnau
admi afss. have b$,) lies On Akbamhlnrh (III., 141)K c ~ fand
Edit. Bibl. Indica of Bndbni, Kachitf,
, the
the right bank of the Liu1i9s' W' of (p. 179, 284, 2116,) and Kujili (p. 237),
Jdhph. Here S h a h b b crossed ('ubdr) which funnR are fi,ul,d in tho
.od went to Siwdnah, which lies N.W. ~ ~ k dition l hof the ~ Akbarnbmllh.
~ ~
 q r c ~ k c Znmind:ir
t in Eil~Ar,nntl hncl render1.d good scsl~.icest1111inqJ'lon'im'l; e ~ l i t i o n
tn B m ~ a l .Unt wllcn D:iild, kin:: of O r i 4 , i~~r:rtlt-d
B c n g l atter Brtln'im's drat11 atCenr
in !)S:3, (;:ljp:iti rehrllrd and ~ ~ l u n t l r nscver:~l
~tl totcnr; in Bihilr. Farhat h71:in (So. 14;)
~ ~ ~ ? / ?of'; ~Arn~ i r son Farh:~nr:KhGn, and QmitGq Khhn, opposed the %jab, hnt
h ,~ his
p~rishe(1in thc fight. IVhcll Sh:~hbhzapproached, Gn,j\ipatifled ; but Sh. followed him
and qave him no rcst, and conqoercrl at last .Tugdesl)&, where t l ~ ewhole f~mil?
of' the I1hjah wnq captnred. Sh, then cou~~nered Shcrgn(lh, which waq held bg Pri
Rhm, Gqjpati's son. Al)out thc same titnc, Sh. took pwsecsion of RahtL. Itq
Afq11in commnndrr, Say$ Jli~hnmmnd, who comnlandrd the Fort on the psrt of
Jltnnid i h'arar:ini, had 1)crn !lard prcs.ied hy 1Ioznff.1r (KO. 3 i ) ; he therefore 1
Slial~h:iz, fur protection, and Ilanded o r r r the Fort. Sh. thcn repaired to
wliere hc rc,ceirctl ever1 distinction due to Iris elnillent scrrice~.
I n the 23rd year (YXG), Sh. n~nrclirdaqninst the p r o d W n b Part$b, and iw-
sicced the r e n o ~ n e t lFort of Ko1~1,halmir(called on our maps IComalnair, on the
frontier betmren LTd:ripilr nnd Jodlll)h, Lat. 2s0 103. The Rknh, unable to defend it,
escnpclcl in the cli~gui.;cof a R ~ n ~ ~ rwheni s i , the Fort was taken. Gogandah and Udaipfir
~ r ~ h ~ n i t t liltc\\i<e.
crl Sh. erec~tcdno less than 50 t'hhnahs in the hills and 35 in thi,
pl.lil~s,from Ud:~il~illto P 6 r Jlancjnl. IIe also prevailed upon the rebellious Daadi.
son of Rhi Surjan HGcj:i (No. 96), to submit, and took him to Court. After this, Sh.
was sent to Ajnlir, wherc disturbnnce~frec1uently occurred.
TTIen the military revolt of Bengal Iwoke out, Sh. was ordered to go to Bih ir ;
but hc did not .agree with 11. 'Aziz Kol~ah-for Sh. could not bear to be aecond or third
-and carried on the war independently of him, defeated 'Arab B:~h$dur,and marched
to Jagdesplir. A t that time the report reached him that Rla'yfim Khbn FaranUildi
(So. 157) had rebelled, and 'Arab Buhlitlur and Niyhbut KhBn 1 1 d joined him. SI.
therefore xnarcl~edto Audll, and met the enemies near SultliupCr Billiari, 23 kos from
Awadh (F:~izGbild). JIa'vilm, by a timely centre-attack, put Sh. t o flight, and So
him up, Fh. fightinq all the w v to Jnunpfir, a diqtance of 30 X.08. Accident3
rumour fiprmd in the army of the memies, that JIa'qbm h d been killed, which (
some disorder. At thin moment, Sli.'s right wing attacked the enenlie*, J~B'FI'I In ~ n t
wounded, and withdrew to Awndh (Fsizhb:id). Sh. now pursued him, and seven mil-
from that town, after a hard f i ~ h t totally
, routed him. M a ' ~ could
h not hold hi msrlf
in Awadh, and his army dispersed.
After this, Sh. ~ c n again t to Court, where he waq received by the emperor nn
his return from Klibul. At court, Sh. gcuerally p v e offence by his ride ; and rllen
once, a t a parade, the Balchshiu had ~ l n c e dthe yoling JIirzb Khbn ((No. 29) nhlre
him, he gave openly vent to hie anger, was arrested, aud put under the charge of E:li
Shl Darbiri (R'o. 106).
But an officer of Ph!a ucefulness could ill be spared, and when M. 'Aziz in the
88th year applied for transfer from EihAr, Sh. with other Amirs w;rs sent
H e fc,llowcd up nla'Cfim m h n KAl,uli to G'hori~~'Iikt, and defeated him. 1
followrci him to Bhkti (p. 342), Baktarkpfir, the residence of 'rs
SunnhrgAllw, and encamped on the Erahmaputra. 'rai afforded Bla'qfin~men~l- cb8

shelter ; b ~ l heing
t hard pressed by the impcrialistrr, he mado proposals of pcatar: In
Imperial officer s r u l to reside t ~ qSunnArgipw; BTa'gfirn was to g o to Ilakhnll : 2nd
&. waa to withdraw. This was accepted, and Sh. crossed the river expecting the
terms would be carried out. But the enemies did nothing ; and when Sh. prepared
bh ,his officera shewed the greatest insUbOI'd~~tion,so that he had to retreat to
Tin&h, dl advantages being thue lost. H e reported matters to Court, and the
tryilddre of BihC were ordered to join him. Sh. then took the field and followed
up Ma'+. I n the 30th year, he and CMiq KhBn (vide No. 43)quarrelled. Sub-
leqnently, Sh. marched again to BhBtl, and even sent a detachment ' to Kokrah(~>$),
rhieh lies between Oyis& and the Dak'hin.' Modhd Singh, the Zamindh of the
Wet, aae plundered, and had to pay tribute. I n the 32nd year, when Sa'id (No. 26)
Mmade Governor of Bengal, and the disturbances had mostly been suppreesed, Sh.
r e t u r d to Conrt. In the 34th year, he was made Xotwdl of the army. He was then
aent against the Q h h of SawM ; but he left his duties without order, and was again
imprisoned.
AAer two years he was r e l e d , waa made atdliq to M. ShBhrukh, who had been
appointed to Milwah and was on his way to' Prince MurM in the Dak'hin. During
the eiege of Ahmadnagar, the inhabitants of Shahr i Nau, 'which ia called Burhdndbdd,'
lslred the Imperialists for protection; but sa they were mostly Shi'ahs. Sh., iu his
bigotry, fell upon them, plundered their houses, especially the qnarter called J ~ n g u ri
Drw&&& Imdm, the very name of which must have stunk in Sh.'s nostrils. The
inhabitants ' seeing that they could not rely on the word of the Mughula,' emigrated.
'he Prince was irritated ; and when qirdiq KhBn (No. 43) mas appointed his atdliq,
sb. left without permission for Mblwah. Akbar gave hi jBgir to Shihrukh, and trans-
brr€dShah&.
In the 43rd year, Sh. wae sent to Ajmir aa Commander of the m n p a l d of Prince
&lim (Jah8ngir), whom Akbar has asked to go from IlBhBbid against the Knb.
But Sh. waa now above seventy years old, and as he had been in the habit of eating
qaiclsiver, he commenced to suffer from pain in his handa and wrists. He got well
again, but had in Ajmir another attack ; he rallied ngain, but died suddenly in the 44th
year (1008). Salh took quickly poasession of Sh.'s treasures, went back to IlBhbbM
without having done anything, and coutinued in his rebellious attitude towards hie
Ltber.
Shah& had expreseed a dying wish to be buried in Ajmfr within the hallowed
&nre of Mu'in i Chishti. But the custodians of the sacred shrine refunecl to comply,
md Sh. was buried outside. At night, however, the saint appeared in the dreams of
theenstadins, and told them that ShahbL waa his favourite, whereupon the hero
wrs buried inside, north of the dome.
Shahbb was proverbial for his rigid piety and his enormous wealth. Hiu.op-
position tu Akbar's ' Divine Faith' has been mentioned above (p. 188). IIu would
i t h e r remove hhia beard to please the emperor, nor put the word mur.id (dinciple)
hi signet. His Sunni zeal, no doubt, retarded his promotion aa uiurh as his
-; for other lets deserving oficers held higher commands. He observed
with great strictness the five daily prayers, and was never seen without the rosary in
hand. One day the emperor took a walk along the tank at Fatbpfir and aeixod
WabWs hand to accompany him. I t was near the time of the 'oqr, or afternoon
Pmyer, and Sh. waa restlw and o h n looked up to the sun, not to m i the proper
51
peror. " Oh," replied Akbar, "you can pray another

Ab&l says tht Shahbbz WM an e x d e n t

~ gave so much, that no Kamb6 in Indim W M in bad v

b 6 he w .
Dnring the time he was Mir B a k M , he intduaed &;$Msb kwSt8s
important military refonn of Akbar's reign (oidspp. W ,
M 6
m
.

81. D d ' e h Xuhsmmad Uzbak.

The Xacbir says nothing about thia grsndee ;the
my that he wee deed in 1001.
From the A k b d w h (
friend of Bairh. He was sent

Hie neme ocanre wain in the Akbondmuh

h Dmrwfih u.& .iUco&ah, read Dam&h
the fnot that Abnlfazl h a given hi name in thin
him on Be'~rkismbmisaioa.
89. Bhaikh IbraWm, eon of 8hnikh.
Wrn of Fathph S M .
 His father, Shaikh Mbsb, lived a retired life in Sikri. As Akbar had at first
no children, he asked the Sikri Shaikhu to pray for him, which they did ; and as at
that time one of Akbar's wives became pregnant (with Salim), Akbar looked upon
the Shaikhs with particular favor. To this lucky circumstance, the Sikri family owes
its elevation.
Shaikh IbAhim lived at first at Court, chiefly in the service of the princes.
I n the 22nd year, he was made T'hbnahdbr of Lbdlbi, and suppressed the disturbances.
I n the 23rd year, he was made Governor of Fathplir Slkrl. I n the 28th year, he
wrved with distinction under M. 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) in Bihbr and Bengal, and was
with V d r Khbn (No. 41) in his expedition against QutlJ of O*. When Akbar,'
in the 30th year went to Kbbul, he was made Governor of Agrah, which post he
seems to have held till his death in 999 (36th year).
According to the Tabaqdt, he was not only the brother, but also the son-in-law
of Shaikh Salim i Sikriwbl.
83. 'Abdul Mstlab Khs'n, son of Shah Budtigh KhBn (No. 52).
The Mabeir makes him a Commander of Two Thousand Five Hundred.
'Abdul Matlab accompanied Sharafuddin Hoeain (No. 17) on his expedition to
Xirt'ha. I n the 10th year, he served together with hie father under Mu'izzulmulk
(No. 61) against Iskandar and Bahhdur Khhn, and fled from the battlefield of
Khair$b&d(pp. 372,382). I n the 12th year, he aarved under Muhammad Quli Khitn
Bar& (No. 31) against Iskandar Khbn in Audh. He then retired to his tuyG
in Mawah.
I n the 17th year, he belonged to the auriliarien of M. 'Aziz Kokah and was pre-
sent in the battle of Patan (p. 396). I n the 23rd year, when Qutbuddh's men (No.
28) brought M u d a r Husain Mfn& from the Dak'hin to Court, 'Abdul Matlab at-
tached himeelf as convoy, and saw the MirzQ safely to Court. In the 26th year, he
accompanied Ismti'il Qali Khbn (No. 46) on hie expedition against NiyBbat Khbn
'Arab. I n the following year, he received a reprimand for having murdered Path
Danlat, son of 'Ali Dost. He was, however, subsequently pardoned, and was put in
command of the left wing of the army which was sent to Kbbul. I n the 27th year,
&bar honored him by being hi guest in Kblpi, his jwr.
I n the 30th year, he accompanied M. 'Au'z Kokah to the Dak'hin, and w a ~sent,
two yeam later, against JalPah Ttidki, the A f g h h rebel. One day, Jalblah fell upon
the van of the Impexialista, which was commanded by Beg Bivin K h h (No. 212).
&dim Khbn (No. 132). and Sheroyah Khkn (No. 168). They were in time misted
by Muhammad Qd Beg, and routed Jdlah, who escaped to the mountains. 'Abdnl-
melab "had not the good fortune of even mounting his horse to take part in the
fight." H e seems to have taken this to heart; for when the victorious army returned
to Bangash, he had an attack of madness and was sent to Court. He died soon after.
His son, S h e d d , w i ~under JRhiLngir, a Commnnder of Three Hundred, 200
home.
84. I'tiba'r Kha'n, the Eunuch.
His name, like that of Inany other Eunuchs, was 'Ambar. He was one of Biibar's
\

Eunuchs. When Hum&y.ylinleft Qandahbr for ' I r h , he despatched I'tibbr and othera
to c a n d ~ Mayam
t Makinf (Akbar'e mother) to his
and joined the emperor, who attaehed him to Prince Ak
In the 2nd year of Akbar'a reign, he wcompanied
.
Beguma fmm U b a l to India. Akbar appointed him GCer~ncaof
He muat not be confounded with No. 86.
86. Ib'jah Bi'r Bal [Bir Bq], the Brahman.
He rws a Brahman of the name ofMahssh Dbs ( M i #
of B a d h i , 11. p. 161, calla h i Bwhman Dds),mdWEB n BIW,
men whom the Peraiane call b-h, 'dealem in e n d - . '
'but dear-headed, and remarkable for his power of epprebsn
on$,he came m n after Akbar'a acoesaion fram Kklpi
a short time made b m a general favonrite. HMG d i
i

In the 18th yesr, Ujah Jai Chand o f N e r k *

probability, did not get hinjw. He ~coompeniedA k b

P~t.nand Ahmad&Md,24th M I' 11.981: (Tdanote b
Re nul ofben employed in rnhiom. Thun in fbe BW

*ah Urn Chand (No. 89) bo Oourt

The Wowing p w a p fmm Badbnf (Ed.

(996)were spread over the conntry, was the ramonr that Bir Bat, the accursed, was
still alive, though in reality he had then for some time been burning in the seventh
hell. The Hind& by whom His Mejesty is snrronnded, naw how sad and sorry he
was for Biu Bq's lose, and invented the story that Bfr Bay had been seen in the hills
of Nagarkof, walking about with Jogh and Sannbis. His Majesty believed the N -
mom, thinking that Bir Bay waa ashamed to come to Court on acconnt of the defeat
which he had euffered at the hands of the YhnfZaie ; and it was, besides, quite pro-
bable that he should have been seen with Jogis, inasmuch as he had never cared for
the world. An Ahadi wee therefore sent toNagarkot, to enquire into the truth of
the rumour, when it was proved that the whole story was an abnurdity."
" Soon atler, His Majesty received a report that Bir Bey had k n seen a t Kblin-
jar (which waa t h e j k r of this dog), and the collector of the district stated that a
barber had recognized him by certain mnrks on his body, which the man had distinctly
seen, when one day Bir Bay had engaged him to rub his body with oil ; from that time,
however, Bfr Bq had concealed himaelf. His Majesty then ordered the bsrber to
come to court; and the Hind6 Krori (collector) got hold of some poor innocent
traveller, charged him with murder, and kept him in concealment, giving out
that he was Bfr Bay. The Krori could, of course, send no barber to Court; he
therefore killed the poor traveller, to avoid detection, and reported that it was Bir
% in reality, but he had since died. His Majesty went actually through a second
mourning ; but he ordered the Krori and several others to come to Court. They were
for some time hrtnred aa a punishment for not having informed His Majesty befo~-e,
and the Krori had, moreover, to pay a heavy fine."
Bfr Bay waa as much renowned for his liberality, aa for his mnsical skill and
poetical talent. His short v e w , bon-mots, and jokes, are still in the mouths of the
people of HindCtbn.
The hatred which Badhnl, Shahbbz K h h (No. 80), and other pions Muslims
shewed towards B 'K Brq (oide pp. 183,188,192, 199,204)arose from the belief. that
B'u B s h a d inflnenced Akbar to abjure Islbm.
Bir Bar's eldest eon, Ldlah, is mentioned below among the commanders of Two
Hundred (No. 387). He was a spendthrift ; and as he got no promotion, and his
property was squandered away, he resigned court life, and turned faqir, in order to
live free and independent (end of 46th year).
88. W a ' e Kha'n I'tibbr, t h e Eunuch.
The Mad& does not give hi name. The list of Akbar's grandees in the
Tabaqdt has the short remark that Ikhltiq W k waa a Eunuch, and held the rank
of a Commander of One Thowand.
87. Baha'r Kha'n, (Muhammad) Aqghar, a servant of Hurniytin.
The name of this grandee is somewhat doubtful, as some MSS. read Bahrtdur
ZXdn. The Illactsir does not give his name. The list of the Tabaqbt mentions a
' Rshbr Khbn, a WgCah Khail Afghbn, who held a command of Two Thousand.' Bahbr
Kh6n Kh&ah W a i l is also mentioned in several ~laceein the Akbarnhah. He
is therefore moat probably the same ee given by Abulfazl in this list. Perhaps we
hnve to read Pahdy Xhdn, instead of Bahdr Khdn; d e No. 407. The notice in the
Tabaqbt implies that he w e dead in 1001.
 88. Sha'h Fakhruddi'n, s o n of M i r Qgsim, n 111isnwi rSn.*(l of Mashlirld.
S11:ih F;rkhruddin canlc., in 961, with 1i11rn:iyiln to India. In the 9th year of
Alibar's rcnign. hv served in the army wl~ichmas sent against 'Abdullah h'hhn Uzbak
( S o . 1.1). I n the 16th gear, he was in the ~ n u n ~ n l t ior. advance corps, commanded
by Khkn i I<:llhn (So. 16). TV11c.n Alc1)ar arrivcbd at Pntan, he sent Sh. F. and
Ifakim 'Ainulmullc to BIir Abil Tul.;ih and I'ti~nAdKh:in (No. 67). On the rond be
ti211 in with t11c former, and \vent to I'tirnhd whorn he li1:ewise induced t o pay his
~c.spc.cta to Alibar. l l r waci nmong the auxiliaries of DI. 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) and
wa.s present in tlw battle nf 1'at;ln (1). 396). IFe mas nlno among the grandees who
nccr~ml~n~~icd Akl~ar on his fi)rccd marc11 to GyjrLt (1). 325, note, where according to
the z4Xb~r~.nci~ntch we hilrr to read 2 i t h Btchi' II., for 4th Rrtbi' I). After this, he
was n~atleGovcruor of Ujjain, and reccivetl the title of Xrqcibat Kha'n.' In the
end of the 24th Fear, he was ~nanlu Governor of' PaLin (GujrCt), vice Tamon
BIuha~nmad K1ihn (No. 32), wl~crche soon after, probably in the beginning of 987.
died (986, :lirbuyrit).
80. Ra'jah Ra'm C h a n d Baghelah.
A few JISS. read Bltugeluh, which form Tod says is the correct one. Baghclah,
l~owerer,is the usual spelling.
116m Chand was Il@h of I3l1at'h (or Bhattah, as the Jiacieir spells it.). Among
the tllree xreat R:i:rlin of' IIincllistin, whom BJbar mentions in his Memoirs, the
Hhjahs of' U l ~ a t ' lare
~ t l ~ cthird.
Rhrn Clland wau the patron of the reno\vned musician and singer Tbnsin, re,pd-
i n whom
~ ~qidethe List of Musicians a t the end of this book. His h e had reached
Aklar ; and in the 7th year, the emperor seut JalLluddin Q h h i (NO. 213) to Bhat'h,
to induce TJnsin to coine to Sgrah. IGrn CLand feeling hirnself powerleas to refuss
Akbar's request, sent his Sarvoritc. with his musical instruments and many presents to
Bgral~,and t l ~ efirst tirue t h a t Titusin perfbrnlcd at court, the Emperor made him a
present of two Isli'hs of' Rupees. T h i n remained with Akbar. Most of hia composi-
tions are written in Akbar'x name, and his molo&eu are even now-a-days evepwhere
re1)eatvl by the people 01' HindhstLn.
When S ~ a K f l ~ h n(I.) led his expedition to Gac!ha (p. 367): he came in con-
tact ~ v i t hR6u1 C11:rnd ; but by tinlely sublllission the RAjah became ' a aervant' of
Alibar. I n tho l.Lth ycnr, R61li Clland lost Fort Kilinjar, as related on p. 369. He
sent his son, Bir Uhndr, to Court, but fromdistrust would not pay hi respects person-
ally. I n the 28th rear, therefore, when Akbar was a t ShiLhLbJd, he ordered a corps
to march to Ul~at'h; but Bir Ul~aclr,through the influence of several courtiers, pre-
vailed upou the Emperor to scud a grandee to his father and convey him to court.
RAjuh Bir Bay m d Zain Kokilh were mlected for this office, and R i m Chnnd came at
last to conrt, where he 1v35 well received.
R. Ch. died in the 37th year, and Bir Bhadr succeeded to the title of Rhjah. But
on his way fromcourt to Bhat'h, he Sell from his Palanquin, and died soon after, in the
-

T l ~ eLucknow Edition of the -1Xhtcr- On p. 367, Rtio~ Chand is by mi+

a (111, . 2 ) I s l i I - tiike cnlled H i m Chundr.
Khdll (?).
 38th year (1001 ; aide p. 368). Hie sudden death led to disturbances in Bindhli of
which Bikramhjjit, a young relation of a m Chand, had taken possession. Akbar
therefore sent Rhjah P a t r d L (No. 196) with troops to B n d h d , and the Mughuls,
according to custom, erected thronghout the district military stations (t'hdnaha). At
the request of the inhabitants, Akbar sent Ismb'il Quli Khbn (No. 46) to Bbndhli, to
convey Bikrarnbjit to court (4lst year), their intention being to prevent Bbndhli from
being conquered. But Akbar would not yield ; he dismissed Bikramijit, and &r a
siege of eight months and aeveral days, Bindhli was conquered ( a n d year).
I n the 47th year, Du jodhan, a grandson of Rbm Chand, was made Rhjah of Bin-
dh& I n the 21st year of JahBngir's reign, Amr Singh, another grandson of IGm Chand,
acknowledged himself a vassal of Dihli. I n the 8th year of Shbhjahhn, when 'Abdul-
bh Khhn Bahaur marched against the refractory zamindhr of h b n p l i r , Amr Singh
brought about a peaceful submission. Amr Singh was succeeded by his son Anlip
Singh. I n the 24th year, when Rhjah Pahbr Singh Bandolah, Jtigirdbr of Chaurbgadh,
attacked Anlip, because he had afforded shelter to Dairhm, a zamindhr of Chaurtigadh,
A n 6 p Singh, with his whole family, withdrew from Rewb (which after the destruc-
tion of Bbndhli had been the family seat) to the hills. I n the 30th Sear, how-
ever, Snyyid Cnlibat Khdn, Governor of Ilbhibsd (vide p. 392) conducted him
to Court, where Anlip turned Muhammadan. H e was made a Commander of Three
Thousand, 2,000 horse, and was appointed to Bindhli and the surrounding districts.
00. L ~ h l r a rKhe'n, Muhammad Husain of Khurirskn.
H e was diir B a k s h i and Mir 'APz. I n tho 11th year, Afuznfitr KhBn (No. 3 7 )
had him deposed. I n the 16th year, he came one dny drunk to the Darbir, and
challenged the courtiers to fight him. Akbar punished him by tying him to the tail
of a horse, and then put him into prison.
H e was subseq@ently relensed, and attached to Mun'im's Bengal corps. I n the
battle of Takaroi (p. 376), he was severely wounded. Though his wounds commenced
to heal, he did not take sufficient care of his health, and died, a few days after tho
battle, in Oyiud.
H e is mentioned as having had a contingent of 2,000 troopera (Xadsir, 1,000).
The N a d s i r liru a loug note in justification of the extraordinarg punishment,
which Akbar inflict~don him.
The title of Laahkur X k d n was conferred by Jnhilngir on Abul U u n n Maah-
h d i , and by Shbhjahin on J h n Nisir K h i n P i d g i r Beg.
01. Sayyid Ahmad of Bkha.
H e is the younger brother of Sayyid Mahmdd (p. 392). I n the 17th year, he
served in the manqald, which, under the command of K h i n i Kalin (No. 16) was sent
to Gujrit. After the conquest of AhmadLbirrl, he wan ordered with other Amim to
pursue the sons of Sher KhBn Flilirdi (p. 396), who had removed their families nnd
property from Patan to Idnr. A portion of their property fell into the hands of tho
Impe~ialiats. When A l i h r afterwards encamped a t Patnn, he gave tho town to
M i r d ' A b d m h i m (No. 29), but appointed S. A. as Governor. I n the same ygnr,
Muhammad IIuuain nfirzh, S h i h M i d , and Sher K h h WIMi, besieged Patan;
but they diaperad on the approach of M. 'Aziz.
I n the 20th gear, S. A. and hiu nephews S. Qirainl and S. Iiishim quelled tho
 Byyid Ahmad'e eon, S. Jarnblruldin, wae killed by the
mine during the eiege of Chitor (p. 368).

02. Xa'kar 'Ali' Kha'n i Chiahti.

hi son were kiied (end of 981 ; Xadsir, 980).

08. a ' i galstbin Mall, Za-dh of Blkhir.
He is the fa.therof R4i S i g h (No. 44, and has been m
04. Ta'hir Kha'n, Mlr Fdghat, eon of Mk
to Prinoe Hinu.

who likewiee served under Akbar.

(No. 123), Peshran Khhn (No. 280), H a k h d Ndk,

(No. 164), he misted in the oapture of the wild .od
brother of ILLbar'e mother.
06. She'h Muhammad gba'n of W t

with a 3, Q; but that the Hdrahe pmonnoe

BhBh Muhammad K h h wes a friend of
whiah H d y 6 n had given Bairbsl ae
8. X.*s h d a BehMlu Kb
:bribed e e d grandees to hand
even keep IXwar. He therefore fled to India. S. M. had tllus got rid of one danger ;
be treated the Persian Commander with dl snbmissivenw, but would not hnnd over the
tmn. Shsh TahmLp then ordered h i nephew, Sd$iuz Hnsain BEnb, son of B a h r h
Mimi ( d m No. 8, p 313), Wali Khalffah S h h l i i , and others, to beaiege Qandahk.
The 8iege had lasted for some time, when Sultbu Husain M h i t felt disgusted and
withdrew. T a h m h p felt annoyed, and sent again Sultin Husain M h B with 'Ali
8d$b, Governor of Shin&, to Qandehbr with pdsitive orders to take the town. 'AH
S & h wss shot during the siege, and Sul* Hnaain M f n 4 remained encamped be-
fore the town without doing anything. At this juncture, Akbar, who in the meantime
hpd rmoceeded to the throne, ordered S. 31. to hand over QandahC to the Pemians,
m r d i n g to Humbfin's promise, and come to India.
This account of the cession of Qandahbr, observes the author of the Macfsir,
diem from Munshi Sikandar's version in his great work entitled 'rllarnd~cfiSikundarf.
According to that history, Tahmhsp, a t the very first request of ShiLh Muhammad,
lent Snlpin Hnsain M i d with Wali Walifah and other nobles to Q~ndahhr. They
defeated Bahjldur ; but se S. 31. would not hand over Qandahbr, Tahln4sp sent 'Alf
SuhC with a stronger army, and appointed Sultbn Hnaain Wnli governor of Dbwnr
and Q n d a h k . Shih Nuhammad held out for six months ; but as he got no assistance
from India,he capitulated, and withdrew to HindtLttBn.
Be this se it may, S. X.arrived in the end of the third year of Akbar's reign in
India, was made a W b n , and gradually rose to the rank of a Commander of Two
Thousand I n the beginning of the 6th year (968), he led the van in the battle near
Smn&r, in which %z Bahidur lost MBlwah, and sewed, in the 9th year, in the
war w i n s t 'Abdnllah K h b Uzbak (No. 14). In the 12th year, he waa made
governor of Kot'ha. I n the 17th year, he was among the auxiliaries of M f n b 'Azfz
Kokah, and wns wounded in the battle of Patan (p. 396).
Regarding 'Adil ghlm, S. N.'s son, vide below, No. 125.
B6. Ra8i Surjan Hbd&.
He ia often merely called B i Hbdd. The H Q & are a branch of the Chauhdns.
The S i i of Bantanbhtir is called after them HddautC.
RBi Sujan was a t first in the service of the %nB, and defied the Mughuls, bo-
unae he thought himself safe in Rsntanbhtir. Akbar, after the conquest of Chitor
(p. 368), besieged in the end of the 13th year, Rantanbhb, and R. S., deepairing of
holding out longer--the siege having lasted about a month--sent his sons Daudb and
Bhoj (No. 175) to Akbar's camp to sue for peace. The Emperor received them well, and
grve each s dmes of honor. When they went taken b e h i d the tent enclosure to put on
the garments, one of their men, snepecting foul play, rushed sword in hand towards the
.odienca tent, and killed several people, among them Waikh Bahbuddfn Majzdb of
&dbon, but wae cut down by one of M u d a r Wdn's men. As R S.'s sons were
entirely innocent, the accident did not change Akbar's goodwill towards them; nnd
be mt them back to their father. At R. 8.k requeat, Hnaain Q d i W 4 n (No.
84) ras then stmt to the Fort and eecorted R. S. to the Emperor. Rantanbhiv wse
annexed (Sh~wwB1.976,or beginning of the 14th year).
R 8. wan made Governor of Gncjha-Kataugah from where, in the 20th year, he
wu transferred to Fort Chaubgh (Chunlr).
52
 Two Thowand. Dan& who had -aped, mbmitted, in th
@. &lo). Not long a&, Dad&fled again. He died in
B S. nerved in the 25th year, after M d a (No.
M&r doea not mention the year of hia desth. Fmm the
he had been dead for soms time in 1001.
For R. S.'a eon, Bbi Bhoj, rrids below, No. 176.
87. She'ham Kha'n Jalgir.

defeated by Sher Sh&. The Emperor fled to &ra

r
p d a o e to bring up the camp and the Begume.

M e siah year, in whii Sher 8b6h, eon of *A

In the lath year, he nerved under Pnn'im in

m t in Chebuttleof- mdpnraudwith

oommmd of the army till the Emperm

year, he tooh put in the battle asu
&
j* of mqfplir (opporite PfbtDa).

nb6k Suboequently, he pnrruad 'Arab lW&lfir,

gjl+@rto 116ah.mm
" 6 h . l g h . h Nark,
 maoded. Two yeam later, he served in the A'sir war, and died during the siege of that
fort, Zi Hajjah, 1009.
The Tabaqdt says that Shiham K h i n ww in 1001, a Commander of Two
Thousand.
The Aklarndmah mentions two other Jaliir Grandees-
1. Sultpn Huaain Xhdn Jalu'ir. He wee mentioned above, p. 384, 1. 2.
2. Muhummad Khdn Jaldir. The T a b d p t says of him, ' he is an old Amir,
and ia a t present (1001) mad.' H e served under Khan Zambn in the war with Hemd.
I n the beginning of the 4th year, all three J a l h served under Khan ZamPn againat
the Afghkns in the Jaunpdr District.
98. A'saf Khe'n (III.), [Mird Qiwhuddin] Ja'far Beg, s o n of Ba-
d~'uzzamfinof (&win.
His father Mirzi Badi'uzzamin was the son of Aghb Nulli Dawktdirr of Qiuwin
(vide p. 369). hi. Badi', during the reign of Shbh TahmLp, had been wash- of
KLhbn, and Ja'far had also been introduced a t the Persian Court.
I n the 22nd year of Akbar's reign (986), Ja'far Beg came to India, and wati pre-
bented to Akbar by his uncle If.GhiLuddin 'Ali Aqaf K h i n 11. (No. 186), on his
return from the rdar expedition. The new D6gh law having then bwu introduced
(vide p. 242), Akbar mnde Ja'far a Commander of Twunty (Bisti) and attached him
to the Da'khilia (p. 232) of his uncle. According to Baddoni(II1.. 216) people
attributed this minimum of royal favour to the malice of Ja'far's uncle. The post
was so low, that Ja'far threw it up in disgust, and went to &ngd, to which provitlco
Muzafl'ar K h h (No. 37) had just been appointed governor. H e waa with him, whun
the Bengalmilitary revolt broke out, and fell together with Shalnsuddiu i Kh&fi
(No. 169) into the hands of the rebels. Ja'far and Shams found m a n s to escape, the
fonner chiefly through his winning manners. On arriving a t Fatbpdr, Ja'far met
with a better reception than before, waa in a short time made a Commander of Two
Thousand, and got the title of d$af Khdn. H e was also appointed &fir Bakhshi, e k e
Qdzi 'Ali. I n his first expedition, against the Rbnb of Udaipdr, Apaf' wtrs successful.
I n the 32nd year, he was appointed T'hinahdbr of Sawhd (Swat), vice IsmB'il Quli
Khbn, who had been reprimanded @. 361, where for Waijrir read B e ) . I n the
37th year, Jalilah Raushini fled to 'Abdullah Khhn Uzbak, king of fi& ; but
finding no support, he returned to Terhh, and stirred up t h e M d i and LJ'rakzaf
BfghLns. Aqaf was sent against hi,and with the assistance of Zain K h h Kokah,
defeated Jalblah. The family of the rebel fell into the hands of the imperialists ; his
women were given to Wahdat 'Mi, who waa said to be J a l b h ' s brother, while the
other members of his family were taken to Court.
I n the 39th year, A@ was sent to Kaahmir, M. Y b u f W i n (No. 36) having
been recalled. H e re-distributed the bndn of the J k h holders, of whom Ahmad Beg
Kibuli (No. 19I), M u h n n ~ m dQuli Atbhbr, and Hasan 'Arab, were the most import-
ant. The cultivation of Zayardn (saffron, vide p. 84) and hunting were declared
monopolies, and the revenue was fixed according to the assessment of Qizi 'AK,i. e.,
a t one lac of kharwcivs, a t 24 ddms each [vide p. 346). Xpaf only stayed three days
in Kaahmir, and returned to Lbhor. I u the a n d year, when Ksshmir had become all
but dcaolated through the oppressions of thc Jhgir holders, Kqaf w u d c Governor of
 'C --- - =

the province. In the 44th year, (beginnihg of 1008); he wpr sl,

waa effwbd by Ilkbar's mother, and Selim wrre p l d for twelve

lance. BRer thb, he received Gu,jrBt es ttyrd2, ~d gave up the
and Bihk of which during hie rebellion be had taken poased011.
b A'# who, moreover, wan appointed to a Command of 'Phree Tbo
On JabCgir'a acoession, A p f was d e d to court, and
Parwb, who hod taken the oommend @t the R6nL
interrupted by the rebellion of Prince Khusraa In the

and Melik 'Amber had seized upon

Court, M %ah M h 8-
mcst renowned p n d e e e of the
K h h i A'zam, (No. 21)) 'Abdullah Khba, " d in
the mnqumt of a oonntry." But inceseant drinking an fhe pa&

Apfdied at Buhhpdr. The TdAkh of hie death b-

a &en opde in hin hand. In r e w ~

616ir/nIhcuras. T i e below emong the p

&$kept a great number of women, and had a
Hi. mu. 1. Xiwd air,ua'bbidk.
M)O horse, sad died in the second yesr of 8h
 ah, were such intimate friends, that Shihjahhn dubbed them sih ycir, 'tho three
friends.' He later resigned the servico, and lived in Xgrah on the pension which Shhh-
jPh6n granted and Aurangdb increased. He died in 1094.
2. SuArdb Xhda. He waa nnder Shhhjahfin a Commander of Fifteen Hundred,
1.200 horse, and died in the 13th year of ShShjahLn.
3. M i n d ' A l l Agghar. He was s hasty youth, and could not bridle hie tongue.
In the Parendah e+tion, he created dimensions between Sh& ShujB' and Mahibot
KMn. H e served in the war against Jujhhr Bandelah, and perished at the explosion
o f a tower in Port Dhamhi, as related in the Pddiehdhndmah. He had just h e n
married to the daughter of Mu'tnmid Khln Bakhshf (author of the Iqlblndmuh i
JaAdrgiri) ; but as no cohabitation had taken place, Shbhjah6n married her to
K l h Damin. He wee a Commander of Fivo Hundred, 100 horse.
4. 1IPirzct 'Aakari. He was in the 20th year of Shihjahh s Commander of 600,
100 horse.
The lists of grandee8 in the Pdddrhdhndmuh mention two relations of A&-
1. Morkummad Gdlih, son of M i r d Shihi, brother or nephew of Xqaf. Ho was a
Commander of One Thousand, 800 horse, and died in the second year of ShihjahSu's
reign. 2. Muqim, 13 Commander of Five IIundrd, 100 horse.

XI. Commanders of One Thowand lMICE five Ilundred.

OD. Shaikh Pari'd i Bukha'ri8.
The Iqbdlndmah, according to tho M u h i r , says, he belonged to tho Xu'unwi
Spryids ; but thin is extraordinary, because the Bukhiri Sayyid's trace their desceut to
Gryyid J a l a i BukhSd, seventh desoendant of Imhm 'Bli Nrrqi A l h a i .
The fourth ancestor of Shaikh Farid was Shaikh 'Abddghaffhr of Dihli, who wl~en
djiug desired his family to give up depending on Safighirl tenures, but rather to
eater the militarg. service of the kings. Thia they seem to have done.
Shailih Farid was born as Dihli(Tuzuk, p. 68). He entered Akbar's service early.
In the 28th year, when M. 'Aziz (No. 21) resigned from ill-health the comniand of the
B i b army, S. F. accompanied Vazir KhGn (No. 41) to the neighbowhood of Bard-
&.where Qutlfi of had collected hia Afghhns. Qutlk having made proposals
of pem, 8. F. was ordered to meet h i . In doing so he nearly perished through
Qntlli's treachery (tride Stewart's Bengal). I n the 30th year, he was mode a Corn-
mander of 700. and gradually rose, till the 140th year, to a command of 1500. He wlrs
duo appointed Mir Bakhahi, and had also for some time the Dafiar i Tun in his
charge, i.e., he had to settle all matters relating to the grants of Jhgir holders.
HL elevation nnder Jahhngir, was due to the decided support he gave Jai~hn-
glr, i m m h t e l y before his accession, and to the victory he obtsined over Prince
Khusrsn at Bhaironwfil. When Prince S a l h occupied Ilhh&bhdduring his rebellion
q h t his father, appointing his servnnts to munpaba and giving them jkiru, Akbar
f a v d Prince Khmrsu so openly, that every onc looked upon him as successor. Soon
fir, a n o d of reconciliation wae effected, nnd Salim's men wore sent to Gujrht. When
Akbar lay on the death-bed, he ordered Win1 to stay outide tho Fort of Agrah ; and
I.'Azu Kokah (No. 21) and ltirjah Mi~nSingh, who from fnmily considerations
kroured Eihusrau's succctillion, placcd thcir own lncn at the 6.at.m of the fort, and
asked Shaikh Falld to take the command. But Sh.'F. did not care for their m a n g e -
nlcntv i u ~ dwent over to Prince SaLi~lloutside, and declared him emperor, before Akbar
had closed his eyes. On the actual secession, S. F. was made a commander of WOO.
received the title of $?dhibzcesaif ma-lqalam,' and was appointed H l r B a k h h i .
A short time atter, on the 8th Zi Hajjah, 1014, Prince Khusnm rtuddenly left
K g a h , and went plundering and recruiting to LBhor. Sh. F., with other Bukhth-5
wrd many Birha Sayyids, ww sent after him, whilst Juhbngir himself followed
soon after, accompanied by Sharif KhCn Bmir ul UmarC, and NahCbat Khitn, who
were hostile to Sh. F., and took every possible opportunity of slandering him.
Sulthn Khusrau had gone to Lbhor, and besieged the town, when he heard o f
Sli. F.'s arrival with 12000 hone a t the Ab i Sulfdnpiir. H e raistd the siege, a n d
wrived a t the Bihh, which Sh. F. had just crossed. Khusrau was immediately
attncked. The fight was unusually severe. The Bhrhn and BukhAri Sayyids h d
to bear the brunt of the fight, the former in the van under the command of
Ssif Khhu, son of Sayyid Mahrnlid KhLn Kundliwitl, (p. 392) and Sayyid J n M .
!i!here were about 50 or 60 o f t h c Bhrha Sayyids opposed to 1500 Badakhshi troopem,
and had not S. Kambl (p. 397) come in tilnc to their rcscrle, charging the enemy with
loud cries of Pdtlishdh salalndt, the B b h a Sa?r~.iduwould hnvc been cut do\vn to a
man. Sayyid Saif KhSn got seventeen wouuds, and 8. JalB1 died a few days after
the battle. About four hundred of Khnsrau's troopers xrere killed, and the rest dis-
perstd. Khusrau's jewel-box fell into t l ~ ehands of tho Impcrialiats. The fight took
place in the neighbourhood of Bhairogwhl.' I n the evening Jahingir arrived, euibraced
S. F., and stayed the night in his tent. The District was made into a Par-garrah of
the name of Fathibid, and was given Sh. F. as a present. H e received, bttcrid~hs,
the title of Murtuzci h'hdn, and was aplminted governor of the Cbbiih of Gujrdt.
I n the 2nd year, S. F. prescnkd Jnhtingir an im~neuse ruby nrade into a ring,
which weighed 1 mieqcil, 15 surkha, aud was valued at 25000 Hs. As the n.lationa
of tire Shaikh oppressed the people in Gujrht, he was r d l e d from Ahn~adBbkI(Ibzuk,
p. 73). I n tile 6th year, he was made governor of the l'anjhb. I n 1031, he urade
preparations to invade K h n g a h . H e d i d a t Pnt'hitn in 1V25, and was buried at
This titlc we also find in old inscrip- boatmen to take hixu over. B u t they
tions, e . g. in those of Tribeni nnd Sht- left him in the lurch, h u d ~ dhim on a n
g : i ~ w ,Hugli llistrict. I t means Lord , island iu the midtllo of the Chandb, and
u j t f t e (~mordnncl the pen. swiun back. This came ta the e;uz, of
Uhairo!rvkl, on our maps Bhyroccal, the Chaudri of .Sodharah, and a re rt
lien on the road from Ji~lindlrarto Am-
r i t ~ i r ,on the right bank of the Bicih.
w;w gent to Abul Qhsin~ Tarnkin
19Y), one of Jahhngir's offieem stationed
(To.
Atier the defeat, Khusrau fled north- a t GrijrSt (at sorne dktnnco from the right
wards with the view of reaching Knh& bank of the C'hanhb, opposite to VazirA-
LtbJ'cnid the right bank of the Jl~elmn. bhd). H e came, took Kllusrau from the
l i e had tllerefore to cross the RSwi, the island, and kept hini mnli~ledin t i ~ ~ j r r i t .
CilanhL, aud the Jbelam. On coming The news of the capture reached J a l l h -
to the Chanhb, a t a place culled Shcih- gir at Lbhor on the l u t hfoharrau~lu15,
pdr (a very common name in the I'anjtib), s. e. 56 days a t k r Khoarxu'a flight from
he could not get boats. H e therefore #grab. On the 3rd (;afur, Kl~usmrl,
went to Sodhar~rl~, which is also ~ n c n - Hwau lleg i Uadnkl~shi (No. 167). mid
tiol~cd ar, a p l ~ c efor crossing in the 'Abtlumh~m Kllnr, were brougll t to
'I;rI~tryciti rVwpra',-on our Inepn Sudra, JahBngir in the h i g h i Mir~irKArndn~.
fi. E. of Veziribid-nlld induced some
Dihli (Tus. p. 159). At the time of his death, Le wv~qn C o ~ ~ ~ m a i iof
d eSix
r Thousn~~d,
WOO horse.
Sayyid Ahmad, in his work on the antiqnitim of Dihli, entitled A s d r u ~ a n d d i l ,
No. 77, says that the name of S. F.'s father was Snjyid Ahmad i Bukhiri. Of Farid's
tomb, he mys, nothing is left but an arcade (dtildn). But he wrongly plwen thc
death of the Shaikh in the 9th yeicr or 1033 A. H., instead of -in the eleventh year,
or 1028. Sayyid Ahmad also mentions a Surdi built by Shaikh Farid in Dihli, which
has since been repaired by the English Government, and is now used t
u a jail (&li&+,
je2 khdnah).
According to the Tuz~ck, p. 65, S a l i m g g h (Dihli) belonged to S. Fnrid. I t
had been built by Salim Khhn the afghan during his reign in the midst ( d a r miyiia)
of the Jamnah. Akbar had giveu i t to Fnrid.'
When Shaikh Farid died, only 1000 Bsluafis were found in his house, which rery
likely gave rise to the Tdrt'kh of his death-
jd j,i dj dad, khurd burd (1025, A. H.).
' H e gave, and left (carried off) little.'
Shaikh F d d was indeed a man of the greatest liberality. H e always gnx-e with
his own hands. Once a beggar came to him seven times on one day, anci receivcrl
money; and when he returned the eighth time, Fnrid gave him again money, but
told him not to tell others ; else they might take the money from him. H e gave
widows a grent deal, and his j w r lands were given as free land tenures to the children
of his servants or soldiers who had been killed. When in Gujrbt, he had a list made
of all Bukhirri Sayyids in the province: and paid for every mnrriage feast and ont-
fit; he even gave pregnant women of his clan money for the same purpose for the
benefit of their yet unborn children. H e never assisted singers, musicians, or flatterers.
H e built many sardis. The one in Dihli has been mentioned above. I n Ah-
m a d & W , a mahallah was adorned by him and received as a memorial of him the name
of Bukhiri. I n the same town he built the Masjid and Tomb of ShBh Wajlhrtddin
(died 988 ; Baddoni 111, 43). H e also built Fariddbdd near Dihli, the greater part
of the old parganah of Tilpat being included in the pargnnah of Faridirbiul (Elliot's
Glossary, Beames' Editiou, 11, p. 123). I n L a o r also, a Mahallah was built by him,
a large bath, and a chauk, or bazar. The Government officeraunder him received
annually three khil'ats ; to his footmen he gave annually a blanket, and his sweepers
got shoes. H e never made alterations in his gifta.
H i s contingent consisted of 3000 picked troopers. Neither in the reign of Akbnr,
nor that of JahBngir, did he build a palace for hi~nself. H e always lived as if on the
march. H e paid his contingent personally, little caring for the noise and tumult
incident to such offices. One of his best soldiers, nn A f g l ~ i nof the narne of Sher
Khhn, had taken leave in Gujnit, and rejoined ,2fter an absence of six years, when Sh.

The fiunil must have l ~ a dl w poe- extensive possewionn alonp the dnmnnh.
~essionsin D i i l i ; for when Akbar, in the I n Dihli, A h n ~ a d h b d , and many
22nd year, visited Dihli, 11e stayed in other places in Qujrkt, do we find Hu-
Sh. Farid's mansion, and Abr~lfiul( A k - khBri Srryyids. I-ide Nos. 77, i 8 .
barndmah 111, p. 196) apeukn of his
Farid wns in Knlhndr on his mnrcll to Klinpll. The Sbnikh ordered Dwhrkb
his M h s h i , to pny the man his wages, and the Bnkhshi wrote out the Descriptive
iloll, and gave the man one day's pay. But Farid got angry, and said, " He is an
old servant, and though he comes rathcr late, my affairs have not fared ill on account
of his absence ; give him hie whole pay." The man got 7000 Re., his whole pay for
sir years.
"Night and day." exclaims the author of the Mactsir, "change as before, and the
stars walk and the heavens turn as of old, but India hns no longer such men. Per-
haps they have left for some other country !"
Shnikh Farid had no son. His daughter also died childless. He had adopted
two young men. Muhammad Sa'fd and Mir Khbn. They lived in great pomp, and
did not care for the emperor. Though often warned, t h q would noisily paee the
in boats to the annoyance of the Emperor, their boate being lighted
up with torches andcoloored lamps. One night they did so again, and Mahliht
Khhn, whom Jahhngh had given a hint, sent one of his men and killed Mir Khin.
Sh. F. demanded of the emperor Mahhbat's blood ; but Mahirbat got together several
' mpectable' witnesses who maintained before the emperor that Mir K h h had been
killed by Muhammad Sa'id, and Shaikh F. had to remain quiet.
Muhammad Wid was alive in the 20th year of ShBhjahb, and was a Commauder
of Seven Hundred, 300 horse (Pddishdkn. 11, 743).
Sayyid Jayar, Sh. F.'s brother, was also in Akbar's service. He wr~lkilled in
the battle of Pntan (p. 397,l.6).
The Pddishdhndmuh (I, b., 316,313 ; 11, 739) also mentions S a y 9 Bad+, son
of Shaikh Farid's sister, a Commander of 700, 600 horse ; and Sayyid BAakar, son of
Sh. F.'s brother, a Commandor of Five Hundred, 300 horse.
100. Sama'nji' Kha'n, son of Chalmah Beg.
For Samdnji we often find in MSS. Samdji. The Turkish aamdn means hay,
so that&mdnj,ji, or Sarndnchi would mean o m who b o b*a the hay.
The name of this grandee is neither given in the Yarbir, nor the TaQapdt. Nor
have I come across his name in the Akbarndmuh. I t remains, therefore, doubtful
whether he is the son of No. 68.
Another Samhnji gh6n will be found below, No. 147.
101. Terdi' Kh8'n, son of Qiyi Kh&n Gung (No. 33).
He has been mentioned above, on p. 34%. The Tubaqdt says that, in 1001,he
was governor of Patan (GujrM).'

Tardi K h h is also mentioned in Akbar left A p h ; but from the Akbmi-

Sayyid Ahmad's edition of the Tuzuk,
19, 1. 16. But this a mistake. It shouh
. mah (Luckr~owEdition, 111, 18 ff.) it is
clear that Akbar left Kgrah on the 24th
be Tar Khdn, not l'ardi Khdn. The Babi' 11,$81, and en
word to di,1. c., also is a mistnke, and
should %e Ibqbdi. Pages 18, I9 of the
?fd
the 9th day after his epnrture, i. e., on
theenemimm
the 6th J u m a a I., 981. Hence the date
Tuauk treat of Akbar'~forced march to 6th JumMa I, 980, which Sayyid Ah-
Patan in Gujrht (vide p. 325,note, and mad gives. !L'u.zrk, . 18, 1. 16, should
p. 406.1.10). The Madsir (MS. 77 of be corrected to 6th Q u d a I, B81.
the Library As. Soc. Bengal, p. 163, b.) The compnrison of the several m n m
mentions the 4th Rabi' I. aa the day when for a history of Akbar's reign, and the
 102. Mihtar Wa'n, Antsuddln, a s e r v a n t of H u m i y 6 n .
Tlie word mihtar, pr. a prince, occurs very often in the names of Humifin's
@manta. Thui in the Akbarndmah (Lncknow Edition, Vol. I. p. 269,--a very
interesting page, which gives the names of the grandees, kc., who accompanied the
emperor to Persia).
Mihtar KhIn was the title of Anis (addin). H e wan Humiy6n's treanurer
on his flight to Persia, and returned with the emperor.
I n the 14th year, when Rantanbhdr had been conquered (a& No. 96),the fort
was pot in his charge. In the beginning of the 2 l s t year (beginning of 984), he
accompanied Mirn Singh on his expedition against G n B Parbib of Maiwir, and dis-
tinpished himself an leader of the Chanddwul (rear). I n the 25th year, he held a
jhgir in Audh, and distinguished himself in the final pursuit of M a ' b Khbn Faran-
kh6di (No. 167).
Anis wan gradnally promoted. He wan a t the time of Akbar's death a Commander
of Three Thousand. According to the Tabaqdl, he was i n 1001 a Commander of 2600.
H e died in the 3rd year bf Jahbngir's reign, 1017, eighty-four years old. I f I
read the MSS. of the M a h i r correctly, he was a Kbtf, and looked upon his tribe with
mnch favour. H e was a man of great simplicity. It is said that he paid his con-
tingent monthly.
Miinis Khdn, his son, was during the reign of Jahbngir a Commander of Five
Hundred, 130 horse. Abzi Tdlib, son of M h i s Khhn, was employed as treasurer
(Phiednchi) of the P b a h of Bengal.
103. R s i Durgaf Sisodiah.
Biti Dnrgi is generally called in the Akbarndmah. %i Durgi Chandriwat
( bJ9+ ). The home of the family wae the Parganah of Rirmpk, also called
I s k m p k , near Chftor.
I n the 26th year of Akbar's reign, Riri Durgb accompanied Prince Murbd on his
expedition against Mimi Muhammad Hakim of KBbul. I n the 28th year, fie was
attached to X f n i Khin's (No. 29) corps, and distinguished himself in the Gujrit war.
I n the 30th gear, he wae with M. 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) in the bak'hin. I n the 36th
year, he followed Prince M d to Mblwah, and later to the Dak'hin.
I n the 45th year, Akbar sent him after Muzaffar Husain Minb. He then aa-
companied Abulfkl to N h i k , and went afterwards home on leave. H e returned, but
after six weeks went again home, apparently without permission.
H e died towards the end of the 2nd year of Jahiogir's reign.
According to the a z u k (p. 63),he had served Alibar for upwards of forty years.
Jahbngir says, he had a t fiwt been in the service of %nit Udai Singh, and reached,
during the reign of Akbar, the dignity of a Commander of Four Thousand. He is
said t o have been a good tactician.
The Tabaqdt says that he was in 1001 a Commander of Fiftcen Hundred.
The M a h i r continues the history of his descendanb, from which the following
tree has been taken.
c o m t i o n of the MSS., is a truly her- printed liiatorical cditionu h a vcry rnuch
culesin labour, which the w2t11tot'rriticul increased Z-kk NO. 104.
acdmell on the part of the ~Viitomor our
53
 1. %i Durgb Sisodiah
9 (Chandrbwat)
I
2. G o Chandri (dahbngir)
I,
(a.)A son @.) R ~ ?ilulmna
P
I
9. & Daudh (Shhhjahhn)
I
4 R&J Hatti Singh (Do.)'
[died cl~ildless]
6. ( a . ) R&J Rh Singh-6. (b.) Rho Amr Singh
[did c h i l $ ~ s ~ (Aurangzib)

LI
7. %o Mu kam Singh
8. Itiro Gopirl Singh
I
9. Rho Ratan Singh
Rho Ratan Singh turned Muhammadan, and got the title of Muslim Khdm
(Aurangzib-JahBndbr Shrih).
104. M a dhulSingh, Ron of B j a h BhagwBn DBs (No. 27).
.He was present in the fight a t Sam61 (p. 333). I n the beginning of the 21st
year (Muharram, 984) he served under BIin Singh against Rdnk Kikb, and distin-
guished himself in the battle of Gogandah ('Llst Rabi' I., 984).* I n the 30th
year, he acccrnpanied H r z b S h a r u k h (No. 7) on his expedition to Kashmir. I n the
3 l s t year, after the dalth of Sayyid HLnlid (No. 781, he took the contingent of RBjah
Bliagwin from T'hinah Langar, where he was stationed, to 'Ali Masjid, where M%ib
S i g h was.
I n the 48th year, he was made a Commander of Three Thousand, eOOO horse.
According to the Tabaqdt, he had been, i n 1001, a Commander of 2000.
His son, Chatr Sdl, or Sntr Sdl, was at the end of JahLn$s reign a Commrrnder
of Fiflern Ilundred, 1000 horse. H e was killed together with his two sons, B h h Singh
and Annnd Singh, in the Dnk'hin, in the 3rd year of Shhhjahbn's reign. H i s third
son, Ugnr Sen, was a Commander of Eight Hundred, 400 horse (side P G s h i h n -
I., p, 294 ; I., b., pp. 305,319.)

There is some confusion in the HSS. battle, and brought Akbar Bdbn Singh's
and printed editions regarding his name. report, i t i~ clr:rr t l ~ a Mhn
t Singh set out
Thus in the Yddialrdhnd~nah,Ed. Ilibl. on the 2nd hLuli:rrrnm, 984, and that the
Indica, I, b., 306, he is called L1ltrl'hi battle took place 011 the 21st Rabi' I., of
Sin A ; hut Eutti Singh in the same the same ycar.
war$, Vol. 11, p. 130, and Huthi, on I t 1 1 been
~ remarked above (p. 356,
p. 374. notel),thnt the chronology of t h e Tabaqdt
s I t was #aid above, p. 339, 1. I., that is erroneous. BadLoni nrcribes the errors
the battle of Gogandah was fought in to the omission of the intercalay days,
986. Tllis is the state~nentof the prba- and a confusioi~01' solar and lunar yearn.
~ t which
, the Mncisir follows in its Historians should bear this in mind. The
eiogrrrphical note of R:i ah MBn Singh. A k b m b m a h is the only source for a
But fkorll the Akburntinlnh and tile His- hihq of Akbar's reiqii, a n d tho Sawd-
tory of B d k n i , who woli present in the nih should be the guize of Historinns.
 IOS. SaygId Qa'Bim, and 148. Sayyid Hs'ehim, sons of Styyid Mah-
mlid Khln of Bkha, Kbndliwtil (No. 75).
I n the 17th year. S. QLitn served under KhBn 'Xlam (No. 68), in the pursuit
of Muhammad Eusain Mini, who eftor his d e b t by M. 'Azh Kokah (No. 21) had
withdrawn to the Dak'hin.
S. H L h i m served, in the 2Iat year, with Rbi Rbi Singh (No. 441 against S u b i n
Deornh, ruler of Sarohi; ant3 distinguished himself in the conquest of that plnce.
I n the 28nd year, both brothers served under Shahbtlz Khbn (No. 80) against the
%ni I n the 25th year, when Chandr Sen, son of M b l h , raised disturbances, both
brothers, who had jdgtra in Aj~nir,were ordered to march against him. Both again
distinguished themselves in the 28th year, and served in the h d m l of b l i n b KhBn
(No. 29) in the Gujrit war.
S. Hishim was kined in the battle of' Sarkich, near Ahmadtibid. 8. Q h i m was
wounded. He was subsequently appointed T'hBnnhdL of Patan. When Mirz6 Khbn
went to Court, leaving Qulij Khbn as G'overnor of Ahmadhhjnl, W i m was spin
appointed to a command and operated snccessfnlly w i n s t Muzcrtfnr, J i m (zamindiu
of Little Kachh). and K'hangbr (zamindh of Great Kachh).
On the transfer of M i d B b n , Kh&n i A'zam (No. 21) was appointed Governor
of: G u j r a . W i m continued to serve in GujrBt, and distinguished himself especially
in the 37th year. Later, he commanded the left wing of S o l f i n MurkipsDuk'hincorps.
Q L i m died in the 44th year (1007). He wm a t his death u, Comlualldcr of 1500.
R e g d u g their suns, vide p. 392.

XII. Comrnandivs of Twelve Rbndhed and Fgty.

10%- Ra'i Sa'l Darbe'ri', ShaikhAwat.
He is nlso called %jab R i i Sit1 DarbPri, and is the son of RLi R i i Mall Shaikhb-
at, in whose service Hasan KhBn Slir (father of Sher Shih) wit.,for YUIIIC- ti~ne.
As remarked above (p. 38, No. 23), the Kwhhwbl~ahaare divided into Ilirjhwab
and ShikhLwats. T o the latter branch belong R6jahs Log K m m , 1Gri S51, kc. ; the
farmer contains MBn Singh's posterity (the present rulers of Jaiphr).
The term Siiadkhd~at,or iNekhdwat, as i t is generally yronounci.d, is explained
as follow. h e of the ancestors of this branch had 110 souu. A Muharnrnadan
Shaikh, however, had pity on him, and prayed for him till he got a son. From motives
of gratitude, the boy wau called Shuikh.' Heuco his d e m m b n t s me called the Shnikh-
i w a t Branch
RAi %I was employed at Court, aa his title of Durldri indicates. H e was in
change of the Harem. During the reign of Jahbngir, he was promoted, and served in
the Dak'hin. H e died there a t an advanced age. He had twenty-one mus, eacli of
whom had a numerous posterity.
Whilst %i 511 w;w in the Dek'hin, Mi5dhb Singh and other grandchildren of Iiis,
wllected a lot of ruairns, and ocoupied &i S l ' a p n h r n d possmsbns." B LHut'hurb
~

1
1Ic is the same w the Shuilhji of twelnh dclrccndant ol' 1)holi R i i (11. 329).
Jaip& genea1ugit.s. Shaikl~ji is haill to Callcd in thc Nudair J J ~ Khdn- ,
have bcen a grandson of U d a i k a m , dBr or Ghandir, ' nctu Ambur.'
Dis, a Bengali, who was E i 6Ql's Muntihi nnd Vakil, movered a portion of his master's
Ixnds.
A l h Rii Shl's death, hia sons and grandsons lived, according to the custom of
t h e Zamindirs of the age, in fkud with their r~eighboursaud with each other. %jab
Girdhar, R i i S U s son, is alaost the only one that distinguished himself a t Court.
From the Akbarnlmah we see that Fkii 561 entered early &bar's service ; for he
was present in the battle of Khairibird (p. 38?), in the fight a t Sarnll (p. 333), and
m m p e n i e d the Emperor on his forced march to Patan and Ahmadkbird (p. 416,note).
The Pctdiahdhndmuh (I.,h., p. 314) meutions another son of m i Sil's, Bhoj 114,
who w a a~ Commander of Eight Hundred, 400 horse.
The Tabaqdt says that U i Slrl was, in 1001, a Commander of Two Thousand
Abulfazl calls hi in this list a Commander of 1250. This manfab is unusual,
and fi %l stands alone in this class. It does not occur in the liita of Grandees
in the Pddnhcfhncfmah. From other histories also i t is clear that tho next higher
Nanqnb after the Huzdri was the Huzdr o pdnqzdi, or Coinmander of Fifteen
Hundred
XIII. Commandct.8 of OM Tiwwa?rd.
107. Yuhibb 'Alil Kha'n, son of Mir Walifah.
Tbis grnndee muat not be confounded with X i ~ h i l b'All Khdn Bahtdsi (p. 4222).
Muhihb'Bli Kh6n is the sou of Mir Nizhir~uddin'A11 Khalifirh, the "pillar of Bibar's
government." H e had 110 faith in IIurnQyfin, and war opposed to his accession. He
tl~ereforefavoured Mahdi Khwhjuh, Bi~bar's sou-in-law. Mahdi, a ~ h o r time t before
Uribar's death, assumed a royal deportment. Oue day, Mir K h a l i f d happened to be in
Mahdi'ti tent; and when he left, Mnhdi, thinking himself alone, put his lland to his
beard, and exclaimed, " Thou shalt by and by follow me." H e hnd scarcely uttered the*
words, whcn he ohuervd Muqim i Harawi' in the corner of the tent. Muqiin reported
these words to Nir Klialifah, nnd upbraided him for giving Nnhdi his suppoi-t. Mir
I(halifah thereupon changed his mind, forbade people to visit Mnhdi, and r a i d , on
Bkbar's death, Hurn&ydn to the throne.
His son Muhibb 'Ali Khbn distinguished himself uuder Bibar and HunihyiuL
His wife was Nkbid Bt~guni,daughter of Q k i m Kokah. Q k i m had writiced hilulielf
for Bhbar. Bhbar had fullen into the hands of 'Abdullah Kbdu Uzbnk, whcn Qhim
stepped forward and said that he was BBbar. H e was cut to pieces, and =bar
escaped. I n 976, NBl~idBegum went to T'hat'hah, to see her mother, HGji Begum
(daughter of Mink Nuqim, son of MirzG Zul-nJn). Bfter Q h i m Kolrah's death, H i j i
&guui married J I i n k IIasan, and after him, MirzQ 'I&Tarkhin, king of Sindh (p. 3F2).
Before NBhid Begum reached T'hat'hah, MirzG 'lsb died. His successor, M i d Biqi
ill-treated Hkji Begum and her dnughter. Hkji Begum therefore oollected a few
deperrtte men and watched for an opportunity to get hold of M. l%qi's person. The
plot was, however, discovered, and Hhji &gum was put into prison. NQhid Begum
escaped and went to Bhakkar, where she was well received by Sulthn Mahmlid, ruler
of tho District. H e persuaded her to ask Akbar to send her husband Mubibb 'hli

' Father of the Hi.t.irian I i r k ~ n u d d i n

Ahmad, author of the Tabupdt i dkburi.
1 Muqim was then Diwdn i Buytitdt.
to Bhnkkar ; and he would give him an army, if he liked* to attack T'hat'hah. NBhid
Begum did so on coming to court, and Akbar, in the 16th yeiu (978), called for
Mnhibb, who had then retired from court-life, and ordered him to proceed to
Bhakkar.
Muhibb set out, accompanied by Mujcfhid Khdn, a aon of hi daughter. Sa'ld t
K h h (No. 25), Governor of Mulan, had also received ordera to m i s t Muhibb ; but
at S w n Mahmdd's request, Muhibb came alone, accompanied by only a few hundred
troopern. When he arrived at Bhakkar, Sulgn Mahmlid said that he had changed hie
mind : he might go and attack T'hat'hah without his wsistance ; but he should do so
from Jaisalmir, and not from Bhakkar. Muhibb, though he had only 200 troopers,
rewived to punish S u l g t ~Mohmdd for his treachery, and prepared himself to attack
Bhakkar. Mahmdd had 1000 home aasembled near Fort Mhth'ilah (al?&Lo). Muhibb
attacked them, dispersed them, and took soon after the fort itaelf. He then fitted out
r larger corps, and moved to Bhakkar, where he again defeated Mahmdd. The con-
sequence of this victory was, that Yubbrak Khbn, S u l t h Mahmdd's aazir, leR his
master and went with 2600 horse over to Muhibb. But as Mubdrak's son, Beg Ogh16,
was accused of having had criminal intercourse with a concubine of Snltbn Mahmdd,
Mnhibb wished to kill Beg Oghlli. Mnbdrak, who had not expected this, now tried
b get out of Mohibb's power. Muhibb therefore killed Mubdrak, and used the money
which fell into his hands, to complete his preparations for the siege of Bhakkar.
The siege had lasted three y e m , when famine and diaeaae drove the inhabi-
tants to denpnu. The swelling which is peculiar to the district, decimated the
people; and the bark of the Sir8 tree (p. 228), the best remedy for it, could only
be had for gold. Sultln Mahmdd, at last, sent a message to Akbar, and offered the
fort as a present to Prince Salim, if Muhibb were recalled, and another grandee sent
in his stead, who was to take him (Mahmlid) to court ; for he aaid, he could not trust
Muhibb. A l i b ~ accepted the proposal, and sent Mir Gead, Bakdwal-begi, to Bhakkar?
Before Mir Gesli arrived, SultCn Nahmlid had died. New complications arose on his
arrival. Mujirhid KhBn just besieged Fort Ganjhbah,' and his mother SBmi'ah
&gum (Muhibb's daughter) who felt offended at Akbar's proceedings, despatched a few
ships against Mir Ges6, and nearly captured him. I n the meantime Mnqim i Harawf
arrived and dissuaded Muhibb from hostilities against Mir Gesd. The latter now
entered Bhakkar (981), and the inhabitants handed the keys over to him.
But neither Muhibb nor Mujhhid felt inclined to leave for the Court, though their
atsp was fraught with danger. Muhibb therefore entered into an agreement with
Mir Gesd, according to which Mujiihid should be allowed to go to T'hat'hah, uttd that he
himaelf with his whole family ~houldbe accommodated in Lohari. The arrangement
h.d been partially carried out, when Mir Ges6 despatched a flotilla sfter MujBhid.
Muhibb upon this withdrew to Mrit'hilah. Smi'ah Begum fortified the environs,
and when attacked by Gesd's men, she successfully repulsed them for one day and one

The conquest of Bhakkar is minute- Abulfazl's account conbrins a few inter-

Ip relnttvl iu the T J ~ i k ihAUu'plin~i(:>idc esting pnrticulars and difierencos. For
h'a. %AH), fnnl whicli Prol: 1)clwwon in DOWSOII's hlir Kb6, we have to r e d
hi ~ditiot~of Elliot'a Histury of India X i r Geeti. lIix biogrephy in givut~itt the
(1, y. % i tf.)~ hiu given extrxta. Uut M&k. ' Cienurally oiilled Gunjdwub.
i t . Stlxt 11;iy. J l ~!j:il~iil;~rrivrdin f'orceil marcl~cs,tlc.f'c:rtvd the enemy,I nud oecu-
t l ~ ~I h: I I I ~L ? : I , ~ 01' t11c riv,,r.
111 t l ~ c~ I I ~ ~ ; I iIi Ik ~ ~ , PIIIIIIRIIIIIIR~
l ~~: ~Ih rI: ~I d~sent T:IMOIIK l ~ i n(XO. 32) ns goveruor
to Ui~;tlilii~~, and Jl1111ibl)t l ~ ~ l ~ : lit~ ItI O W wise to go to Cuurt.
111tlic Zlht y c ~ r JIIIII~LIJ , rt~ceivc,lan : ~ l ) ~ ) ~ ) i n til ~ Court, lt ( , ~ ~ tm a sort of Mir 'iir:.
A s hc g,tvc the cniperor ~atisihctiun,tilibar, ill t l ~ c2:<r11xc:~r,:~llurrcd1ii1n to choose one
of'fbur : ~ l ) l i a i t ~ t ~ n et l~~~eoffice t s , of' ilZi~.'ili.~,tile ~ I I ; L Iof'~ the IIarein, the gover~~orulip
CI~':L d i ~ t i ~ ~)rovi~ice,
nt or tilt: governorsl~ipof 1)ihli. I\IuhiLb chose the last, aud e u t e ~ d
a t once u1)on his otficc.
I f c died as G o v e r ~ ~ oofr Dihli i n DY9.
3luhil)b i~ ~)l;uccclill the TirL(rytit amon:: the Colnrnandcrs of Fonr Thousaud.
l!cy:~rding the town 01' Ilholil;ar, AL~ull'izlaags tli:~tit is c;~lletlin old books Xati-
$ti~.(th.Six rivers u ~ ~ i t cp:ua . d bg it in several Lrancllcs ; two Lrunclles lie to the wuth,
one to the north. T l ~ ctown at the l;lttcr brarlch, is c;~llcJ13lralikar. 011 the m u d
I r n ~ l c h: l ~ ~ u t l towne r lies, called Lol~ari,and nttnr it is the Indus.
JIirzi dl1511 IIusnin Argl1611, Itil~g of 'l"h;~l'l~:~l~, h i d B11,ikkar fortified, and
nppoi~~tc,l :La C ~ r ~ ~ u n a n dhis c r f;~stc~r-brutllcrSU~~:LII I \ ~ u ~ I I IAlZcr I ~ ~ . SllLh H ~ S ~ I I ' U
d ~ . ~ t lS~ilt;i~l
l, t~ l e ~ ~ t ill~d3IirzJ 'rsi Tar-
~ I A ~ I I I IdI~' Ic~l i ~ r cI Id~ I I I X C IiI '~ ~ i l ~ ~ l ) e: ~n Ul~;llili~r.
lillbll 362) a t T ' i ~ u t ' l ~ a l ~Uutli . were olic~lat war lvith each other. Sultan Mxh-
ul&d is said to have been a cruel man.
As Uhaltliar was conquered aud annexed before T'ha.&'h&, it was attached t o the
Cilb:lh of AIulthn.
[Muhibb 'Ali' Kha'n Rahta'si'].
I,ilie 3111hiLI) 'All KIILI~,son 01' DIir Iihnlif;~l~, 1\Iul1ibb'Ali Kh6n b11&f is put
in tllc ~ir/,iryritalnong tlle C o ~ n ~ ~ i u n ~uf'l cFour rs Tliousa~~il.I t is i~npossibleto asy
why Ab~~lilrzl11:t~not t~~crltionedhi111 in tlliv list. His name, however, occlm fm-
( l \ ~ ~ ~int ltl~c. y dki,ic,.,r&mcik a ~ ~uthcr l l histories. As he w w a long time Governor of
Kalltlis iu S. UillAr, hc is gene~.;~lly called Rtrhttisa'. This renowned Fort had pa.ssd,
ill !,-IS, illto the 11;mdsof' Sllcr Shih. L)uriug his rcign, as also that of Sali111 Shib.
l.':,tll 1illii11 ljiltni C O I I I ~ I I ; I I I ~tlle ~ ~ Fort. S u l ~ s ~ . ~ l a c ~itn t lcame
y into the haulisof
n Junaid i k-:~r:~rilli. The latter a]lll~illt~'d
s , ~ l i ~ i n l $:i11d Saygitl lfuhammad CON-
~nander. AS relutcd above (1). 400), he hilnded i t ovcr to Shahbiz Khhn (So. M),
at tl~(atime of' tile war will1 (;:iipati and his son Sri IlLrn (98.1).
In the sanle gr:tr, Ahll;rr ;cppointcct BIuhibb 'Ali KLiu governor of W&, and
S11:~11biz lih&n n~atlcover tlic Fort t v him.
Nol1i1,L rendered rrcellcnt ticrviccs during the Ekngal Military Revolt. His son
also. Hnllib 'Ali K11:in [c.ide No. 133). distiuguisl~edhin~uelf by his braverg, but was
ltillctl in a fight with onr Yilsuf RIitti, who had collected a bald of AfgLins and M-
v a ~ e JS. IlihJr. His dts;~tlialkctrd his tilther so much, tllat he becmne &mprnrily
infiine.

If Prot: I)~~w*on'sJ I M : I ~ I .~~ i~ tLl ~[ ~ ~l(itr~(~A.DIqiRhid K h 6 ib: agoin m w

i s v i (I. I 2 1 ) I i i tiuued, I. c., p. Wd.
Jl<t'~tintiwuuld coutla~liclthe dkbur- I
 In the 31st year, two officers hnving been appointed to rncli p b n l ~ Muhibb
, w.ls
4 4 to join Vnzir Khgn (No. 41), Governor of lkligal. I n t l ~ c33rd ymr, Bihir
was given to the Kachhwihnhr IL~jd,gi~,and Akbnr called Mul~ibbto Court, intending
to make him governor of Multirn. But as the emperor was just about to leave for
Kaahmir (997). Mnhibb accompanied him.
ikon &er entering Kashmir, Muhibb tool; ill, and died, on the emperor's return,
near the Koh i Suhimdn. Akbar went to his sick-bed and saw hini the moment
be died.
I n the Akbarndmah (111, p. 2%) a place Muhibb 'Ala'pzir is mentioned, which
3Iohibb founded near Rnhths.
108. Bulta'n Khwa'jah, 'Abdul 'Azim, son of Khwijah khawand
Dost.
H e is also called Snltbn Khwhjah Naqshbandi." His father Khbwand Dost was
a pupil of Wwirjah 'Abdnshshahid, fifth son of Khwbjah 'Abdullali ( g ~ ~ ~ r r , tcalled
Ily
Khaiijapin Khwhjah; aide No. 17, p. 322), son of the renowned saint Khwkjah
N&irnddin Ah& (horn 806, died 29th Rabi' I, 895).
When 'Abdushshahid came from Samarqand to India, he was well received by
Akhar,and got as present the Parganah Chamhri. H e remained there some timo,
but returned in 982 to Samarqand, where he died two years later.
Sultan Khwbjah, though neither learned in the eciences nor in tapawwuf (mysti-
cism), had yet much of the snintly philosopher in him. H e possessed in a high degree
the confidence and the friendship of the emperor. I n 984, he was made dlir H e ,
and as such commanded a numerous party of courtiers during thc pilgrimage to Makkah.
Sever before had ao influential a party left for Arabia : Sultin lihwhjah was to
dietribute sir lacs of rupees and 12000 khil'ato to the people of Alakkah.
On his return in 986 (23rd gear). he was made a Commander of One Thousand,
and appointed p d r of the realm (p. 273). H e held that office till his death, which
took place in the 29th gear (998). H e was buried outaide the Fort of Fathpdr, to the
north.
His daughter, in the beginning of the 30th year, w m married to Prince DBny61.
His son, Mir Khwbjah, r n s in the 46th year a Com~nanderof 500.
Aceording to Badboni nnd Abulfazl, Sultin Khwijnh belonged to the elect of tho
'Dirine Faith' (vide p. 204).
108. K h w a ' j e h ' A b d f l a h , son of Khwkjrih 'Abdullafif.
His name 'is not given in tho dincisir and tho Tuhnqu't. The Akharndmnh
mentions a Rhw4jah 'Abdullnh who servrcl in the war against 'Abdullah K h h Uabak
(So. 14), in BIhlwah (971-72), during the l a d rebellion of K b i n Zamhn (No. 13), and in
the fight a t Sarnil (middle Sha'bin, 980 ; vide p. 333). H e a l ~ oaccompanied the
emperor on his forced march to P a h n nnd AhmadBbid. T d e the Lucknow Edition
of the Akbarncimah, 11,286,287, 367 ; I I I , 2 4 .

' Not given on the maps. 791. H e was called naqshhand, bemuso
' iVoqrhbandwan the epithet of the according to hi^ own wordn, he and his
momled saint Xhwi?jrh Bnhriudtlin of parents wed to weave kamkhdbe adorn-
Bukhbh, born 728, died 3rd liabi' I., ed with fignrcs (naqsh).
 110. Khwa'jah Jrtha'n, A m i n i n f IInrCt.
Ilis 1'111111:1111(~ is I i l ~ ~ v : i , i I: ~IlI~I I ~ I I ~I II:(I ~I I~I I~Iof
II' IIH~ a r k The form Amini is
n1od1.1.11 ll.:il~i.\\.l~icIilil<rs to :ltld :I Long (i to nmncs.
A111in\v:L.; :LII esc,.lle~~t ; ~ c . c o ~ ~ i111cl
n t : ~a ~disti11;11isl1ed
~t calli,rrrapher. H e acmm-
11:11iit*dI l i i r ~ ~ : i y ~ oni n his fligl~tto Persia. On the return of the emperor, he was made
B ; ~ l i l ~ sot'l ~IJrince
i Akb;lr.
On Ak11:lr's accession, Alllir~ \\.as made a Co~nmanderof One n o u s a n d , and re-
crired the title of Kh~c(ijnlJ u h t i n . IIc w:rs gcr~er;illyc~11111101ed in tinancid aorli,
nntl krld the grc~it scd. I n the 11th year, hi, was accllsed by I\IuzaR:ar R h i u (So.
37) of\vaut of 1oy;~ltj-sIrc\vn in tlie rrl~cllior~ of 1<h:i11Zani;i~~.Arnin was reprimand~d,
t l ~ cgreat s(3:tl w:is tillten from hirn, mid he was disl~~issed to Jlnkliah.
On his ~t.tlirn,Ile was parcl~l~rrd.111 thca l!)tli 1e:lr (OS1-Xd), Akbar besieged Hiji-
pilr ; hut Anlin 1i:td llcrn coml)cllrd by s i ~ l i ~ ~toe sremilin r behind a t .Jaunyilr. Wllen
t l ~ ceinlwror retnrncd fru~n tIA.jipilr over J a u n p i r to Sgrah, Anlin fnllomed hirn.
011 the arch, he wa.9 OIICC c l ~ i l r g ~by d R n~fratclrphant : his foot got entnngled in a
t w t rtrl)c, ant1 he fi.11 to thr, :,.rou~ud. T l ~ caccidtbnt h:ad au iujorious e&.ct on A d o ,
c o u ~ ; i l ~ ~ s cnh r nIIC,
t w.1.;. H e tiled near Lxli'hnau, in the beginning of Sl~a'bin,9@2.
According to the chronology of the ~ u h t r p d lhir , death took place in 983.
A son of A ~ i i i ~ ~ ' ~ b r ois t l 111enti011ed.
icr I i i s name WLY RIirzit &g. He was a p t
and wrote under the luklrcrfflt~ of Shcrlrri. H e withdrew from Court, and died in 989.
J a h i n g i r also conferred the title of Iihwijah J a h i n on the officer (Dost Muhaul-
mad of Kibul) who llnd serve11hirn Bakllshi while Prince.
111. Ta'ta'r Kha'n, of I i l l u r i s i n .
His name is Kl~wA,jah Thhir nI1111arnmnd. I n the 8th year, h e a c c o m p n i d
Slliil~Budl~g11Rllin (No. 52) and Ili111i Iillhn (NO. I&), and pursued Mir Sh6h 'Abul
Ya'ili, who withdrew from Hiy6r F i r i l ~ .to ~ l Kibul.
~
H e was then made governor of L)ihli, where ho died in 086.
The Tudagril says, he w;u for some tirrie r;szt'r, aud died in 985.
I<cgarding llis enmity wit11 Mull& Nliruddfn TarkhCn, vide Badioni 111, 199.
112. Haki'm Abulfath, son of Mulli 'Abdurrozdq of G i l h .
IIis n:lmo is 1l.uihuddin Abulfath. JIaulhnQ 'Abdurrazzirq, his father, aaa a
Ienrned and tnleuted man, and held for a long time the post of Eddr of Gilin. When
Gildn, in 074, came iuto the poawssion of '&hmiqp, Ahnlnd R h i n , ruler of the country
w m imprisoned, and ' A b d n r ~ a ~ z bwrw
q torturtd to death. Hakim Abulfath, with
his dibtirlguished hrotl~ersHakiln H u m i m (So. 206) and ITakim R'firuddin,' left the
country, and arrired, in the 20th year, in India (p. 175). They went to Court and
were well received. Abulf:rth, in the 21th year, was made fad^ nnd Amin of Bengal.
A t the outbreak of the military revolt, he mas captured with several other officers
(vide Nos. 98 and 169) ; but he escaped from prison, and went again to Court. H e m e
higher and higher in Akhar's h r o u r , and possessed an immense iufluence in statematters

H e is mentioned below among the India, and received through Abol Fath's
is ' Qlrkri.' T l ~ c i rfoi~rth t~rljtl~er,Ha-
kiln Lutlhll:d~, CHIIIO Ir~terfrom rrhn to I
P0et.i of AAbar'~reign. Ifis t n k l ~ a l l t ~ ~ intlucncc, a C'ommond of Two tiandred
(No. 364). H e did not live long.
and on the emperor himself. Though only a commander of One Thousand, he is said
to have had the power of a Vaka'2.
As related above (p. W), he accompanied Bh Bq on tho expedition against tho
Y&ufm's in S s w a and Bijor. On hi return, he was reprimanded ; for the emperor,
oorrectly enough, ascribed the disashne issue of the oampign to Abulfath's in-
subordinate conduct towards Zain Kokah (No. 34).
I n the 34th year, (997), he went with the emperor to Kashmk, and from there
to Zhbulistain. On the march he fell sick, and died. According to Akbar's order,
Kh~vbjahShamsuddin (No. 169) took his body to Hasan AMP, and buried him in a
vault which the K h w G d ~had made for himself (fisuk, p. 48). On hi return, the
emperor said a prayer at Abulfath's tomb.
The great poet 'Urfi of ShiAz (vide below, among the poeta) is Abul Fath's
encomiast. Faizf also has composed a fine mara'ah, or elegy, on his death.
Abulfazl and Badbni speak of the vast attainments of Abulfath. A rare copy
of his Munshidt' is preserved in the Library of the As. Soc. Bengal (No. 780). He
had a profound contempt for old Persian poeta : thus he called Anwari diminutively
A n r w k k ;and of Khaqbnf he said, he would give him a box on the errre if he were to
come to him, to rouse him from his sleepiness, and would send him to Abulfazl, who
would give him another box, and both would then show him how to correct his verses
(Badhni 111,167).
B d b n i mentions Abulfath's influence aa one of the chief masons why Akbar
abjured Islbm (p. 176).
Abulfath had a son, Fathullah. He was killed by Jahhglr, aa he was an ac-
complice of Khunrau (Tw~uk,p. 58).
A pandosn of Abulfath is mentioned in the Pddiehcihn6qnuh (11, p. 739). His
name k Fath Zih ; he was a Commander of Nine Hundred, 160 h o w .
118. Shaikh Jama'l, son of Muham~nadBakhtyL.
His full name in Shaikh JamB Bakhtyl, son of Shaikh Muhammad Balihtybr.
The Bakhtyir clan had posawsiunn in Jalesar, pubah of &r&.
Shaikh Jamid's sister held the post of superintendent in Akbar's harem, and pro-
cured for her brother a command of One Thounand. Jamhl's elevation excited much
envy. One day, after taking nome water, he felt suddenly ill. R6p also, one of Akbar's
servant, who had drunk of tho same water, took immediately ilL Akbar had antidotes
applied, and both recovered.
I n the 26th year, he accompanied Is~nL'ilQuli Khhn (No. 46) on his expedition
against the rebel Niyibat h'hinl. Niyhbat Kh6n was the son of Mir HLhim of
Niahbplir ; his name was 'Amb. Before his rebellion, he held Jhosi and Arail (JalBI-
Bbb) as j w r . I n the fight, which took place near ' Kantit, a dependency of Pannah,"
Shaikh Jamll was nearly killed, N i y i h t K h h having pulled him from his horse.

' His M u ~ h i d t contain interesting ' The Bibl. Indica edition of Baddonri
letters addressed by Abulhtb to his (11, 289) sayn, the tight took place at
brother Hnkfm Hutnbnl, tho Khhn ~ f ~ (h t ), a dCp.perdcrcc.y" f Y a t -
lihinbn (No. 29), Khwkjah S h i m (No.
16'J), aud othcrn. nah (d:)but ; thin ia rnihko of tho
64
 111 the 3Gtl1 year, he rn;vclied with Prirtcc MurBd .against M i d Muhammad
1 I;LI<~III
of Kib111.
Slli~ilrhJamirl drank a great den1 ofwine. One day, he brought ench a smell of
wine to the audience hall, that A k h r felt offended, and excluded him horn Court.
J:nnhl tllercfore sqnandrl.ed and destroyed the things he had with him, and aasumed
the garb of a jogi. This annoyed the emperor more, and Jams was put into prison.
Soon altcr, he aa? pardoned ; but he continued his old vice, and brought deliriuta
tre)llcnx on liimself. I n thc 30th year, when Akbar set out for Zibulisbin, Shaikh
Jarri.:tl had t o rcn~ainsick in Llidhi6nah. H e died there in the snme year (993).
.Tntnirl has been mentioned above on p. 191.
114. Ja'far Kha'n, son of Q d q Khfin.
Ho is generally called in the histories J u y a r Khdn TuElri, Talc16 being the
namc of o Qizilbbh tribe.
IIis grandfather, llluham~nadKh6n Shnrafuddin Oghlli Tnkld, was a t the time
of Holn:iylin's flight governor of Harbt and lullair' to Snltin Muhammad Mitzi,
eldest 8ou of Shirh Tali~naspi P f a w i . A t the Shih's order, he entertained HumrigJn
in the most hospitable manner. When he died, he was succaded in office by his wn
Qaz;rq Kl~hn. But Qaz:iq showed so little loyalty, thnt TahmLp, in 972, sent Ma'-
c;ilni Uc,g i 9:lfawi against him. Qu:iq fell ill, and when the Persinns came to H d t ,
he died. nfa'p61n seized $111hiLl property.
Ja'l'tr thinking 11i111sc.lfno longer safe in Persin, emigrated to Indin, and was
ncll received by Akbar. IIc distinguished hituself in the war with K h l n Znmh, and
wxa tnadc a Khcin and a cornrnander of One Thousand. From B a d h n i (11, p. 161,)
we see tlti~the had a jcigit. io the I'anjirb, and served under Husain Qulf W M (No.
21) in the expedition to N:qnrkot.
According to the Tubaqtft, Ja'far's fnther did not die a natural denth, but wan
killed. hy the Persians.
Jo'fir had been dcnd for some time iu lU01.
116. Sha'h Fana'i', son of Mir Najafi.
Hia namc is not given in the Mudair and the Talaqdt. From the Akbamdrnak
(Lucknow Edition, 11, 170, 172) we see thnt he served in tho conquest of N6laah
and took part in the battle new Sirrnngpdr (beginning of the 6th year; oids No.
120).
The poet Funcii who is n~eutionedin Buddoni (111, 296), the T a h d t , and
the Xir-cit u2 'A'larn, appears to be the same. H e travelled a good deal, WM
in BIakkah, and distinguished himself by personal coursge in war. fibar con-

editors. Sir H. Elliot (Ueames' Glossary tionaries, though i t occnrs frequently in

11, 166) has drawn attctntion to the Sre- Persian Historians, as the M m o i r ~Of
quent mintekes which AlSS. make in tho pthmcisp, the 'Alomdrd, &c. I have
name of Yunnah (sit,), to which Kan- never seen i t used by Indian Historiaua
t i t belonged. There is no doubt, that From the pasanges where i t occnra, it is
above, on 122, 1. 4 and I . 9 from below, plain that it ha8 the same meaning es
we have liLewise to read P u n ~ i z h which
, atblip, which so oRen occurs in Indian
wrra famous for i b wild elephants. Histories. Vide p. 357, note.
Tho word lullah is not in our dic-
 (erred on him the title of Khdn. He wee a Chaght&i Turk of noble descent. Once
he said, in Akbar's presence, that no one surpassed him in the three C'q-chess, combat,
composition, when the emperor replied that he had forgotten a fourth, vie. conwit.
For some reason, he wee imprisoned, and when set at liberty, it was found that he had
become mad. He ran into the wilderness, and wee no more heard of.
n0. aeadullah Khe'n, of Tabriz.
His name is not given in the Madair and the Tabapdt. An Asadullah Khbn is
mentioned in the Akbarnkmah (end of the 12th year). He served under Khbn Za-
m h (No. 13). and commanded the town of ZamdJcf (p. 320,l. 4 from below). After
ghsn Zamsn's death, he wished to make over the town to Sulain~kn,king of Bengal.
But Mnn'im (No. 11) sent a man to him to convince him of his foolishness, and took
qojckly posrression of tbe town, so that the Afghhs under their leader, K h h Khknhn
Lodi, had to withdraw. Thia incident, however, brought the Afghhe inbo contact
rith Mnn'im ; and as they found him a tractable man, a meeting wee arranged, which
kd p l m in the neighbowhood of Patna This meeting waa of importance, inas-
much an Kh8n K h k n h Lodi, on the part of Sulaimkn, promieed to read the Khutbah,
md to strike coins in Akbar's name. Bengal therefore enjoyed peace till the death of
SPlaimirn in 9 W .
The Albamcfntuh mentions another officer of a similar name, Baadullah Turkmdn.
He wan mentioned above on p. 382.
U7. Sa'a'dat 'Ali' Khe'n, of Bad&jhhn.
From the Akbarn8rnah (111, 296) we sea that he was killed in 988 in a fight with
the rebel 'Arab BnhBdur. ShahbL Khbn had sent Sa'Bdat to a Forts near RahtQs,
where he waa surprised by 'Arab, defeated and slain. I t is said that 'Arab drank
m e of hie blood.
118. Ru'pm' Baira'gi', brother of U j a h Bihhri Mall (No. 23).
The Macbir says that Rfipsl m the aon of Ujah BihM Mall's brother. He
was introduced at Court in the 6th year.
According to the Tabaqdt, he was a commander of Fifteen Hundred.
Joirnall, Rlipal's son, was the first that aid his respects to Akbar (p. 329). He
aewd some time nuder Sharafuddh (No. 171, jigMBr of Ajmir, and wae T'hbnah-
dk of Jdirt'ha When Sharaf rebelled, Jnimall went to Court. I n the 17th year,
be served in Manqald of Khhn Kalirn ( T i e No. 129), and acoompanied the
emperor on the forced march to Patan and AhmadhbibM (p. 416, note). I n the 21st
year, he = m d in the expedition against Dandk son of %i Suj a n (No. M),and the
conquest of Bdndi (Muharram, 985). Subsequently, he was sent by Akbar on e
miasion to the grandees of Bengal ; but on reaching Chaush, he suddenly died.

~ ~ to the~ ~ k dh ~ ~ i cBf ~~~-modern

h , and compiled from the Akbarncf-
d&{, & Tabaqcft, S & i m h died and Tabaqdt, 981 be l m k d
upon as a mistake. This corrects also
in 980. In E~~~~~~ ~ ~ b l , , ~p,kwartns
,
& n f , h.,981 is mentioned as the gear "* pa
The NSS. the -9
of I de~th. The Ri c f t wsaldtin,
upon which Stewarti wort is b u d , haa *r-(, e, It is said to be 8
&o 981 ; but aa this History is quite dependency (ax muadfdt) of Rahtib.
 Jaimall'a wife, a daughter of Mot'h Rnjah (No. 121), refwd to monnt the funeral
pile ; but U'dai Singh, Jnimall's son, wished to force her to become a Suttee. Akbar
h a d of it, and resolved to eave her. H e amved just in time. Jagniit'h (No. 69)
and f i i %I (No. 106) got hold of U'dai Singh, and took him to A k b , who
imprisoned him.
The story of the hclnvy armour which Jaimall wore in the fight with Huhammad
Husain M U , after Akbar's forced march to Patan and Ahmadbba, is known from
Elphinetone's History (Fifth Edition, p. 609, note). Ripei wrrs offended, because the
emperor ordered Karan (a grandson of JIPdeo) to put on Jaimall's amour, and angrily
demanded it back. Akbar then put off his own armour. Bhagwin Dia, however,
thought it necessary to aak the emperor to pardon Ripsf's rudeness.
ll0. I'tima'd Kha'n, nwij.jahsarB.
H e han been mentioned above p. 13, note. His appointment to Bhehkar was
made in 9 8 4 when Sayyid Muhnmmad Mir 'Ad1 (uidc No. 140) had died.
Maqglid '811, who killed I'timkl, is said to have been blind on one eye. When
he explained to I'timtkl hie miserable condition, hie master insulted him by saying
that some one should put urine into his blind eye. Maqpid stabbed him on the spot.
According to another account. I'timhl waa murdered by Maqgid, whilst getting up
from bed.
I'timird bnilt l'timddpiv. 6 kw from A'grah. H e had there a villa and a large
tank. H e also lies buried there?
120. Ba'a Baha'dur, son of Shajttmal KhBn [Stir].
Abnlfazl says below (Third Book, Fdbah of Mawah) that his r e d name was
Bciyad.
B&z BBhadir's father was Shujb'at Khbn Sdr, who is generally called in histories
Shajdwal, or Sajdwal, Khdn. The large town Shajbwalpir, or Snjhwalprir, in
BfQlwah bears his name;' its original name, Shujd'atpu'v, which Abulfazl gives
below under Sirkbr Srangplir, MBlwah, nppears to brr no longer in use.
When Sher Shbh took Mawah from Mall6 (Qhdir Khhn), ShujB'at KhBn was
in Sher ShBh's service, and was made by him governor of the conquered province.
I n Sallm's reign, he returned to Court ; but feeling dieeatisficd with the king, he
returned to Mblwah. Salh despatched a corps after him, and Shujb'nt fled to tho
G j a h of DQgarpdr. Some time after, he surrendered to Salim and remained wit11
him, Mblwah being divided among the oourtiem. Under 'Adli, he waa again a p
pointed to MQlwah. Bfter a short time, he prepared h i l f to assume the royal
purple, but died (962).
& B&hadur succeeded him. H e defeated several opponents, and declared him-
self, in 963, king of Mblwah. His expedition to &(!ha was not successful, %ni

' The Trigonometrical maps have a Sliujd'ptir for Shy'd'atpdr. Elphinstonc

village of the name of l'tirnddptir Man- I also hns Shujd' (p. 601, note 1). The
dra about 9 miles E. of Agrah, in the word ' ShujB'at' should be spelled 'Sha-
Parganah of Fathbbhd, near Samrigar,
where Anran zib defeated DbrQ Shikoh.
jb'at,' whilstte ia p n m o u n d ShujJi
a A few #SS. hare 9hujd1 Khdn for but the former also is pronounced with
Wujd'at Xhcin, just as one MS. rend a u all over India.
 Dbg6wati (p. 367) having repulsed him. Ile now gave himself np to n life of ease and
I u x q : his singers and dancing women were soon fnmoua throughout HindbGn,
sspceially the beautiful RLpmuti, who is even now-a-days remembered.
In the very beginning of the 6th year of Alibar's reign, Adham Kokah (No. 19)
ras ordered to conquer Mblwah. Plr Muhammad Khbn (No. U)),'Abdnllah KliSn
U z U (No. 14), QiyS Khbn Oung (No. 331, Shih Muhammad Khbn of Qnndshir
(No. 95) and his son 'Adil Khbn (No. I%), PMiq KhSn (No. 43), Habfb 'Ali Khin
m a 133). Haidar Muhammad K h h (No. 66j, Muhammad Qulf ToqMi (No. 129),
Qiyi Kh6n (No.184), Mirak Bahhlur (No. 208), SamSnji Khin (No. 147),P b y a n W
Mnhrrmrnad Bfughul (No. 68), Mihr 'Ali Sildoz (No. 130), Shsrh Fanlri (No. 116),and
otber grandees accompanied Adham. They met Bbz BahMur throe kos from Sirangplir
md defeated him (middle of 968).' Bbz Bahednr fled to the jungles on the Khandesh
frontier. He collected a new army, but was defeated by Pir Muhnmmad, who had
s d e d Adham. He then fled to M i r b Sh& of Khbndesh, who assisted him with
troops. Pir Muhammad in the mean time conquered Bijhgdh, threw himself sud-
denly upon Bnrhhpdr, sacked the town, and allowed an indiscriminate slaughter
of the inhabitants. B. B. marched against him, and defeated him. AE related above,
PL Muhammad fled, and wee drowned in the Narbaddb The imperialiita thereupon
got discouraged, and the j 8 g i r d h left for Agrah, so that Bhz BahBdur without op-
pouition reoccupied Mblwah.
In the 7th year, Akbar sent 'Abdullsh K h h Uzbak to Mblwah. Before he ar-
rived, B. B. fled without attempting resistance, and withdrew to the hills. He lived
for some time with Bhaji, Zamlndb of Baglhnah, and tried to obtain assietnnce from
Cbiogiz KhPn and Sher Khbn of Gujrht, and l a ~ t l yeven from the N i h ul
Hnlk. Meeting nowhere with support, B. B. went to RBnb Udai Singh. He then
rppeM to have thrown himself on Akbar's generosity ; for in the 16th year, Akbar
&red Hasan Khh KhizBnchis to conduct Biz Bahhdur to Court. He now
entered the emperor's service, and was made on his arrival a commander of One
'Ihcmsand. Some time later, he wee promoted to a mangab of Two Thousand. He
had been dead for eome time in 1001.
B&z Bahtidur and his Rdpmati lie buried together. Their tomb stand8 in the
middle of a tank in Ujjain. Vi& No. 188.
EU. U'dsi Singh, MotyhRajah, son of Riii Mildeo.
Tbe Tabaqcft says that he was in 1001 a commander of F i n Hundred and
rpkr of Jodhplir.
Akbar, in 994, married Lrdai Singhls danghter to Jahbngfr. On p. 8 of the
fid, J a h b g i r says that her name wae Jagat (fordin{. She waa the mother of
hkce Khnrram (ShBhjahSn) ; w i d 8 p. 910,l. 19.

The 6th year of Akbar's reign com- reign, he was sent to Mukund Dco, the
m~neeson the 24th Jnrnidb 11, 9ti8, and last Gnjpnti of OfiS.
the battle of E k ~ n g p i i took
r place in the In 981, he wan at Knmbhbit. which
rerf bginning of the 6th yenr. he left on the approach of Muhan~n~nd
This officer was often employed on Husnin MinB,nnd withdrew to Ahmadb-
ml$ons. In the +ing of Aklwr's bhd to M. 'Aziz K o h h (No. 21).
 M i d Ilbdi in his prefbco to Jahbngir's Memoim (the Tuznk i Jahhgfri) hss the
following remark @. 6) : ' RhjA Udai Sing is the son of Riijnh Mbldeo, who wsa so
pwerful that he kept np an army of 80,000 horse. Although Rhnb Stink&,who fought
with Firdaus-makbni (Bbbar) pooeessed much power, Mbldeo was superior to him in
the number of soldiers and the extent of territory ; hence he wes always victorious.'
From the Akbdrndmuh (Lucknow Edition, 111.p. 183) we see that Mot'h %jab
accompanied in the 22nd year gbdiq Khirn (No. 43), %ah Bskaran, and Ulugh Khin
Habuhi (No. 136) on the expedition against Madhnkar (26th Rabr I, 985). In the
28th yeur, he served in the Gujr&t war with Muzaffar (Akbarndmah, 111,$22).
Another daughter of Mot% RQjah was married to Jaimall, sonof R 6 p i (No.
118).
122. Khwa'jah Sha'h Manm i,of Shi&.
Mangdr wan at fimt Mush7.if(munt.ant) of the Khhhb% Khdnah (Perfume Dg
partment). Differences which he had with M u d a r Khbn (No. 37) induced Sh.Man-
9th to go to JaunpGr, where Khbn Zmh made him his Diwdn. Subsequently he
served Mun'im Khln Khanin in the same capacity. BRer Mun'im's death, he worked
for a short time with Todar Mall in financial matters. I n the 21st yeer (983), he was
appointed by the emperor V a ~ i r .He worked up all arrears, and applied himself to
reform the means of collecting the land revenue. The custom then wan to depend
on experienced msessors for the annual rate of the tax ;but this method waa now
found inconvenient, bewase the empire had become greater; for at different placed '
the assessment differed, and people and soldiers suffered losses. For this reason,
the Khwljah, in the 24th year, prepared a new rent roll, baaed upon the preoeding
Dahsdlah roll, and upon the prices current in the 24th year. The empire itself which
did not then iuclude Oyisb, T'hat'hah, Kashmir, and the Dak'hin, was divided into
12 parts, called 5 tihalrs; and to each qdbah a s i p l d a r (Military Governor), a
Diwdn, a Bakhshi(Mi1itary Paymaster and Secretary), a Mir 'Adl, a gadr, a Kotwa'l,
a a i r Bahr, and a Wdpi'ah NawM (p. 268) were to be appointed. The stricturn
which the KhwbjA displayed towards jhgir-holders led to serioas results. In the 25th
year, he lowered the value of the jhgfrs of the grandees in Bengal by one-fourth of their
former value, and those in Bihbr by one-fifth. Aa Bengal and South Bihiir were theu
not completely subjugated, and the A f g h h still mustered large forces in Eastern nnd
Southern Bengal, in Oyfsb, and along the Western frontier of Bengal, ManqCe
rigour wrre impolitic ; for Akbar'e officers looked upon the old j$ir emoluments
very moderata rewards for their readiness to fight the Afghlns. &bar some time
before, in consideration of the troubled state of both provinces, and the notorious
climate of Bengal, had doubled the allowanoea of Ben$ officers and increased by
60 per cent. the emolumentR of those in Bihbr. This Mang6r cut down : he allowed
Bengal officcrs an increase of 60, and B i h k officers an increase of ouly 20 per cent. He
then wrote to Muzdar to enforce the new arrangements. But the dissatisfaction was
olso increased by the innovatione of the emperor in reliioas matters, and his interferenw
with SayurghU tenures brought matters to a crisis. The jhgir-holdera in Jaunpk
Uihbr, and Bengal rebelled. That religious excitement was one of the causes of this
Militnry revolt, which noon &r was confined to Bengal, is beat seen from the fact that
D& a aingle H i d 6 wee on the side of the rebels.' Todar Mall tried to prevent tho
&i~reak by reporting Manplir and charging him with unnecessary harshness shewn
q d d l y towards Ma'piun Khbn i Pnrankhidi (No. 167) and Muhammad T m o n
(No. 32). &bar deposed Manqh and appointed tempornrily Shbh Quli Mah-
(No,45); bat having ~atisfiedhimaelf of the justice of Manpfir's demands, he reinstated
him in his office, to the great anxiety of the courtiers.
In the same year, Mimi Muhammad Hakim, a t Ma'pim Khbn i Kfibull's instiga-
tion, threatened to invade the Panjtib, and Akbar prepared to leave for the north.
Manpir'a enemies charged him with want of loyalty, and shewed Akbar letters in the
bmd-writing of W d M. H a k h ' s Munshi, addressed to Manglir. Accidentally
Mllik &id,Hskim's DiwL, who had the title of Pasir Khdn, leR his master, and
pid his respects to Akbar at Sonpat. lls he put up with Manqlir, new suspicions got
$oJ. Several words which k q & waa said to have uttered, were construed into
treuon, and letters which he was said to have written to M. M. Hakfm were sent to
Akbar. Another letter from Sharaf Beg, his collector, was likewise handed to the
emperor, in which it was said that Faridin Khbn (maternal uncle to M. M. Hakim)
b d presented the Beg to the MhzB. Akbar, thongh still doubtful, at the urgent
whitations of the grandees, gave orders to arrest Manpiu : he should remain in
md till any of the grandees should stand bail for him ; but as none dared to come
formrd, they ordered the Khidmat Rtii (p. 262) to hang Man'plir on a tree near Ssrki
Il4 K'hachwah (beginning of 989).'
' The chief rebel wan M a' q 6 m K h 6 n Shbhjahbn, who bestowed u n him tho
i K Lb 1i, who has been frequently title of Asad Khdn. He died% the 12th
twntioned above ( . 189,342, 361,400, year of Shbhjahtin's reign. His mo,
!?
k).~e was a urbati Sa yid (vide
348, No. 37). His uncle, d m 6 'Aztz,
Qubdd, waa a commander of Fivo
Hundred.
h been V d r under Hornbytin, and The editors of the Pddkhdhndinuh,
Wp5m himself was the foster-brother Ed. Bibl. Indica, have entered Shujb's
[&dab) of MfrA Muhammad Hakim, name twice, I, b., . 304 and p. 308. As
dlbu's brother. Having been involved he was a ~ o m m A e rof Fitteen Hun-
in quureb with Khwhjah Hasan Naqsh- dred, the second entry is wrong.

the
-ded
--
hdi ( . 322, 1. 11) who had married
he n&w of mr Bhbh
h'+, in the 20th year, went to Akbar
4
Mala,
a commander of Five
Hundred. H e dintinpished himself in
dththe ~ f ~ h h , ,and~ , was
in a fight with KBlir Yahfiy.
yb.
' So the Akbamdmah, g d fig
Kot K ' h d W & is a village on the
road from KamU to Lodhi Bnah, Lat. 30°
17' ;Long. 76" 53'. In the Hd. Bibl.,India
of Badbnf (11. p. 294,293) the PI= is
called - 9& kajh kof, probably by
Par his braver he was made a com- mistake. Sharaf Beg, moreover, is called
d e r of One 'kousand. In the 24th Mu8huwa[ Beg, and a few lines lower,
leu he rewived Orhb as tuytil, when again S uraf B e . Uadbnf says
GI$~ and M d i C strictnas drove nothing o f ~ o d llrn l f s intrigurn. Mnn-
into rebellion. Historians often call qlir was hanged in the very beginning
him Ma'pirn KAdn i 'A'& 'Ma'qiun of 989, i. e. the end of the 26th
hi66rq tho rebel.' His 6ghta with Mu- year. The 26th year of Alibar's mi u
WLr and Slmhbbk have been mentioned anomencm on the 6th gafar 989 (tfe
b e . He was a t last driven to B i d t i Lncknow Edition, 111, 326, has w r o ~ ~ g
'p. 348, note), where he died in the 990); and the 27th year commences
44th ~(1007). 16th (hfar 990, which in the Bibl. Indica
a&&
f i.m S k ~ j d 'iX W l wna under
T6ioahdi. of G h d , and
Edit, of Badbni (11, . 300, 1. 2. from
blow) is wrongly calyed the 28th yur.
a -der of F h Hundred under
 i. e., under reprimand and not allowed to attend the Darbbs, had followed the
party. A tiger suddenly made i b appearance, and waa on the point of attacking the
Emperor, when 'Adil rushed forwad and engaged tlie tiger, putting his left hand
into its mouth, and stabbing with the daggcr in his right at the animal's face.
The tiger got hold of both hands of his opponent, when others came up and killed the
brute with swords. I n the struggle, 'A'dil received accidentally a sword cut.
H e died of his wounds &r suffering for four months. I n relating his end,
Abnlfazl says that the wrath of h a v e n overtook him. H e had been in love (ta'alluq
i k h d t i ~ )with the wife of his father's DiwBn ; but he was not successful in his
advances. His father remonstrated with him, and 'Adil in his anger struck a t him
with a sword.
Qiydm K h b , brother of 'A'dil Kh6n. Jahirngir made him a Khbn. H e served
the Emperor as Qurdicalbegi (officer in charge of the drivers).
120. Khwa'jah Ghia'suddi'n ['Mi Khrin, Aqaf Khin 11.1 of &win.
H e is not to be confounded with Mir Ghihuddin 'Ali Khbn (No. 161). For hie
genealogy, vide p. 368. The family traced its descent to the renowued saint Shaikh
Shihbbuddin SuLrawanli,' a descendaiit of Abd Bskr, the Khalffh.
K h w i a h G h i b was a man of learning. On his arrival Gom Persia in India, he
WM mnde a BakhahI by Akbnr. In 981, he distinguished himself in the Gujrhti war,
and received the title of A'taf Xhcin. H e waa also lnade Bakhshi of Gujrbt, and
eerved as such under af. 'biz Kokah (No. 21). I n the 21st year, he was ordered to
go with several otlier Amlra to Idar, ' to clear this dependency of GujrBt of the rubbish
of rebellion.' The expedition was directad against the Zamindbr N a r h D b Ut'hor.
I n the fight which ensued, the van of the Imperialishi gave way, and Muqim i
Naqshbandi, the leader, was killed. The day was almost lost, when Aqaf, with the
troops of the wings, ~ressedforward and routed the enemies.
I n the 23rd gear, Akbar sent him to Mblwah and Gujrht, to arrange with Shihib
Kh&n (No. 26) regarding the introduction of the DGh (pp. 2% 266).
H e died in Guijrht in 989.
Mi'rzd ATdru3din, his son. Bfter the capture of Khuarau, (p. 414) Jahirngir
made A@ K h h 111. (No. 98), Nfimddin's uncle, responsible for his safety. Nrir-
uddin who was an adherent of the Prince, found thus means to visit Khusrau, and
told him that a t the first opportunity he would let him encape. But soon a h r ,
Khusrau was placed under the chnrge of I'tibbr Khhn, one of Jahirngh's eunuche,
aiid Nfiruddin had to alter his plans. He bribed a H i n d 6 who had access to Khuerau,
and sent the Prince a list of the uames of sucli grandees m favoured his cause. I n four
or six mouths, tlie number had increased to about 430, and arrangements were made to
murder JahBngir on the mad. But i t happened that one of the conspirators got
offended, and revealed the plot to Khwiijah Waisi, Diwkn of Prince Khurram, who
at once reported mattern to his august father. Nliruddin and Muhammnd Sharif, son
of I'tim&duddaulah, and several others were impaled. The paper containing the list

I
Author of the 'dwdrif ul Mu'cirif. saint. Wiistenfeld's Jacut, IIL, p. 203
H e d i d a t IhgLdlid in W1. Hi8 uilrle flafhdtul Om,LP.. 478, 644. GoJia~
Abul-najiL ( d i d 663) wne also a famous ulaqfici (Lahore htion), pp. 681. tiu.
65
 father wae an Uzbak of Khwhaem ; his mother
Hwain M i d .

. The Madsir and the Tabaqdt say n o t h i i about him.

Goned in the Akbadmah (II., p. 335).
1% Mu'i'nuddi'n [Ahmadl Eha'n i F ~ ~ d 6 d i :
A

to Akbar's atisfaction. In the 18th year, Mu'h wan attao0 '

The Tabaq6t merely aays of him that he had been for some 6im(
For hi eon vide No. 167.
Badbnl IIII.,p. 157) mentions a JBmi' h j i d built by Mdfn d i d
la@. Muhammad Quli' Toqba'i.
Ibpb& ia the name of a ChaghtAi o h .
~uhimrhadQ d aerved under Adham K h h (No. 19) in the m n q d
 180. Mihr 'Ali' Khe 'n Sildoa.
Sildoz ie the name of a Chaghthi clan. According to the Tabaqbt, he was a t first
in B a i r h ' s service. I n the end of the 966, Akbar sent him to Fort ChanMh (Chunl),
which JamP Khh, the A f g h h Commander, wished to hand over to the Imperialists
1
for a consideration (d Bad&oni TI., 32). &bar offered him five parganahs near Jaun-
pdr, but Jam& did not deem the offer sufficiently advantageous, and delayed Mihr 'iPlf
with vain pro&. Mihr 'AH a t last left suddenly for Agrah.
On his journey to C h a n w , he had been accompanied by the Historian Badirons,
then a young man, whom he had given lodging in his house a t Agrah. On his return
from the Fort, Badbni nearly lost his life during a sudden storm whilst on the river.
B a d b n i calls him Mihr 'Ali Beg, and s a p that he was later made a KhAn and
G-overnor of Chltor.
H e served under Adham Khhn (No. 10) in MUwah, and in the GujAt wan of
980 and 981. I n the 22nd year. Akbar was on a hunting tour near Hi&, and
honored him by k i n g hi guest. I n the following year, he attended Sakinah Btinli
Begnm, whom Akbar sent to Kbbul to advise his brother, Mhz& Muhammad Hakim.
I n the 25th year, he eerved under Todar Mall against the rebel 'Arab.
Tho Tabaqbt makes him a Commander of Fifteen Hundred, and says that he wes
dead in 1001.
131. Khwe'jah Ibre%ilm i Badakhshi'.
H e is not mentioned in the MaLir and the Tabaqht. From the Akbarnimah
(II., p. 207) we eee that he was Jigfrdbr of Sakit (in the Mainpiui District). Near
thie town there were eight villages inhabited by robbers. I n consequence of numerous
complaints, Akbar resolved to surprise the dacoita. A great number were killed, and
about one thousand of them were burnt in dwellings in which they had fortified them-
selves. Akbar exposed himself to great dangers: no 1e.w than seven arrows stuck
in his shield, and h i elephant fell with onefoot inton grain pit, which threw the officer
who was 8e8ted behind him with much force upon him. The tight chiefly took pl-
in a village called in the MSS. &,J!, or
The Tabuqdt mentions a Sultun Ibrghim of Aubah (near Harbt) among Akbar'e
grandees. Hia name is not given in the Ain. H e was the matornal uncle of
- -
that the Lucknow Edition of the Akbar-
rogch and Kiunbhht, but was defeated
b Qolij Kh&nand S. H i n ~ i d(No. 78). I ncimah, is not a trustworthy edition.
An extraordinary error occurs in the
dhtiybrul Mulk a180 appeared and
marched upon AhrnadBba. bfuhammad events of the 17th year. The editora
Huaain M i d joined him. Both besieged have divided the work into three, inatead
Ahmadhbu. Akbar now resolved again of two parts-the Aiu i Akbari ia the
to go to Gujrbt. This in the Ia~nouenine t h i i part,-and have ended their second
days' march (24th h b i ' 11.. 981 to 4th volume with the birth of DbnyBl(8ad
Jumhda I., 981) ; vide p. 416, note. Mu- J u m i d a I., 980). Their third volume
hammad Husain M i d was captured and opens with the beginning of the 18th
killed, apparent1 without the order of year (6th Zi Qa'dah, 980). Hence ther
tba Ern ror. &htiybr was a h killed. have omitted the important events wI&h
Akbar E n returns, and arriven, qfler took place between those two da s vit.,
a n absence of forty-three duys, a t Fath- tho cunqueat of Gujrtit and 3;; first,
plir Sikri, 8th J u m a a II., 981. defeat of the Mk&.
It hae bwn above remarked @. 375)
h'lzarnuddin Ahmad, author of the Tdbaqit. IIc conquered K a m b n and the Diman
i lCo11.
132. Ssli'm Kha'n Ka'kar.
Scrcrnl MSS. of the riin call liim Sacllirn hAAn A-liknr 'ALL The Akbarnimab
calls him Saliln Iihtin Ktilnr, or merrlj Salirn Khirn, or Salim Khdn Simlir. The
Tabaqrit liss St~liniKhtin Sivnttir A&jhcitz.
H e served in the hcginning of'tlle 6th Scar in the conquest of Milwah, and later
under llu'izzulmulk (No. GI) in Audh, and was present in the battle of K h a i m W .
I n 980, he tool; a part in the fight of S:ir1161. H e then served in Bengal, and
wss j&rdir of T5.jpfir. I n the 28th year, he accompanied S h a h b b Khhn ((No. 60)
to Blliiti. As there wcrc no gal~ihonsleft in r p p c r Bengal, Vazir Khrin having gone
to the frontier of Oris6, J:ibLri (ipir/e 1). 370, note 2) made an inroad from Kich
Uihbr into G'hor;t'gliit, and tooli Ti~jpfirfioni Saliin's men, and PLrniah from the
relations of Tarson Khhn ( S o . 3.2). JsbAri moved ns far as Tin(!&. T h e Kotwirl,
Iiaaan 'AH, wih~ ~ i c k ,and Sliaikh Allall B k s h $',rdr fled in precipitate haste. For-
tunately, Shaikh Farid arrived, and Jabilri withclrcm to TLjpfir. I n the 35nd yew,
Salim served under Matlib KhBn (No. 83) againat the TilriLis, and shortly after, in the
33nd year, under {'bdiq Khhn iipiiin5t the same Atkllhn rubela.
I I e was no longer alive ln 1001.
133. Hsbi'b 'Ali' Khs'n.
H e is not to be confounded with the II:~bib'Ali KllAn mentioned on p. 422.
Habib was ;it first in the scr\.ice of Bairrirn l<h&n. I n the third year, when
Akbar had nlarched to Sgrah, he ortlered IfaLib to absist Qig6 KhBn (No. 33) in the
conquest. Towards the end of the fourth year, Akbar seut liim ngainst Rantanbhir.
T h i ~fbrt had formerly been in the possession of the Afgi15ns, and Salim Sh& had
appointed Jhujllilr K h i n governor. 011 Ahbar's mesaion, J h . saw that he would not
be able to hold it against the I~nperialists,and handed i t over to Rhi Surjan (No. 96),
who was then in the service of IGnk Udai Singh. But IZabib had to raise the siege.
Abulfazl attributes this want of succesv pnrlly to fate, partly to the confusion which
Unirrim's fall produced.
I n the 6th year (SCiR), he serrcd nrlder Adhnm (No. 19) in MUwah. According
the Talaytit, he died in 970.
134. Jagmal, y o u n g e r brotllur of RLjah Bih&ri Mall (No. 23).
H e must not be confounded with S o . 218. Jngmbl wcw mentioned on p. 349.
I n the 8th year, he was made governor of Mirt'tla. 1 1 1 the 18th year, when Akhr
marched to Patan and Ahmndibhd, he was put in colnlnand o f t h e great camp.
.ZTk son hirngdr. 1Ie generally liretl with his uncle Rhjah B i h L i Mall at Court.
When Ibrirhirn Husain iIfinA threatened to invade the A'grah District, he was o r d e d
by the Rrijah to go to Dilili. I n the 18th year, he joined Akbar at Pnton. I n the
21st year, be accompanied 126n Singh's expedition against R i n 6 Partirh. Later, he
aemed in Bengal, chiefly under ShahbBz KhAn (No. 80). When Shaltbk returned
nnsuccessfully from BhLti (p. Ul), Kangbr, Sayyid 'Abdullah Kbrin ((No. 189X Rijah
GopH1, Illinkd~th 'Ali (No. 152) met a detachment of rebels and mistook them
for their own men. Though surprised, the Imperialis& held their ground and killed
Kau& Beg Qhqshfrl, the leader. They then joined Shahbhz, and arrived after a
march of eight days at Sherpfir Mdrcha.
According to the the Tabaqbt, h n g 4 r was in 1001 a Commander of Two
Thousand. The phraseology of some MSS.implies that he was no longer alive in 1001.
135. Habehi', formerly a slave of Sultan MahmJd of
Qujdt.
mugli Khdn is Turkish for the Persian Khdn i hhldn (the great KhBn).
Herose todignity nuder Yahmcd of Qujrht. The word Hahahi, for which YSS.
oRen have Badakhhi, implies that he was of Abyssinian extraction, or a eunuch. I n tho
17th year, when Akbar entered for the b t time AhmadkbSd, he was one of the first
Gujrhti nobles that joined the Imperialists.
I n the 22nd year, he served with distinction under p d i q (No, 43) against RAjah
Madhnkar Bandelah, Zamindlr of Undchah. I n the 24th year, he followed gadiq,
who had beeu ordered to assist a j a h Todar Mall on his expedition against the rebel
'Arab (Niybbat K h h ) in BihBr. He commanded the left wing in the fight in which
K h a b i w (p. 356, note 1)was killed.
H e died in Bengal.
136. Maqau'd 'Ali' Kor.
The TabaqM says that Maqpfid was at first in B-A Kh4n's service. He llad
been dead for a long time in 1001.
From the AkbarnBmah (II., 96) we see that he served under Qiyb Khirn (No. 33)
in t h e conquest of Gwhlih.
137. Qabu 1 Kha'n.
Prom the Akbamdmah (II., p. 450,laet event of the 16th year of Akbar'e reign)
we see that Qabhl Khln had conquered the District of Bhambar on the Knshmfr Goutier.
One of the Z d n d k s of the District, named Jam&, made his submission, and obtained
by flattery a great power over Qablil, who is said to have been a g d - h e a r t e d Turk. J a k l
not only managed on various pretexh to send away Qablil's troops,but also his son Y4dgar
Hnsain (No. 338), to Naushahd. The Zamindhrs of the latter place opposed YirdgQr,
and wounded him in a fight. Exhausted and wounded as he was, YbdgLr managed to
m p e and took refuge with a friendly Zamindtir. About the same time Jdtil collected
hia men and fell over Qabcl, and afhr a short struggle killed him (5th Umazan, 978).
Akbar ordered KhiLn Jahbn to invade the District. The landn of the rebellious
Zamindkrs were devastated and summary revenge was taken on the ringleaders.
YMgQr Husain recovered from his wounds. He is mentioned below among the
commanders of Two Thousand.
The AkbarnLmah mentions another Qsb6l Khin among the officers who served
in the AfghLn war in Bellgal under Nun'im Khbn KhhnLn. He was present in the
battle of Takaroi and pursued the Afghbs under Todar Mall to Bhadrak (p. 375).
Neither of the two Qaba Khbns is mentioned in the Tabaqbt and the Ydair.
 Cotnmnnders ,fSine 1luluEred.l
138. Ku'chak '&if
Kha'n i Kola'bi'.
I i o l d l is the name of a town and a district in Badakhshh, Long. 700, Lat. 38O. The
District of KolJb lies north of Badakhshhn Proper, from which it is separated by the
Smil (Oxus) ; but it waq looked upon ay part of the kingdon1 of Badakhshh. Hence
Kilchak 'All i~ often called iu the Akbarnkrnah Kichak 'Ali Khhn i W a k h s h i .
H c served under niun'irn K h i u against Khriu ZanlSn, and way present at the
rcconciliation at B&?iar (Uoxar) in the 10th yew.
H e a180 s e n e d under Mun'im XhLn in Beugal, and held a command in the battle
of Takaroi (p. 375).
IIis sons are n~entionedbelow, S o . 1.i8, and KO. 380.
130. Sabdal Khaln, Sumbul, n slave of IIumiyin.
140. Sayyid M u h a m m a d , Mir ' A d , a S a y y i d of Amrohah.
Amrohah, fonnerly x much morc in~portauttown than now, belongs to Sir&
Sambal. Its Payyids belonged to old families of great repute throughout India.
Mir Saj-yid ~lu11a111rn;ulhad stadird the Hadis and law under the best teachera of
the age. The t t h e r of the IIistorian B;~~lkoniwas his friend. Akbar made Sa-+id
N u h a ~ n m a d Mt'r ' A t l l . When the learned were bar~ished from Court (ikk4 i
' u l a m d ) , he wau mnde governor of Bhak!iar.* H e died there two years later in
985 or 986.
From the Akbarnhmnh \re see that S. blr~ham~nad with other Amrohah Sqvyih
served, in the 16t11 year, under S. Erlabn~lidof Bhrha in the expedition against Wah
Madhukar.
H e advised the Hibtorian B.td:wni to enter the militarg service of the emperor,
instead of trusting to lesrniug and to precarious Mudad i Ma'&& tenures, an ad&
resembling that of 'Abdulghaffh ((ride No. 99, p. 413). S. Nuhammad's sons were
certainly all in the army : ~ i t l rNo. 251, 29i, 363.
141. Razawi' K h a ' n , 1Iiri.A Nirnk, a Razawi Sayyid of Mashhad.
H e waR a companion of K h l n Z a m h ((No. 13). I n the 10th year, be wentb
the camp of the I~nr,erialiststo obtain pardon for his master. When in the lath year
K h J n Z ~ r n i n%sin rebelled, 3Iirai Mirak was placed under the charge of K L h
Biqi Khhn (No. GO), but Hcd from his custody (at Dihli, Baddonl 11, 100). ARer
K h J n Zanlin's death, he was captured, and Akbar ordered him daily to be thmm
before a mast elephant ; b u t the driver was ordered to spare him aa he waa a man of
illustrious descent. T h i ~was done for five days, when a t the intercession of the oow-
tiers he was set at liberty. Shortly afterwards, he received a manqab and the title of
Raracci Kirdn. I n the 19th year, he w:w made Diwbn of Jaunpdr, and in t h e w
yenr, Bakhshi of Bengal in addition to his former duties.

Not d l NSS. of the A'in have thrse also the m a ~ ofd Nine Hundred occm.
words ; they cou~rtthe officers from No. * I n 983, the 20th year, ( d k b ~
138 to 175 to the IIazi-.ilriu. But the ncinlob 111,138). Bad&si (111. p. 75),
best NSS. have thin m a x ~ t r b . I n the has 984.
lidta of' grandees in the Yadiahdhncimah
 At the outbreak of the Bengal Military Revolt (26th year), he wan with Muzaffar
ghbn (No. 37). His harsh behavioor towards the di~satisfiedgrandees is mentioned
in the histories ae one of the causes of the revolt. When the rebls had seceded
(9th ZfHajjah, 987) and gone from T&n@ to Gaur, M d a r sent Razawi Khbn,
RBi Patr D b (No. 196). and Mir Ahmad Munshl to them to try to bring them back
to obedience. Things took indeed a good turn and everything might have ended
peace full^., when some of BBi Patr Db's RBjpbta said that the opportunity should not
be thrown away to kiU the whole lot. RQi Patr DBe mentioned 'this to Razawi
KhBn, and through him, it appearn, the rebeln heard of it. They took up arms and
caught Rbi Patr DQe. Ramwi KhBn and Mir Ahmad Munshi surrendered them-
selves.
The Mad& nays that nothing elae is known of Razawi KhBn. The Tabaqiit mys
that he was a Commander of Two Thousand and was dead in 1001.
Himi Mirak is not to be confounded with Mirak Xhdn, ' an old grandee, who
died in 976' (Tabaqdt) ; or with Mirak Bahddur (208).
ShhGahbn conferred the title of Baaawi Khdn on Sayyid 'MI, son of gadrup-
qudGr Mirin S. J&1 of Bukhhrb.
143. Mi'rsa' Rqja't Kha'n, brother of Sayyid Barkah, and
140. Mi'ma' Husain Kha'n, his brother. '
Both brothers, according to the Tabaqbt, were dead in 1001. Their names are
often wrongly given in XSY., which call them Najdhat, instead of Nujdt, and Haean
instead of H u s a i .
Prom the Akbarndntuh (I, 411) we see that both brothers accompanied H u m s
y6n on his march to India.
Minb Najbt served, in the 10th year, against KhBn Zambn (No. 13). I n the
end of the 21st year, he waa attached to the corps which under Shihbb Khbn (No 26)
moved to Khandeah, the king of which, Rdjah 'AX Khbn, had shewn signs of die-
affection. Lnter, heserved in Bengal. When the Military Revolt broke out, BbbS
Khhn Qiqshtil (vide p. 369, note 3), Jabbri (p. 370), V& Jamfl (No. m), Sa'id i
ToqbB, and other grandees, marched on the 9th Zf Hwah, 987, from Tincjah to Gaur
acrosa the Ganges. Mir Najit wtur doubtful to which party toattach himself; and
when Muzaffar sent his grandeen [Mir Jambluddin Husain Injd (No. 164), h a d
Khbn (No. 141), Tim& Khbn (No. 816), RQi Patr D L (No. 196), Yfr Adham, Husain
Beg, Hakim Abulfath (No. 112), Khwbjtth Shamsnddin (No. 159), Ja'far Beg (No.
98), Muhammad Quli Turkmbn (No. 203), QLim Kh&n i SiatJini, 'Iwaz & h a w ,
Zulf '811 Yazdi, Sayyid Abb I s - b h i qafawi (No. 384), Muzaffar Beg, &c.] to the
ba:ks of the Ganges, where the rebels had drawn up their army, Mlr N i k t stayed with
Vazfr Jarnil, although Muzaffar, who was NajBt's father-in-law, fully expected him
to join. He must have soon after left the rebels and gone to Southern Bengal ; for
in the end of the 26th year he was at Sbtg4~w(Hdglf). Abulfazl mentions him to-
gether with Mu& Khbn at FathBbU (No. 64), and Qiyh W i n in w& (No. 83),
as one of the few that represented Imperialism in Bengal (Akbarn. 111, 291). But
these three were too powerless to check the rebels. Muriid died, and Qiyb wan soon
a&r killed by the Afghbus nuder Qutl6, who looked upon the revolt as his opportu-
nit!. Blir Nn,jAt nlro W ~ attaclic~d
R 1'3- Q u t l i ~nnd dcfe:~tcdnear Salin~:ib&d(Snlaimin-
Al,:id), S. of Udrd\vAn. IIe 11td to the l'ortnguese governor of Hi'g1i.l Bibi K h h
QLqslliI sCnt one of his officers to get hold of N;rj&t; but the officer hearing of Qntld's
victory, attacked the Afk1~iL11s near Jlangnlliot, N. E. of Bardwiin. Qutlh, honrrtr,
was again victorious.
143. Sayyid Ha'shim, son of Sayyid Malunlid of Bhha. Vide No.
105, p. 419.
144. Ghi'zi' Kha'n i Badakhshi '.
I n 3ISS. Ghtiri is ot'tcn ;rltcred to Qdzi, and Butlakhahi to Bakhaht', and as
Ghiizi Kliiin's first titlc was Q d z i Khtin, his naInc is often confounded with No. 223.
Otlier Ghdzi h;lldns have beeu ~nentionedabove, on pp. 3ti7, 384.
(;ll:isi Khln's name w m QLzi XizLw. H e had. studied law and HI& under
Jiullh 'I~HrnodtlinILrihim, and wax looked upon w one of the wont learned of the
axe. H e was also the lrturid of Shnikll U U H R ~of I I KhwLrazm, a renowned qlif~
ZIis acquircnients proc~~red him access to the court of Sulnirndn, king of Badakhahh
(So. 5), who conferred upon him the title of Qdri Eha'n. At the death of Humiryin,
Sulai~liLi~ wishing to profit by the distracted sLate of the country, moved to Gbnl
and bt.?;ivgc:d llun'inl (No. 11). Alter the siege had lasted for ~ o m etime, Sulaimin
sent (jhzi KhLn to 31un'im to prevail on him to surrender. But Mun'im detained
Ilim for several days, nntl trcnted hirn ' to the I ~ U sumptuous P ~ fire, such ~r Badahh-
nllis ci~nnotenjoy cve~iin pc;~ccl\~l times.' The good dinners mnde such an impreadon
011 QAzi I<IILI~, t113t he advised S1ilaim6n to raise the siege, ru there WIM no l d o f
l~rovisiu~is in the fort. Sulaiu~Lntlicreupon returned to BadnkhshLn.
Slrb?;equcntly, Qizi K h i n left his mitster, and went to I n d i a At KhOnph, he
w u i n t r d ~ l c e dto the ernperor on his return fro111 Jaunpdr (Aklurn. ILI, 85). He
rweircd scveral prenents, n ~ was ~ d appointed Yuvtca'nchi writer (p. 263). A k k aoon
discovered in 11irn a man of grent insight, nnd mode him a cotnmander of One Thou.
gaud. H e also 1K'sto~edupon hiin the title of Ghd:i lilrdn, after he had distinguished
lii~usclfin several ex1)rditiona.
I n tho 21st year, Cihiizi I i h l n commanded the left wing of Mirn S i h ' s wrpa
in tho war with the %nh. T h o ~ ~ ghis
h wing gave way, he returned with the troops
and joined the ran, aud fought bravely. l i e then reccived Awadh as tugiil, ad
distinguished hi~nsclfin Bihdr llgirinst the rebellious grandem.
130 died nt A w d l i in tho 29th year (YY2) a t the age of seventy, about the m e
tinie that Sultirn Khwdjah died (So. 108).
Ghixi K h i n is the autl~orofaerer;d works (vide B d i o n i 111, 153).
The yijtluh, or prostration, whicli forrned 'so important n part in the ceremonies
of the c o n ~ l ,w s his invention (vide p. 159, note).
His son Husdartcdtlin. Akbar made him a comninnder of One Thousand, a d
sent 11i11rwith the K h i n KLiudn (No. 29) to the Dnk'hin. Suddenly a change came
over l I a s l m , and though n young man, he expres~jedto the commander his wish to
resign the service and liie asfugir a t the tonlb of NizLmuddin A d i in DihL The

The BISS. of tho A k l a r n d m a h u l l him Ilartab Bdr Firingi, or Part66 F*'.

 6hh I i h d n h persuaded him invain to give up this mad idea ; but Husbm next day
laid eeide his clothes, smeared his body over with clay and mud, and waudered about
in tbe streets and baesrs. Akbar permitted his resignation. Husbm lived for t h i i y
g e m as an ascetia in Dihli. Khwbjah B&qi Billah (born a t Kbbul and buried a t
Dihli) conferred on h i power of 'guiding travellem on tlie road of piety.' H e died
in 103-L His wife was Abulfazl's siater. She gave a t the request of her husband her
ornaments to Dm'shes, and fired an annual sum of 12000 Rupees as allowance for
the cell of her hwband. Vide Tuzuk, p. 80.
146. Farhat Kha'n, M i h t a r Sakiri, a slave of Humbyfin.
The MSS. have Sakdi and Sakdhi. Farhat Khbn is first mentioned in the war
between Humhy6n and Mirzd Kirn&n, when many grandees joined the latter. In
s fight, Beg Bdbi of Kolbb l i d up his sword to strike Humtipin from behind.
He missed and wasat once attacked by Farhat and put to flight. When Humby&
left Lhhor on his march to Sarhind, where Sikaudar Khbn was, Farhat was appointed
GAiqddr of Lbhor.' Subsequently, Mir Shbh Abul Ya'ilf was appointed Governor of
U o r . H e sent away Farhat, and appointed his own men instead. Farhat therefore
joined Prince Akbar on his arrival in the Panjfib.
After Akbar's accession, Farhat was made fiyrilddr of Korrah. H e distinguish-
ed himself in the war with Muhammad Husain M i n i near Ahmaddb6.d. When the
Ed wee brought in a prisoner, Farhat refused hit11 a drink of water which he
had &ed for; but Akbar gave him some of his own water, and remonstrated with
Farhnt for his cruelty. I n the 19th year, he served in Bihbr and was made jdgirddr
of drah. I n the 24st year (984), Gajpati (p. 4QO) devastated the district. Farhang
&in, far hat'^ son, marched against him, but waa repulsed and slain. Farhat then
moved against the enemy to avenge the death of his son, but met with the same fate
1d.e No. 80).
146. Eu'mi' Kha'n, Ustiid Jalabi (?), of R6m.
H e ie not mentioned in the Tabaqdt and the Xacisir, and but rarely in the
d k l m d m a l . In the 20th year, he and B q f Khhn ((No. 60) and 'Abdurrahmin
Beg (No. 185) accompanied a party of Beguma from Court on their road to Makkah.
The party consisted of Gulbadan Begum, Salimah Sulthn Begum, H$ji Begurn, Gul-
' 6 Begum, S u l g n Begum (wife of M i ~ z b'Askari), Umm Kuls6m Begurn (grand-
droghter of Gulbadnn Begum), Gujnbr Aghb (one of Bhbar's wive!), Bibi C.~fiyah,
Bibi Sarw i SBhi and Shdham 9ghh (wives of Humhydn), and Salimah Khbuum
(daughter of Khim Khwbjal~). They left in Ihjab, 983.
Rhmf K h h has also been n~entiouedabove (No. 111).
147. Same'nji' Kha'n Qurghu'ji'. r-ide No. 100.
He was a grandee of Humbyfin. During tho reign of Akbar, he reached tho
dignit1 of a Commander of Fifteen Hundred. The TaCaqdt says, ho was, in 1001, a
Commander of 2000. I n the same work, he is called a Mughul.

Akhcrrndmah I , 416. At the sanie HumCy6n was on tlie 29th Mubarram,

time, Mir Bib614 (No. 73) was nppoiutcd 96d, at Bipi111, C I . O R Sthe
~ ~ Indus on
fiujddr of tlle Panjirb, Miwi Slihh the jthpafar, whcn h i r i m arrived from
6ulGn waa made A m i n , and Mihtar h'kbul, wns a t Liihor on the 2nd Rabi'
Jadar, treasurer. 11, and a t Sarhind, on the 7th Rajab.
56
 I n thc bcqinning of the 6th yeas (middle of 968), hc served in Miilwah under
Adhanl Iihirn (No. 19)and wm present in the battle of SBrangp6r. In the i&h year,
lie acco~nl~anied Muhammad Qiluim KhLn i Nishbp6ri (No. 40) and 'Abdnllah
K h h i Uzbak (NO. 14). I n t h e 13th year, Ilr was ordered, together with Ashraf KhL
hlir Munshi (No. ?I),to go to lLi~~t,l~ll)hrir and S U I I P ~ C R Sthe disturbances created by
Mil &I' Muhammad liusain in Alhlwah. Later, he held a j @ i r in Kc joined st
fird the rebclliou~ gtmdceh, but convincing hi~nself of their selbhness, he went
b u 6 to the I~nperialcamp.
111 the 3'3th Scar, he was nllo\ved to come to Court, and died a few gears Inter.

131, *OII. ~.eteivedcmployniruts in the anny.

I I L L k L u r t a d ~ ~ ~(111,
E ' I ~ ~thc ~ h 156) we see that he also served in t h e 2 l s t y a r
UII(I,I I\i~,in.Jahiln (No. 24), and was pwwnt in the battle of A g Mahall. In the
:;or11 j c.lr, he was in Mhlwah and wan ordered to join the Dak'hin corps. TWO
latvr, 11c -erved nndcr Sliihhb Tillin (No. 26) against &\j& Nadhukar.
148. Sha'hbeg Kha'n, son of Kil~hak 'Ali K h k of Badakhshh (No.
138).
His name is not given in the Macisir and the Tabaqdt. Amir Beg. a PBnCpdi
under Shhl~jahLn,allpears to be his son.
140. Mi'rsa' H u s h Kha'n, b r o t h e r of M i r d Najit a n (vids Na
142).
160. Haki'm Zrmbil, b r o t h e r of Mird M u h a m m a d Tabib of S a b ~ k .
Zanhil means ' a basket.' I n the list of the physicians of the Court, lower down,
he is called Iiskirn Zanbil Beg. B a d b n i says, he was a mupartib, or ~ersond
attendant on the emperor.'
161. Khuda'wand Kha'n i Dak'hini'.
Khud6wand Khbn was a Nizimshiihi Grandee. As his father wes born a t Mssh-
had, Kh. is often called Muahhadi. H e wau of course a Shi'ah.
H e was a man of impo~ing stature, and well-known for h i p m a l muw.
W i e n Khwhjah Mirak of IFfubin, who had the title of Chingiz K h b , was the V&
of Murtazit Nizbn~SbLh, Kh. rose t o dignity. H e held several diatricta in Be&
jLgir. The BIasjid of Rohank'henl~' was built by him.
I n 993, when AIir Murtnzir of SabzwLr (No. 162) commanded the army of Barbr,
and was no Ion&-r able to withstand (J11Sbat KhLn Chirgis in the Dak'hin, Kh. r-
compmied M. Murtazb t o Hindilstbn. Both were well received by Akbsr, and gh.
was made a Commander of One Thousand. H e received Pa@n in G u j d t as tu$.
H e was married to Abulfazl's sister, and died in the end of the 34th year, before
the middle of 998 (Buddoni 11, 372, where in the T d A h of hie death the word
D a k ' h i t ~ must
i be written without a A).

A Tho -W<tdxir has A11~1dh. At the bad XSS.,and Sabzwcftiis often altered to
outbreak of the &fingal AIiliti~ryRevolt, Shirdzi. Other bad MSS. have B a A L
l r the drab District
he was J & ~ i ~ . d iof ' h h a n k ' h e r a h lies in West lhb,in
(AkLarn. 111, 331). the district of Buldbnah. I n Abnlhd'r
* The Edit. I3ibl. Indica of BadLoni list of parganahn in S i r k h 'l'almghb
(111, 164) calls him wrongly Hukim there is one d e d Qitydt i Khudci~nd
Zitral Sl~irciri.Zinnl is the reading of Khdn.
 Once A b u k 1 had invited several grandem, Khudbwand among them. The dishes
placed before Kh. contained fowla and game and different kinds of vegetables, whilst
theother guests had roest m a t . H e remarked it, took offence, and went away.
Although Akbar assured him that Abnlfazl had treated him to fowl8 and game accord-
ing to a HindhtBni custom, Kh. disliked Abulfazl, and never went w i n to his house.
'Hence D a k ' h i i are notorious in HindbtQn for stupidity.'
The Tabaq4t puts Kh. among the Commanders of Fifteen Hundred, and says that
be died in 996. The M&i ham 997.
162. IIbi'rm'dah'Ali ' Kha'n, mn of Muhtarim Beg. x
H e nerved in the 9th year in M41wah during the expedition againat 'AMnllah
Khin Uebak (No. 14). I n the 17th year, he served in the Gujnit war under the
IUlh i U n (NO. 16). Two years later, he commanded an expedition against wi
K b h K b 6 , who with a corpe of AfghBns ravaged the frontiers of Bik. I n the
23rd year, he accompanied S h a h b b Kh4n in the war with %n4 PartBb? H e then
served in Bih4r nnder K h h i A'uun (26th year) and in Bengal under Shahhh K h i n
(oids No. 134, p. 436). I n the 30th year (993), he was present in the fight with Qut-
lli near Yangalk4 (Bardwh). I n the 31st year, he was ordered to join Q b i m Kbbn
(No. 691, who was on his way to Kashmlr. Not long after, in 996 (32nd year), he wae
killed in a fight with the K ~ h d r i whos defeated an Imperial detachment under Sayyid
'Abdullah K h i n (No. 189).
B a d b n i (111. p 326) s a p , be wan a poet. He plaoes his death in 996.
153- 8aya'datUrns', mn of Khim Khwhjah K h (p. 365, note 2).
164. Shimal Kha%Chelah.
CRelah means ' a slave.' The Tdaqdt s a p he wrrs a Qurchl, or amour-bearer
of the emperor, and a genial companion. H e waa made a H a z d d , and was no longer
alive in 1001.
I n the 9th rear, he aasistcd in the capture of Khw4jah Mu'azzam. I n the 20th
year, h e served in the war against Chmdr Sen, during which J&l Khhn (No. 213)
had lost his life, and afterwarda under Sayyid Ahmad (No. 91) and Shah* (No. 80)
in the erpedition to Siwhah.
166. S h a l Qha'sipKha'n, e Bayyid from Tabrfz.
Tile Tabaqit calls hixu a Turkmkn, and says, he was dead in 1001. H e nerved,
in the 19th year with MirzMah 'All Kh6n (No. 162) %gainst Qtisim Khkn K b b .
He may be the Shirh Ghkzf Khkn mentioned below under No. 161.
160. F a * dn a b , mn of Hhhn i (No. 16).
H e was mentioned above, on p. 322.
167. hta'ou/m Kha'n, son of Yu'in nddin Ahmad FarenkhJdi (No. 128).
l i e is not to be confounded with M a ' ~ i u nKhhn i Kdbuli (p. 431, note).
M a ' & n was mado a Z a z d r i on the death of his father, and received Ghhfpbr
es tup'.!. He joined Todar Mall in Bihkr, though anxious to go over to the rebels (p. 351).

' Heis also called Mimdd 'Ali Kbhn. His father, Muhtarirn Ekg, wan a
M text edition has wrong M i n d 'A11 grandee of H u m i lin's Court.
rh,. For Yrlfuritn many MSS. Rd
wrongly Muhrum.
Generally d
Bdnd dr'ikd.
ed in the Hkhriem
Not long ahrwards, M h h Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother, threatened to invade
the Pnnjirb, and M the emperor had resolved to move personally against him, Ma'qim
thought it opportune to rebel. H e seized Jaunpdr and drove away Tarson KhBn's
men (No. 32). As Akbar had known him from a child, he waa inclined to pardon
him, ~rovidedhe left Jaunpdr and accepted Awadh a8 tgtil. This Y.did; but he
continued to recruit, and when Shirh Quli blahram and Rhja& Bir B a y had &led t6
bring llim to his senses, ShahbIz Kl~bn,on Ilearing of his conduct, determined to punish
him. The cventa of the expedition have been related on p. 4.00.
M c r hiu defeat near Awadh, M. threw himself into the town ; b u t as several
rebel chiefs h d left him, he absconded, without even taking his family with him.
H e applied to two Zamindhrs for assiutance ; but the first robbed him of hi
valuables, and the latter waylaid him, and had it not been for a bribe, M. would not
have escaped. About this time one of his friends of the name of Maqglid joined him
andsupplied him with funds. M. collected men and surprised and plundered the
town of Bahririch. Vazir Khbn (No. 41) and others moved from Hbj jipdr against him ;
but Y. eec:rped them. After plundering the town of Muhammadlbhd, he resolved to
surprise Jaunpdr, when the tuydldirs of the district marched against him. Being
hard pressed, he applied to M. 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) to intercede for him. Ah-bar again
pardoned him, and gave him the Pargnuah Mihsf, SirkBr Champ&ran, as tuyiil. But
M. continued in a rebellious attitude, and when M. 'Aziz prepared to punish him, he
applied for leave to go to Court. H e arrived, in the 27th year, in Agrah, and was I
again pardoned, chiefly a t the request of Akbar's mother.
Soon after, on going home one night from the I)arb&r, he was killrcl on the road.
An enquiry was ordered to be l~eld,but without result, and people believed that Akbar
had conttived a t themurder. Cou~parewith this the fhta of Nos. 61 and 62, two
other Bihbr rebels.
168. Tolak Kha'n Qu'chi'n.
Tolirk commenced to serve undcr Birbar. H e joined HurntiYlin on his return
from Persia. When the emperor had seized on Kbbul, and M. K h r i r n came near the
town undcr the mask of Gicndship, many of HumBY;n's graudees went over to him,
and the emperor wao obliged to retreat northwnrds to Zahik ( d@ ) and BBmiyBn,
where 110 hoped to find faithful officers. H e sent, however, Tolak and several others
to K&bul, to bring him correct information, but Tolak alone returned. Eor his faith-
fulness he was made Qurbegi.
Tolak accompar~ied liumhyli~l to India. After the emperor's death he belonged
to those who supported the young Akbar, and was instrumental in tho capture a t a din-
ner party of Mir ShLh Abul Na'tili. Atbrwnrds, T. went to Kibul, where he remained
for a long time. I n thc 7th year of Akbnr's reign, he was suddenly imprisoned by the
young and hasty Ghaui Khh11, son of l\.Iun'irn Khbu (No. ll),who was in c h w e of
Kirbnl. Tolak managed to escape, and went to Eiibir Khbtlin, his jhgir, collecting
meu to take revenge on Ghani. A Savourablo opportunity presented ibclf, when Ghani
one day had left KLbul for a placo calltul Khwhjah Sajyhrirn ( +I+ ), to
waylay a caravan from Balkh. H e waa just feasting with his companions, whelk
. Tolak Khbn fell upon tliem. Ghnni, who was drunk, was caught, and Tolak nlnrchd
to Khwhjah AwbL ( I$, b s b i ), R ~ I : L Ctwo
~ ~ O distant
S from KQbul. But be
 ms opposed by Fazfl Beg (Mun'im's brother) and his son Abnlfath (called wrongly
dbdd Fath, on p. 318), and thought i t advisable to let Ghani go. Ghani immediately
collected men and ~ n r a u e dTolak, who now prepared himself to go to Hindbist&n. Qhani
overtook him near the Ab i Ohorband, and killed B6bi Qdchin and several other
relations and friends of Tolali. Tolak himself and his son Isfandiybr managed to cut
tbeir way through the enemies, and arrived safely in India. Akbar gave Tolak a j k i r
m MQlwab, where he remained for a long time.
I n the 28th year, T. served under the K h h K h Q n h (No. 29) in Mblwah and
Gojrit, and defeated Sayyid Daulat in Kambhbit. H e distinguished himself in the
6gbb with Muzaffar, and served under Qulij Khbn (No. 42) in the conquest of Buhronch.
In the 30th year, he was attached to the corps which under M. 'Azh Kokah was to be
lent to the Dak'hin. Having indulged in slander dnring the disagreement between
Y. 'Aziz Kokah and Shihibnddin, he was imprisoned. After his release he wan sent
to Bengal, where in the 37th year he served under M h S i g h against the Afghbs.
He died in the beginning of the 41st year (1004).
168. Khwe'jah Shameuddi'n Khewa'fi'.
K h a u t f l means ' coming from KhawBf,' which is a district and town in Khn-
hhn. Oar maps have ' Khiff' or ' Khtif,'due west of H a d t , between Lat. 60' and (ilo.
According to the Mu'jamulbulddn, " Kl~awbfis a large town belonging [at the time
the author wrote; to the revenue district of Niahbpbr. Near it lien on one side
Blishanj which belongs to the district of Hartit, and on the other Z h n . KhawQf con-
tains one hundred villages and three towns (Sanjbn, SiGwand, and Khnrjard)." Amin
W in his excellent Haft Iqlim says that the district of K h a w g is famous for &he
Lings, ministera, and learned men it has produced. The dyuavty called, A1 i Mumfar,
ofwhom seven kings ruled for 69 years over Fbris and ShirBz,' were Khaw&. The
author of t h e Zakhiralulkhawdnin says that the people of Khawtif were known to be
bigoted Sunnis. When S h i h 'AbbL i P f a w i , in the beginning of hia reign, came to
KbarBf, h e forced the inhabitante to abuse, as is customary with Shi'ahs, the com-
panions of the Prophet (sabb i q i h h u h ) ; but as the people refused to do so, he had
seventy of the principal men thrown down from a Mujid. Although then no oue

They wccnmbed to Timur. The w b f i ~ a l b b a t K h i n , 'Inbyat KhQn, and

Histories dkagree regarding the length Muptafb Khbn (under Aurangzfb). The
of their reign, some give 67 years, from lists of' grandees in the Pddr~hdhndmah
A. H. 741 to 798. mention several other Kliawkiin. 111 bter
h h h i z i mentions a180 80veral learn- times we have the name of 'r\bdurrazzSq
ed men and vadrs besides those men- pmvtim uddaulah Aurang&Lui,who WW
tioned in the dluj'am, and relates some murdered in 1171. His ancestor, Mir
anecdotes illuetrating the proverbial saga- Knrnbluddin Klawtifi, had served under
city and quick-witteducss of the inhabi- Akbar.
t n t a of Khawiif. For .Rhawcifi, some MSS. have E h d f i .
Tbe number of Khawhffs in the service The liiHtorian lluliammad H&him
of the Mughul enlperorn was consider- g h g f r Rhbll has also been supposed to
able. One is mentioned below, NO. 347. be a I<haw&fi,tho h it muat be observed
The X&b hnr n o t a ou the following,7 that geographical t%es are rare. There are
Mi=& 'Izzat (under JahBngir) ; Mirza a few, &dmi Kh&, GhaMlin Khdn,
Ahmad, and Mn'tamid Khtin Muhammad a u b s h i Khcin. l'he authors of the PL
p a b d e r S h h j a h W ; Sayyid disbBb~iBmahand the M&ir never use.
YMn, Shaikh Mh, Khwbjah Mir Kha- the form &A@.
 wns converted, the K l ~ a w h l barc now w stanch S h i ' h ;w they were formerly biotcd
Sunnis.
Khwdjah Shamsuddin whs the son of Rhwiljah 'Alh uddin, who wes a man much
respected in Khawhf. Shams s c c o t n p a ~ ~11uz;~lliur
id IihLn (No. 37), his countryman.
to Uihhr aud Dengal. A t the outbreak of the 3Iilitary lbvolt, he was caught by the
rebcls, and J1a'c;~ini Klibuli h d hi111 tortured with n view of getting money out d
him. S11;iins \VLV 11:~lf' dead, wlien a t the req~lc~st
of 'Arab Bahbdlir he ww let off and
placed undw 'Arab's charge, who lay under obligations to hini. But Shams eluded
his vigilance, and fled to Sinprirtn, Riijah of K'h,rrakpGr (Bihir).' As the roads wen
all held by the rebels, Shams could not mirke his wily to the Iniperial army. H e collected
men, attacked the rebels, and carried otf some of their cattle ; and when some time
n f i out among the rnutineem, he fouud means t o eacape. Akbsr
after d i ~ ~ c n ~ i obroke
received him with every di.itiiiction, and appointed him, in the same year (Nth), to
superintend the building of Fort Atak on the Indue, near which the Imperial camp
tlicn was.'
After ilii*, Sllatns was for some titile DiwJti of Khbul. I n the 39th year, when
Qu1i.j Khitn (No. 4.2) niter the death of Q h i m K h i n (No. 69) was' made $db&dk
of KLbul, Shania was made Diw[~n of the eriipirc ( D i u ~ d ni kul), oice Qulij.' When
Akbar, in the U r d year, atter a rekidelice of fourteen years in the Panjlb, moved to
A'grnh, to proceed to the Dak'hin, the Begurns with Princc Khurram (ShBhjahL) were
left in Lhhor, arid Sl~artis was put in clit~rgcof the Yanjlb, in which ofice h e m -
tinued, nfter Akbnr's mother had returncul, in the 44th year, with the Begums to ~Zgnh.
,Sharna died at LLhor in the 45th yerrr (1008). The family vault which he hrrd
built near Bib6 Hasan Abdirl having been used for other purposes (p. 425). he wmi
buried in Llihor in that quarter of the town which he had built, and which to hi honour
was culled Khurccifipirah.
' Singrbm Inter fongbt with Sllahbhz December, 1870.
KhLn (No. W)), and ceded Port B1alid:i. The author of the Midair repeab
Though he never went to Court,, he re- Abulfitzl's etyuiology of the unme 'A*,'
mained in uub~niasion to tllc Imperial which wus given on p. 376,note He
gowruors of Uiliiir and Lk'nprl. 111 the also says that some derive i t from the
first year of Jahingir'a reign, Jalti~ilgir 1Iindi trluk, prevention, a bar, " b n n ,
QuLi Khhn LiLlah Uig, governor of' Uillir, IIindim will not go btryond the Indur."
acnt a corps against Sir~grirn~, who wna Hut tl~en!is no instance on rec-rd that
killed in a fight. Hissun turncvl R11ili:nn- Ilindliu ever did object to moss the In-
~ n d a n ,and rewived the llar~ie ' IiAjah dus. BhngwB~l L)b, Mdn S i g h . rod
Xoz-uti611,' ww confirnted in his z:unit~- othctx, were govertlors of h'ibul md
dirris, and reached under Ji~liiingir the Zkbnlisthn, and had their l&ijpGta there;
digt~ity of a Cotnin:rt~dcr of' Pitteen nnd during the reign of S h d t j o b h , the
IItttidrcd. Untler SliLhjdit'ul, he served lth,jl)dta distirlp;uishrd themselves in the
with illnlihbut KhHn it1 Uulkh, ugaitrst cot~cluent of M k h and the siege of Qan-
Jliu,jrir Siugh Uundelah, it1 the sicge of dnhar.
Part.nd;ih, and r a n a t his death in 1044 Abolfazl'n ctyruology is a1.w doabbful ;
a Cou~m;lniler of TWOT h o u ~ a i ~ d His . for in the A k h r n b n ~ a h(11, W2) he men-
mn, 1Gjjih Uihrdz served in Q.xidahirr, tions the uame ' Atak' long before t h
in the war between Aunmgzib aud S h i ~ h building of the Fort (111,335).
Sht~ji', and dtntingnhhed Iii~unelfin the The twelve Diwhns, who in 1009
wcond conqucxt of' Palituau (4th year ot had deeu appointed to the 14 p s
lrhs ,
Aurnt~gzib). Hjtjxh l)ihrlii died in tlie were uuder his orders. U i w c t r 1 lid is
8th gear of Aur:rngiib's reign. Fri& the snnle es Vusw i K d , QI Vaw i
' ~ r w t u l i n h~ i, t i c k i e t y , lkngal, for biutluy, or merely Yuir.
 He is said to have been a man of simple manners, honoet and faithfnl, and practical
in tranwting bnsineea
Like Shaikh F d d i BukhM (No. 99), whom he in many renpecte resemblee, he
died childlean.
Hi brother, Khwejah Mdmin Khawhfi wae made, on his death, DiwQn of the
PanjBb. Mdmin's eon, 'Abdul Khbliq, was a fiavourite of Aqaf Khiin IV. (p. 369).
He was killed by Mahbbat Khln, when #&had been removed by MahBbat from Fort
A b k and imprisoned.
160. Jamt Singh, eldest of RBjah MBn Sing (No. SO).
Kugwar Jagat Singh served in the a n d year under M i d Ja'far AFaf KhQn
(No. 98) against IUjah BQsd, zamindiu of Man and Pat'hbn (Ndrpiu. N. E., Panjbb).
I n the 44th year (1008),when Akbar moved to Mblwab, and Prinoe Salim (Jahlngir)
waa ordered to move against M n h Amr Singh, Mkn Singh wae called from Bengal, and
Jagat Singh was ordered to go to Bengal as ndib of his father. While still at Agrah, .
he died from excessive drinking. Regarding J. S.'s daughter, p. 310 and No. 176.
MahB S i g , Jagat's younger son, was appointed in his stead. His youth and in-
experience inclined the Afghlns under 'Usmbn and Shujhwal K h h to attack him.
They defeated him and Partlb Singh, son of Mjah Bhagwh DBs. (No. 336), near
Bhadrsk in O&I& ( 4 t h year). Mbn Singh hastened to Bengal, and aRer defeating
in 1009 the Afghiins near Sherplir 'Ahif, between Shiliri ( h r e e ) in B i r b h b and
Murshidhbhd, recovered Lower Bengal and O$sB.
MahQ S i g h died soon after, like his father, from exceseive drinking.
161. Raqi'b K h a 'n, aon of Mir 'Abdullatif of Qazmin.
A'icqlb Khdn is the tittle of Mir Ghilsuddin 'BE. His family belongs to the
M i Syyide of Qazwln, who were known in rrbn for their SumI tendencien. His
grandfather Mir YahyQ werr 'a well known theologian and philosopher, who had
acquired such extraordinary proficiency in the knowledge of history, that he was ac-
quainted with the date of every event which had occurred from the establishment of the
Yuhammadan religion to h i own time.'
' I n the opening of hie career, Mir Yahyh waa patronized by Shhh TahmQsp
i ~ a f a w iwho
, called him YahyB Ma'qh,' and waa treated by the king with such
distinction, that his enemies, envious of his good fortune, endeavoured to poiaon h i pat.
ron's mind againnt him, by reprerenting that he and his son, Mir 'Abdullatif, were the
leading men among the Sunnis of Qazwln. They at last prevailed so far as to induce
the king, when he was on the borders of A'zarbbijbn, to order Mir Yahyh and his son,
together with their families, to be imprisoned at Iqfahhn. At that time, h i second
wn, 'Alk-uddaulah was in Blzarbbijkn, and sent off a special meaaenger to convey this
intelligence to his father. Mlr Yahyb being too old and in6rm to fly, accompanied
the kiog's messenger to Igfahbn, and died there, &r one year and nine months, in
A. H. 962, at the age of 77 yeare."
*

I. e. exempt, probably from losing torical compendium, called Lubbuttawa'.

life and property for his attachment to d k h , colnped iu 1541. Vide Elliot's
Sunnirm. Bibl. Index to the Historians of India,
Mu Yahy6 in the author of a hie- p. 129. His second eon '8llucldiruhh
 ' Mir 'Abdullatif, however, immediately on receipt of his brother's commnnication,
fled to Gi16n11and ahrwarda a t the invitation of the emperor Hu~nBydnwent to Hin-
d&&, and amved a t Court with hi family just after Akbar had ascended the throne.
By him he was received with great kindness and consideration, and appointed in the
second year of his reign as his preceptor. A t that time Akbar knew not how to read
and write, but shortly afterwards he was able to repeat some odas of Hbfiz. The Mfr
was a man of great eloquence and of excellent disposition, and so moderate in his re-
ligious ~ e n t i m e n bthat
, ~ each party used to revile him for his indifference.'
' When Bairirm W b n had incurred the displeasure of the emperor and had left
Agrah and proceeded to Alwar, with the intention, as it was supposed, of exciting a
rebellion in the Pnnjirb, the emperor sent the Mir to him, to diwuade him from such an
open breach of fidelity to his sovereign.' E l l i o t , Index, I. c.
Mir 'Abdullatif died at Sikri on tho 5th Rajab, 981,' and was buried a t Bjmir
near the Dargirh of Mir Sayyid 1Iusain Khing-SuwQr.
'Abdullatif had several sons. The following are mentioned-1. Naqib K h 6 n ;
2. Qamar Khbn; 3. Mir Muhammad Sharif. The last was killed in 984 a t F a t h p b by
a fall from his horse while playing hockey with the emperor (Bad. II., 230). F o r
Qamar KhBn, vide No. 243.
Naqib Khbn arrived with his father in India, when Akbar a h r his accession waa
still in the Panjirb (Aklarn. II., 23), and soon became a personal friend of the emper-
or (II., 281). Tu the 10th year, he conveyed Akbar's pardon to Khirn ZamBn, for
whom Mun'im KhBn had interceded (11.. 281). I n the 18th year, N. accompanied
the emperor on the forced march to Patan and AhmadBbid (p. 435, note), and in t h e
following year to Patna. I n the end of the 21st year, he took part in the erpedi-
tion to rdar (III., 166), and was seut in the following yoar to Mblwah or Gujrirt, a h r
the appointment of Shihirb to the latter province. After the outbreak of the Military
Revolt in Bengal, N. with his brother Q:rmnr KhCn served under Todar M d and
$ a i q KhBn in Bihir against Ma'glim i KQbuli (111.. 273). I n the 26th year, h e
received the title of i i a q i b KIa~in.~Though duriug the reign of Akbar, he did n o t

wrote under the political name of Kdmf. 11..23) says that 'Abdullatif was accused
and is the author of the Nuf(i& ul Ma- in I'eruia of being a Sunni and in Hin-
cbir, a ' tazkirah,' or work on literature. ddstirn of being a Shi'nh.
B a d b n i ( I I I . , 97) says he con~poseda Elliot llaa by mistake 971. T h e
Qaqidah in which, according to the man- Tdrikh of his death in the alacbir and
ner of Shi'ahs, he abused the co~npanions Baddoni (III., p. 99) is fukhr i d l i
of the Prophet and the Sunnis, and Yd-Sin, ' the prlde of the descendants of
among the latter his father and elder Y b i n (the Prophet)'=981, if the long
brother ('Abdullotif?, whom he used to alif in d l be not counted 2, but 1.
call Xazrat i Aqd, as he hnd been his * Kewal Ram, accordi~ig tO Elliot,
teacher. But the verse in which he cursed says in the Tazkirut ul U111urdthat the
his relations is ~mbiguousl worded. title was conferred on Naqib Khbn in t h e
Some fix the date of ~ i%alryii.s
r death 25th year for his gallant conduct i n
two e a n earlier. repelling a night attack made by h t a ' g b
&he ' MSS. of the Mattsir have Kh6n i KBbuli on the Imperiali~tsunder
-6% Jb; so also BadQoni, I. c. T d a r Mall and g a i q KhBn. This night
H e was the first that tau h t Ak- att.wk is related in the AkbarndmuA
bar the princi le of ~ u l hi k r f (111.. 293). The fight took place in the
with .I,, the8ersian term w h i c b ' E 2 25th yeor, near Gya; but Abulfazl yys
fszl so often uses to describe Akbar's nothing of Naqfb's ' gallant conduct; he
policy of toleration. Abulfazl (dkbarn. does not even mention his name.
 rise above the rank of a Hasdri, he poseegsed great influence a t Court. He was
Akbar's reader, and snperintended the translations from Sanscrit into Persian, men-
Coned on p. 104. Several portiom of the Td'cirikA i Alfi also @. 106) are written
by him.
Nsqfb had an uncle of the name of Q&zf 'Isb, who had come from Irbn to Akbar's
Cod, where he died in 980. His son was Shbh GhBzi Khbn (aida No. 165). Akbar
married the latter to Sakfnah %nli Begnm, sister of M i n b Muhammad Hakim (Akbar's
half-brother) ; and as Naqfb KhBn, in the 38th year, reported that Qbzi 'lab had ex-
pressed a dying wish to present his daughter to Akbar, the emperor married her. Thus
two of Naqib's cousins married into the imperial family.
On the accession of Jahbnglr, N. was made a Commander of 1500 (Tuzuk, p. 12). a

He died in the 9th year of J.'s reign (beginning of 1023) a t Ajmir, and was buried a t
the side of his wife within the enclosure of Mu'in i Chishti's tomb (Tuzuk, p. 129). His
rife was a daughter of Miir MahmJd, M u m h i ulmamctlik, who had been for twenty-
five years in Akbar's service (Badioni III., 321).
Naqib's son, 'Abdullrrtif, was distinguished for his acqnirements. H e was married
to a daughter of M. Yhuf Khbn (No. 36), and died,insane.
Naqfb Khbn, like his grandfather, excelled in history. It is said that he knew
the seven volumesof the Rauzutwafd by heart. JahBngir, in his Xemoirs, praiaea
him for his remarkable memory, and Badbni, who was Naqib's school fellow and friend,
sap that no man in Arabia or Persia was as proficient in history as Naqib. Once on
being asked how many pigeons there were in a particular flock then flying, he
responded inrtantly, wilhout making a mistake of even one.
162. W r Murtaza' Kha'n, a Sabzwhi Sayyid.
Mu Murtad KhBn was a t first in the service of 'Adil Shbh of Bijbplir. Murtazk
h ' i Shiih called him to Ahmadnagar, and made him Military Governor of Barbr,
md latar Amirul Umarb. He successfully invaded, a t Niibm ShBh's order, 'Adil
Shih's dominions. But Niz6m S h i h suffered from insanity, and the government was
leR in the hands of his Vakfl, Shbh Quli Calbbat Khbn ; and 8s he reigned absolutely,
several of the noblea, especially the tuyzilddra of Barbr, were dissatisfied. Galbbnt Khbn
being bent on ruining them, Mlr MurtRzB, Khudbwand Khbn (No. 161), Jamshed
Khin i Shirbzi and others, marched in 992 to Ahmadnagar. (jalbbat Khbn and
E W Yirbn Husain surprised them and routed them. Mir Murtazb lost all his
property, end nnable to resist Calbbat Khbn, he went with Khudbwand Khbn to Ak-
bar, who made him a Commander of One Thousand.
M. M: distinguished himself under Shbh M u r d in the Dak'hin invasion. When
the Prince lefi Ahmadnagar, C a i q Khbn (No. 43) remained in Mahkar (South Barbr),
a d M. M. in Ilichpiu, to guard tho conquered districts. During hia stay there,
he managed to take possession of Fort GBwil, near rlichpdr (43rd year, 1007),
persuading the commanders Wejihuddin and Biswh RBo, to enter Akbar's servioe.
hter, M. M. distinguished himself in the conquest of Ahmadnagar under Prince
%yP, and received a higher Manpb, as also a flag and a naqqcirah.
Mlr M d is not to be confounded with the learned Mir Murtazti Sharif
i 8 W (Baddoad III., 320), or the Mir Murtezk mentioned by Badbni,
III., an.
67
 163 Shamsi', son of IChin i A'zam IfirzA Kolinh (No. 91).
Ile \\-as ~iieiitioned above on pp. 327 and 328. A t the end of Akbar's reiSn.
Sl~miisi' m;is a Commnr~clcrof T\ro Tl~oasand.
I n thc thin1 year of'Ji~h:it~g,lir's reign, he receivcd the title of Jahiingir Quli Hhin,
vnc:i~~t 11y the ~lenthof .Jn11:infil. Quli KhBn LAlali Bcg, Guvcrtlor of Bihhr, and as
s c r ~ t u Ci;!ji.:it :ISri(ii6 of 11isiitlicr. ?Ilirz;1.'Aziz lind Lcen ~ion~inally nppinted Gover-
nor of' that $'1ill;111 ; Lot as lie l ~ a dgiven tlie ernperor olli'r~ce, he was detained at
Court. S u l ) ~ t ~ c ~ ~ S~ lc~i ~n t~l iyw~nssi 111;ulea Co~iitiiandcrof Three T h o u ~ a n d and
, Gover-
Iior of JRIII~~)I'IS. IVl~ilhttherc, l'ritic~?SI11:ll1j::lhk1121d t:lkcn possession of Bengal, and
prqlnrcd liiili~cll'tr~ rniircl~011 I':L~IIR, ding 'Ahdulli~hKhLn Firilz-Jang and Eijah
Bbirr~ in :1~1v:rnce to\v;~r;lsIlAlilibJ(1. On their arrival a t Chausli, Slianisi left Jaun-
pilr, :III(\joiiicd JIirz;~lt11sta111 (KO. (J),Governor of the (Xhali of IIJhLbAd.
On Sl~Jl!jal~i~~'s u ~ c ~ s s i o nShamhi
, \\-as deposed, but nllo\vctl to retain his blnnqab.
A short t i ~ i ~ailer, c he 11-:1s appointed to S61nt and Jil~llijia(!h, zsice Beglnr Khin.
1Ie died tl~crein the 5th yvar of Sl~LI~,jul~in'n reign (1041).
PI15nisi's son, Ij:ihrI:Liii, was ~iiadcby Phhhjaliin a Commander of 1000, 600 hone
(Ptidiuhrihs. I., h., 3C)!I), and appointed to sncceetl his flltlicr. Wliilst in G~ijrAt,he
built a plnce celled after hi111 Btrhrri~npdrah. H e died in the 18th year of Shirbjahbn's
reig11 (Ptidi.sh(iha. I I . , 1). 733).
164. Milr Jama'luddi'n Husain, an IlijJ Fngyid.
Froill a reniark in thc TficC~df it a1)l)cnrs t l ~ : a~ par: t of Shirliz was called In$ ;
t i d e J o ~ ~ r n nAsintic
l, Society. Benjial, 1868, 1). 67 top. 69.
nIir J;~~iiLlnddiii 11i.jil belongs to tlic Snyyi11.cof Sl~iriz,who trace their descent
to Q6sim xrr8si ibn i 1I;tsatl ibu i I h r l i h i ~ ~ Tabirtibi
i i Husaini. 3Iir Shbh Mahmdd
and J l i r Sl~hliAbil T ~ u l i l t\vo ~ , latrr meiilbers of this renowned Ftin~ily,were appointed
during the r r i ~ nof Phkh T I ~ I I I ~i <'af:ti\vi,
~ S P at tlic rrqnest of the Chief Justice of Penia,
nlir S l i a ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~Asildl~llall
dditi of Sl~uslitar,the fitst ns Sllaikhul Isliim of Persia, and
the second as Q:'~zi-lqnxiit. DIir Jnniilnddin is one of their cousins.
Dlir . I ; ~ n ~ B l r ~ t lwent
d i ~ ~to the D ; ~ k ' l ~ i ntlie
, kings of mhicli had frequently inter-
married \vitli tlie Inj6s. He alterwards entered Akbnr's service, took part in the
(;ujl.it \v;117;, ilnd w i ~present in the battle of Piltnn (p. 396). Later he was sent to
I%rrigal. At tlie outbrcnk of the JIilitary Revolt, he was with &IuxaKtr (dklamdmuh,
111, p. 255). I n the 30th jcar (993), lie \vau made a Commander of Six Hundred, and
aeco~iip:tnied, sliortly altcr, A'zam lil~:iu (Xo. 21) on hisexpedition to Gadhaand
i i ( 1 1 . 1 1 1 ) I n the 36th year, he had a jilgir in &Jbl\vah, and served
under A'zam K h i n in the Dek'hin. EIis promotion to the rank of a H & took pl-
in the 40th jcer. IVhen ill t l ~ e46th year the fort of Ssir had been conquered, 'Add
Shilli, Icing of Hijilpilr wished to enter into a matrimonial alliance with Akbar, and
ofl>red his d:~nghtcrto Prince DCnyirl. To settle matters,Akbardespatchd the Yir in
1000 (-4kGu1.n. III., 84.6) to tlie Dak'hin. But the marriage only took place in 1013,
neiir 1'at:ln. After this, accompanied by the Historian Firishtah, he went to @ah,
iu ordtsr to lay before the emperor 'such present and tribute, as had never before come
from the Dak'hin.'

Shamsi is an abbreviation for Sharnauddin.

 At the end of Akbar'a reign, Mir J. was a Commander of Three Thousand. Hav-
ing beer, a favorite of Prince Salim, he was promoted Bfter the Prince's accession to
the p t of a Chahkr-Haziri, and received a naqqdrah and a flag. When Khusrau
rebelled, the Mir received the order to effect an understanding by offering Khusrau the
kingdom of Kdbul with the same conditions under which M. Muhammad Hakim, Ak-
bar'a brother, had held.that province. But the Prince did not consent ;and when he wes
subsequently made a prisoner (p. 414) and brought before his father, Hasan Bag
(Xo. 167), Khusrau's principal agent, told J a h h g i r that all Amfra of the Court
were implicated in the rebellion ; JamBluddin had only a short time ago asked him
(Haaan Beg) to promise him an appointment as Panjhazdd. The Mir got pale
and confused, when M i d 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) asked the emperor not to listen to
such absurdities ; Hasan Beg knew very well that he would have to suffer death and
therefore tried to involve others ; he himself ('Aziz) was the chief conspirator, and
ready as such to undergo any punishment. JahBngir consoled the Mir, and appointed
him afterwards Governor of BihBr. I n the 11th year, Mir Jam61 received the title of
' A d u d d a u l a h . On this occasion, he presented the emperor a dagger, inlaid with
precious stones, the making of which he had himself superintended when a t Bijbpbr.
A t the top of the handle, he had a yellow ydprit fired, perfectly pure, crf the shape of
half an egg, and had it surrounded by other ydqu'ts and emeralds. The value wee
estimated a t 50,000 Rupees.
I n 1621, JahBngir pensioned him off, because he was too old, allowing him four
thousand rnpeesper mewem. The highest rank that he had reauhed, was that of
a brevet Panjhadrf with an actual command of Three Thousand and Five Hundred.
I n 1623, s t the eighteenth anniversary of JahBngir's accession, he presented the em-
peror a copy of the grent Persian Dictionary, entitled Furhang iJahdngiri, of which
h e was the compiler. The firat edition of it had made its appearance in 1017.'
After having lived for some time in BahrBich, Mir J d 1 returned to A'grah,
where he died.
Mlr JamBluddin had two sons. 1. Mir Aminrcddin. H e served with hi father,
and married a daughter of 'Abdurrahim Kh6n KhknBn (No. 29). H e died when young.
2. Mir Huedmudda'n. H e married the sister of Ahmad Beg Khin, brother's
son of IbrBhim Khbn F a t h J a n g (Niir Jahin's brother). Jahbngir made him Gover-
nor of bsir, which fort he banded over to Prince Shik~jahirnduring his rebellion. On
ShhhjahBn's accession, he wps made a Commander of 4000, with 3000 horse, received
a present of 60,000 Rupees, and the title of Nurtuzci Xha'n. He was alao made
Qovrrnor of T'hat'hah, where Ire died in the second year (1039).
Mir HusBm's mns-1. ~imqdrnuddaulah. He was made DiwBn of ShBh ShujB'
in the 21st year. I n the 28th year, he was appointd Governor of OFbb with a
command of 1500. and 600 horse. He died in the end of the same year. 2. Nzirulloh.
H e is mentioned in the Pddwhdhndmah (I., b., p. 312) 8s &Commander of Nine
Hundred, 300 horse.

Regarding the Fnrharrg i Jahdngiri,

o A~iatioSociety, Bangal, I 1868, pp. 12 to 16, and 66 to 69.
 Historians do not say to whioh of the four divinions (aida p. 391) of the &ha
clan U j u belongs.
He served in the 21st year, under MBn Singh, and in the 28th year, under
JagannBth (No. 69), against the &B. While serving under the latter, Bdjd
commanded the Imperial garrison of Mandalgyh, and s u ~ f u l l yconducted an
expedition against a detachment of the S n b ' s troops. I n the 30th year, JagannBth
m d %j& attacked the' % n i in hia residence ; but he escaped.
Later, RAj6 served under Prince M d , Governor of MBIwah, whom, in the 36th
year, he accompanied in the war with Bdjah Madhukar; but as the Prince was
ordered by Akbar to return to MBlwah, R6jG had to lead the expedition. I n the
40th year, he served in the siege of Ahmadnagar. Once the enemies surprised the
Imperialits, and did much damage to their cattle. %jli attacked them, but was killed
in the fight together with several of hia relations (1WA. H. ).

His antecedents and amval in Indii have been mentioned above on p. 176. I n
the 30th year, (993) Prince Minir Muhammad Hakim of Kibul died, and the oountry
was annexed to India. Mir Sharif waa appointed Amin and Cadr of the new pro-
vince. I n the following year, he served u d e r MBn Singh in ~ b b i .I n the36th year:
he was appointed in the nnme capacity, though with more exteusive powers, to Bihbr
and Bengal. I n the 43rd year, he received Ajmlr as aqfct', and the Pargannh of
MohBn near Lak'hnau as tuytil. During the siege of Rslr, he joined the Imperial
camp with his contingent, and waa well received by the emperor.
He is said to have risen to the rank of a Commander of Three Thonssnd. H e
was buried a t MohBn. On his death, neither books nor official papers were found ;
hia list of soldiers contained the names of his friends and clienta, who had to refund
him six months' wages per annum.
Jahhngir in his memoirs (Ill(5uk, p. 22) praises him very much.
The Tabaqdt says, ' Mir Sharif belongs to the heretic8 of the ege. H e in well
acquainted with gdhm, and is a t present (1001) in BihLr.'

Note on t h e Nuqtawiah Sect (as).

It was mentioned above (p. 177) that Mir Shan'f spread in India doctrines which
resembled those of Mlthmfid of Ba~akhwBn.~
The curious sect which Mahmlid founded.
goee by thename of Mahmsidi;yah,or Wdhidiyah, or -Vuqfatoiyah, or Umnd.'MahmGd

The Lncknow edition of the Akbar- Dabiathn (p. 374) and Shea and Troyer'a
ndmah (III., p. 629) r a p he mas made Translation have Masajwdn,-a shifting
a t the same tlme a Commander of Four of the diacritical poinb.
Thousand. Thin must be a mistake, be- '
The name nuqtum' was evidently
cause Mir Sharif was a t JahLngfr's ac- used b Badbni, though the MW.
cession a Commander of 2fi00 (Tuzuk, from wEich the Bibl. Indlca edition w.s
p. 22). printed, have hrabati, which was given
' Badbnl (Ed. Bibl. Indica) has tion on p. 176. For Umond, Shea's transla-
of the Dabisthn haa Imand ;but lLol
Basakhwdn; the MSS. of the MaRsir
Bwdkhwdn (with a long (umand) is, no doubt, the plural of
rod on other places B a . d k h ~ ~ ! ~ ~ amin.
U " ~
a w ; the Calcutta edition of the
 d e d himself Shakhp i Wdhid, or 'the individual,' and professed to be the Imirm
Udf,whose appearance on earth ushers in the end of the world. According
to the Calcutta edition of the Dabiskin and Shea's Translation, he lived about 600 A. H. ;
but the XSS. of the M&ir have A. H. 800, which also agrees with Badbnl's
~Uementtbat Mahmbd lived a t the time of Timur. The sect found numerous adhe-
renb in I r h , bnt was extinguished by Shih 'AbbL i M&zi,l who killed them or
drove them into exile.
Mahm6d had forced into his service a passage from the QoAn (Sur. XVII., 81),
lord as yab'araka rabbuka muqdman mahmzidan, ' Peradventure thy Lord w i l l raise
thee to an honorable (mhmrid) station.' H e maintained that the human body
(jarad) had since its creation been advancing in purity, and that on its reaching a
higher degree of perfection, ' Mahmbd' would arise, as indicated in the passage from
the +An, and with his appearance the dispensation of Muhammad would come to an
end. He taught the transmigration of souls, and said that the beginning of every thing
r.s the nuqtah i khdk, or earth-atom, from which the vegetables, and from these the
mimala, arose. The term nuqtah i khdk has given rise to their name Nuqtawis.
Por other of l a h m b d ' s tenets, vide Shea's translation of the Dabiskin, vol. III., pp.
12 to 26.
Some of Mahmbd's doctrines must have been of interest to Akbar, whose leanings
towards the 'man of the millennium,' transmigration of souls, &c., have been men-
tioned above, and l i r Sharif i B'muli could not have done better than propounding the
same doctrine a t Court, and pointing to Akbar as the restorer of the millennium.
The author of the 'Alam Xrbi Sikandari, as the ilfacisi~eays, mentions Mir Sha-
rif i Xmuli under the following circumstances. I n 1002, the 7th year of ShPh 'Ab&
i MKS reign, the astrologers of the age predicted, in consequence of certain very
inanapicious conjunctions, the death of a great king, and as this prediction was nni-
rerdly referred to Shhh 'AbbL, Jalauddin Jfuhammad of Tabriz, who was looked upon
rs the greatest astronomer of the period, proposed that Shhh 'AbbPs should lay aside
rojdty for the two or three days the dreaded conjunction was expected to last, and
160t a criminal who had been sentenced to death, should sit on the throne. Thia ex-
hrdinary expedient was everywhere approved of; the criminals threw lob, and
Ybof the quiver-maker, who belonged to the heretical followers of Darwish Khusrau
o f Q R i n , was raised to the throne. H e reigned for three days, and was then
hlled. Soon after, Darwish Khusrau was hanged. His ancestors had been well-
diggers, but he was a dervish, and though he had been wise enough never to speak of
A-qtawiyah belief, he was known as one of the sect, and was accordingly killed.
SO bMir Sayrid Ahmad of KLhhn, whom 'AbbL killed with his own sword
h n g his papers trratisea were found on the iVuqlah doctrine, and also a letter
ddressed to him by Abulfazl in Akbar's name. Mir Sharifi A'muli, agoodpoet and
the head of the aect, heard of there perrewtions, a n d j k d from AatrdbLd to Hindzista'n.
Ragarding the laet sentence, the author of the Macfair remarks that i t involvea
machronism, for Mir Shnrff waa in India in 984, when Akbar was a t Dipblp6r in
Mawah ; and besidea, Sharif i Amuli was mentioned in no Tazkiiah as a poet.

M&i ( e), i.s., who passed a-

ray, in the epithet which Historian8 I give to ShBh 'AbbL I. of Persia, the
contemporary of A k h and J a h L n k .
 187. Hasan Beg [Kha'n i Bedakhshiq Shaikh 'Umari'.'
Huaan Beg was a g o d soldier. I n the 34th year, Akbar, a b r hia stay in K R P ~ .
mfr, marched to Zhbulistrin, and passed through the district of Pak'hali, 'which is 36
koa long and 26 broad, nnd lies west of Kashmir. I n Pak'hali, Sultirn H n s ~ i nK h h
i Pak'haliwbl (No. 301) paid his respects. This Zamindbr belonged to the desce~ld-
ants of the QBrlyglle ( ), whom Timur on his return from India to Tbdn
had left in Pnk'hsli as garrison. After following Akbar's Court for a few days,
Sultin Husain Khbn withdrew without leave, and the emperor ordered Hasan Beg to
occupy Psk'hali (Akbarndmuh 111, 691, 598). H e speedily suhdued the district. In
the 35th year, during Hwnn Beg's temporary absence a t Court, SultLn Husain Khh
again rebelled, assumed the title of Sultbn Nqirucldin, and drove away Hasan Beg's
men. But soon after, he had again to submit to Hnean Beg. I n the 46th year, Hasan
was made a Comniander of Two Tl~ot~sand and Five Hundred for his service in
Bangash, and was put, towards the end of Akbar's reign, in charge of Kbbul, receiving
F o r t Rohths3 (in the Panjab) as jbgir.
I n the beginning of Jahirngir'a reign, he was called from Kbbul to Court. On hi
way, a t Mnt'hurb (Nuttra), Hnsan Beg met Prince Khusrau, who had fled from
Agrah on Sunday, the 8th Zi Hajjah, 1014.' From distrust as to the motives of the
emperor which led to his recall from Kbbul, or '' fimm the innate wickedness of Badakh-
shh," he joined the Prince with his three hundred Badakhshi troopers, received the
title of Khirn Dbbh, and got the management of all affairs. Another officer who attnched
himself to Khusrau, wns 'Abdurrahim, DLwbn of L&hor. After t h e defeat near
Bhairogwil on the Biih: the Afghine who were with the Prince, advised him to
retreat to the Eastern provinces of the empire ; but Hasan Beg propowd to march to
KSbul, which, he said, had always been the starting-place of the conquerors of India;
he had, moreover, four lacs of rupees in R o h t h , which were a t the Prince's
service. Hnsan Beg's counsel was ultimately adopted. But before he could reach Rohhb,
Khusrau was captured on the Chanbb. On the 3rd S;afar 1015, tho Prince, Hasan
Beg,and 'Abdurrahim, we-e taken before Jahbngir in the Bhgh i Nfrzh Kbmrhn, 8
villa near Lhhor, Khusmu himself, according to Chingiz's law (batorah i Chingizi),
with his hands tied and fetters on his feet. Hasan Beg after making a useless attempt
to incriminate others (p. &I), was put into a cow-hide, and 'Abdurrahim into a don-
key's skin, and in t h b state they were tied to donkeys, and carried through the bsYus.

BadakLiri is the adjeetive formed 25, ff. ; Pddiahdhn. I, p. 306 ; dkbam.

from Badukshdn, as Ku'shi from h d s h - 111, 698.
dn. 'J'he words Shaikh ' Umari are to G e n e d l y spelt yLb,J. The fort in
be taken as nn sqjective finwed like Bihbr is spelt without wu'w, yLirbJ,though
Akburshn'hi, Jahdrrgiri, kc., w l ~ i c lwe
~ both nre den tical.
find after the names of several grandees. ' So the Tuzuk. The Mudsiz hss the
Thus Shaikh 'Urnan' would I n a n ' be- 20th, instead of the 8th. MSS. continu-
longing ta the uervnnts of Shaikh 'Umar,' ally confound +h and pi-+. But
and this explnnation is rendered more Jahhngir on his pursuit reached Hod$
probable by the statement of historians on the 10th Zi Hajjah, and the T U Z ~
t h a t Hasan Beg belon ed to the Bdba- is correct.
9.idn, or ' nobles of %far's Court.' Vide p. 414, note. There is another
Hasan Beg is often wrongly called Bhaironwal between Wazirib6.d and Sia-
Husaan Beg. Thus in the Tuzuk, p. kot, south of the Chanbb.
'A*: cow-hides get sooner dry than donkey-skins,' Hasan clicyl after a fe\v 11nnrr fi.nlll
su5mtion ; but 'Abdorrnhim wss after 21 hours still ali\~e, and rc~ceived, a t the
q u e s t of several courtiers, free pardon.' The other nccomplices nnd the troopc~vof
Ehnsran were impaled ; their corpses mere arranged in a double row alol~gthe road
which leads from the B k h i Mirzb Krimrdn to the Fort of LJhor, rind I<husmu,
m~tedon a sorry elephant, was led along that way. Pcv~tlehad been postecl a t short
intzrrals, and pointing to the corpses, kept calling out to Khosrnu, " Ilchol~l,your
friend*, j o n r servants, do you homage."
Hasan Beg waa mentioned above on p. 3-10. IIis son IsJriitli~/tii. Khtin, wan
under Shbhjahdn, a conlmander of 1500. H e served in Bengal, and died in tho 16th
year of Shlihjnhin's reign (Pddishdhn. I., 476 ; I., b., 30L) The 'Srif Dcg i Shailih
'Cmari mentioned in the Pu'dishdhn. (I., b., 3 10) appears to be a relation of his.
168. Sheroyah Kha'n, son of Shor Afkan lilihn.
S h c r Afkan K h J n was the son of QGch Beg. Q6ch Beg serred undclr H u m b p i n ,
and was killed in the successful attempt made by several grandees to save IIaryarn
MnkAnl, Aklar's mother, aRer the fi~talbattle of Chnusk (t'iile No. 96, p. 410). When
IIombyiin fled to Persia, Sher Afltnn remained with hIirzA ICirmrtn in Kibul ; but
Le joined the emperor on his return from Trhn, and w.w m;cdc governor of Q:rl;it. Later
be recei\.ed Zahik-Brimiyliu as jGgir, but went again over to I<k~nrLu.ITum&y).da,soon
after, captured and killed him.
Sheroyah Khlin served at first under hlun'im (No. 11) in Bengnl nnd Oristi.
In t h e 26th year, he was appointed to accompany Priuce Nurbd to K8bul. I n the
29th year, he served under 'Abdurr~llim (No. 20) in Gujrbt, and w:ts p r c n c ~ tin the
battle of Sarkich (Akbarndmah I I I . , 408, 422). I n the 30th year, he served under
BIatlnb K h l n (No. 83) against Jalrilnh TBriki (p. 403). I n the 39th year, he mns
made a Billn, and was appointed to Ajmir. According to the Tubapdt, ho was a
lla&ri in 1001.
169. Naxar Be Uzbak.
T h e Akbarubmah (III., p. 500) says, 'On tlle same dayg Nazar Be, and his sons
Qnbar Be, S116di Be (No. 367), and Bbqi Be (No. 368), were presented at Court, and
rere favourably received by the emperor.'
Shddi Be distingnished himself in the expedition nndcr 3Intl;rb Iihrin (No. 83)
ageinst the Tbikls. H e may bc the Shhdi Khkn ShiLdi Beg, n~entioned in the
Pddiaka'hndtt~ah (I, b., 308) as a commander of One Thousand. B e is the abbrevia-
tion of Beg. Nazar Be is not to be confounded with Nazar Beg (No. 247).
170. Jela'l Kha'n, son of Muhammad K h h , son of Sultbn Adam, t h o
Galck'har.
171. Mubalrals Kha'n, son of K a m i l Khin, the Qakk'hnr.
The GakkPhnrs are a tribe inhabiting, according to the dludair, tho l~illydistricts

I n Zli Hajjah, 1018, he got an ap- t h a t MLn Singli, soon after the defeat of
intmeut an a Ydzbhhi, or commauder of the Imperialists a~ltlthe death of Bir
go, and was sent to Kashnlir ( I h r u k , p. 1 3 %in ~ the Khnibar Pass,,, had dakatcd
the T&rikis a t 'Ali Maqjld (end of tho
FD). I n t h e IhcmP, he is called 'Abfur-
rahirn Khar, 'Abdurrahim ' t h o Ass. 30th year, or k g i ~ ~ u i nofg Rabi' I., 994).
' When tile ne\vs was brought to A k b ~ r
 bctmt~cn the I3nl1nt ant1 t l ~ cIndr~x.' A t t l ~ ctime of Zainul'ibidin, king of Gashmir,
:IOl~:~zninnoble of the name of BInlik Kid ( d,or J?S ), who was a relation of the
t l ~ c n ruler of Ribul, took n ~ v a ~thcsc : districts from the Kmhniiris, and gradnnlly
cxtcnd~sdhici p o w r over the n*gion betrnc.cn the NiILb (Indus) aud the Sawiiliks snd the
frontier of 11iot1crn l i : ~ s h n i i r . ~N:rlik Kid \\-as succeeded by his son Malik K a l h , and
fiI:llik I i a l i n by Alalilc Cir. After Bir, t l ~ c11end oftlie tribe w:~sSulthnTathr,whorendenrl
Ilibar r:ilu:111lc scrvicc, especiall~in tlic r:rr wit11 RLnir Siinkb. Soltin Tat& hnd two
sons, SultLn S i ~ l n gand , Sult:in dam. Si'i~xngfougl~ta p e a t deal with Sher Sh6hand
Salinl SIIAII, capturing and selling a large number of Afgh&ns. The Fort Rohtha a3s
comulenccd by S l ~ c Sliih r with the special ol!ject of keeping the Gakk'hars in check. Sber
Sl~ichin the end captured SultLn Shmng and killed him, and confin& his aon Knmiil
KLLn in G\rhliilr, without, ho~vcver, s u l j ~ ~ g a t i nthe g tribe. Sultitn Adam ma4 now
looked upon as the head of the clan. I I e continued to oppose the AfghQns. Once
Snlim Sh6h gave the order to blo~vup a portion of the Gwhliirr Fort, where the s b t e
prisoners \rere k(2pt. Karnhl IihLn, w11o was still co~~fined, had n mirnculoua escape
: u ~ d \\.m iii C O I ~ S ~ ( ~ I I ~ Ipardoned.
~CC Kn~uLl\vent to his kinsfolk ; but aa Snlgn
,<d;rm had usurped all po\vc.r, IIC lived obscurely with his brother W i d Ghin,
:ivoiding to conic in conllict wit11 his uncle. Ilnmcdiately after Akbar's acew-
sion, l~o\vcvcr,I<an~illpaid Ilia rcspcct.i to the emperor a t JLlindhnr, was well rewired,
;nld distingiiislcd liinlself in t l ~ c war with H e m J , and during t h e siege of
nI61iiio~. I u the 3rd year, he \r:is sent against the Afiyinah Afghirn~,who had
rcvolttd ne:w Si~ronj(;\Iil~\.al~), nncl \vns made on his return jhgirdhr of Karah and
I ? : ~ t l ~ ~ )Hi~s\rah.
ilr 111t l ~ e6th p a r , lie serrecl under KhBn Zamkn (No. 13) aggnst
the Afghiins nndrr the son of JIobiriz Iihicn 'Adli (p. 320). I n t h e 8th year (910),
11c \rag called to Court, : ~ n dns Akbnr wished to reward him, Kambl Khbn begged the
un1)tXrorto put llim in ~)osscssionof 1110 Gal<k'har district, which was still in t h e hands
' Mr. .I. E.J)cl~n~,ri~*li infi>r~ns niu t11:lt n1t.ric.k'~ Ilistory of t h o Glllik'ha~,
tllc (;alil<'l~:lrsi1111:1t)itedt l ~ cl~illyp;rrtx J o u r ~ ~ aA. l , S. U., 1871.
of' tlic RL\\.III1'incJi :lutl J11vl:rm dihtrict* T l ~ eNlrcisir say R, he subjected the
I'ro~nliIi;inp6r o~rthe l)urtl(trx of the 1 1 : ~ tribcs called* 'U>+ ' uIfiI6
z:irah distri1.t long the lo~verr t i ~ ~ 01' gt~ &<*! ' ++ , ++, and J*. Mr.
l~illsskirt in^: tl~(b'l';tl~~ils of'1:imul P i l ~ ~ l i , ~)~.~~~~i~k the ~ ~ the t
h inhabit ~
k'nl~ilt;~, and C;<~j;lrI < l ~ h ~as
i , far as 110- ,es~e,.l, of the llhwul pindi district
111(~lii l l t l ~ Jl~eliun
e district. Thrir ancient sccolld tribe is that of t h e j a n j g v o h
stro~~gholtlxwcrc I'l~orwhlul~, SultAo- wllo inllabit the s a l t k3nge. ~h~ third,
pitr, : I I I ~ 1)angLli. T l ~ c y drclare t l ~ a t d r c j l a( wl,, ), are found in the eouthrrn
t11c.y are de*c-rndcd fro111 the K:riani:in of tile m\vul
kings of IrLu. Their nncc>stor Kid and the Jhelam
districts ; tlleir tract is called
inv:~tled Til)~!t,tvherc. IIC ant1 his descend-
to this day. The fourth, he sags, may,
nuts reigned fur ten gc~~c~rntil)na. His be the Jod~.ctha( 6 ) J e ), a great clan
tent11 dt~st:cntl:~ntK:rb conqucrrd K:Is~I-
~ n i r ,and took ~~ossc~ssion 01' I~alfof' it. about Pincji Ghcb. The fifth, hebelieves
Tlic C;:ikk'l~ars111ts11r(sig~~(vl for l(j gc8lle. is intended for the Kokhardn (ul>d),
rations alter K:L~I in 1<:1~lii11ir.The 16th a t,ribe of some importanco in Pin4 D a m
d r ~ c c ~ n t,d aZ.~in
~ ~ S l ~ i tlcd
l ~ to At'<l~Ani- litl&n. The and the eighth are the
uthn, where he d i d . JIis hon, (;;llik'har ~hibh and xanaarhl (jl+),
S11:itl. caluc to the P:LII*~L\, with RI:~hn~illl
of'GIinzni, and w:w nladc Iortf of t h Sirld ~ large tribes in Jammfi. The seventh he
Sligar 1)ohb. nlalik Bir is soid to have s"I) ) ~ J Sto be a mistake for +j% ~ h d -
Imcc>n 1Le glrndlitlier of i l d i r , xllose r i u i or hilltribes,wbichrere t h e U b 6 n d ~
Grtber way Nalik I'il~i. i I . I ( &>&J ) and Sattfs ( &- ).
 ofhis usurping uncle. Akbar ordered the KhBn i Kalhn (No. 16) and other PanjlbI
grandees, to divide the district into two parta, and to give one of them to KarnBl
6h6n; if Sul* Xdam was not satisfied with the other, they should occupy the
borntry and punish Sulgn Adam. The latter alternative was rendered necessary by
the mistance of SultBn Adam. The Panj4b army, therefore, and K a d l KhBn entered
the Gakk'har district, and defeated and captured Adam after a severe engagement near
- -

the 'Qaqbah of Hilhp." SultBn #darn and his son Lashkari were handed over to
11nm61 Khan, who waa put in posseasion of the district. KamBl Khan killed Lashkari,
and put Sulgn #dam into prison, where he soon nfter died. (Akbarndmah, 11, 2QOff.)
It is stated in the Tabaqdt that Kam61 KhBn was a commander of Five
Tboosand, distiuguished for courage and bravery. and died in 9?2.*
Mabivak Khan and Jd61 Khln served in the 30th year under MlnB ShBhrokh,
k g w h Dzb, and Shhh Quli Xahram, in K a s h d r ( A k b a d m a h , 111, 486). The
Tsb aq acalls both. as also Wid Khhu, commanders of Fifteen Hundred. A daughter
af &id Khin was married to Prince Snlim ;oide No. 225, note.
172. Tabh Beg Kha'n Mughul, [Thj Khh].
%h Beg served at first under M h 4 ~ u h a m m a dHakim, king of Kbbul, and
entered, after the death of his maater, Akbar's ~ervice. He received a jirgir in the
Panjih Beconling to the Akbarndmah (111, 489). he went with Bir Bsy (No. 86) to
fh6d and Bijor, and distinguished himself nnder 'Abdul Matlab (No. 83) against the
Tkihis (LII, 641).
I n tbe 40th year, he operated ngPinst the 'Is4 Khail dfgh4ns, though with little
racaesk Two years later, he served under Agaf Khan (No. 98) in the conquest of
Man, and received the title of T& XA&. When U ja h Bbs6 again rebelled (47th
gear), Khwhjah Sulairnbn, Bakhshi of the Panjbb, was ordered to march against him
with the contingents of Qulij Kh6n (No. 42), Husain Beg i Shaikh 'Umarf (No. 167),
Ahmad Beg i Khbuli (No. lYl), and TBj K h h . Without waiting for the othem,
T. Kh. moved to Pathhn. Whilst pitching his tenta, Jamil Beg, T. Kh.'s eon, received
as- of W s approach. He hastily attacked him, and waa killed with iXy men of
hb fnther's contingent.
Jahhgir on his accession, promoted him to a command of 3000. I n the second
jeu of his reign, he officiated as governor of Khbul till the arrival of S h h Beg KhLn
(No. 67). He was afterwards appoiuted governor of T'hat'hah, where he died in the
ninth year (1023).
178. Shaikh 'Abdullah, son of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus [of Gwtili&r].
Bhaikh 'AbdulU at first lived a retired and saintly life, but entered subsequently the
Emperor's wmice. He distinguished. himself, aud is said to have risen to the dignity
of a commander of Three Thousand. He died when young.
His brother Zidullah lived as Faqir, and studied during the lifetime of hia

' Not Hail6g ( cru ), mnth of Chili- The author of the Madair found 970 in
h n betreen
~ the ~ h and ~ the l his ~MS., ~which would be the same year
chnib;but Hilin, or ~ j l which
, Mr. in which Kaniirl Khd~lwas restored to
&herick says, is a ferry on the_~helPm his paternal inheritance; hence he adds a
~)an,,dh- ~ ~ l ddam*s
t ~ ~ , strong. rlS~dUb. He waa oertail~lyalive in the
buld. middle of 972 (Aklarndwh, 11, p.
So in my MSS. of the Tuluqdt. YWL)
year with 9,idiq Kh6n (No. 43) ~gninstRtij.& Mdhukar of~#h&,' and in tit
year under Todnr Mall in B i i r . I n the 30th year, he wsn made ; c a r n m ~ $ - ~

the 31st year, when Akbar appointed two officers to each $b&,
3
!l'housand, and served in the wme year under 'Ada Kokab (No. 81.,in the Ik
bkeran a d f
Ibrdhlm (No. 82) were appointed to B ' d . I n the 33rd yeaf, h~rcrkrveda
@st %j& Madhukar under Shihhb X% (No. %), and d i e d e n atter. .
Abulfazl has not given his name in this list of grand- b e Ts- i
was a commander of Three Thousand. v
Bdj Sing,his 8011, reeeived the title of Bbjah .ftathe death of$ tather.
for along time in the Uak'hin, was d e d in Ye 44th year to C o q and wm
commnndunt of Gwllilr I n tLe 46th year, he joined the Ilapelaperial anny, n
Akbar beeieged Eort Ur. I n the 47th year, he pureu4 w e t h e r with
Patr Dh (NO. l96), the notorious Bin Singh Deo &ndel& who st Jab.d
gation had murdered Abulfnzl. For hie distinguished is the opeah
the Bundelsh clan, he waa promoted, and held, in the 60tb $ear, the 1

Dok'hin, where he died in 1024 (10th year).

Rdr Dd., his son, NICommander of 1000,
12th year, the title of Rfijah, aud was made, in the

One oP his grandnone, Prvrnttam Singh

- I&. 8. I
r&n
, co

af shiihjshh's reign, nnd remired the name of

When B h d f , in the 22nd year, was taken

 It is said that Rir'thor and Kaehhwihah pri~~ccsses
entercd the irnpcriirl IIarelll ;
ht no Hhcjb princess was ever married to a Timuride.
XI K Cornmatidere of E+Rt nutadred.
178. Sher Khwa'jah.
I I e hlo~)gedjto the Sayyids of X w a h (JUI &I&.) His mother was a Naqsh-
Lundi (p. 4-23,note 2). Sher Kh.'s name was ' Ptidislrih Khwhjah,' but Akbar called.
him on account of his bravery and courage Sher Khccijah.
In the 30thyear, Sh. Klr. served under Sa'id KhBn Chaghtbi (No. 25) against the
Tbafi$s, and afterwards under Sulthrl Blur& in the llrk'hin. I n the 40th gear, the
Prince sent him with a corps to l'atan, where he distinguished himself against Ilihlhc;
Khin. H e continued to serve in the Dalc'hin uuder Abulfazl. Tn the engagement
near Bir he was wounded. H e entcred the town victoriously, but was bwicgcd.
From want of provisions, his men had to subsist on homc-flesh. As in consequence
of the swelling of the Gangb (Godbrari) he did n0.t expect assistance froni the north.
he resolved t o t r y a last sortie and perish, when Abulfusl arrived and raised tlre siege.
Abulh~l to leave his own son 'AbdurrahmCn a t Bir ; but Sh. lib. refused
to quit his p e t . 111 the 46th gear, he received a drum and a flag.
Sh. Kh. remnined in favour d u r i l ~ g the reign of J a h J ~ ~ g i r 110 . mas the
cnlperor a h e n MAtibat Khbn near the Bnhat had taken possession of J a l ~ l n g i r ' sperson.
A h r Jahhngir's b a t h , he served with dprf Kh6n against ShuLrjirr ill LLhur.
In the 1st gear of Shirl1jahin's reign, he was nlndc a c o u ~ ~ n a r ~ of d c4000,
r \\.it11
1 0 horse, and roceived the tltltt of Khlcrijul~ Udyi Khcin. He wau also appointed
gorenlor of T'hat'hah, vice Blirzb '156 TarkhBn (1). 363). I l e died ou his way to his
pmviuce in 1097. P d ~ l i s h d h ~ aI.,
. , 181, 200.
His son Khwa'jah U J s l t i t ~was ~ mado n commander of 500 (Pa'diultdh~tcimah,
I., b., 327). A ~ l o t i ~ son, of UUO, 900 horse,
e r Aarrdulkizh, is ~ l ~ e n t i o ~as~ ae dcoli~~uander
(IJa'diahJhn. . II., i 3 8 ) .
177. Mi rza' Khurram, s o n of l i l i i n i A'zarn M i r z 8 'Aeiz liuliuh (No. 2 1).
lie has been ~~irirtioued above, p. 328.

S PT. r s c I r nttnrIrcd.
~ o ~ t ~ s ~ n t l ocf l rGel
178. Quraish Sults'n, 80x1 uf ' A b d u r r a s l ~ i dIChBn, lting of ICbsllghar.
182. Sulta'n 'Abdullah, b r o t h o r (by a n o t h o r motlier) of Uuroinh
SultBn.
310. Sha'h Muhammad, s o n of Qorninli Sultin.
Qorribh Sui(dn is a descendant of C t ~ i ~ ~I(~I&II.'
giz IIis genealogicnl trcc i~ given
in tlrc Akbmliimah (III., 685) and the l i i ~ i k hi I<usitidi as follows :-
1. Chingiz Khin.
I
2. C l ~ a g l ~ t hKh6n.
i
I
3. Manhtk:in [recond sou of Cl~irgl~thi
l<Li~rr).
I
-
' t ' l t i l ~ ~ ih'11611,
z ill tire I~iatorica,is I c~llcncallvd (3titilr i L ' u u ~ g .
 4. I~U,+ (the MSS. give various reading).
I
5. Yar& ~ h d (called
n after his conversion Sul+n Cfhibuddin).
I
6. Dawh ~ h & . '
I
7. Alsinliq&, dr Aldnliqii, Khbn.
I
8. Tughluq S m u r Khbn.
I
9. K h i u ~ h A . i j a hKhbn' (fether-in-law of Timur).
I
10. (a.) ~ u h i m m a dK h i n ....(b.1 Sham' Jahhn Khbn ....(c.) Naqsh Jtrhb K h h .
I
11. (a.) Sher Yuhammad Khbn. (b.) Sher 'Ali Ughlbn.
I
r-
12. Uwaie Khhn, son of Sher 'Ali Ughlbn.
I
13. Ydnss K h h , father of Bfibar's mother.
I
14. Sultbn Ahmad Khiin, known .s Aldnchah Khda.
I
16. Sultin A b i Sa'id Khiin.

r
I
17. (1)'AUul Karjm Khfin. (2)Quraish Sul$&n
-
(3)
7
S u l g n 'AMullah
(No. 178). (No. 178).
I
(1)Shbh huhammad (No. 310).
(2( Khudibandah.
After the death of 'Abdunrrshfd Khbn (16.), 'Abdulkerim Khbn, elder brother of
Quraiah Sultin, succeeded to the throne of Kbhghnr. H e treated his relation* well,
p&ly in fulfilment of his father's wish, partly from natural benevolence. But Khndb-
band&, son of Quraish Sultbn, quarrelled with Muhammad Khiiu, his uncle, and Khudb-
band& occupied the town of Tarfin. 'Abdulkarim, doubting the loyalty of h i s
ordered Quraish Sultbn to go to Makkah. Q. went first with hi family to
&dakhshbn and Balkh, and lastly, with the permission of 'Abdullah Khbu of TJriin,
t , HindlisGn. H e met Akbar, in the 3kth yeir, a t Shihiibuddinplir, when the em-
peror was just returning from Kuhmir, was well received, and appointed to a ooru-
mand of Seven Hundred.
Quraish died in tho 37th year, (1000) a t Hhjlp6r.
170. -a' Baha'dur, son of Mirh Mahmud, who ie the paternal uncle
of Mirzb Haidar [Gurgiini].
Like the preceding, Qar4 BahMur belonged to the royal family of Kbhghar.
Yirzb Hnidar's father, Muhammad Husnin, wee the son of BSbar's mabrnal aunt.
Mirzl Haidar,' during his stay in Kbhghar, had accompanied the son of Sul$&n

I Ua\\ b invaded Indiaduring the reign Gurgbu &"', the Mughul term for
of 'Alhuddill ; vide Journal, As. SOC. the Perrrian ddrndd,a son-in-law. H~~~~
Bengai, fbr 1869, p. 194 and 1870, p. 44. Timrlrides are ofbu Gurgdnk.
a His daughter is called Tukul K1161i- Yirzb Haidar was a hiatoiian and
urn (36(LLi. I t is said that Tiniur poet. H e wrote in 961 the l'ci~.ih-A i
rtf'ter the marriage received the title of Abdurrashidi, in houor of Abdurrashid,
Abfi Sa'id on several expeditions to b h m i r , end had thus acquired some knowledge
of the people and the state of that provinoe. H e subseqnently went over BBdakhshin
to India, and amved a t Lihor, where M i d K h d n made him his ndib during his
absence on an expedition to Qlndahbr, which the Sbhh of Persin had taken from
Khwijab KalBn Beg. I. Haidar sfterwards accompanied Kbmrbn to A'grah, and
tried on several occasions to p e r e d e Humbydn, to take possession of Kashmir.
When the emperor after his seeond defeat by Sher Shbh retreated to U h o r , he gave
M. Haidar a small corps and sent him to Kashmfr. The country being in a distracted
state, M. H, took possession of it without bloodshed, and ruled as absolute king for
ten years. But afterwards he ordered the khqboh to be read, and coins to he struck,
in HumByfin's name. H e wee killed in 958 by some treacherous Kashmfrfs.
The father of Q a d BahMur wee M i d Mahmfid ; hence Q. B. wee M. Haidar'e
conein. A s he had been with M. H. in Kashmir, Akbar, in the 6th year, ordered
him to m n q u e r the province, and gave him a large corps. But Q. B. de!yed his
march, and when he arrived in the hot Reason a t U j o r , he found the passes fortified.
Soon afterwards, he wee attacked and defeated by CfhW KhBn, who had usurped the
throne of Kasbmir. Q. B. discomfited returned to Akbar.
I n tbe 9th year, he accompanied the emperor to MUwah, and wes appointed, on
Akbar's return, governor of Mandd. H e died soon after.
For a relation of Qarb BahUur, vida No. 183.
180. Musmffar Husain Mi'rsa', eon of Ibraihim Husain M i d , [eon
of Muhammad 6~1thMirA].
Muzaffnr IIuaain M i d is a Timuride. Hia tree is es follows :-
'Umar Shaikh M h h , (second son of Timur).
I

1
Yuhamlnad Sul$n M i n i .
I
h--------

(1) Ulngh MfrzL (2) Sh6h M i d . (3) I b k h i m Hu- (4) ~ u h a m m a d ~ u n a i :

aain M. M.

I
(1) Sikandar Mi&
rave Ulugh MiizB.
I
M u c d a r Husnin
(6) Ma~'fidHusrin M.
(6) 'Aqil Huaai~iM.

(2) Mahmud Sultrin M., Mi&. (NO. 180.)

aive Shtih M i r d .

king of KLhghar. The villa known Ybrkand.

-
as Bifgh i pfci wan erected by hiin. The Tririkh commences with the reign
Akbarttbmah IlI., 686. of Tughlu Tinlur Kh611, who was con-
The MS. of the Tlrfkb i Rvhidi in verted to %lim by P a u l i n i Arshndud-
the Library of the Asiatic Society (Persian din, and goes down to the reign of 'Abd-
MSS, KO. 165, three parts, 1 9 lines per urrashid. The second doflar contains
page) is a fair, though modern copy, and the Memoim of M i d Haidar. The style
was brought by Capt. H. Btrachej from is elegant.
 'rhe ~ n o t l ~ ec~f
r illuhir~n~nad SIII~LII
3 l i 1 z i ~wnq the daugbter of the rrno~vned
S u l t i n IIusain hIirzB, king of KhuriwAn, a t whose court Nuhan~luad S 1 1 l t 6 ~3Iirzi
l~eltl a place of distinction. After Sulthn Husnin's death, &lul~amrnadSultbr~BiiraB
went to Bibar, who treated hi111 with every distinction. Humhydr~also favourLzl him,
tl~ough on several o c c ~ i o n she rebelled, and extended his kindness to his sons, C l q h
3Iirzli and Shhh BIirzB, who 1 1 4 given him repeatedly cause of dissnti~factio~. Ulugh
A1iri.i mns killed in the expedition %%inst the Hazimhs, and Sbhh NuhWlllad
died, noon after, n natural death.
Elugh MilzL llad two sons, Sikandar BIirzli nnd 3Iahmild Sultrin b1i1z:i; but
IIumiydn changed their nnlneg, a112gave Silcsud+r the name of Ulugh Mirzb, and
BIahmfid S ~ i l t i nMilz& t l ~ a of
t 8hBl1 hIirz;~.
As 3 l u h a m r n d Sultkn BIil.zb wzq old, Akbar excused him f r o ~ nattending nt
Court ( t u k l i f i bn'r), and gave h i n ~the pargnnall of A'zampilr in Sambhal os a pension.
H e also bestowed se\leral other places upon 11is gmndsons Ulogh and Shbli Mil&. A t
A'zampGr, in hi^ old nge, Yr~l~nmnladSulthn 31. had four other sons born to him-
1. Ibrihim llusain 3lirz8, 2. Mul~nmmad IIusain JIirz6, 3. Nua'Jd lIusain &fin.&, and
4. 'Aqil Husain N i r z j
In the 11th year of Akbar's reign, 3Iir.z.i Nul~amnlad Ifakim, king of ICirbul,
iuv.ded India and besir~gedL S o r ; and when Alibxr ~nnrchedagninxt him, u111gl1M.
Sllih 31. rebelled. They were joiuc~l in their revolt by t l ~ e i r(J-ou~~ger) tu~cles
Ibrhhiln liusnin N.and Bluhammnd Husain 31. T l ~ crebellious 3Iirais went plunder-
ing frorll Sun~Ll~al to lil1611Zarnln (NO. 13) s t Jsun1)ilr ; but us they could not agree
him, tlrey marciled on Dihli, nud from thinre invaded Jlil\vah, the governor of
\vl~ich,Mul~ammadQuli Khhn Barlhs (No. 31), was \vitb the emperor. Tho eonsc-
quonee of tllrir revolt \-,us, that Alibnr imprisoned the old Muha~nmadSulthn 3iiri.i.
liedied s sllort time after in llis prison nt BiBnah. I n the 12th yenr, w11cn Akbar had
defmited and killed K116n Z a ~ n i ~ and n , conquered Cl~itor,he made Sbihib K h J n (No.
26) governor of RIhlwah, and ordered h i ~ nto ~ t u n i s the l ~ 3Iirzia.
A b u t thia time Ulugh 31. died. The otl~erJIiriLs unable to witl~standS l ~ i l ~ i b
]<hin, fled to Chingia L11bu (p. 3%), ~ b t lo~ e nruled over a portion ofGrljrbt. Chingiz
l<ll&llxva~a t war wit11 I'timLd ICl~iln(No. 67) of' Ahmi~dBliul;and as t l ~ oRIi~ziw
llad rrndercd 11in1good service, he gave t l ~ e mU i i l ~ r o ~ &* cI~
jigir. Uut tllcir bel~aviour
in that town \\,as so cruel, that Cliingiz 1il1:iu had to send a corps against tllem.
Thougll t l ~ eBIirzbs defeated his troops, t l ~ r y witl~drcwto Kl~:iudesh, and re-entered
alLlwuh. Tiley were vigorously att;icked by Abl1m1' K l ~ h n (Xo. 74), Ciuliq KhBn
(KO. 431, and otliers, who besieged Itiintn~~LI~Gr (13111 gcar), nnd \\.ere p u ~ u c dto t h e
NarbiLdiL,\vllcre Inany soldic.rs of t l ~ ehlirzis ~)erishedin crousi~~g.I n the ~neautirne
Cllingiz IClli~nllad h e n 1n11rder~~1 IDSJhujl16r Ii116r1, and as Cit~jrLt was in a state of
disorder, the Iiirzks, wit11 litte figLtiug, occupied Cllamphlir, Bi~l~ro~-~ch, aud Sdrat.
In tile 17th gear, Akbar entered Gujrirt a ~ occupied ~ d Al~~nndi~biul. Dissenaious
llnviug broken out among the hrirzis, I b r i b i ~ nIIusain M. left Bnhronch, and :~rrirc*d
at a 8 lniles from Akbar's camp. Nost of' Akbar's A~niluhad the day before been
c;c.llta\x7aytowards S J r a t iu search of 3111hamn1anl 1lusai11M. Hearing of Ibrhhim
]IUS:Lill'Yarrival, the emperor despatcl~cd Sl~allbiz KII~LII (No. 80) after tbo Alnirs,
\vllilsthe I~ili~self ~n:lrcLedto tho Alal~iudriRiver, mllrrc i t flows past tho town of
Santil. Akbar had about 40 men with him, few of whom had a m o u r ; but when
the Amlm returned, the number rose to about 2tX). The signal of a t ~ w kwas given,
and after a hard fight, IbrLliim Husain & I.
was defeated. H e fled towards A'grul~,
whiht his wife, Gulrukh Begum, a daughter of M i n S Kirmrbn, on hearing of his
defeat. fled with Jiuzaffar Husain MlZirzb, Gorn Sdrnt to the Dak'ltin.
Akbar no;v resolred to invest Sdrat, and left M. 'Aziz ICokah (No. 21) with 8
g a r n ~ nin Ahmadhbid, ordering a t the s a n e time Qutbuddln (No. 28) to join
'Aziz with the Mhlwnh contingent. Muhammad Husain 31. and S h i h &I.thereupon
unikd their troops with those of Sher Khhn Fillidi, n GujrLti noble, and besieged
Palan. 'Aziz marched against them, aud defeated them (p. 306). Xuhammad I I u -
i n 31. then withdrew to the Dak'hin.
I b r i h i m Husain Bl. and l ~ i syounger brother Mas'6d Husain I f . having met wit11
mistance a t Nigor (1). 3.571, invaded the PanjLb. The governor, Husiliu Quli
libin (No. el), a t that timo besieged N.~garkot, and hearing of the inroad of tho
?din&, made peace with the Rcjah, attacked tho rebels, defeated them, and captured
blas'6d. Ibrirhim Hueair1 fled towards 3IultBn, and was soon after~vardswourtded and
captured by some Baldchis. H e then fell into tlic ha~ldsof Sa'id KhLn (NO. 26), and
died of his wounds.
ARer Akbar's return to Xgrah, Bfuliammad IIusain MirzB left the Dak'hin,
invaded Gujrirt, and took possession of several towns. He was defeated a t Iinn~bhBit
by Naurang Kh6n (p. 334!, and joined the party of TlthtigJrulmnllt and the sons of
Sher Khhn FGl.Ui. They then marched agxittnt Ahmad:ilrhd, and besicged M. 'Aziz
Kokah. To relieve him, Akbar hastened i ~ forccd t ~narchesfrom A'grah to P a n , and
arrived, on the 5th J u m a a I , 981 (p. 416),with about 1000 horse, a t a placo 3 kos
from Bhmadbbhd. Leaving l k h t i y i r to continue the siege, Afuhamrnad Husain op-
p w d the emperor, but was defeated and wounded. I n his flight his l~orsefell over
a brantble, when two troopers captured him, aurl led him to Akbar. E a c l ~of the tmo
men clairned the custotnary reward, and when Bir Bay, at Akbar's request, asked
Muhammad Husaiu which of the two had taken hirn prisoner, he said, " Tho salt of
the emperor has cnught me ; for those two coultl not Itavo done it." Iklitiyhr on hear-
ing of the defeat and capture of RluLarnmnd Husain, raised the siege, and fled with his
5000 troopers. Akbar a t once pursued him. Ikhtiyirr got detached from his men,
and in jumping over a shrub fell with his horse to the ground, when Suhrib Turkmin
who was aRCr him, cut off his head, and took it to tho e~t~peror.&Iuhatumad Husain
also had, in the meantime, been executed by lCJi Singh (No. 441, whom Akbirr had put
over him.
Sbirh M i d had fled in the beginning of the battle.
I n the P2nd year, hIuztlffnr Husain NirziL, whom his mother h d taken to the
Dak'hin, entered Gujrht and created disturbances. H e ~ v defeated s by I t i j a l ~T d a r
lIa11 and Vtrzir k ' l ~ i r(p.~ ~ 353), a ~ l dfie11to JJnigacjh. When the Ithjal~had gone,
MuzafLu besieged Vazir in AhmadLbird. During the siege he manryed to a t h h
Vazir'a men to Lis cause, and wn.~on thc point of entering the town, when a cannon
ball killed JIihr 'Ali Kolibi, wlto ltad led the young Nuzaffar into rebellion. This so
a8icted JIwLIHB~, that he raised the wiegc, t l ~ o u g lon ~ the poiut of victory, aud withdrcm
to h'azrbir. Sooil afier, he wns citptured by 1::ij:~h 'Ali of K l ~ h t t i l c ~ and
l ~ , ltaudcd over
to Akbnr. He wnr kept for some time in prison ; but as he shewed himself loyal,
Akbar, in the 36th year, released him, and mamed him to his eldest daughter, the
Sulfin Khbnnm. He also gave him Sirkbr Qanauj as tu@. Muzaffar, howevor,
waa addicted to the pleasures of wine, and when complaints were brought to Akbar, he
cancelled the t u y d , and agnin imprisoned him. But he soon after set him at liberty.
I
11 the 45th year (1008), when Akbar besieged h i r , he sent Muzaffar besiege Fort
Lalang. But he with Khwbjah Fathullah, and one day, he decamped for
QujrAt. His wmpanion~deserted him ;and dressing himself in the garb of a faqir,
he wandered about between Sdrat and BaglBnah, when he was caught by Khwbjah
Waisi and taken before the emperor. After having been imprisoned for some time,
he was let off in the 46th year. He died, not long after, a natural death.
His sistcr, NhunnisB, was married to Prince Salim ( u i d a No. 226, note).
Qulrukh Begum, Muz&u's mother, waa still alive in 10$5, when she was viaitad on
her sick-bed by Jahbngir at Ajmfr.
181. Qundu'q Kha'n, brother of the well-known Bairlim O g U n .
The Akburndmuh (I., 411) mentions a Qundhq Sulfin, who accompanied Hum&-
+ on h k march to India.
For Qudlip, some MSS. read Qunddz. A grandee of this name served in Bengal
under Mun'im, aud died at Gaur (p. 376).
182. Sultaln 'Abdullah, brother (by another mother) of Quraish 8111-
$h(No. 178).
188. Mi'ma' 'Abdmahma'n, son of Mirzi Hnidar's brother (cids No.
179).
184. Qiye' Kha'n, eon of FBhib Khh.
In the Tabaqbt and the Akbarnbmah he is gnerally called p *LO Itj, which
may mean ' QiyB, the beautiful,' or ' QiyB, son of 98hib Hasan.' Propor nouna ending
in a long vowel rarely take the Idfat.' It looks 8s if the reading & *La of the
A'in MSS. waa a mistake. The words w= *Lo are intended to diitinguish him
from Qiyir Qung (No. 33).
Qiy4 served under Shamsuddfn Atgah against Bairsm @. 317). He was also
present in the battle of SBraugph (vide No. 120).
185. Darba'r gha'n, ' h i y a t [ullah], eon of Takalth Khlin, t h e Reader.
Darbbr's hther wee Shbh TahmQsp's reader. 'Iniyat, on hi amval in India,
wee appointed to the same post by Akbur, and received the title of DarbC Khbn.
He served in the 9th year (end of 971) in Mirlwah, and in the 12th year, in the last
war with Khlu Zambn. He accompanied the emperor to Bantanbhlir, and when Akbar,
in the 14th year, after the conquest of the fort, made a pilgrimage to the tomb of
Mu'ln i Chishti in Ajmir, Darbkr Khbn took sick leave, and died on his arrival at
A'grah.
According to his dying wish-to the disgust of the author of the Illa&r--he
was buried in the mausoleum of one Akbar's dogs, which he had built. The dog hnd
shewn great attachment to its imperial master.

Thus you any &Jlls, for & &a, the accursed HuligiL
 During the reign o f J i ~ l ~ i i n g i her , rose to t l ~ cp s t of a conimander of 3000, and
~.ecei\,edthe title of Khtitr, and also a Ilq. IIo \ v u fur souc time governor of h h -
mir. On his re1110vaI, he went to court, and died.
From the Tuzalt me see that At~madBvg in the first year of Jahbngir, wss made
a com~nanderof 2000, and licld P;ul~hwaras j:igit.. I n the secoud year, he was order-
cd to punish the AC;l~:in tri\)cs ill Bangash, and was for his services there promoted,
in the 5th year, to a co~u~unnrl of 23(W). I n the 9th year, in consequence of complaints
made by Qt1li.j I<lilin (So. dl),he mas called to ronrt, and confined in Fort Rantan-
l ~ l ~ i(firrlrk,
lr p. 136). In the follo\ving year, Ile was released (I. e., p. 146), and sent
to 1<mh111ir( I . r . , p. 149).
Allmad Beg's sons, esllccially his second cltlcat, were a11 diatinguished soldiers.
They arc-
1. Nuhammad Nus'tid (eldest fio~i). 111, WAS killed in the war with the Tbrkis.
His son, Ardsl~cr,was a cominandcr of lW, 600 horsc, and died in the 18th gear
of Sl~hLj.'sreign.
2. 8lc'id h-hdn B a h d d ~ rZ(If;cr:jtrn.g (second son). H e rose during the reign
of Sllhl~jiil~iin to the 11igl1dignify of a cornni;~uilerof 7000, and distinguished himwlf
in every war. IIe was governor of Khbul, t l ~ cPanjhb, and B i h h . H e died on the
21111$':tI:r~r, 1OGB. Of his twenty-two sons, the two eldest, KhinahzAd E h b and
l ~ , killed in the B:illill war, wllcro S;iid also was severely wounded. TWO
L ~ i t f u l l ; ~were
o t l ~ c r s o ~'Altlullal~
~s, and Fntl~ull;il~,rose to higli commands.
3. iUt~X~hli~nlluh h-hd~r,Jftikhcir h'h Jn. He rose under S h i t l ~ j a h hto a com-
mand of'2000, lWO horse, and w i ~ sFaujdirr of Jainm6 (Pddkhcihn. I., p. 258), and
died iu t l ~ c4th year of S11611j.'~ reign.
4. A6112 Baqci. H e was the younger brother (by the same mother) of &'id,
under tvLon1 hc servcd. H e was tLL11a11dhrof Lower Bangasl~. I n t h e 15th year,
alter the Q'111dahilr expcd~tion,he got the title of IflikhJr Khdn, a t the same time
tltat I~iselder brother received that of Zufur;iu~lg,*and was made a commander of
1500, 1000 l~ortie.
102. Haki'm 'Ali', of Gilin.
'Ali calm poor and destitute from Persia to India, but was fortunate enoogh b be-
come in courtie of t i n ~ ea personal attendant (muldzim) and friend of Akbar. Once the
cn11)eror tried llim by giving him nereral bottles of urine of sick and healthy people
and even of anirn:lls. To l~in satisfiiction, 'Ali correctly distinguished the different
kinds. I n 938, he was sent as alubnsxador to 'Ali 'A'dil Shhh of BijipG, and was
well received; but before he could be sent back with presents for his master, 'Xdil
S11:ih sncldei~lydied.'
I n the 30th year, Hakim 'Ali constructed the wonderful reservoir (hauz), whih
in so often nlentioned by AIuglinl historians. A staircwe went to tho bottom of the
-
' 'Adil S l ~ h~l ~v mnlurdercd
~ in 988, by AInlik Borid of Bedar, and was stabbed by
a young 11a11dsomceunuch, w l ~ o ~lie u at- the elder of the two a t the first attempt of
tcrnr~trdto nbc l i ~ an r imrnor;rl purpose. satisfying his inordinate desi~w. MVJ-
TLr king \ran known as inuch for his lAnB 1la1A of Mwhl~ad,poetically ntyled
justice . ~ n dgoodwill towards his sobjccts, Razbi, found tho tdrikh of his death in
3s l i ~ rhi^ mania for ljoys aud unnatural the words Shdh i juhdn shun shaM
rrimes. H e obtained with soi~lcexertion (988), ' Tlie king of the world h a m e a
two young R I I ~~1aud801110euuuchs from 1uwtyr.'
reservoir, from where a passage led to an adjoining small room, six gat; square, and
capable of holding ten or twelve people. By some contrivance, the water of the reser-
voir was prevented from flowing iuto the chamber. When Akbar dived to the bottom
of the reservoir and prrssed into the room, he found it lighted up, and furnished with
cushions, sleeping apparel, and a few booka. Breakf~stwas also provided.
I n the 40th year, 'Ali wma a commander of 700, and had the title of JdZinh
uzramdri, 'the Galenus of the age.' His astringent mixtures enjoyed a great reput-
ation at Court.
He treated Akbar immediitely before his death. I t is said that the Emperor died of
dysentry or acute diamhaea, which no remedies could atop. 'Ali had at last recourse
to a most powerful astringent, atid when the dysentry was stopped, costive fever and
atrangury ensued. He therefore administered purgatives, which brought back the
dinnhaca, of which Akbar died. The first attack was caused, it is said, by worry and
excitement on account of the behaviour of Prince Khusrau at an elephant fight. Salim
(JahiingLr) had an elephant of the name of Gircinbdr, who was a match for every
elephant of Akbar's stables, but whose strength was supposed to be equal to that of
A'lAp, one of Khusrau's elephants. Akbar therefore wished to see them fight for the
championship, which was done. According to custom, a third elephant, Rantahman,
was selected ae fabdnchah, i. e., he was to assist either of the two combatants when
too severely handled by the other. At the fight, Akbar and Prince Khurram (Shbh-
jahbn) sat at a window, whilst Salim and Khusrau were on horseback in the arena
Qirbnbbr completely worsted A'brrip, and as he mauled him too sererely, the faldnchah '
elephant was sent off to A'bnip's assistance. But Jahbu~ir's men, anxious to have
no interference, pelted Rantahman with stones, and wounded the animal and the
driver. This annoyed Akbar, and he sent Khurram to Salim to tell him not to break
the rules, as in Eict all elephants would once be his. Salim said that the pelting of
stones had never had his sanction, and Khurram, satisfied with the explanation, tried
to separate the elephants by means of fireworks, but in vain. Unfortunately Rantah-
man also got worsted by Girdnbbr, and the two injured elephants ran away, and
threw themselves iuto the Jamnah. This annoyed Akbar more ; but his excitement
was intensified, when at that moment Khusrau came up, and abused in unmeasured
terms his father iu the presence of the emperor. Akbar withdrew, and sent next
morning for 'Alf, to whom he said that the vexation caused by Khusrau's bad behaviour
had made him ill.
I n the end of 1017, Jahbngir also visited 'Ali's reservoir, and made him a com-
mxuder of 2000. He did not long enjoy his promotion, and died on the 6th
Muharram, 1018. Jahbngir says of him (Tutuk, p. 74) that he excelled in Arabic,
and composed a c o m n ~ e n ~toythe QdnJn. " But his subtlety waa grater than his
knowledge, his looks better than his walk of lifu, his behaviour b ~ t t e rthan hia heart; for
in reality he was a bad and unprincipled man." Once JahLugir hinted that 'Ali had
killed Akbar. On the other side it is said that he apent annually 6000 Rupees on
medicines for the poor.'

Badbui (III., IGG) says that 'Mi

was the so11 of the sister of 1l:ikim nl
Mulk of Gilin tr11c1lenrned nledicinu and I science under ShLh Fathullah of SbirLz.
He was a rabid Shf'i~h,and a bad doctor
who often killed l~iapaticnta. Thuv he
 He bd a mi, known HS Hakim 'Abdulmahhdb. He held a mangab. I n the
16th year of Jahhgir's reign, he claimed from certain fhyyids in U h o r the sum d
80,000Rs. which, he said, his father had lent them. He supported hiis claim by a
certificate with the seal of a Qizi on it, and the statement8 of two witnesses. The
Ewgyids who denied all knowledge, seeing that the cave went against them, appealed
to the emperor. Jahbngir ordered # ~ a f Khin (No. 98) to investigate the case.
'Abdulwahhib got afraid, and tried to evade the investigation by proposing to the
Sayyids a compromise. This looked suwpicious, and # p f by cross-questioning found
t h n t tlie claim was entirely false. He therefore reported 'Abdulwahhsb, and the
emperor deprived him of his manpb and jGr. He seems to have been afterwards
restored to favor; for in the Pddishdhma'mail (I, 6., 328) he ie mentioned arr a
commander of 500,50 horse.
108. GtuJjarKha'n, eon of Qutbuddin Kh8n Atgah (No. 28).
He was mentioned above on p. 334.
104. Badr JahaJnMufti/.
Mirin qadr JahSn was born in Pihbni, a village near Q m s ~ j .Throngh
~ the in-
fluenca of Shaikh 'Abdunnabi he was made B u f t i . When 'Abdullah Kh6n Uzbak,
king of T h i n , wrote to Akbar regarding his aposhcy from Islim, Mi& Cadr and
Hakim H u m h (No. 205) wcre selected as ambaaaadors. The answer which they
took to 'Abdullah contained a few Arabic verses which 'Abdullnh could construe into
a denial of the alleged apostacy,-
u Ji &-)I dl &i d, >i dYl &
&@ g dl Cu u~ b jflill)A U ~ 1-
"OfGod people have said that He had a son ; of the Prophet some have said th&
he was a sorcerer. Neither God nor the Prophet has escaped the slander of men-Then
how should I P"
&Grin returned in the 34th year, and was made Cadr (vide p. 274). I n the
35th year, at the feaat of Abhum&, the Court wit~~evsed a curious spectacle. The Qadr
and 'Abdul Hai (No. 230), the Chief Justice of the empire, took part in a drinking
feast, and Akbnr was so amused at seeing hi ecclesiastical and judicial dignitaries over
their cups, that he quoted the well-known verse from Hifiz,-
$ 6 &> 2 & 1 3 ,,
D J
Up to th: 40th year, he had risen to the dignity ofa commander of 700; but
later, ho was made an Amir, and got a manpb of 2000 (vide p. 208).
the reign of JahBugir, who was very fond of him, he wae promoted to
a command of m,and received Qanauj as tuylil. As C d r under J a h b g i r he is
said to have given away more lauds in five yeam than under Akbar in fifty. He died
in 1020, at the age, it is believed, of 120 years. Hie firoulties remained unimpaired to
the last.
His poeition to Bkber's ' Divine Faith.' hss been explained above (p. 208). There
ia no doubt that he temporized, and few people got more for it than he. He also

' So Badbni. Tho Mabsir says, Pi-

killed Fnthu1l;iI~by prescribing harisuh
(wide p. 33, uote). I bhni lie. near Iskshnau.
 mposed poems, though in the end of his life, like Badbni, he repented and gave np
poetry as against tho spirit of the Muhammadan law.
H e had two eons :-
1. X i r B a d r i 'Xlam. H e lived a retired life.
Z. 8agrg.id Nizdm dlurtazd Khdn. His mother was a Brfihman woman, of
whom his hther had been so enamoured, that he married her; hence NizBm was his
faronrite son. H e was early introduced a t Court, and, a t the death of his father, was
made a commander of 2500,2000 horse. I n the first year of Shbhjahhn's reign, he
r a n a promoted to command of 3000, and received, on the death of MurtazL K h i n
Injli (p. 451) thc title of Murtatci Khcin. H e served a long time in the Dak'hin.
His i u y d was the Parganah of Dalamau, where he on several occasions successfully
quelled disturbances. H e was also Faujdir of Lak'hnau. I n the 24th year of
SLPhj.'s reign, he was pensioned off, and received 20 lees of d h s per annrm out of the
revenue of PihBni, which was one kror. H e enjoyed his pension for a long time.
His sons died before him. On his death, his graudsons 'Abdul Muqtadir and
'Abdnllah were appointad to manpabs, and received as tu.yylil the remaining portion of
the revenne of PihBnf. 'Abdul Muqtadir rose to a command of 1000,600 horse, and
M Faujdir of Khairsbdd.

106. Takhtah Beg i I(ibuli [Sardhr Khhn].

H e was a t first in the service of M. Muhammad Hakfm, and distinguished him-
elf in the ware with India; but on the death of his master (30th year), he joined
Akbar's service. He served under MBn Singh and Zain Kokah against the Y k u f -
&. As ThLnahdLr of PashLwar he punished on several ocoasiona the TLrikfs. I n
the 49th year, ho was made a Khcin.
ARer JahBngVs accession, he was made a commander of UXW), and received
the title of Sarddr Khdn. H e was sent with Mirzb GhBzi Tarkhbn (p. 363), to relieve
shrih Beg K h i n (No. 67) in QandahBr. As ShBh Beg was appointed governor of
G b d . Takhtah was made governor of Qandahbr, where, in 1016, he died.
He had a villa near PaahLwar, called the Bdgh i Sarddr KAun. His two eons
HajOt KhLn and Hidhyatullah got low manpabs.
108. Bai Patr Da'e, [niljah Bikramijit], a Khatri.
Patr DBs was in the beginning of Akbar's reign accountant (muehrif3 of the
elephant stables, and had the title of Rdi Rciycin. H e distinguished himself, in the
E t h year, during the siege of Chitor. I n the 24th year, he and Mir Adham were
made joint diwins of Bengal. At the outbreak of the Bengal military revolt, ho was
imprisoned by the rebele (p. 439), but got off and served for some time in Bengd.
I n the 30th year, he ww mado diwhu of BihLr. I n the 38th year, he was ordered
to occupy BBndhd (p. 407). tho capital of which sfter a siege of 8 months and 25 days
m r r e n d e d (42nd year). I n the 43rd gear, he was made diwLn of KBhul, but was
in the following year again sent to Bbndhri. I n the 46th year, he was made a com-
mander of 3000. When Abulfad, in the 47th year, had been murdered by Bir Singh,
Akbu ordered Patr Dbs to hunt down the rebel, and bring his head to Court. Patr
defeated Bir Singh in several engagements, and shut him up in Irich. When the
siege had progressed, and a breach was made in the wall, Bir Singh escaped and with-
drew to the jungles with Patr close a t hin heels. Aktau, a t last, in the 48th year, called
P. to C o u ~ t made
, him in the next year a commander of 6000, and gave him the title
of Ritjah Bikramkjit.
A h r Jahbngir's mession, he was made M i r A'taeh, and was ordered to recroit
and keep in readiness 60.000 artillery (topchi)with a train of 3000 gun-carts, the revenue
of fifteen parganahs being set aside for the maintenance of the corps (TuzuL,p. 10).
When the sons of Muzuffar of Qujrbt created disturbances, and Yatim Bahidur
had been killed, Patr was sent to AhmadibM with powem to appoint the officers of
the rebels who submitted, up to commauda of Ylizbbishis, or recommend them, if they
had held higher commands, for appointments to the emperor.
'The year of his death is not known.' Macfsir.
The R6i Mohnn Dh mentioned occasionally in the Akbarndmah nnd the Tut~k
p. 50) appears to be his son.
107. shaikh'Abdurrahi/m, of Lak'hnau.
H e belongs to the S h a i k h z h h s of Lak'hnau, and was in the 40tl1 year a com-
mnnder of 700. He was a great friend of Jamb1 Blrthtpir (No. 113), from whom
he learned wine-drinking. I n fact he drank so hard, that he got frequently insane.
I n the 30th year, when Akbnr was in the Panjib, 'Abdurrahim wounded himself in rr
fit whilst a t Siirlkot in Hakim Abulfatli's dwelling. Akbar looked after the wound
himself.
His wife was a Brbhman woman of the name of Kishnb. Bfter the death of her
hmband, she spent hie money in laying out gardens and villas. I n one of them her
husband waa buried, and she entertained every one who passed by the tomb, from a
panjhasdri to a common soldier, according to his position in life.
'Abdurrahim was mentioned above on p. 338.
108. Medni' RafiChauhafn.
From the Akbarnn'muh we Bee that he served, in the 28th and 32nd years, ia
Oujrbt. Nizhmuddin Ahmnd, who waa with him in Qujrkt, says in the Tulaytit,-
' Medrli niri is distinguished for his bravery and liberality, aud is now (i. e., in 1001) a
commander of 1000.'
100. Mi'r Abul Qa'sim Ramaki'n, [Qtisim IUIBn].
?!he MSS. have almost invariably Tamkin (&), instead of Numakin. He
is not to be confounded with Nos. 2-10 and 260.
Mir Abul Q k i m was a Sayyid of Harbt. He was a t first in the service of hl'mir
Mulinmmad Hnkfm, Akbar's brother and king of Kkbul. But he left Kbbul, and on
entering Aklar's service, he received Bhirah and Khushkb in the PanjAb as j k i r .
As his lnnds Iny within the Arafttakadr,' or salt wnge, he once presented Akbar,
evidently in allusion to his kithful intentions (namak-haldll,) with a p l a t and

' The namoksn'r, or salt-range, s a y the latter +of the amount realized. Mer-
the dioa'sir, is n district 20 kos long, and chante buy the salt a t a prim varying
belongs to the Sind Sbgar DuLb, between from half a d i m to two dRms (ona rupce
the Ushat and tho Indus. People break =40 dbins) per mun, and export it. The
orpieces from the salt rocks, and carry Government takes 1 Rupee ;'or every 17
them to the banks of the river, where the manu. The salt is also often n ~ d eilllo
price is divided between the miners and ornaments.
the carriers, the former taking # and
-
c
Mir Abul Qhim Namakin (settled at Bhakkar in 1015).
1. MirAbnl BaqB 2. M h B Kash-
-Ap-
3. M. Hushuddin.
-
4. M. Zbidullah.
7

Amir Khbn. mi~i.

(died 1057 A. H.)
r
---
-
I
1. M. 'Abdnrrazzkq. 2. Zibuddin Y h u f 3. Mir 'Abdulkarim er,- thguad%

"f'
Sindlii Amir KhBn. in 1066 to Prince
(under Aurangzib to MurU Bakhsh.
Farrukh Siyar)
A 80n. I
I I
M. Abul Waf&. Abul Khair Khbn.
(end of Aurang- (under Farrukh Siyar)
zib's reign)
Yir Abul Buqd Amir Khdn rose under Jahbngir to a command of 2600, 1500
horse. Through the influence of Yaminuddaulah he waa made governor of NulGn,
and in the 2nd year of Shbhjahbn, he was made a commander of 3000,2000 horse, and
appointed to T'hat'hah, vice MurtazQ i I n j J deceased (p. 461). I n the 9th year, h e
was msdo TuyJldLr of Bir in the Dak'hin, and was sent, in the 14th year, to Siwiuthn
vice Q a r h Khbn. In the following year, he was agaiu appointed to T'hat'hah, where
in 1057 (20th year) he died. He was buried in the mausoleum built by his father.
Under Jahbngh he was generally called Mir Khbn. ShiihjahBn gave him the title of
Amir KhBn.
One of his daughters was mamed in 1066, after his death, to Prince M n r a
Bakhsh, who had no children by his first wife, a daughter of ShahnawBz Khhn
i 9afawi.l Amir Khbn had a large family. His eldest son, Mir 'Abdurrezzbq,
W M a commander of 900, and died in the 26th year of ShLlijahLn's reign. His second
son, Ziiuddin Ydsuf, was made a KhBn, and held under Shbhjahbn a manpab of 1000,
600 horse. Ziti's grandson, Abul WafX was in the end of Aurangzib's reign in c h q e
of his majesty's prayer room (ddroghah i jd-namriz). Amir Khbn's youngest son,
Mir 'Abdulkarh, was a personal friend of Aurangzib. He received in succession the
titles of Hultnfit Khbn, KhBnahzhd Khbn (46th year of Aurangzib), Mir Wbnahzsrd
Khbn, and Amir Khbn (48th year,) and held a command of 3000. A h r AurangLiL's
death, he was with Muhammad A'zam ShBh ; but as he had no contingent, he was left
with the baggage (bungdh) at GwbliBr. after the death of Muhammad A'zam
in the battle of Sarbi Jbjfi,' B a h a u r Shbh made him a commander of 3500. H e was
generally at Court, and continued so under Farrukh Siym. after Fanukh's death,

' Shahnawbz KhLn i gafawf is the brother of ShBistsh KhBn ; but Shbitah
title of MfnB BadlnzzamBn, alicra MlmB is the son of Yaminuddaulah Apaf Khb,
Dak'hini, son of M'uzB Rustnm (NO. 9). elder brother of N& Jahbn.
One of his daughters, Dilras Bbnli w m , Sarbi JbjJ, near Dholpiu. The
was married, in the end of 1046, to Au- battle was fou h t on the 18th Rabi' I..
ran ib. Another was married, in 1068, 1119, aud Mu%ammad A'zam was killed
to Kince Muriid Bakhsh. Elphinstone with his two eons Bedar BBkht and
(History of India, 6th edition, p. 607) wn-ja.
calla Shahnawb Khin by mistake the
 the Bbrha brothers made Amir Khbn qadt of the empire. 110 died shortly after.
His son, Abulkhair, was made a Khbn by Farrukh Siyar ; the other sons held no man-
vabs, but lived on their zamindbris.
2. Mimd Kaahmiri wss involved i n the rebellion of Prince Khuqrau. As the
associates were to be punished in an unusual way (.Ghat i ghair-mukarrar, Tuzuk,
p. 32),Jahbngir ordered his penis ta be cut off.
3. M i n d H u s d m u d d i ~ . H e held a manpab, but died young.
4. dlirzd Zkidullah. H e was in the service of Khbn J a h i t ~Lodi.
200. Waei'r Beg Jarni'l.'
Wazir Jamil, ae he is often called, served in the 9th year of Akbar's reign
against 'AUullah Khbn Uzbak, and in the war with K U n Zambn (No. 13). I n the
f i n d battle, when Bahbdur Khbn (No. 23) was thrown off liis hone, W. J. instead of
taking him prisoner, acceptd a bribe from him, and let him off. But Nazar B a h u u r ,
a man in the service of Majndn Khbn (No. 60) saw it, and took BahUur
pri~oner. Afterwards, he received a j&u in the Eastern Districts, and took part in
the expeditions to Bengal and Orisb under Mun'im Khbn. A t the outbreak of
the Bengal military revolt, he joined the QBqshils; but when they separated from
Ma'piun i KibuU (p. 431, note) and tendered their submission, W. J. also was par-
doned. In the 29th year, he came to court, and served in the following year under
Jagnbth (NO. 69) against the UnA. H e seems to have lived a long time. Jahbugir
on his accession made him a commmder of 3000 (Tnzuk, p. 8).
H e is not to be confounded with the Jamil Beg mentioned under No. 172.
201. T a m , [son of] Saiful-mullik.
The Tubuqdt says that T&ir was the son of Shbh Xuhammad Saiful-mullik.
His father was governor of Ghajisthn in KhurLbn, and was killed by Shbh TuhmLp
of Persia. Tbhir went to India, was made an Amir a t Akbar's Court, and served iu
Bengal, where he waa when the author of the T a b q l t wrote (1001).
H e is also mentioned in Dowsou's Edition of Elliot's Historians, I., pp. 241, 242.
202. Be'bu' Menkli'.
Regarding the name ' Mankli,' vide p. 370, note. The T a b q b t says that Bbb6
, Mankli was an Afgb5n, and a commander of 1000.
H e waa a t first in DQdd's service, and occupied G'horiig'hit a t the time when
Mun'im K h i n hat1 invaded Oristi (p. 370). Soon after, he entered Akbar's service,
but continued to be employed in Bengal. I n the 30th year, he suppressed disturbances
a t U'horiig'hbt (Akbarn. III., 470), and took part, in the 36th year, in the operations
againet Qutl6 Khbn. Two years later, he accompanied Mbn Singh's expedition to
o+sa
H e may have lived under Jahbngir; for the Mankli KhiLn mentioned in the
TUmk (pp. 70, 138) can ouly refer to him. The !Z'uzuk (p. 12) mentions a son of bin,
Hbtim. Another son, Mahmrid, appears to have been a commander of 500, 300 horse

calls him son o f YdLJ Muikali (e

nuder Sh&jahbn (PddkhdRn. I., b., p. 323), though the text edition of the BibL Indica
$b, for yxd$4)

' J d is a common name among Turks. It i scarcely ever used in H i n d b t b .

60
 Y Irf. Cbrrr~rtar~dr,a4 SIL Dutr(lred.
203. Muhammad Quli' Kha'n Turkma'n [.4fsh6r, p. 41 I].
H e served nt first in Bengnl. At the outbreak of tlie military revolt, 11etook the
aide of the rebels, but left them, and was pardoned by Akbnr. I n the 30th ycar, h e
r~~archcd with AiBu Singh to Kbbul, ~ v l ~ e he
r e greatly distinguished himself. I n t h e
39th year, wl~enQulij KllCn (No. 42) was appointed to KCbul, Nuhammad Quli
Khirn, his brother IInmznh Beg (perl~npsNo. 2iT), and others, were sent t o Kashmir,
?-iceYlisuf Kbbn (No. 35, and p. 411). I n the 45th ycar, a party of Kashmiris tried
to set up ArnbC Chak as king ; but they were defeated by 'Ali Quli, son of M. Q. Kh.
I n the 47th year, Bl. Q. Kh. was made a commnrider of 1500, 600 horse ; and Henizah
Beg, one of iOO, 350 horse. New disturbances broke out, when in the following yenr
'Ali Rii, king of Little Tibet, i n v d e d the frontier diytricts of ICasl~rnir. IIe retreated
011 N.Q. I(h.'s nrrival, and was vigorously pursued, when the imprialists were

enforced by Saifr~lluh(No. 262) from Lhhor. I n the &9th year, AnlLB again appeared,
but was driven, with some difficulty, from his mountains.
111 tliu 211ll year of Jal~Bngir's reign, hI. Q. I<. IVRS removed fro111 K w l i n ~ i r .

h w,w in the 19th Fear of Akbar's rcign a cor~iruauderof 1030.

I I , r ~ i r ~ a&,g
204. Bakhtya'r Beg Gurd i Sha'h Mansu'r.
The I z q u t most likely means t l u t he was the son of ShBh J l a n ~ i l r in
, which
case tho word gurd (athlete) would be Balil~tyhr'sepithet. Two MSS. have the word
pi6nr (son) i u s t c d of gurd.
T l ~ eTabaqbt says, ' Balthtybr Beg Turkmbn in an Am<r, and governs a t present
( l ( W 1 ) Siwisthn.' I n the 31nd year, he served against the Tlrrikis.
205. Haki'm Huma'm: son of Mir ' A b d u r r e q of Giltin.
Ilcgarding his family connection, vide No. 112, p. 424. Huminn's real name is
limuBy61i. When he came to Akbnr's Court, hc discreetly called himself Humiiylin
Quli, or ' *lave of Ilumhydn ;' but soon nfteraards, Akbar gave him the name of H n -
miirn. 1Ie held the ofice of Baltbwal Beg (p. 57), and though only a commander of
GUU, he was a personal friend of Akbar, and possessed great inflrience a t court.
I u the 81st year, he W~LRsent with G d r J a h b n (No. 194) to Tlirbn as ambassador.
Ahbar often s a d that he did not enjoy his meals on account of Humbrn's absence. H e
relurued to Iudia, about a month after his brother's death. H e died in the 40th pear,
on the 6th KaLi' I., 1005. h d L o u f (II., p. 406) says, the day after Humhm's death,
K:iniillh (p. 264) also died, and their property was a t once put under seal and escheated
to the governmc~~t, so that they were destitute of a decent shroud.
Hulllim liad two bolls-
1. lfcrXim H J x i y (3JL). H e was born a t Fathpbr Sikri, and w ~ sa goung
man wheu his t t h e r died. A t Shihjnhlin's accessio~~, he was made a comnlirnder
of 15W, tiW horse, and was sent, in the 1st year, to T6rh11 as ambassador.
H e row to a command of 3000. Later, for some re*on, his munqab was cancelled,
and he llvcd a t Agrah ou a pension of 20,000 rupees per arrxum, which in t h e 18th
--

a The BlSS. Itate &it. The l'uzuk men- (z:ide No. 394) at Bardwbn, on the 3rd
tionr ' a Pnrhiairi of royal blood,' of the
unillc uf +I. 11~1was lrilled by SLcr Afli;~n
V~fi~' ~~~~;, not Hammr(m, is the In-
diarl p,.ollullciut,oll.
pear, was doubled. H e d i d in the 31st year (lOGS).' IIe wan a poet of some dis- .
tinction, and wrote nnder the name of Hdziq. H i s vanity is said to have bcen very
@. A copy of his diwBn was kept on a golden stool in his reception room, aud
risitors, when i t was brought in or taken away, were expectcd to rise nud make
s d h s ; else he got offended.
2. ZZukiin Khushhdl. H e grew up with Prince Khurram. SI~bl!jahhn,on hi*
accession, made him a commander of 1000. H e was for s o n ~ etime Birkhshi of the
Dal'llin.
206. Mi'rza' Anwm, son of Khgn i A'zam Mir& Koknl~(No. 21).
H e was mentioned above on p. 328.

X VII. Cotomruan&re of Five ITuttdred.

207. Baltu' Wa'n of TurkisMn.
H e wm a grandee of Humhyiu, and served in the KBbul war, and in the battles
which Id to H.'s restoration.
208. Mi'rak Baha'dur Arghu 'n.
The Tabaqilt says, he reached acommand of 2 W , and dicd. From thc Akbsr-
n i l d l (II., 170,218) we see that he served in the c o ~ ~ q u eof
s t Blilwah (uiilc No. 120),
and iu the ~ u r s u i tof Sharafuddin Husain (NO. 17).
200. La71Wa'n Eols'bi'.
H e is also La'l Khbn Badukhshi (vkle p. 438), nud served under I[n~nhyliu
in the war of the mtoratio~l (Akbnrn. I., 411). I I e distinguished iriln.;olt'in the
defeat of HemG. L%tor,he served uuder Muu'im in Bungal a u d OriaB, an11 died of
fever at Gaur (p. 376).
210. Shaikh Ahmad, son of Shnikh Sulim.
i ) of Shaikh S.rliln of F.~thpbr SLkri. lIcl served
Ha is tile second ( ) r ~ i y ( i ~8011
rt court with Shaikh I b r h h i ~ n(No. 8'3), and dicd in tho 22 I 1 year (985).
all. Iskandar Beg i Badekhehi*.
IIe is mentioned in the A k b ~ r ~ i i l n a(II.,
h %1), a, having served in the pursuit
of Abul IIa'hli (end of the 8th year).
2 U . Beg Ru'ri'n Kha'n Qu'chi'n.
He served nnder Mu'izzul JZulk (No. 61) in tile b.rttle of Kh:liriLirtl. 111 t l ~ e
S2nd and 33rd years, be served uuder 'Aldul Afatlab (No. 83) and (!Idiq KhOu
(SO.&3) agaiust the Tbrikls.
The Tabaqjit says he was a commander of 1000,and wau dead iu 1101.
213. J d a l Khs'n Qu'rchi'.
Akbar wus rnuoh attached to hilo. I n the 5th year, he was sent to Riin Chaud
Bhqvlah (No. 89) with the rcquest to lrllow Tinsin to go to court. In the 11th year,
it came to the emperor's enra that J. ww pssion:~telyattached to a be:~utit'ul boy.
Akbsv had tho boy removed ; but J. manuget1 t o get him wain, and fled with him
froin Court. 81. Ybuf Razawi pursued and captured them. Alter so~nutime, J. way

' The Mudsir saga that t,he author of

I
the i l l i r e - n ' t (Chapter o n Lbe poets of the
the Uir-dl-ul 'A'hzrn nlentions 1080 as pcriotl from Illunziyilu to Ar~rirugeih)
t h e year of hi3 death ; but rny MS. of' rllentious no year.
 retitortd to litvour. Later, he touk a part in tlie expedition t o Siwbnah, and distin-
g~iislled hi~neelt', in the 20th year, in the war with RAjah Chandr Sell of N b r w i .
1)uring the rxp(-ditio~~ intrl~tlucedhimself to him, who pretended to be Devi
a 1lhjl)~it
l):iu, who lixd been killed nt AIirt'l~a,evidently mith the view of obtaining throngh
hiin nn introduction to Court. T l ~ estranger also reported that Chandr Sen had
talrcn refuge with Iizrllb, son of RSrn R6i and brother's son to Ch. S., and a detach'
merit of in~pcrialistswas sent to KallJ'n palace. Ki1116 now wished to take revenga
on the stl.irnger for spreading Llse reports, aiid i~itlucedShirnil KhBn (No. 154)to
help him. Sliitnlil therefore invited the rtmnger ; but though surroonded by Sh.'s
uien, the prcteilder managed to escal~c. I I e collected a few mcn, and entered one night
a tent which he sal)po?ted to beloiig to Sliinl:il. Uut i t happened to be that of Jdd,
who ~ a cut 4 du~vnby the ~nrirdcrers(elid of 9S3, Aklarn. 111.. 1.10).
It wtbs J a l h l ~ ~ *introduced
l~o the historian B d b n i a t Court.
214. Parma'nand, the I i h a t r i .
1Ie is me~ltioncdin Dowson's edition of Elliot's Historians, I., y. 244.
215. Timur Kha'n Yakkah.
1Ie servcd ur~der3luo'i111 (No. 11) iu liibnl, and, in the 10th gear, against ~ l i b n
Zuni6n (AkLarn., I I . , 236, 3%).
The T i ~ u u ri Baclnlihshi meutioned several times in the Akbxn&n& (III., lti5,
174)appears t u bc :ulother officer. T'itle No. 143.
216. Sa'ni' Kha'n of IlniGt.
110 was born a t II;~r6t,and belonged to the A r l i t (-3)l) clan. Amrdiug to
the Alibnrnilmal~(I., 379), Jiaul611h Sbni, ' who is now mllcd Scini Altdn', wlw in the
service of Iiirzb Hindiil ; but ntlcr the AIirzli's death ( ' L l h t Zi Qa'ddl, 9%) he waa
b k e n or1 by ITu~nC~liu.H e servcd in tlie w;uu with KLhll Z a d l l .
Uirdiwlli ( I I I . , 20G) gays t l n t his rod I I U I ~ ~wus
C 'Ali Akbsr. He w w a fair
poet, but a Iierotic, :&lidlike T ~ ~ i l ~ bof
i l ll<ktiI~hi,
i wrote treabiws on the Alan of the
Alillc~inia~n, accurding to tlie Nuqtawi doctrines (11. 462). Hence he ~ u u have t been
alive in 990.
217. Saygid Jama'luddi'n, son of Snyyid Ahmad Btirha (No. 91).
Ti'tlc above p. 408. I l c had also scrvod in the final war with Iihhn Zamirn.
218. Jagma'i, tho l'unw6r.
Ho served in the sccorid Gujrirt war after Alibar's forced mamh to P h and
Ahmndhbbd (p. 416, note).
210.. Husain Beg, 1)rother of Husain Khin B u z u r g .
220. Hasan Kha'n Batani'.'
The Trbnqlit classes 11i1ilanion:: the co~n~n:indersof 1000. H e was at fust in the
service of tlic Eengnl Iring Sul:li~nhn,and wnr, prrnent with Sulnilubn N i ~ ~ i k(1).
l i 370)
nud Kkl8 Pal&- a t the inti,rview between hIun'im and K h i n Z;lluhn (No.13)d
Uaksar (Duxar). AX-Lam., II., 386.
Hasan was killed with Uir Bay in the Khaibar Pass ; aide p. 201. MSS. often d l
him wrongly H u s a i s instcad of Hasan.

a B a f u ~ c ihi thc name of an AFghLn tribe, N. W. of Dcrb Ismi'il KGn.

 aai. sayyia aaacvjau',' of ~brha.
The Tabaqbt nap that S. Chhajhli was a brother of 8. Mahmild (No. 75), and
distinguished for his conrage and bravery. From the family genealogies of the Uirhn
c h n it appears that S. Ch. was s Klindlfwtil. Hie tomb still e x k b a t Majherah, and
according to the inscription he died i n 967.
888. Mumif gbs'n, Sultiin Muhammad of HarPt.
888. Qa'si' Wa'n Bakhehi'.
Some MSS. have B a d u k h h i instead of B a k k h i . T i No. 14&. On p. 383,
1.10, we have to read No. 144 for No. 223.
aa4. Ha'j'i Yu'suf Kha'n.
H e was a t first in Kbmnin's service. In the 12th year, he joined the corpn of
Qiyb Khbn (No. 33). and rendered assistauce to M. Ylisuf Khbn, whom Khbn Zalnbn
No. 13) besieged in Qanauj. I n the 17th year, he operated under Khbn 'Alam (No. 68)
against M. Ihnihim Hunain, and waa present in the battle of SarnB1. I n the 19th
year, he went with Mun'im to Bengal and O y a , and d i d a h r his return a t Gaur
(p. 376).
826. Ra'wul Bhi'm of Jaiealmfr.
The T u s k RBJS (p. 169),-' On the 9th K h d M (middle of 1026), K a l y h of
Jaisalmir wes introduced a t court by M j a h Kinhn Db, whom I had sent to him.
K a l y h ' s elder brother was Rdimtl Bhint, a man of rank and inflnence. When he
died, he left a son two months old, who did not livo long. Bhim's daughter had been
married to me when I was prince, and I had given her the title of dfulikuh i Juhdn.
This alliance wan made, because her fnmily had always beeu faithful to our house. I
now called Bhim's brother to court, invested him with the { a d , and made him RSwul'.'
For Kalybn, vids under No. 236. I n the 12th year of Jahbngir's reign, he wan
mnde a commander of 2000, 1000 horse (Toruk, p. 163).
226. Ha'ehim Beg, son of Wrn KhCin (No. 59).
Bftcr the death of his father (39th year) and the amval of Qulij K h i n (No. 42),
the new governor of Iibbul, H L h i m returned to court. I n the 41st year, he served

' The spelling ' Chhojhri' is preferable of fieuk, p. 8, be c o m t , that Jahingfr

to ' Jhajhu. h d forgotten who among Iris illany miven
' The list of Jah&ndr1s wives on p. wasmothertohis second son. 18)N6r-
310, may bc increased by ten other prin- unniai Begum, sister of Mimb Muzaffar
cesses. (1)Muliknh i 'Jahbn, daughter Husain, p. 464. (1)A daughter of the
of ltiiwul Bhim of Jaiwlniir. (2) The king of Khnndesh. This rincess died
beautiful daughter of Zain Koknh, men- in tlre lint p a r of A ~ L reign. , ~
tioned on p. 345. There is a curious (6) $ilihah &in&, daughter of Qititn
discrepancy betwetn I'uzuk, . 8, and KbLn, p. 371. (6) A daughter of Khwiijah
Aklurndmuh, III., 694: ~alIlrlg4raays Jah&u i Khbuli (Dost Muharr~nrd).
that Parwiz was his son by Zain Kokah's (7) A dnugl~terof &'id Khhn Gnkk'hor.
dqughter, and Abulfazl says that Par- lIer daughter, 'lttbt 13bn6, i~ mentioned,
wlz s mother was the daughter of' Khn,S- Akburncitnuh, III., 661. ( 8 ) The mo-
jah Haaan, Zain KhBn's uncle (vids alno ther of Dnl~latNiah, Aklura. 111.. 697.
p. a) ; but there is nodoubt that Par- The MSS. do not clearly give the nnme
wiz was boru in the 34th year, on the 19th of the father of this princess. (9) A
A'bkn, 997, whilst JtbLngir, only in the daughtor of Mirsi Sanjar, son of Khizr
41st enr, fell in love with Zain Khhn's Khan IIazkrah ; Akburn., III., 607.
daugb;ol (p. 34.6). I t is therefore evi- (10) A daughter of R i m Chand Uondelah,
dent, arwuming that Sayyid Ahmad's text (No. 243, married iu 1018 ; Tuzuk, p. 77,
I I I I C I I , ~ JL. I ~ I I - ~ , I(ISIoI. !I) : I Z ~ ~ I I l-<~: i < ~; Ii I I ~11tl11~r ~ I ~ I J I ~ I I zailii11~1:irs
~~IIY i n t11c 111!rt11.
ca.i>ttlrn 1'.wt I I I ' ~ I I';~t~,j:il~.
I~, ii~lll(li~til1;11i41t.i1 11it11it.lt'in the eo11(111(.htof N i ~ n . I n t l l c
41 1 I I s I I i I I I ( X~i . ) I s i r . Later, h e w e t ~ twith
?:l':i~l;rt ~<II;'III 111 S:iriI;.' 11li1.r the I ~ ~ ~ 01~Tir;111l~ilIir I ~ ~ ~ I IIICc r ~ e t ~~ i r ~ ~to
e dc o u r t (46th
,yc,:~r).: i ! j ~ l IVCIS : I ! ~ ~ I O ~illI It l~~IctVi ~~I,l t ~ \ v>-(.:IY,i ~ ~ gto a C ~ I I I I I I ~ of I I ~1,500.
~

111 t l ~ c1ir.t ~ L X Y of . l , ~ l ~ : i ~ ~ grt>i;.tr, i r ' s Ilc 1v:l.i ~ n n ~ :Il cc o ~ n ~ o a l l d of e r 2Ihl0, 1.10J

IIO~..,~.111t l ~ ,211~1 . !1,:tr, 11i. I I I : I I I ~111 \v:I. i111:r~:l~v~l to :IIJIM~,2 l ~ H ) ho~'se, X I I ~h e \VU
111.11118 p)vllrllor 01' C)!.i-5. 111 ~ I I C .*,tll YE:IY, Ill. \\.;IS t r i ~ l ~ . t C ~ rtro~ d
K w l l n ~ i r ,his u~lrlr
I i l ~ \ \ i , j JIIIII:~IIIIII;I,I
,~~i ] I I I . . I ~(Xo.
I I 2Ll) oIli,~i:~til~;. t i ~ r11i111tllt~retill his arrival from
C)!.i..'l. IIib s i ~ ( ~ ~ ~i l l, >Ori.:r
o r \V;LG I::i,j;ill I < ; I ~ ~ - ;l)rotl~crIII, of UII~IIL (YO. 225).
I . ] ~ I I II i I I I I III:LIIIII~ I IL~ I 1 t i . I r e wa*,in
tllc. ]St11 yv;lr I~!'SII:~IIJ.III:~II, :I C ~ ~ I I I I I ~ R ofI I ~11M)0,
C ~ 5!lO I~orse, 1):irofih:~h of the Ti)p-
~ I I ~ I I I : I ~: IL I I ~ l<o!\viI 01' t11c C ; I I I I ~ . 1Ic d i d i t ~ g ~ ~ i s l l11i111seIfi1~ ed Ballih, A~~dkhild.
rc~c.civi.dt111,title o t ' J l r l ' t ; ~ ~ ~lill:in, ~ i t l nlld \\-;In I I I ; L ~in P , tlle 2 l s t year, n commander of
2 , I I I t i 1 % . 111 ~ I I Cf i ~ l l o \ v i ~year, ~ g he was promottd t o a
C I ) ~ I I I I :~I 1I I' 3~0 0 0:, I I I I;IISII
~ got tllc title of (2:i>i111I<ll:in. I I e theu s e r r d under
Ailrn~l:,.~il) in ( 2 11111;iI1:ir, and \V;LS I I I ; L ~in C >~, I I C.)St11 yc*:lr. R co~nmanderof .KUX), YS(Y)
Ilorsc. 111 tile 11c5st rc:lr, 11e d c s t r o ~ c dFort S i l ~ t ~ (;$L), ir which t h e ruler of Sri-
n:yar 11:111r(q1:lirid. 1,:1t1,r,11e \v;is III~LIIC by 1):ir:i S l l i k ~ ~:L hcommander of 5000, 5f.kW
~ i h : ~ s l l a l ~ - i l u n %rcceivcd
] ~ : ~ I ~ , n prcscnt of a 1;1c ol' rllllres, : L I I ~\vili; nlrpointed governor

of' Al~i~~ucli'il~:itl ((;~:jr:it), \vllilst .J;~smnnt 8i11gh \vns ~ n i ~ l lgovernor o of Milaah.

130th wibl.c ortlcrcd to unite their col~ti~lgentn Ilcx:Lr lT,j.j:lill, nud keep Prince Blurid
I3:1ltl1slrill cllc~cli. When the Prince left Gl\jr:it, tile two colnmandem marched %ainst
11ir11 z'id U;i~s\vijr:ll~ ; l111t m11e1i :~pl)ro;~~llill;; I < ' l ~ : i ~ l ~ ~ .hllirild
od, suddenly wtreatd
18 kos, : I I I ~joillrd, seven kos fro111V,jj;tin, tlre nrllly of A11r;ln~~ib.Tllc two clitfs
h:ld nbceivcd n o i~ll'or~~lntion of 1iurt111~~iL's 111:lrl.h. T h r y a t t n c l i d him, however,
but r e t t e t~ : ( Ij i , I 1 : 1 : 11 0 ) I n the first battle lrtneen
Aurallyzib and I)ir:i, at S a ~ ~ l o g : tQ:isi111 r,~ C O I I I I I I : I I~II~ICC left
~ wiug. Soon niter, he
I I I : L ~ ~ ,his hl~l)~ni.;si~ll~, :rntl r l ~ c c i v ~S:u1111ll:ll
~~l : ~ u dJI11r;i1l:i1~6dw Irryil, ns Runtarn Khio
iI ~ I I II I j 11111 1 1 1 I I I ; Q:isim
~ was then chwged with
the capture of P I I ~ : I ~ I I811iko11. I:~II 111the 3rd ytt:\r 011 Atlr;~ll;~ib'~r e i p , he ap
1)ointccl to 3I:itl111r:i. On tll? \v;~y,11" \V:I.Y 11111r11ereJI,y n brother of his, who js mid
to 11nrcIcd n nlist~r;il~le lil;. (1071). T l ~ c~ l ~ r ~ l , ~ \r:rsl c r ccxccnte~l
r a t AuriinPl.ib's odtr.
227. Mi'rzcl' Fari'du'n, 6011 of I \ I u l ~ : ~ ~ ~ i ~Quli r i a i llilliin B n r l i s (No. 31).
I I c 11:w Gcen ~nclitioncdabove, 1). 3.U. IIis death took pl;rce at Udaipilr in 11CJ
(Tuzuk, p. 1:31).
228. Yu'duf Kha'n [Cllnli], king of I i u s l l x ~ ~ i r .
I ' i t I ' I 1 1 1 1I I I I of K s l ~ n i r . Tie died from a hurt he
ro~.r~ivcd d u r i ~ ~ gg:1111c:rt cltntrl/(in (1). 2!*7), h : ~ v i ~been l ~ violently throlvn ~ I Ithe
~ ~ ~ J I ~ of I ~ ~s:iiltllc (Ilcslr-kokuh i ri~t). 011 his deatll, Yirsuf' was
I I Itllc to the
t.hronc ~ A X ~ b u ~ ~ r ~ tIII., i r L , ILc first sllrrounded the palwe of his unclc AM&
i ~ r ~ 237).
-- - - - - - - - -- - -~ - ----
I

I
T h i ~Si~':iclnt I<hiln llntl first brcn in bnk ; but Inter Ile enkred Akhar'r; remice.
tllr service ot' the L);lk'llin killgk ;IS COIII- I Yifr Journal, Aaiatic Society, Jkr~pal,
I I I ~ L I I ~ Cul'tl~i-
I. 1:vrts ol'Giluah and Tiran- 1870, p. 276.
who aimed a t the crown, and in the fight which ensued, AbdBl was shot. A hostile
party, thereupon, raisedone Sayyid Mubirak to the throne, and in a fight which
took place on the maid&n of Sfinagar, where the 'Pd prayer ie said, Ydsuf was defeated.
V ~ t h o u t taking further part in the strnggle, he fled, and came, in the 24th ycar,
to Akhar's Court, where he was well received. During his stay a t court, Sayyid Mu-
b k hnd been forced to retire, and Lohar Chak, son of Ybuf's uncle, had been made
king. I n the 25th year, (Akbarn., III., 288), the emperor ordered several Pnnjhb
nobles to reinstate Y b u f . When the imperial arnly reached Pinjar, the Kashmin's
s u d for mercy, and T h u f , whom they had solicited to come alone, without informing
Akbar's commanders, entered Kashmlr, seized Lohnr Chak without fighting, and
commenced to reign.
&me time after, q i l i h Diwirnnh reported ta the emperor how firmly and indepen-
dently Yfisuf had cstabliahed himself, aud Akbar sent Shnikh Ya'qfib i Kashmiri, a
trusted servant, with his son Haidar to Kashmir, to remind Y b u f of the obligations
under which he h y to the emperor. I n the 29th ycar, therefore, Y b u f sent his son
Ya'qdb with presents to Akbar, but refused persoually to pay his respects, although the
wort, in the 30th year, had been transferred to the Panjhb ; and Ya'qfib, who had
hitherto been with the emperor, fled from anxiety for his safety. The emperor then
wnt Hakim 'Ali (No. 192) and BahQuddin Icarnbd to Yfisuf, to persuade him to come,
or, if he could not himself come, to send again hia son. As the embassy was without
molt, A k h ordered ShQhrukh NirzB (No. 7) to invade Kashmfr. The imperial
m y marched over Pak'hli, and was not far from B L a h Bifilah, when Yfisuf sub-
mitted and surrendered hilnself (Akburt~.III., 402).' ShBhrukh was on the point of
returning, when he received t h e order to colnplete the conquest. Yiisuf being kept
a prisoner, the Kashmiris raised Aulhd Husuin, and, soon aftor, Pa'qdb, Tbuf's son,
to the throne ; but he was cvcry where defeated. Information of Ybuf's sublnission
.nd the defeat of the Kash~liiriuwas sent to court, and a t Srinagar the khufluh was
d, and coins were struck, in Akbar's name. The cultivation of za'farin (p. 84)' and
silk, and the right of hulrtiug, were made imperial ~nonopolies(p. 411). 011the approach
of the wld season, the m n y retur~iedwith Tilsuf K h i n , and arrived, in the 31st year, a t
court. Todnr Mall was made responsible for Tlisuf's person.
As Ya'qdb KhLu and a large party of Iiuvhmfris continued the struggle, Qilsirn
(No. 59) was ordered to march into Kashmir, to put a n eud t o the rebelliou. Ya'qdb
r a s again on several occasions defkated.
I n the 35od year, Ydsuf was set a t liberty, received from Akbar a jitgir in Bihiir
(Akbam., III., 6.47), and was niade a co~nmanderof 500. l I e servcd in Bengal. I n the
S t h year, he nccompanied MQn Singh, to Orin&, and commanded the detachment, which
marrh'd over Jhhrkand and Kokrah' (ChutiJ NLgpilr) to Nednipfir (Aklarn.,III., 641).

' The Aklarna'rnulr (III., 492) calla ' place of the b a r (bird)',which is one of
t h e pam near Btirah Hillah, where Yiisuf the avathrs.
surrrndered, yw9. The Mudair has Regarding the cultivation of za'fa-
v*. I t is evidently the same p a s
riL11 (snttko~l)vrde also Ilirruk, p. 45.
a Kokrah wtis mentioned above on p.
wlricl~the T u ~ 1 4 k(p. BYJ) calls ~JH! 401. I t iy the old name of ChutiB Nig-
&$, 2; kou from BiLrah Millal~. The pilr, OIIC of the p q u l a h s of which is
Tuark says that a r a h Blhlah means still callcd liulirall, or Khukro, as apelt
 Ya'qill Klldn, uoon aftor, submitted, and pnid lliu mpeeta to Akb;rr, when, in the
34th year, the court had gone to Knshmlr (p. 380).
P h u f K h i n is not to be confounded with No. 388.
22@. Nn'r Qulij, son of #It& Qulij.
Alttin or a'ltJn is Turkish, and means ' gold.'
NGr Qulij waa a relation of Qulij KhBn (No. 42). H e served under him in the
expedition to Idar, which Akbar had ordered t o be made when moving, in the 21st
year, from Ajmir to Qogundnh. I n the fight with the zamindbr of rdar, N. Q. was
wounded. I n the 26th year, he served under Sultbn Murdd gain st M h b Muham-
mad Hakim. I n the 30th year, he agnin served under Qulij Khin, who had been
. made governor of GujrLt. H e continued to serve there under the Khbnkhbuin (No. 29),
and returned with him, in the 32nd year, to court.
230. Mi'r 'Abdul Hai, Mir 'Adl.
The Tabaqit calls him Khwdjah 'Abdul Hai, and eays that the wns an Amir. H e
had been mentioned above on pp. 468,471.
281. Bha'h Quli' Kha'n FTa'raqjip.
Abulfazl says that S h i h QulI waa a Kurd from near Baghdbd. H e was an old
servnnt of Humbyiln. I n the first year of Aklar's reign, he served under Khizr KhBn
(p. 365, note 2) in the PanjBb. H e was much attached to Bairiim. I n the 11th year,
he was sent to Gadha, when Mahdi Q b i m Khbn (No. 36) had leB that province with-
out permiasion for Makkah.
The Tabaqbt calls him a winmander of 1000.
His son, Pbdishbh Qulf, was a poet, and wrote under the name of Jazbi. A few
verses of his are given below in the list of poeta.
232. Farrukh Kha'n, 80n of K h i n i K d 4 n (No. 16).
H e was mentioned on pp. 322 and 367. According to the TabaqBt, he served, in
1001, in Bengal.
233. Sha'drna'n, son of KhBn i A'zam Koknh (No. 21).
Vide above, p. 328.
234. Haki'm 'Ainul Mulls, of Shirk.
H e is not to h confounded with Eakim ul Mulk ; vide below among the Physi-
cians of the court.
on the survey maps. The U j n h , Col. (Akbarndnwh, III., 641).
Ddton infonns me, once resided in Kok- Kokrah is v a i n mentioned in the
mh a t a place in Lat. 23" 20' and Long. Tuzuk i Jahhngiri (pp. 164, 165), where
88' 87: nearly, where there is still an it is defioed ns a hilly district betwoen
old fort. Js'ide also Vth Re rt (Madras south BihBr and the Dak'hin. It was
nlition, rol. I., p. 603 ; olredition, p. run over, in the b g i n ~ l i n gof 1025, by
417). Ibrihim Khbn Fath-jang, governor of
T h e Rijah of Kokrah who, in the Bihbr, who was dissatisfied with the few
30th year, succumbed to Shahbirz KhBn diamonds and elephanta which the
(p. dl),is called MbdhG. I n the 37th Rhjnhs sent him as tribute. The then
year, Madhd and Lak'hmi R&i of Kok- Rajah is called Durjun SU. H e was
mh served in YGsuf Khdn's detachment, captured with several of his relatious in
to which the contingente alno of Sangrbm a cave, and the district was annexed to
Singh Shbhi of K'harakpbr (p. 446, and BihL.
Proceedings, A. S. Ueognl, ibr May, 1871), The Tuzuk hns ( I . c.) a few interesting
and Ptiran BIi111 of Ciidl~or belonged notes on the dia~nonduof Kokrah.
 H e was a learned nian and a clever writer. H e traced his origin, on his
mother's aide, to the renowned logician Xuhaqqiq i Dawwdni. The Historian Badblli
was a friend of his. Akbar also liked him very much. I n the 9th year, he was sent
an a m h s a d o r to Chingiz KhLn of Gujrit. I n the 17th year, he brought I'timBd
K11hn (No.67) and Mir Ab6 Turib to the emperor. I i e also accompanied Akbar on
his march to the eastern provinces of the empire. Bfterwards, in 983, he was sent
to 'Xdil K h l n of Bijbpbr, from where, in 985, he returned to court (Budlo)ii, I I . , 250).
He wss then made F a u j d C of Sambhnl. I n the 26th year, when 'Amb Bahidur
and other Bengal rebels created disturbances, he fortified Bareli, and refusing all oEe'ers,
held out till the arrival of an Imperial corps, when he defeated the rebels. I n the
same year, be was made g a d r of Bengal, and in the 31st gear, Bakhsbi of the 9 6 b a h
ofAgrah. H e was then attached to the Dak'hin corps of 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21),
and received Handiah as j6gir. When 'Aziz, for some reason, cancelled his jigir, he
rent without permission to court (35th year), but was a t first refused audience. 011
enquiry, however, Akbar reinstated him.
H e died a t Handiah on the 27th ZL Hajjah, 1003 ( B a d h i II., 403).
The M i n i f Masjid, also called PBdivhbl~iM ; ~ ~ j iin
d , Old Bareli, DIirhi Mahallah,
was built by him. The inscriptiou on it bears the dute 987 (94th year), when tho
Hakfm was FaujdAr of Sambhal.
H e was also a poet, and wrote under the t a k h a l l u ~of Dawii.
286. Ja'nish.Bahatdur.
JBnhh Bahidur was mentioned on p. 315. H e was a t fir4 in the service of Mirzic
Muhammad Hakim, king of KBbul. After the deatli, in tho 30th year, of his master,
he came with his sons to India. Soon after, he served under Zain Kokali (No. 34)
against the Yhufzab, and saved Z.rin's lifu in the Kh~ib.rr cata.3trophe. I u the 36th
year, he served nuder the KbCnkhBnBn iu T'hat'h,rIi, a l d retorued with him, in the
38th year, to court. Lnkr, he served in the Dak'hin. He died in the 46th year
O W ) . H e was au excellent soldier.
Hie son, Shnjd'at K h d n Shbdi Beg. H e waa m d e , in the 7th year of ShiLh-
j h b n ' s reign, a co~nrnanderof 1000, and received the title of Shid Khin. I n tho 12th
gear, he was sent aa ambassador to Nazr Muhammad Kh6n of Balkh. On h k retprn,
h the 14th year, he was ninde a commander of 1500, and was appointed governor of
Bhakkar, vide Sh&h Quli Khln. Aftersards, on the death of Ghairdt Khbn, he wag
m d e p v e r n o r of T'hat'hah, and a commander of 2000. I n the 19th year, he was
Prince M u r a Bakhsh in Balkh and Bdakhshdn. I u the 218th year, he JVW
governor of Khbul, vice Siw& G m , and held, in the following year, an
important command nuder Aurangzib in the Qandahhr expedition and the co~lquest
of Brut. In the 23rd year, he was mado a con~manderof 3000, 2500 horse, and
the covcbd distinction of a flag and a drum. Two yeam later, in the 25th
gear, he w i n before Qandahhr, and was made, on Shblljnhbn's arrival in
Khbol, a commander of 35M, 3000 horsc, with the title of ShcGd'at Khdn. I n the
26th ymr, he rnrved under D d r l Shikoh before Q ~ n d a h l r and
, with Rustam Khiin
Bshsdnr a t Bust. H e died soon after. H e had a son of the name of Muhammad
%'id.
61
 238. Mi'r Ta'hir i Mbsawi.
He is not to be confonnded with Nos. 04, 111, and 201. According to t h e
Tabaq& Mir T a i r is 'the brother of Mire4 Yhuf IZIIzawl (No. 37), and was distingnish-
ed for his bravery." It would thus appear that Abnlfazl makes no difference between
the terms B a u r w l and M b a r o i (vide p. 381, under NO. 61).
287. Mi'raa' 'Ali' Beg ' A l m s h i h i .
H e is merltioned in the Akbarnhmah among the grandees who accompanied Mun-
'b to Bengal and Oris&, and took part in the battle of Tnkarof (p. 376). After the
outbreak of the Bengnl Military revolt, he joi~leda conspiracy made by Mir Zakf,
'AMi Kor, ShihBb i Bdekhshi, and Ktijak YasLwul, to go over to the rebels. The
plot, however, was discovered ; they were all bprisoned, but Y i r Ziki alone wae
executed. Akbarncimuh, III., 262.
His epithet 'Alamshdhl is not clear to me.
H e must not be confounded with the more illustrions
[Mi'rsa' 'Ali' Beg i Akbarshhhi].'
H e was born in Badakhshin, and is said to have been a highly educated man.
When he came to India, he received the title of Akbarshdhi. I n the 30th year, he
commanded the Ahadis on Shihrukh's expedition to Kashmir (p. 479).
Later, he served nnder Prince Muraid in the Dak'hin. When the prince, after
making peace, returnedfrom Ahmadnagar, CQdiq KhBn (No. 43) occupied Mahkar.
But new disturbances broke out under the Dak'hin leaders Azhdar W i n and 'Ain Khbn,
against whom Cidiq sent 8 corps nnder M. 'Ali Beg. H e suddenly fell over them, and
routed them, carrying off much plunder and many dancing girls (zandn i ~ k ' h c i ~ a h ) .
I n consequence of this defeat, Khndiwand Khhn and other Amlrs of the N i d m s h a
marched against the imperialiata with 10,000 home, bnt $!&diq and N. A. B. defeated
them. I n the 43rd year, Y. A. B. took Fort Rhhdtarah ( t i i p L ) near DaulatAbird,
after a siege of one month, ownpied, in the same year, Patan on the Godtivarf, and
took Fort LohgaiJh. " Both forts," says the author of the Mdsir, " have, from want of
water, become ~~ninhabitoble (n~ismdrshudah), and are so to this day." Later, M. A. B.
served nnder Abulfazl, and distinguished himself in the conquest of Ahmadnagar. In
the 46th year, he received a drum and a flag, and continued to serve, under the
Khhnkhinln, in the Dak'hin.
I n the beginning of JahingSr's reign, he mas made a commander of 4000, j&g[rdk
of Sambhal, and governor of Kashmir. H e served in the pursuit of K h n s n u (Tuzuk,
p. 30). Later, he received a tuyJ1 in Audh. When Jnh4ngir went to Ajrnfr, he went
to court. One day, he paid a visit to the tomb of Mu'inuddin i Chishtl. Ou seeing
the tomb of Sbahbbz K h i n (p.. N l ) , he stooped down, and embracing it, er-
claimed, " Oh ! he was an old friend of mine." The same moment, he fell forward
a corpse, and was buried a t the same spot (22nd Rabi' I., 1026).
It is said that ho kept few soldiers and servants, but paid them well. Inhis
habits he was an epicurean. He was looked upon ns a great patron of the learned
H e died childless, a t the age of seventy-five (Tuzuk, p. 163).

' The 27Uzuk (p. 11) says, he belonged

b the u l b i DilN, II very doubtful term, I ashe belonged to Badakhsbirn. Perhaps
we have to read u l h iduldai (p. 388).
 858. Ra'm Da'a, t h e Kachwihah.
His father waa a poor man of the name of Ordat (ajUI), and lived at L6nl (or
h u n l i , nidc p. 398). Rbm D h mas at first in the service of Rbi Sb1 Darbkri (No. 106),
md was recommended by him to the emperor. His faithfulness was almost proverbial.
In the 17th p r , when Todar Mall was ordered to assist Mun'im in Bihdr, he was made
his udib in the Financial Depnrtment, And gained Akbar's favour by his regularity and
diligence. He amassed a fortune, and though he had a palace in A'grah near Hatib-
pal, he lived in the guard house, ' always watching with his 200 R&jp6ta, spear in
hand.'
Immediately before Akbar's death, he put his men over the treasures of the
p a b with a view to preserve them for the lawful heir. Jahirngir, with whom he
stood in high favour, sent him, in the 6th year, with 'Abdullah Khhn to GujrAt and
the Dak'hin, and gave him the title of R6jah and a flag, Rantanbhb being assigned to
him as j&r (TLtuk, p. 98). I t seems that he received the title of R d j a l K a r a n .
After the defeat of the Imperialists, JahBngir wished to make an example of the
Amlm who had brought disgrace on the imperial arms. He ordered their pictureu
to be drawn, and taking the portraits one after the other into his hand, abused each
Amlr right royally. Looking at %m DQs's portrait, he eaid, "Now, when thou wert
in % i service, thou hadst a tankah per diem ;but my father took an intereet in
Sirl's
thee, and made thee an M r . Do not Ri?jp6ts think flight a disgraceful thing P Alas !
thy title, Ujah K ~ r a n ought
, to have taught thee better. Hayest thou die without
the comforts of thy faith." E m D h was immediately sent t o Bangash, where.
in the mune year, he died (1022). When JahBngir heard of his death, he said,
"My curse has come true ; for the H i n d h believe that a man who diag beyond the
Indns, will go straight to hell."
H e wm a liberal man, and gave rich presents to jestera and singers.
His eldest son, N a m a n Dda, in the 48th year of Akbar's reign, left the court
without permission, and went home. At the request of hie father, Shih Quli Kbbn'e
men were to bring him back to court by force. But Naman defied them ; a struggle
ensued, and he was killed. Bbm D L was so grieved, that Akbar paid him a visit of
condolence.

young.
I n the
-
His second son, Dahp DL, had the same character as his father; but he died

(p. 312), a villa near a spring called Inch (&I),between Bhnpdr and
KUdpdv in Keahmir, is mentioned, which Akbar had given Rhm DL. Pidc also
Tnznk,p. 39, 1. 3.
230. Muhsmmad Kha'n Kiyatai'.
Abulfazl ranks him among the commanders of 600. Under Jahbnglr, he rose to
a command of 2000. Like M i n L Rustam P f a w i and Abul Hasnn Turbati, he refused
a title; for he said that his name wrra Muhammad, than which no better name
existed.
H e served under ShahbBz Khbn (No. 80) in Bengal, and distinguished himself
in the fighta near the Brahmaputra. I t is wid that Shahbbr was eo auxious to retain
his services, that he Rave him a lac of rttpeq per annum. L x t ~ r ,he served under the
Khhnlibbnbn in the conquest of T'hat'hah, and inflictcd the fiual blow on Yirzb J i n i
Beg (No. 47) near Lak'hi,' when, he obtained a signal victory, thongh lur outnum-
bered by the enemies. From that time, the Khbokhbnbn was his friend.
Under Jahhngir, he took 8 leading part in the Dak'hin wars, especially in t h e
fights with Malik 'Ambar near Kharki, a famous battle field (vide note to No. 265),
and continued to serve there under Prince Shihjahhn.
H e died in 1037. The tdrikh of his death is ale YJlL , &,
'Muhammad
KhLn, the saint, is dead.' H e was a man of great piety. His day was carefully divided ;
religious exercises, the reading of commentaries on the Qoriru, conversing with holy
men, ~leepiugand eating, each had its fixed time. Nor did he ever depart from his
routine except on the march. H e never neglectd the ablution (torzu') prescribed by
the law. People told many miraculous stories (khawdriq) of him.
During his long stay in the Dak'hin, he held Xshti (in the Wardah district) as
j w ~ r and
, made i t his home. H e adorned the town with several mosqaea, housw,
and gardens. " At present," says the author of the Narisir, " there is only one of his
hundred houses left, the store house where his lamps were kept ; the whole town a n d
the neighbourhood are deserted, and do not yield the tenth part of the old revenue.
Even among his descendante there is none left that may be called a man of worth
(tam namdnd kih rush& ddahtah l h k d ) . " '
H e wan buried in Kshti. People ofton pray a t his tomb.
The men of his contingent wcre mostly Niy&zi Afghbns. I f one of them died,
he gave a month's pay to his faulily ; or, if he had no children, half a month's pay to
his heirs.
His son, Ahmad KhLn N i y k i , was in the 20th year of ShbhjahBn's reign a com-
mander of 2600 (Pddishdhndmah, II., 386, 726).
240. Abul Mu&atbr, son of Ashraf Khiin (No. 74).
From the A k b a r n h a h (III., 248) we see that in the 24th year (987) he wne
statio~iedin Chanderi and Narwar, and was ordered to assist in suppressing the B i b r

' Tide Dowson's edition of Elliot's the Marhatta officials, and now notbing
Historians, Vol. I., p. 260. remains to them save a few rent-free fields,
" The emperor Jahdngir ave the sufficient merely for their subsisteum.
Ashti, Amner, Paunkr, and R1ig6gw The tombs of their ancestors were already
(Barhr) parganahs io jkgir to Muhammad falling into disrepair owing to the poverty
XhLn Niydzi. H e re~toredXshti, and of the fimily, when they were taken in
brought the country round under culti- hand by the district authorities as worthy
vation. A handsome mausoleum was objects of low1 interest, and restored h m
built over his grave in Mughul style. ~nunicipalfunds. Lately, in consideration
Mnhammad Khbn was succeeded by of the past history of the family, and the
&mad Klihn, who died in 1061. A local respect which it commandu, the
similar maunolcum was crected over his Government conferred on Nawlib Wdhid
tomb, but smaller and of' inferior work- KhBn, oue of its representatives in Xshff,
mansliip. The two stand side by side the powers of an honorary ~uagistrate."
within IUI enclosure, aud are the sights of " Kurunja. A small octroi town i n
Ashti. 'I'hey are iudeed striking monu- the Arvi talipi1 of the Warduh district. It
ments of art to find in such a ren~ote was founded some 260 years by NawQb
spot as this. After the death of Ahinad Muhammad KhBn Niydzi of Ashti." Ex-
KhLii, the ower of the A'iyhzis gradu- tracts f'rom C. Grant's Gazetteer of t h e
ally declinef; in time A'aliti ithrlf p x ~ e d Central Proviricea of India, second edition,
fkou their kaudn into the possession of 1870, pp. 7 aud 236.
rebela (III., 273). In the 28th yey, he nerved in GujrBt (III., 423, and Baddonf
11.. (323). Vide also p. 389.
241. Ehwa'jagi' Muhammad Hueain, Mir Barr.
He is the younger brother of Qbim Khdn (No. 69), and had the title of ltiir Barr,
in contradistinction to that of hie brother. He came in the 5th year with Mun'im
(No. 11) from KQbul to India. When dissensions broke out between Ghani Khln,
Mun'im's son, and Haidar Muhammad KhBn Akhtnhbegi (No. 66), whom Mun'im had
left as his ndiba in Klbul, Haidnr was called to court, and Abul Fath,' son of Mun-
'im's brother, was sent there to assist Ghani. Muhammad Husain accompanied Abul
Fath. He remained a long time in Khbul. After his return to India, he accompanied
the emperor on his march to Kashmir. His houesty and pu~~ctuality made him a
favorite with the emperor, and he was ~~ppointed X i r Bllkdwal (maater of the imperial
kitchen), and was also made a commander of 1000.
I n the 6th year of JahBngir, he officiated for H b h i m (No. 226) as governor of
Kashmlr. On ~Hshim'sarrival he returned to court, and died in the end of the 7th
year (1021 ; !Zbzuk, p. 114).
He had no children. The Tuzuk says that he was quite bald, and had neither
monatsche nor beard. His voice waa shrill like that of a eunuch.
243. Abul &s'sim, brother of 'Abdul QBdir Akhlind.
He is not to be confounded with Nos. 199 and 251. BildLonl (II., 323) calls him
a native of Tabriz, and mys that his brother waa Akbar's teacher (dklrthd). I n
ggl, Abul w i n was made DiwLn of Gujrdt.
243. Qamar Eha'n, son of Mir 'Abdullatif of Qazwin (No. 161).
He served under Mun'im (No. 11) in Bengal, and waa present in the battle of
Takarof (p. 375). In the 22nd year, he served nnder Shihib in Gujrdt (Akbarn.,
III., 190), and in the 24th year, nnder Todar Mall in Bihlr. I n the 25th year, he
took part in the battle near Sultdnph Bilhad (p. 400, and Akbant., III., 305).
His son, Kaukab, fell under Jahlngir for some fault into disgrace. He wae
floggd and imprisoned. Reganling his restoration to favour, vi& Tuzuk, p. 219.
244. Arjun Singh,
246. Ssbel Singh, sons of Rfrjah EGn Singh (No. 30).
268. Sakat Singh,
Some MSS. have D; j a n m instead of At-jun. The name of Sakat Singh, moreover,
recurs again at No. 342. There is little doubt that at the latter plece we should read
Himmat Singh, though all NSS. have Sukat.
Nor is it clear why Abulfazl haa not entered the name of B h b Singh, who at Akbar's
death was a commander of 1000, and was gradually promoted, during Juhkngir's
reign, to a manqab of 5000. Like hia elder brother Jagat Singh (No. 160), he died Gom
excessive driuking (1030). His name often ocours in the Tuzuk.

Abnl Fath, who on p. 318 has e m ' The Lucknow edition of the Akbar-
neously been called Abdul Fath, was the ndmah (III., 642) has also h i a n , and
son of Fazil Beg, Mun'im's brother. (by mistake) 82 for Sabal Singh. The
Baddoni II., 56 has Fazdil Ikg, but bubhbn Singh mentioned in the same
the AkGa~rdmuhand the Madrir have passage, would also appear to be a son
k'uzil. of Yku Singh,
 Arjun Singh, Sabd Singh, and Sakat Singh, served in the 37th year in the con-
quest of OrlsL Snkat Singh, in the 26th year (989), had nerved in Ktibul. They d i d
before their father.
Himmat Singh diitinguished himself under hie father in the wars with the
Afghins.
Col. J. C. Brooke in his Political Hblory o f t L Shta of Jeypore (Seleotions from
the Reoords, Government of India, Foreign Department, No. LXV, 1868) mentions six
sons of M6n Singh, Jagat, A jun, Himmat, Sakat, Bhim, and Kalybn Singh. The
laat two are not mentioned by Muhammadan historians ; nor are Bhbo and Sabal
mentioned by Brooke. T i e 'A C h p hfrom Buhatnmadaa Hwtory,' in the Calcutta
Review, April, 1871.
246. Mustafal Ghilsi'.
A Sayyid hluptafi is mentioned in the Akbarnbmah (III., 416). He served in
the 28th year in Gujrbt, and waa prerent iu the battle near Maidnah, 18 kos S. E.
of Patan, in which Sher Khbn Fdlfuli was defeated.
247. Nazar Khatn, son of Sa'ld Khtin, t h e Qnkk'har.
A brother of hie is mentioned below, No. 332. T id
e Nos. 170, 171.
The Tahaqbt calls him Nezar Beg, son of Wid Khbn, and says that in 1001, he
was a Hazhri.
Mughul Historians give the following tree of the Gakk'har chiefs-
Sulgn TaMr, the Gakk'har.
-
r
.............,.,........,......,.
..... ....,,, 2. Snlthn Adam
A
-
'I
1. Sul* Shng
I I
F
7 -
1. Kamgl K h h
-
2. Said Khan
I I
l.'J.aehkarl a. Muhammad K h l
I
'
~ u b b r a kWBn 1. ~ a k a Khbn
r Jd61 ~ h h n (No.
l 170)
(No. 171) (No. 247) I
2. S h h Muhammad Akbar Quli Sul6n
(No. 332) I
Mur6d Quli Sulfln
I
Allah' Q d
JnlQl Kbbn was killed in 1620 (16th year) in Bangash, and hie son Akbar Quli,
who then served at Kh@, waa made a commander of 1000, and sent to Bangash
(Tuzuk, pp. 307, 308).
Jahbndr, &r the suppression of Khusrau's revolt passed on his way to Kbbul
through the Oakk'har district (Tuzuk, pp. 47,ks). He left the Bahat (1st Muharram,
1016) and came to Fort RohtBs, the cost of which he states to have been 161,000,000
d h , 'which is equal to 4,025,000 rupees in HinddsMni money, or 120,000 Persian
tnmhns, or 1 irb, 2,176,000 silver Hdlis of Turbni money.' Bftor n march of &3 koa,
he came to Tflah, fa'lah in the Qnkk'har dialect meaning ' a hill.' He then came to
Dih Eihakdlah, bhakrd m&ing 'forest.' The way from v l a h to BhekrB pasees aloag
the bed of the KQhan river, the banks of which are full kanir flowers. H e then
came to Hatib, which waa bnilt by e Gakk'hnr of the name of HBt hi (mentioned in
Mr. Delmerick's History of the Gakk'hm, Journal, Asiatic Society, B e n d , 1871).
The district from Mbrgalah to Hatib is qlled Pot'hmbr ; and from Roliths to Hatie
dwell the BhWLs, a tribe related to the Gakk'harn. From HatiB, he marched 42
and reached PakkaA, so culled because it haa a puma d. Four and a half koe
M h e r on, he =me to Kuray, which means in the Gakk'har dialect 'rugged.' He then
rent to BBwalpin$, which is said to have been built by a Hind6 of the name a w a l ,
+$meaning ' a village,' and gives a few curious particulars regarding the river and
the pool of the place. From RBwalpintJi he went to Kharbuzah, where a dome may
be seen which has the shape of a melon (kharbuzah). The Qakk'hars used formerly
to collect tolla there. He then came to the KB1lrp&ni,and to the NBrgalah paw, mdr
meaning ' Killing,' and ga&A ' a carawan.' " Here ends the country of the Cfakk'hara.
They are a brutish race, always at feud with each other. I mked them to live in
peace ; but they will not."'
The PddiehcfAndnuA (II., 240, 264, 266, 722, 733,740) mentions several Gak-
k b r chiefs-
1. Akbar Quli Sulthu, a commander of 1600, 1600 horse, died in tbe 18th year
of ShAhjahQn's reign. His son NurBd Quli Sultin, was under Shlrhjahhn a com-
mander of 1600, 1000 horse (Pddishdhn. II., 410, 486, 612, 623, 666, 695, 656, 730).
2. Jabber Qdi, (brother of J a l 4 Khbn),' 1000, 800 horse.
3. Khizr SGBri, (son of Nazar Xhbn)? 800, 600 horse, died in the 12th year
Shahj.'~reign.
The P&dishhhnbmah (I., p. 432) mentions Gakk'hm' mules as famous.
The M a h i r i 'A'Zumgiri (p. 156) .Is0 meritions Nurhd Quli and his son Allah
Quli. Allah Quli's daughter was married to Prince Muhammad Akbar, fourth son
of Anrangzib, on the 3rd Rajab, 1087.
248. Ram Chand, son of Madhukar [Bundelah].
He ia a h called Bdm Sdh, and was mentioned on p. 366. He was introduced
at court by CMiq KhBn (No. 43), when Akbar was in Kashmir (1000). In the first
year of Jahbgir's reign, we find him in rebellion, evidently because his right of suo-
cession was rendered doubtful by the predilection of the emperor for Bir Singh Deo,
Urn Chand's younger brother. In the end of the k t year, he waa attacked by 'Abdul-
lah ghbn, who moved from K&lpf,his jwu, to Unachah. On the 27th Zi Qa'dah 1016,
Birm Chand was brought fettered to court ; but Jahlrngsr had his fetters taken off,
gave him a dress of honor, and handed him over to m jnh B&sGof Dhameri. ' He
never thought that he would be treated so kindly' (Tuzuk, p. 42). But Undchah W W
handed over to Bir Singh Deo as reward for tho murder of Abulfaxl.

' For the qeographical details of this

I
unction with the Sohan. Sarlri Khar-
s. e I nm ~udebtedto Mr. J. G. Del-
Tho Fuzuk has P i l a h of TNah ;
Bhakrd for Bhukrdlah, and the Persiau
uzah ia also called Sariri YBdh6.
On the same page of Sayyid Ahmad's
edition of tha Tuzuk, we have to read
word khdnah for Kdhan ( wbk ), the K h a t h r and Dilah-zdk, for K h a r and
name of the river near BLakrblah--a Dilah-zdk. The Khattara occupy the
most extraordinary mistake ; kor for district called Khitar, and the Dilah-zirks
Kuraror Grirci, a village near IvIanikyl are found in the Ch'hach valley of the
lah ; Ponhrihdrfor Pofhwdr. Mr. Del- Indus.
merick also sa that the river near Pot'hwC i the country between the
&ti&, or ~ d l ' c d is
, called KLi, and Jhelam and the Sohan ; but Jahbugir
tbat near RAwalpin$ is the Lahi, which extends it to the MQrgalah p u s from
forcea a passage through low hills where Hati6 (30 miles from the Jhelam).
there is a very deep pool, just before ita So according to Mr. Delmerick.
 I u the 4th year of his reign (1018), J a h b g i r manied Rtim Chand'n daughter a t
the request of her father (vide Tuzuk, p. 77 ; and No. 226, note).
He a p p m to have died in 1OZ1, snd was succeeded by his son Bhlrat S i g h .

-
Tuzuk, p. 112.
Muhammadan Historians give the following tree of the Uqdchah Bundelahs-
X j a h Parffib, founds Ugdchah in 1631, A. D.
r-----*L-
1. BhBrat Chand, 2. 3Zadhukar Slngh,
(died childless). (dies 1000).
7- -L---
7
1. nirm Chand, 2. Hodal R b , 3. Bir Singh Dm, the ~iiurderer
(dies 1021). (killed, p. 366). of Abulfazl (dies 1036).
I I
A son. ---.--A v
1: ~ h u j h i Singh.
r 2. Pahly Singh. 3. Chandr Man.
Bhkrat . 1 I 4. &ni DL.
I Biknunhjit. Subhbn Singh. 5. Bhagwin Dbs.
Debi Singh. 1
Prit'hi Singh.
I
Sagwal Singh.
The Badsir contains biographical nohs of nearly all of them. Vide also
Thornton's Gazetteer, under Oorcha.
Beni Db arid Bhagwhn D b were killed by a R4jp6t in the 13th year of Shbh-
jallin's reign. They held commands of tOO, 200 horse, and 1000, 600 horse, re-
spectively.
Cha~idrNan was in the 20th year of Sh. a commander of 1600,800 horse.
PldishIhnBmah I., 172 (where another Bundolah of the name of Suhk Dev
ie mentioned), 206, 211, 368, 372, 425; II., 731, 73.6.
The Madsir i 'Aiuntgiri mentions several Bundelahs, as Satr SB1, Jiswant
Singh, Indannau (died 1088) aud the rcbelliour, sons of Champat ( I . c., pp. 161, l(i3,
169, 273, 424). ride abo under No. 249.
Bir Singh Deo, the murderer of Abulfazl, in often cnlled in bad MSS. iVar Singh
Deo. Thus also in the printed editions of the Tuzuk, the 1st volulne of Ptidishkh-
nlmah, the 'Alamgirniiwah, &c., and in Elphinetone's History. The temples which
he built in Mnt'hurB a t a cost of 33 laca of Rupees, were destroyed by Aurangzib in
1080. (Madsir i ' A l a m g i r i , p. 95).'
240. Ra'jah Mukrttman, t h e B h a d a u r i a h .
Bhadriwar is the name of a district S. E. of A'grah ; its chief town is Hatkbnt'h
(ride p. 323, note 4). The inhabitants are called Bhadauriahs. They were known aa
daring robbers, and though so near the capital, they managed to maintaiu their
independence till Akbar hod their chief trampled to death by an elephant, when they
eubmitted.
The next chief, Mukatman, entered the imperial service, and rose to n mancab
of 1000. I n 992, he served in G u j d t (Aklarndmah III., 423, 838).

' The Dutch traveller DeLaEt haa [is, Legden, 1631, p. 209). He cnlls
an interesting passage regarcling Abul-
fnzl's death ( D c Inrperiu dltcgn~dlogu- I Bir Singh H u d t i a B e r t t i n g h Bondela.
 Under Jahinglr, we find a chief of the name of Rdjah BikramBjit, who served
under 'AbdnUah against the a n & and later in the Dak'hin. He died in the
11th year of Jphingir and was succeeded by his son Bhoj. S a y ~ i dAhmad's edition of
the Tnzak (p. 108) mentions a Bhadauriah chief Mangat, who in the 7th year served
in Bangash ; but the name ia doubtful.
Under Shbhjahbn, the head of the Bhadauriah clan was BBjah Kkhn Singh. He
rrved in the firat year nnder Mahbbat Khbu against J h u j h L Singh, and in the 3rd
year, against Khhn Jabbn Lodi and the N G m ul Mulk, who had afforded Khbn
JaUn protection. I n the 6th year, he distinguished himself in the siege of Daulat-
6M. Three years later, in the 9th year, he served nnder W b n Zambn against Sbhd
Bhonslah. He died in the 17th year (1063).
In the PcfdirAiiAndmah (I., b., 309) he is mentioned as a commander of 1000. 600
horse.
ds Kbhn Singh had only a son by a concubine, he wm succeeded by Badan
Singb,' grandson of Kisbn's uncle. He was made U j a h and a commander of 1000.
In the 2lst year, at a darbir, a mart elephant ran up to him, took up one of his men
with the tneks, when Badan Singh stuck his dagger into the animal which, frightened
an it was at the same time by a fire wheel, dropped the unfortunate man. ShBhja-
hin rewarded the bravery of the R4jah with a khil'at, and remitted 60,000 Rs. out
of the 2 lace, which was the aaseasrnent of the BhadBwar district. I n the 22nd year,
he waa made a commander of 1600. I n the 26th year, he served under Aurangzib,
rod in the 26th, under Dbr6 Shikoh, before Qandahh, where in the following year
he died.
Hia son Yahb Singh was then made Rhjah, and received a manpab of 1000, 800
horae. He served in the 28th year in KBbul. After DbB's defeat, he paid his re-
8pecb to Aurangdb, in whose reign he served:against the Bnndelah rebels. I n the
10th year, he served nndcr Kbmil KhBn against the Y&ufieis. He died in the
26th year.
He wm succeeded by his son Odat Singh (vids M h i r i 'Alamgiri, p. 226 and
p 228,where the Bibl. Ind. edition has wrong Rridar Singh for Odat S.). He had
before m e d nnder Jai S i g h in the Dak'hin, and wan in the 24th year made
commandant of Chitor (1. c., p. 196).
aao. Wjah Ram Chandr, zamindair of Oyi4.
&garding h i vide Stirling's report on Oyish, Asiatic R m h e s , vol. XP. His
name mnrs often in the narrative of M h Sigh's conquest ot Orb& (37th year of
Akbar's reign).
The of Khnrdah (Sonth @lsBi) was conquered and annexed to the Dihli
anpire by Mokarram K h h ( o d e No. 260). in the 12th year of JahBngir's reign
(&d, p. 215).
%6l. 8eyyid Abul Qa'eim, eon of 8ayyid Muhammad Mir 'Ad1 (No.
140).
He r n e d in the %th year(W8) in BiBr, lrnd in the battle of Sul*npdr Bilharl ;
dm, in the 33rd year, against the Ybufzals.

' So Pddirhdinrfmah, II., 732. The Mudair calla him Bad Singh or Bud Singh.
62
 T l ~ eTi~rikhnIa'c611ii (Dowson, Elliot's Historians I., p. 253) gives earlier but
perliaps nlore correct dntcs regarding the appointment to Bhakliar and the death of
the AIir 'Adl, t i r . his arrival at Ullaltkar, 11th Itamazhn, 983, and his death there, 8th
Sha'bin, O R L (October, 16ifi). H e was nucceeded by his son Abulfazl, who ie not
mentioned in the Aiu. On the 9th Zilhajjsh, 085 (Feb. 1578), I ' t i m a (NO. 119)
nrriccd at Bhakkar.
253. Dalpat, son of R i i RBi Bingh.
H e has been mentioned above, p. 3;9.

X'TII. of Fozir Hundrcd.

Co,tl~t~n)ufers
253. Shaikh Faizi', eon of Bllaikh h l u b i r n k of h'igor.
T l ~ ename of t l ~ i sgreat poet and friend of Akbar was Abul Faiz. Faiu' is his
t~tk/t:rllu~. Torn-ar~lsthe elid of his life, in imitation of the form of the fakhalluf of
his brother ' A * l / l d ~ ~her i assurncd
, the name of Fcr.yycizi.
i the eldest son of Sliaik I l u b i r a k of N i i o r . Shaikh 31obirnk (mdc pp,
F ; ~ i zwas
163, 1S5, 108, 209) t~ncedhis origin to an Arabian dervish from Yaman, who in the
9th c c n t ~ ~ rofy the 1Iijral1 had rcttled in SitvistLn, where he married. I n the 10th
centnry, n111l1:ir:rl;'sllrthcr ~ e n to t lJind6stb11, and settled nt h'rigor. Several of his
chi!clren having died one nf'tcr the othcr, 11e called his next child Mubdrak. H e ass
Lorn in 911. IVhen a y o u ~ ~Inan, g JIr~lAmkwent to GujrCt, and studied under Watib
Al111IClzl of l<jlxnrtin and AIanlini '11nLd of LBristin. I n 950, Mubirrak settled at
Agrah. I t is said thnt l ~ eoftell c.linngcd his religious opinions. Under Islern &&,
he W:IS3 ;\Ial~tla\vi,and had to sutl;~rpersecution in the brginning of Akbar's reign; he
t l ~ e nbecn~ne:r Naclslil~andi,t11e11a IIamadirr~i,and lastly, when the court was full of
Persians, he inclined to Slii'is~n. But whatever his views may have been, the education
wl~ichhe gave his sons Fuizi and Abulfnzl, the greatest writers that India has produced,
ghe\vr that he m u a man of con~l~rehensivegenius. Shaikh Nubbrak wrote a
corn~nentnry to t l ~ eQorbn, in four volumeu, entitled dfunba'ul-'uyu'n,' and another
work or t l ~ etitle of Jtrrtil~zi'ulkilam. Towards the end of his life, he s d e r e d from
partiill I~lindnew,and died a t Lihor, on the 17th Zi &n'd&, 1001, a t t h e age of 90
years. The Iti~-iklcof his death will LC foond in the words Shaikh i kdmil.
Shaikh F:rizi was born a t A'grah in 954. H i s acquirements in Arabic Literatnre,
the art of pnctry, and in medicine, were very extensive. H e used to treat poor people
gratis. One day, he appeared with his father before Shnikh 'Abdunnabi, the Cadr,
(p. 272) and apl~licdfor a grant of 100 big'has ; but he was not only refueed, but nlw
turned out of the li;~llwith every contumely on aecouut of his tendencies to Shi'ism.
B u t Faizi's literary fitme reached Akbar's ears, and in the 12th year, when Bkbsr was
on the expedition to Chitor, he wns called to court. Faizi's bigoted enemies in A&
interpreted the call ae a suxnmons before ajudge, and warned the governor of the tom,
not to let Faiei escape. H e therefore ordered some Mughula to surround M u W ' s
house ; but accidentally Faizi wau absent from home. Mubbrnk was ill-treated, md
when Faizi a t l w t came, he was carried off by force. B u t Akbar received him mmt

Budironi (III., 74) culls it Lllarrba'unctfdb-il'uyu's.

 hvonbly, and Faizl, in a short time, became the emperor's constant companion and
&end. He was instrnmental in bringing about the fall of Sheikh 'Abdunnabl.
In the 30th year, he planned a khamsah, or collection of five epics, in imitation
of the W d of Niztid. The first, hfurkii uladwdr, waa to consist of 3000 versa,
md was to be a jawdb (imitation) of Niztimi's Yakhzan u l m d r ; the Sulaimdn o
Bilpia and the Nu2 Daman were to consist of 4000 verses each, and were to be
jaw6br of the Khwrau Shirin and Laili dfujtbu'n respectively ; and the Haft Kiahwar
rod the Akbarndmah, each of 6000 verses, were to correspond to the Hufl Paikar
and the Sikand4tadmah. I n the 33rd year, he was made Malikushshu'arh, or Poet
Laareate (Atbarn., III., 669). Though he had composed portions of the Khamaah, the
original plan was not carried out, and in the 39th year, Akbar urged him to persevere,
md recommended the completion of the Nal-Daman. Faizl thereupon finished the
poem, and presented, in the same year, a copy of it to his imperial master.
Faizi suffered from asthma, and died on the 10th Qafar 1004 (40th year). The
Id&h of hia death ie Fuyy& i 'Ajam. I t ie said that he composed 101 books. The
best known, besides his poetical works, are the Snwdti' ul Rhdm, and the Mawdrid uL
kilum, regarding which uids below the poetical extrack. His fine library, consisting
of 4300 choice MSS., waa embodied with the imperial library.
Faid had been employed as teacher to the princes ; sometimee, he also acted as
~rnbmdor. Thus, in 1000, he was in the Dak'hin, from where he wrote the letter
to the historian Badbnf, who had been in temporary disgrace at court.
Pide also pp. 106, 106, 183, 185, 197, 207, 209 ; and Journal, Asiatic Society,
Bengal, for 1869, pp. 137, 142.
254. H W m Misrif.
According to &&ni (III., 166), H a k h Mipri waa a very learned man and e
clever doctor. He also composed poems. A satire of Iris is mentioned which he wrote
against Wwtijah Shamsuddin KhawQfi (No. 159). He died in Burhtinplir, and was
buried there.
Mipri is mentioned in the Akbarndmah, III., p. 629, and p. 843. I n the latter
pusage, Abulfazl mentions his dcath (middle of 1009), and states that he saw his
friend on the deathbed. I t is impo~sibleto reconcile Abulfml's date with Bndironi's
datement; for Badbni died in 1004 (Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, for 1869,
p. 143). But both Abulfazl and BadBoni speak of the Hakim as a man of a most
miable and unselfish character.
256. I'r J, son of M i r d Khinkhbnin (No. 29).
He waa mentioned on p. 3 9 . During the reign of Jahhgir, he wan made
$'6behdiir of B a r b and Ahmadoagar. He greatly distinguished himself dnring
wreral fighk with Aialik 'Ambar, especially at K'harki,' for which victories he wan

1026, a canal was dug from K'hnrkl to

' &A. Lachnlf NurBin Shefiq, the Dnulathb&d. Its name waa Chahdrnuhn',
author of the Haqiqat i Hlndbtdn,
says that it was called K'harki from the and the Grikh of its completion is khair
i j d r i ( ~ r .a running benefit). lrater
Ihk'hinword~+. which meana ' stony,' Aurungzib changed the name of K'karki
' 1stony ,plaoe.' I t lies 5 koa S.E. of to Aora~~gBbLd, under which name it is
hulatabad (the old Dhtirbyh and now known. K'harki wan the seat of
Deogir of 'Albuddin Khi!jl). K'harki Malik 'Ambar.
uuder JdBngir was called Fathhbu. I n
made a commander of 6000. In the 12th year, he served under Prince Shhhjahh
in the Dak'hin.
I t is said that he WM m good soldier, but ntingy, and carelem in his dms. A
daughter of his ass married (Snd B a r n a h , 10%) to Prince Sh6hjahhn. The off-
spring of thia marriage, Prince J a h i r n - h , was born at Agrah on the 12th Wab,
, the age of 1year, 9 months (Pddwhdhndmah).
1028,and died a t B u r h b p ~ i rat
According to Grant's Gazetteer of the Central Provinces (tndedition, p. 128),
rrij'a tomb is at Burhbnp*. " The tomb was built during his lifetime, and is r e d y

a handsome structure." The statement of the Gazetteer that rrij, towards the end
of his life, "lived as a realuse" at Burhhpbr, in not borne out by the historiea ; for
according to the Tuzuk (p. 270), he died of excessive wine drinking.
At his death (1028), he wm only thirty-three yeam of age. The manpb of
400, which Abnlfazl assigns him, must therefore have been oonferred upon him, when
he wm a mere child.
268. Sakat Singh, son of RBjah U n S i n g h (No. 30).
Vide above, under No. 244.
967. 'Abdullah [Sarfariz KhBn], son of a n i A'zam Mimi Kokah
(No. 21).
r i d e p. 328.
I t was stated (p. 928) on the authority of the Madair thst he received the title
of &rddr KAdn, which had become vacant by the death of Takhtah Beg (No. 196).
But the %zuk (p. 71) gives him the title of &rfar& Khdn. Thie ie evidently a
mistake of the author of the MRbeir ; for the title of Sarddr KAdn was in the 8th year
(1022) conferred on Khwirjah YBdgLr, brother of 'Abdullah KhBn Fib-jang (Tuzuk,
p. 116), when 'Abdullah Barfarbz Kh6n was still alive.
The M d s i r also says that 'Abdullah accompanied his father to Gwirli&r(p. 317);
but the Tuzuk (p. 141) states that he was imprieoned in Rantanbhdr, from whew, at
the request of his father, he was called to court.
5358. 'Ali' Muhammad Asp.
Badbni says (II., p. 67) that "'A11 Muhammad Asp, who is now in the service
of the emperor, at the instigetion of Jlijak Begum, killed Abul Fath Beg (p. 318)."
I n the 9th year, he was in the service of Mirzir Muhammad Hakfm, king of Kirbd.
Afterwards, he came to India. In the 26th year (989), he served under Prince M n r a
against his former master (Akbarndmah, III., 3%) ; in the 30th year (993), he served
in Kabul (III., 487,490). In tho 32nd year, he distinguished himself under 'Abdd
Matlab (No. 83) against the T6rikis (111.. p. 541).
In the Lucknow edition of the AkbarndmaA, he ia wrongly oalled 'MMuham-
mad A1$
259. lKi'rea8IKuhammed.
A Jlirz6 Muhammad W a s mentioned on p. 370.
aso. Shaikh Ba'yegid [Mu'azzam Khin], grandson of Shaikh S d m
of F a t h p h Sikri.
Byazfd'r mother nursed Prince S a h (Jah6ngfr) on the day he wsa born
(Tuzuk, p. la). I n the 40th year of Akbar'e reign, B. wao a commander of W ,
m d gradnally mse to a command of 2000. Bfter Jahbnglr's &on, he received
a mangab of 3000, and the title of Mu'azzam Khbn. Soon aftsr, he w a ~made
Glibahdh of Dihlf (I. c., p. 87). and in the 3rd year, a commander of 4000, 2000
horse. On hia death, he wes buried at Fathplir Sikri (1. c.. p. 262).
His son Mukarram K h h wan son-in-law to Islbm Khbn Shaikh 'Albuddln
(another grandeon of Shaikh Salfm), nuder whom he nerved in Bengal.1 H e
distingnished himself in the expedition to Klich Hbjd, and brought the zamindiu
Parioh'hat before the governor.* At the death of his father-in-law, M u h h h i m
K h h Shaikh Q B e i , brother of Ieliim Khbn, wae made governor of Bengal. and
Mnkarram K h h continued for one year in his office as governor of K h h H&jd ;
but es he could not agree with Q L i , he went to court.
Later, he was made governor of Ofwb, and conquered the provinoe of Khurdah
(I. c., pp. 214, 215). for which he was made a commander of 3000, 2000 horse.
He seema to have remained in Orisb till the llthyear (1029), when Hastan 'AU
T n r k m h wes sent there an governor (Tuzuk, p. 308). I n the 16th year, M. Kh.
m e to court, and waa made p b a h d k of Dihli and FaqjdC of Mewbt (I. c., p. 332).
I n the 21st year, he was sent to Bengal es governor, vies Khbnahzird W i n .
He travelled by boat. One day he ordered his ship to be moved to the bank, as he wished
to say the afternoon prayer, when a sudden gale broke forth, during which he and
his companions were drowned.
ael. G h d ' n Kha'n, of J610r.
Ghaznln Khbn waa in the 40th year of Akbar'e reign a commander of a00.
H e is mentioned in the Pddishdhndmah (I., 167Y es having served during the reign
ofJahbngir against the %nb
Bi d in his HuLory of Chrjrut (pp. 124, 405) calla him Q h a z n a d Khdn and
QharniKhdn, and says, he was the aon of Malik Khanji JUori. Ghaznin K h i n
seems to have been inclined to join the insurrection of Sul* M u d a r . The KhBn-
kh8nhn, on the 9th Muherram, 998, sent a detachment e n s t Jblor ; but perceiving

' Islbm Khbn was married to a sister Tuzuk i Jahci iri (p . 147, 220, 221,
of hbullad, b whom he bad; son called 223) ; in the ?ddirhcfhndmi 1.. 496 ;
Ho~heng. ~ s f b mKhin died as overnor 11.. 64 to 79, 87. 88, 94; and in the
of h n g a l on the 6th Raja[ 1V22. Path id'rhdn; vide also Journal, Asia-
Tuzuk, p. 126. tic Society, Bengal, Vol. VII ; Stewart's
The Pddishdhndmah (II.,64), where History of Bengal, p. 96 ; and above,
Mukarram Khbn's expedit~onis related, pp. 316, 340,343.
distinguishes between Kdch Hirjfi and ' Wrongly called in the Bibl. Indice
K5ch Bihirr. The former was in the Edition of the Pddishdhncimah (I., 167),
beginning of Jah&ngir's reign under Ghazali Khln.
Parichhat, the latter under Lachmf Qhaznin's jdgir before Akbar's con-
N d i n . Hljli is the name of a famous quest of Qujrat, as detailed by Bird
leader of the K5ch ople, who in ethno- (p. 124) includes portions of NBgor and
logical works is Mi& bare expelled the Pirtpha,and b e s the revenue at nearly
Bachlria and founded a dynasty which 1 0 lacs of rupees, with 7,000 horse. Thu
lasted two hundred yearn. His dewen- can only have been nominal. Abulfazl,
dante still exercisej u r a regalia in Kdch in hie dmription of 96bah Ajmir, I I I r d
BihBr Pro r. Materiala for a history book, mentions 3f lacs of rupees, with
of Kdch g i h k will be found in the 2000 horse, as tbe ' a m ' of Jilor and
Akbarndmah (Lucknow Edition, 111.. Uqchor (S. W. of f81or).
p. 208, annole of the 41et year) ; in the
 that he waa not in a fit condition to offer mistance, Ghaznin went submiseively to
court. The emperor took compassion on him, and confirmed him in hie hereditary
possessions.
His son Pahhr waa executed by Jahbnglr. "When I came to Dih Qbziybn,
near Ujjain, I summoned Pahbr. This wretch had been pot by me, after the death
of his father, in possession of the Fort and the district of JSlor, his ancestral home.
H e is a young man, and was often checked by his mother for hia bad bahavionr.
Annoyed a t this, he entered with some of his companions her apartments, and killed
her. I investigated the case, found him guilty, and had him executed." (pafar,
1026 ; Tuzuk, p. 174).
Another son of Ghaznfn Khbu is Nizbm, who died in the 6th year of ShShjahbn's
reign. He was a commander of 900, 660 horse (Pddiuhdhn., I,, b., 313).
Ghbznfn's brother Firdz was a commander of 600, 4QO horse, and died in the
4th year (Pddkhdhn., I., b, 319).
The PMishbhndmah (II., 739) mentions also a Mujbhid of Jblor, who in the 20th
year of Shfijahiin's reign was a commander of 800,800 horse.
262. Ki'jak Khwa'jah, son 6f Khwiijah 'Abdullah.
The first volulne of the Akbarnbmah (p. 411) mentions a Kijak Khwsjah among
the grandees who accompanied Humhydn to India. The third volume of the same
work (p. 470) mentions a Kijak Khwdjah, who in 093 served against Qutld Lohbnl:
in Bengal. Vide No. 109.
263. Sher Kha'n Mughul.
264. Fathullah, son of Muhammad W&.
.,
H e appean, to be the Fathullah mentioned in the Akbarndmah (I11 826) ss the
uharbatddv of the emperor. Akbar made him an Amir. For some fault he was
sent to the Dak'hin; but as he got ill, he was recalled. He recovered, and went on
sick leave to Mbndli, where he died (1008).
266. Ra'i Manohar, son of Rijah Lo~knran.
E j a h Lonkaran belonged to the ShaikhQwat branch of the Kachhwbhaha.
H e served, in the 21st year, under Mbn Singh against the %u6, and went in the
same year with Rhjah Bir Bar to Dongarplir,' the zamindhr of which wished to
send his daughter to Akbar's harem. I n the 24th year, he served under Todar
in Bihitr, and in the 24th year, under the Khhn Khbnin in Gujrbt.
Manohar, in the 22nd year, reported to the emperor on his visit to Amber, that
in the neighbourhood an old town existed, the site of which was marked by
huge maunds of stone. Akbar encouraged him to rebuild it, and laid the foundation
himself. The new settlement was called 3101 Manoharnagar.' I n the 46th year,

' The word dongar which occurs in Jhbrkand, or jungle region, the general
the names of places from S o w h to M81- name of Chutih Nhgpur. T h e above-
wah and Central India, is a Gond word mentioned Dongnrpdr lies on the N. W.
meaning a forest. There are many frontier of GujrBt (Akbarn,. III., 169,
Dongarpdrs, Dongargbgws, Dongarthls, 170, 477).
Dongars, &c. Similarly, the word bir Tho ma s give a Manoharpiu, north
in MundSri signifies a jungle, whence of Amber, a k u t Lat. 27" 20'.
Birbhfim (Western Bengal). Thue also
 he was appointed with Rbi Durgb Lbl (No. 103) to pursue Nuzaffar EIusain Mlnh
(p. 464), who was caught by Khwbjah Waisf.
I n the 1st year of JahBngir's relgn, he served under Prince Parwiz against the
and waa made, in the 2nd year, a commander of 1500, 600 horse (Tuzuk,
p. ) H e served long in the Dak'hin, and died in the 11th year.
His son Prit'hi C h h d received after the death of his father the title of Rbi, and
wan made a commander of 500, 300 horse (1. c., p. 160).
Manohar wrote Persian verses, and was called a t court Mirzb Manohar ; vide
my article A chapter from Nuhammadan Histoy, Calcutta Review, April, 1871.
266. Khwayah 'Abdussamad, Shirin-qalam (sweet-pen).
H e is not to be confounded with No. 353.
Khwbjah 'Abduqqamad was a Shirbzi. His father KhwQjah Nizbmul Mulk
wan Vazir to Shbh ShujB' bf ShMz. Before Humbyin left PrBn, he went to
Tabn'z, where ' A b d a ~ a m a dpnid his respects. H e was even a t that time known as
painter and calligraphist. H u m b y h invited him to come to him, and though then
unable ta accompany the emperor, he followed him in 966 to Kbbul.
Under Akbar, 'A. was a commander of 400 ; but low aa his manqab waa, he had
great influence a t court. I n the 22nd year, 4e waa in charge of the mint a t
F a t h p b Sikri (Akbarndmah, III., 195) ; and in the 31st year, when the officers mere
redistributed over the several ~Gbahs,he was appointed Diwbn of Multiin.
As an instance of his skill it is mentioned that he wrote the Sdratulikhldp
(@An, Sur. CXII) on a poppy seed (ddnah i khashkhdah). Vide p. 107.
For his son vide No. 351.
267. Silhadi', son of X j a h B i h i r i Mall (No. 23).
268. Ra'm Chand Kachhwiihah.
Vide p. 387.
mm
' Chand Chmuha'n]. !I'he N ~ a s i rsays that he was the eon of Badal
Singh, and a commander of 500. I n the 17th year, he served under M. 'Aziz Kokah
(No. 21) in Gujrbt, and in the 26th year, under Sultbn M u r a ngainst M.
Muhammad Hakim, king of Kbbul. I n the 28th year, he was under M. Shbhrukh
in the Dak'hin. I n the fight, in which Rhjah 'Ali of Khandesh fell, R. Ch. received
twenty wounds and fell Com his horse. Next day he was found still alive. H e
died a few days later (dlst year, 1005).
260. B d ' d ~ r Kha'n Q6rdir.
H e served in the beginning of' the 18th year in Gujrirt (Akbarndmah, III., 25),
in the 26th in Kirbul (1. c., 333), and in the siege of #SIT (1008).
The Pddirhdhncfmah (I., b., pp. 311,315) mentions Abbbakr and 'Usmbn, sons of
B a h a u r Khbn Qlirbegi, who seems to be the Rame officer. They died in the 8th and
9 t h yearn of ShbhjahBn.
.
870. Bm'nkv, t h e Kachhwihah.
He nerved in the26th year in Kbbul (Akbarn., III., 333). His son Haridi
Urn was nnder Shbhjahku a commander of 1600, 1000 horse, and died in the 9th
of his reign.
 1 . Lbnrn~nxdereof Three Blcndred and fifty.

They were nientioned :~bovcon p. 314; BIirzH Sanjar is not to be confonnded

with tlic JIirziL Sailjar mentioned on p. 477, note 2.
273. 'Ali' Marda'n Baha'dur
The TabnclBt ~ncntionn lli~nns h:rving been in 984 (41wt year) a t court, h m
where he mas sent to Qulij Kh6n (No. 42) a t Pdnr, wlro was to go to Gujrht to see
the ships off which under Snltiln Khwhjjnh (No. 108) were on the point of leaving
for 3I:rkkah. Later he served under the K h i n KhQillrn in Sind,' andin the 41st rear,
in tho Dak'l~in. Sul)srqiirntly, lie co~nmandtdtlie Taling6nah corps. I n t h e 46th
year, ho rnarclled to PAt'llri to nssist Sher Khwlijah (No. l'iG), when he heard that
B:rlrQdur KhLn Gililni, WIIOII~ he hacl left with a small detlchment in Talinginab,
had been defeated. H e returned, n~rd attacked tlie enemies who were much stronger
than h e ; his rnen fled, and he himself was captured. 111 tho same year, Abulfaal
mntle peace, and 'Ali 9Iardrin was set at liberty. I n tlie 47th year, he served with
distinction under Mirzi rrij (No. 255) ngainst BIalik 'Axnbar.
I n the 7th year of JnhQngir's . reign, he WAY att,ached to the corps commanded
by 'Abdnllah Khirn Firilz-jang, who had been ordered to move with the Gujrdt
army over N t i k into tlre Uak'l~in,in order to co-operate with the second army mrp
under KhLn J a h i n Lodi. 'Ahdullah entered the hostile territory without meeting
tlie second army, and returned towards Gujrtit, now pursued by the enemies. In
one of the fights which ensued, 'A. hI. w w wounded and captured. H e was taken
before Blslili 'Ambar, and though the doctors did everything to save him, he died
two days later of' his wound^, in 1021 A. 14. (Tuzuk, p. 108).
H i s son Knmn~ullah served uuder J a h i l r ~ ~ (Tuzuk,
ir p. 269), and waa under
Shhhjahbn a cornnlander of 1000, lUUO horse. H e was for some time commandant
of' Port Odgir, and died in the Blst year of ShLl~j.'sreign.
274. Raea'Quli', sou of U b n Jahin (No.24).
Ti'Je above p. 331.
875. Shaikh Khu'bu' [Qutbuddin K h i n i Chiehti] of Fathplb S i b .
His father was a ShnikhzQdnh of Badion, and his mother a daughter of S W
Salim. Khdb6 ww a foster-brother of JshBnglr.* When the prince was a t Illlibkd
in rebelliou agiiinst Akbar, he conferred upon Kh6bd the title of Qutbuddln Z(hh,
and made him ('dbahdilr of Bihbr. On his accession, he made him Cdbphdiu of
Bellgal, vice BIbn Singh (9th JunlSrla I., 1016 ; Tuzuk, p. 37).
A t that time, Sher Afkan 'Ali Quli Ietajld (vids No. 394) was fufidk of
Bardwin, and as his wife Alihrunnisb [Nlir JahBn] waa ooveted by the emperor, Qa$b
was ordered to send Sher Afkan to court, who, however, ref& to go. Qutb,
therefore, went to Bardwin, sending GhiLB, son of his sister, before him, to persuade
Sher Afkan that no harm would be done to him. When Qutb amved, Sher Afkm
went to meet him, accompanied by two men. On h u approach, Q. lifted up I&

T7i&
I., p. 2-18.
Dowaon, Elliot's Historians,
I Jahlngir says t h a t KhLbCs motber
waa dearer to him than hi. own mother.
 bonewhip ae a sign for his companions to cut down Sher Afkan. " What is all tbis P"
exclaimed Sher. Qutb waved his hand to call back his men, and advancing towards
Sher, upbraided him for his dieobedience. His men mistaking Qutb's signal to with-
draw, closed mnnd Sher, who m h e d with h i sword against Qutb, and gave him a
deep wonnd in the abdomen. Qutb was a stout man, and eeizing his protruding bowels
with his hands, called out to h i men to cut down the scoundrel. Ambah IChiLn,
r Kashmiri noble of royal blood, thereupon charged Sher Afkan, and gnve hi111 n
s d cat over the head ; but he fell a t the same time pierced through by Sher'a
sword (p. 474 note I). The men now crowded round him and struck him to tl14,
ground. Qutbuddin wan still on horsebaok, when h e heard that Sher At'kiin l ~ r t lheen
killed, and he sent off Q h i S to bring his effecta and his family to UardrBa. l l u the11
was removed in a palkee. H e died whilst W i g w r i e d away. His corpse waa take11
to P a t h p i i ~Sir4 and buried.
In 1013, he built the JBmi' mosque of Badbon. '
H i s son, Shaikh I b r b h h , wan, in 1015, a commander of 1000, 300 horse, nntl
bad the title of Kwhwar Khdn. H e was for some time governor of RohtC, and
s ~ e idn the beginning of 1021 against 'UsmBn.
Ilshdinh, non of Kishwar Khbu, is mentioned in the PddieRa'Ana'nac~h(I., b.,
100,177,307; 11, 3 4 , 379,411,484).
276. Zh'-ul Mulk, of KPahin.
The A k b a t d m a h (111, 990, 628) and the Tusitk (p. 11) mention a Zidudtlt'/i.
The Hakiln Z i h d d i n of K&h&, who nnder ShBhjehbn held the title of Ikilimat
Khh, can scarcely be the same.
277. Hamaah Beg Ghatra'ghali'.
H e may be the brother of No. 203. The A k l a m d m a h (III., 265) mentiona also
r Hnsain Beg Ghntrhghali.
278. Mukhta'r Beg, son of Agh6 Mullti.
IUukhtlv Beg served nnder A'zam KbOn Kokah (No. 21) in Bihhr, Gacjhn-Riisin
(Akbarn., III., 276,473), and in the 36th year, under SultBn Murid in bIilwah.
Naqrullah, son of b l u k h t h Beg, was uuder ShBhjahhn a co~nrnuiidorof 700, 150
borne, and died in the 10th year.
Fathullah, son of Naprullah, w'as under Slr&liji~l~b~i a commander of 500, 50 11ov.r
(Pdduldha., I., b, 318; II., 75'2).
A b u l f i l mils Nuh-htQr Beg the son of AghC Mull&. This would see111 to be the
d g h b Mu116 DswiMOr, mentiolied on p. 369. If so, Mukhtbr Uc:: would be the
brother of Ghiknuddin 'Ali (No. 126). The S g h i N ~ i l l bmeutiu~~ed Lelow (Xu. 3it;8,

to judge from the Tuzuk (p. 27), is tho brother of Apaf Khhn 111. (No. 981, and ha1 81,
m of the 11-e of Bildi'uzzamd~l,who unrler ShBlijnhirn waa n coui~uatlderof
1 ~ Lome, (Pdd., I., b., 327 ; II., 761). I n ~1uhan1111ad:i11
fnlr~ilieatlre 11s1neof tllo
m u d f a t h e r is often given to the gradchild.
270. Ha* 'Ali' 'Arab.
H e w w d , in the B2nd year, in AfgliSuisthn (Aklara., III., 540,648).
280. Peshrau Kha'n [Mihtar SalBdat].
Jdihtar Sa'hlat had been brought up iu Tabriz, and am in the service of S h i l ~
TahrnQp, who gave him aa n prcsent to Hurnky611. A h r Z111rniyun's deatl~,Ile w i u
63
pro~uoted,and got the t~tloof Peshrau Khdn. In the 19th year, Akbar sent him on
a miusion to Bihirr, where he was caught on the Ganges by Gajpati, the great
zaminddr (p. 399, note 2). When Jagdespiu, the stronghold of the Ujah, was
conquered, Gdjpati ordered several prisoners to be killed, among them Peshrau. The
executioner, however, did not kill him, and told another man to do so. But the
latter midentally could not get his sword out of the scabbard ; and the Rirjah, who
was on the point of flying, having no time to lose, ordered him to take P. on his
elephant. The elephant was mild and restive, and the man who was in charge of P.,
fell from the animal and got kicked, when the brute all at once commenced to roar in
such a manner, that the other elephante ran away frightened. Although P.'s hands
were tied, he managed to get to the kaldwcrh (p. 127) of the driver, and thus sat firm ;
but the driver unable to manage the brute, threw himself to the ground and ran away,
leaving P. alone on the elephant. Next morning it got quiet, and P. threw himself
down, when he was picked up by a trooper who had been searching for him.
I n the 21st year, he reported at court the defeat of Gajpati' (Akbnm., III., 163).
I n the 25th year, he se~redinfingal (I. c., p. 289). Later he was sent to Nizhmulmulk
of the Dak'hin, and afterwards to Bahhdur Khirn, son of Rirjah 'Ali Khhn of KhLndesh.
His mission to the lntter was in vain, and Akbar marcl~edto A'sir. P. distinguished
himself in the siege of Mdligndh.
Jnhbngir made him a commander of 2000, and continued him in hi office as
superintendent of the Eirrrdsh-khdnah (Quarter-Master).
P. died in the 3rd year, on the 1st Rajnb, 1017. Jahbngfr says (Tnzuk, p. 71),
'I He was an excellent servant, and though ninety years old, he was smarter than many

a young man. He had amassed a fortune of 15 lam of rupees. His son Riciyat is
unfit for anything ; but for the sake of his father, I put him in chnrge of half the
E'a~rcish-khdnuh.
281. Qa'zi' Haean Qazwini.
I n tho 32nd year (995), he sewed in GujrLt (Akbnm., III., 637, 654, where the
Lucknow edition has Q M Husain), and later in the siege of &sir (1. c., III., 826).
282. Mi'c Mura'd i Juwaini.
He is not to be confounded with NO. 380, but may be the same ns mentioned
on p. 364.
Juwain is the Arabic form of the Persian GCjLn, the name of a small town: in
KhurLBn, on the road between Bisthm and Nishbpfir. I t lies, according to the
Yactsil; in the district of Bnihaq, of which Sabzwhr is the capital, and is renowned
as the birth-plsce of many learned men and poets.
Hir Murbd belongs to the Sayyids of Juwain. ku he had been long in the
Dak'hin, he was also called Dak'lcint. He was an excellent shot, and Akbar appointed
him rifle-instructor to Prince Khurram. He died, in the 46th year, as Bakhshf of
Lirhor. He had two sons, QBsim Khbn and Hhhim Khiin.
Qhsim Khhn wns an excellent poet, and rose to distinction under Islam
Khan, governor of Bengal, who mado him treasurer of the qdbah. Later, he &d

Ga,jpatiis brother, Biri Skl, Lad been

killed (Akbarn., III., 1CiL).
/ ' T'ido Wlietenfeld's Yaout, II., l6.i.
3ianija11 h g u m , si~terof Nlir Jtd~ha,and thus bccnme a friend of Jallhndr. An
esmple of a happy repartee is given. Once Jahhugir asked for a cup of water.
The cnp was so thin, that it could not bear the weight of the water, and when handed
to the emperor, it broke. Looking at Qbim, J. mid (metre Rama1)-
tblj
d!+ & djG &IS
The cup was lovely, and the water lost its rest-
when W i m , completing the verse, replied :
~>~+d~lh*d*,lJ,Jh*~
I t saw my love grief, and could not suppress its tears.
I n the end of J.'s reign, he was 96bahdk of Agrah, and ivas in charge of the
hu+min the fort. When the emperor died, and ShhhjahQn left the Dzrk'hin,
w
m paid his respects in the %h i Dahrah (Agrah), which in honor of Jahhngir had
been called Ndr Mamil, and waa soon after made a commander of 6000, 600 horse, aud
appointed governor of Bengal, vice Fidiri KhBn.
As Shajahfin when prince, during his rebellion, had heard of the wicked practices
of the Portuguese in Bengal, who converted natives by force to Christiniiity, he
ordered Qkim to destroy their eettlement at H k l i . I n the 6th year, in Sha'bitn,
1041,or February, 1632, A. D. (Pcidwhdhn., I., 436, 437), Q. sent a corps under his
son 'In6yatnllah and Allah Yhr Kh&n to H k l i . The Portuguese held out for tl~ree
months and a half, when the Muhammadans succeeded in layiug dry the ditch in
front of the Church, dng a mine, and blew up the church. The fort was taken. Ten
thousand Portuguese are said to have perished during the siege, and &MX) were t k e n
prisoners. About 10,000 natives whom they had in their power, were liboratcd. One
thousand Musalmins died as martyrs for their religiou.'
Three days after the conquest of H6gli, Qbim died (1. c., p. &a&). The JQmi'
Siaiid in the Atgah B 6 8 r of A,ph was built by him.
283. Mi? Qs'sim Badakhshi.
He served in the Dak'hin (Akhrn., III., 830).
284. Bandah 'Ali' MaiGni.
Maidhni is the name of an Afghiin clan ; vide No. 317. Bandah 'Ali served iu
the 9th year with Muhammad Hakiln of KBbul, who wns attacked by hIirzh Suleim$ll
of Wakhshhn (No. 6), nnd had applied to Akbar for help. I n the 30th atid 34ud
years, he semed in Kiibul (Akbanl , II,, 299 ; I I I . , 477, 5M).
The Akbarniimah (II., 209) also mentions a Baudah 'Ali Qurbegi.
286. KhwaQagi' Fathullah, son of Hiji HaliLullah of KQshAn.
Ho was mentioned a h v e on pp. 359, 464. He served in the 30th year uilder
h l i r d 'LizKokah (No. 21). Akbarn., III., 473.
286. Za'hid
287- Doat [Mdammad]
288. Ya'r LMuhammad] 1
The siege of Hdgli comme~iced on
sons of FJdiq K16n (No. 43).

fur sorue time been tlie head quarters of

the 2nd ZI Haiah, lU.Ll,or 11th June, the Mughul nrlny, is called on our lnirps
163-2, and the town was taken on the Holodpur, and 11esN. IV. of litigli.
1 4 t h 1Lobi' I, 1042, or 10th Suptember, The Portuguese church at U~ndel (a
1A3.2. Tho village of lIaldiprir, 111~11- corruption of landur?) bears the yoar
tioncd in the PiKLiahhLuirlllrrh ira Laving 1639 011 its keystone.
 They llave k e u n~entioned.above on p. 367. Zhl~id,in the end of 1016, served
ngaiust filpat (No. 25%).
Regarding Zirhid, vide also 8 p a w h m the T d d k l i Mu'+&, translated in
Dowson'a cdition of Elliot's Historians, I., 246.
289. 'Ixastullah Ghnjduwhi.
Ghnjduwhn is a small town in Bukhdri*
The A k b a m h a h (III., 648) mentions a Qhzl 'Izzatullah, who, in the Send yem,
served in AfghhiaGn.

X X . Commanders of Three Hundred.

200. A1lcutnQnlij.
201. Ja'n Qulij.
TWOMSS. have Xltdn Qulij, son of Khirn Qulij, which latter name would be an
nnusunl transposition for Qulij K h h . They are not the sons of Qulij K h h (No. 42),
vide Nos. 292 and 293.
Xltdn Qulij is mentioned in the Akbarnhah (III., 664) as having sellred in
Baglknah with Bharjl, the Ritjah, who was hard pressed in Fort Yolher by hia relations.
Bhaji died about tlic same time (beginning of the 33rd yoar).
202. Saifdah [ Q d j u a h l of eulij (No.42).
203. Chi'n Qulij,
&I$ is Arabic, and means the same as the Turkish pulij, a sword. Saifullah
was mentioned under No. 203. In the begiuning of the 33rd year, he served mder
p d i q Khtin (No. 43) in Afghdnistkn.
Regarding Mirzii Chin Qulij, the Madsir says that he waa an edocated, liberal,
man, well versed in governme~itmatters. He had learned under M G M u w a of
Jaunpdr, and was for n long time Faujd&r of JannpCr and B a n h .
At the death of hie father, his younger brother MinB Lhanri, the spoiled pet son
of his father, joined Chin Qulij in Jaunpdr. He had not been long there, when he
interfered in governnlent matters, and caused disturbances, during which Chin Qulij
lost his life. His immense property escheated to the state ; it is said that it took
the clerks a whole year to make the inventory.
In 1022, when Jahiinglr was in Ajmir, he summoned Mull& Muw, who had
been tlie Mird's teacher, with the intention of doing him harm. While at court, he
got acquainted with Mull6 Muhammad of T'hat'hah, a teacher in the employ of
Aqafjirh (or Aqaf Khbn IV. ; wide p. SGO), who had scientific discussions with him,
and finding him a learned man, interceded on his behalf. MnFtafB was let off, went
to Makkah and died.
M i d Ldhaurf waa caught and imprisoned. after some time, he was set a t
liberty, and received a daily allowance (yaumiyyah). He had a honae in &I&,
near the Jamnah, at the end of the Darsan, and trained pigeons. H e led a mieorable
life.
The Macisir mentions a few instances of his wicked behaviour. Once he buried
one of hislservanta alive, as he wished to know something about Munlrir and
Nakfr, the two angels who, according to the belief of the Muhammadans, examine the
dead in the gravo, beating the corpse with sledge hammers, if the dead man is found
 wanting in belief. When the man wss dug out, he mas found dead. Another time,
when with his father in Lbhor, he disturbed a Hind6 wedding-feast, and carried off
the bride ; and when tho people complained to his father, he told them to be glad that
they were now related to the F6bahdC of Lgihor.
The other sons of Qulij Khhn, as Qulijnllah, Chin Qnlij, W j 6 Q., Baiiam Q,
J h Q., held moatly respectable manpabs.
The Zksuk i JahdngM relates tho story differently. Both M. Chin Qulij and
Y.Uhauri are described as wicked men. Chin Q.. after the death of his father, came
with his brothers and relations to court ($!afar, 1023; Tuzuk, p. 127), and wceived
. J a u n p h as j k i r . Ae the emperor heard of the wicked doings of M. Llrhauri,
from whom no man was ssfe, he sent an Ahadi to Jaunplir to bring him to court.
when Chin Qulij fled with him to several Zamindirrs. The men of JahQnglr Quli
Khbn, governor of EihBr, at last cnught him; but before he was taken to the
governor, Chill died, some say, in consequence of an attack of illness, others
from wounds he had inflicted on himself. His corpse was taken to Jahhngir Quli
Khbn, who mnt it with his family and property to Iliihirbzkl. The greater part of his
property had been squandered or given away to zamiudhrs (1024; ITuzurt, p. 148).
204. Abul Fatta'h Atatli'q,
206. Sayyid Ba'yazi'd of B&he.
He ser~edin the 33rd year (996) in Gnjrbt (Akbarn., III., 663). In the beginning
*
of the 17th year of Jahbnglr's reign (1031), he received the title of MuFtaf6 Khhn
(!Zbzuk, p. 344).
In the 1st year of Shirlijah&n'e reign, he waa made a commander of 2000, 700
horse (PU., I., 183). Iris name is not given in the list of grandem of tho Pddiehdh-
ndma h.
206. Bdbhadr, t h e RBthor.
207. Abul Ma'apli',son of Sayyid Muhammad &fir'Ad1 (No. 140).
BQ8. Ba'qir An+rl.
He was in Bengal at the outbrenk of the military revolt. I n the 37th year, he
served under MBn Singh in the expedition to Oyish (Akbarn., III., 267, 641).
2OQ. Ba'yazi'd Beg Turkmin.
He was s t first in Mun'im's service (Akbam., XI., 238, 263). The PidisLShnhah
(I.,b., 328) mentions Xahmlid Beg, son of BiLyadd &g. T i e No. 336.
300. Shaikh Daulat Bakhtyhr.
301. Husttin, t h e Pak'hliwhl.
The story of the origin of his family h m the QQrliiqsunder Timur (vide p. 454) is
Riven in the Tuzuk (p. 290). Jah&rigir ad&, "but theydo not know who was then
their At present, they are common Panjhbis (Ldhaut4 im h m ) , and speak
Panjbbf. This is also the w e with D h a n t w (vide No. 396).
SultBn Husain, as he called himself, is the son of S u l t h Mahmfid. His
rebellious attitude tow& Akbar has been mentioned above, on p 464 When Jahbngir
in the 14th year (beginning of 1029) paid him s visit, Husain was about seventy years
old, but still active. He was then K commander of 400, 300 horn, and Jakbngir
promoted him to a mangab of 600, 360 horse.
 Humin died in the 18th year. (cnd of 1032 ; ntrrtk, p. 367). His command and
the district of Pak'hli were given to his son S11idmbn.
Shidmdn served under Din5 Shikoh in Qandnhhr (beginuing of 1052), and wns
in the 20th yenr of Shbhjahh'a reign a commander of 1000, 900 horse. Pddishdh-
d m a h , 11.. 293, 733.
The Tuzuk @. 2W) mentions a few placee in the district of Pak'hli, and haa a
remark on the thick, strong beer which the inhnbitanta make from bread and rice.
302. Kern' Da's, son of Jai Mall.
Pide No. 408. One MS. has J a i t Mall, instead of J a i Mall. The PhdishBh-
ndmah (I., b., 310) mentions a Rijnh Cfirdhar, son of Kesd D L , grandson of J a t -
Mall of Mirt'ha The Tuzuk frequently mentions a Kesd D h Mhri (Tuzuk,
pp. 9, 37, 203).
303. Mi'rxa' Kha'n of Nishiplir. One MS. has Jn'n for Khin.
304. Mnzaffar, brother of Khfin '#lam (No. 58).
My text edition has wrongly Khdn i A'eant, for B h d n 'Mum.
306. Tulsi' Da's Ja'don.
He served in 992 against SultBn Muzaffar of Gujrht (Akbarn., III., 422).
The Akbarndmah (III., 167,434, 698) mentions another Jhdog, R6jah GopBI. l i e
died in the end of the 34th year, and is mentioued in the TabaqRt as a commander
of 2000.
306. Rahmat Kha'n, son of Masnad i 'Ali.
B a w d i '&a' is an Afghbn title, s~ N n j l i s z r l Majdlk, Majlia d Ikhtiydr, &c.
I t wna the title of Fattd Khdn, or Fnth Khdn, a courtier of Islem ShBh, who
&rmards joined Altbar's service. He served under Husain Quli KhBu JahBn
(No. 24) in 980 agninst Nngarkot (Baddona' 11, 161). The Tabqdt makes him 3
commander of 2000. He seems to be the same Fath Khdn whom Sulaimin Kararhni
had put in charge of Roh& in Bihdr (Bad., II., 77).
He died in the 34th year in Audh (Akbarn., III., 699).
A Rahmat Khhn served in the 46th year in the Dak'hin. Rahmat Khhu's
brother, Shbh Muhammnd, is mentioned below, No. 395.
307. Ahmad Qa'sim Kokah.
H e served in 993 against the Ybufzals, and in 996, under P a i q Whn, % i n s t
the Tbrikfs (Akbarn., III., 490, 652).
The Tuzuk (p. 169) mentions a Yhr Beg, son of A. Q.'s brother.
308. Baha'dur Oohlot.
300. Daulat Kha'n Lodi.
He was a Lodi Afghsn of the Shhh6-khail clan, and was at first i n the service
of 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21). When 'AMurrnhim (No. 29) married the daughtor of
'Aziz, Daulat Khdn was transferred to 'Abdurrahh's service, and 'Azfz in sending
him to his son-in-law, said, " Take care of this man, and you may yet get the title of
your father (KhhnKh&nhn)." Danlat distinguished himself in the wnrs in Cf~urbt
(p. 336, l., 1, where for Doet Khhn, as given in the M A i r , we have to rend
Daulat Khrin), in T'hat'hah, and tho Dak'hin. His courage was proverbinl. In his
master's contingent he held a command of 1000. Sulthn 1)Bny81 won him over,
and made him a commander of 2000.
 H e died in the end of the 46th year (Sha'bbn, 1009) a t Ahinndungar (dkLur#~r.,
111.. 846). It is said that Akbar stood in awe of him, and when he heard of hin
death, he is reported to have said, " To-day Sher Khbn Sdr died."
Daulat K h h ' s eldest son, whom the Maitsir calls Nahtnfid, wns half mad. I n
the 46th year, on a hunting tour, he left his companions, got into s quarrel with some
Kolis near Pa, and perished.
Daulat's second son is the renowned P i r Khhu, or Pini, better ltnown in history
under his title K h d n Jahdn h d i . I f Bkbar'n presentiments were deceived in the
father, they were fulfilled in the son.
. Pir Kh6n, when young, fell out with hia father, and fled with his elder brother,
whom the Ha&r here calls Xuhammad Khhn, to Bengal, where they were assisted
by MQn Singh. Muhammad Khbn died when young.
L i k e his father, P. Kh. was in the service of Sultfin DhnyLl, whg treated him
like a friend and called him ' son.' On the death of the Prince, Pir, then twenty
years old, joined Jahbngir's service, was made in the second year a commander of
3u00. and received the title of $'albbat Khbn (Tuzuk, p. 42). H e gradually rose
to a m a n p b of 6000, and received the title of Khbn Jahhn, which was looked upon
as second in dignity to that of KhbnKhLnbn. Although Jah6ngir treated him like
an intimate friend rather than a subject, Khhr: J a h i n never forgot his positiou and
formed no ambitious plans.
W h e n Prince Parwiz, U j a h Mbn Singh and Sharif KhBn (No. 351) were
sent to t h e Dak'hiu to reinforce the KhLn Khhnbn, and matters took nn nnfarornllv
turn, K h h Jahfin, in 1018, was seut with PPOOO troopers to their nwsistance. A t
t h e review, J A h n g i r came down from the state window, put his turban ou Iil:. J.'s head,
seized his hand, and helped him in mounting. Without delaying in Burhbnpdr,
Kh. J. moved to %lbghbt, where the irnperial army was. At blullriplir, a great fight
took placa with Malik 'Ambar, and the imperialists, unaccustomed to the warfare of
t h e Dak'hiiis, lost heavily. The KhbnKhhnfin met him with every respect, and
took him to MIhghbt. According to the original plan, Kh. J. was to lead the
Dak'hin corps, and 'Abdullah Khbn the GujrQt army, upon DaulatBbhd (11. 496).
M d k 'Ambar afraid of being attacked from two sides, succeeded in gaining over the
Ph&n Khbnhn, who managed to detain Kh. J. in Zafarnagar ; and 'Abdulluh, when
m a r c h i n g forward, found no support, and had to retreat with heavy losses. KL. J.
g o t s h o r t of provisions; his horses died away, and the splendid army with which he
had set out, returned in a most disorderly state to Burhbnplir.
Bh. J. accused the KhbuKhbuhn of treason, and offered to conquer BijLpfir
in two yeam, if the emperor would give him 30000 men and absolute power. Thin
J&&ngir agreed to, and the K h i n i A'zam (No. 21) and Khbn 'blam (No. 328)
were s e n t to hie assistance. But though the K h E n K h b h n had heen removed, the
duplicity of the A d r s remRinud what i t had been before, and matters did not improve.
The command was therefore given t o the Khhn i A'zam, and Kh. J. received T'hklner
as j k i r , and was ordered to remain a t rlichpfir. After a year, he returned to court,
L o t was treated by the emperor in aa friendly a manner aa before.
In the 15tb year, wl~eu the Persians tlireatoned Qnndahb, Kh. J. was made
g o v e r n o r of Multbn. Two yeara lator, in the 17th year, Shilh 'Abbh took Qnndahhr
 504
'I

aRer a siege of forty clays. Kh. J. wan called to court br

forbidden ta attack Shhh *.4bb& because kioga should be oppord by
&"kh
&. b
he came to court, Prince Khnrram waa appointed to m n
was ordered back to Multh, to make preparations for the

five tankahe, and each foot soldier two tankaha per diem,
they were willing to go with him
supplies. But B. J. refwed the
k i i him, if he head of the attachment of the A w h s to him.
I n the meantime matters changed. Shirljahrin rebelled,

retnrn, and wrote at last himself, wlding

01
Siu, in spite hi enmity, would after 80

In the 19th year, on the death of the gbh i A'-

Oujriie, and when Mahiibat Khkn was sent to Ben& he
P r i m P a d z , whom he joined at Burhknph.
In 1035, the 2lst year, Parwiz died, end the Dak'
H e moved against Fath Khhn, son of W i 'Ambar, ta
now more than snepicioua : he accepted proposale made

md ordered the imperial Faqjdh and ThBnahdb to

to do, and confirm him a t the same time

but ae he in the mantime had formed o

been made emperor by the army, Shahryh had

, ShS4j. hnd offended him by conferring the title o

&¶dmdrf. But he soon m w how mistsLen ha wm.

The Emperor was willing to overlook pant faults, and left him in poseernion of
the government of Mblwah.
I n the second year, after punishing J h u j h l r Singh, Kh. J. came to court, and
wan treated by the Emperor with cold politeness. Their mutual distrust soon showed
itself. Shbhj. remarked on the strong contingent which he had brought to Agrah,
and several parganahs of his j w r a were transferred to others. Onc evening, a t a
darbk, M h l Lashkari, son of Mukhlip Khbn, foolishly mid to the sons of Kh. J.,
" H e will some of these days inlprison your father." Kh. J. on hearing this, shut
himeelf up a t home, and when the Emperor sent Isllm Khhn to his house to enquire,
he begged the messenger to obtain for him an am&-ndmah, or letter of safety, as he
was hourly expecting thedispleasure of his muter. Shhhj. was generous enough to
send him the guarantee; but though even Agaf B h h tried to wnllole him, the old
suspicions were never forgotten. I n fact i t would seem that he only feared the
more for his d e t y , and on the night from the 26th to the 27th Cnfar, 1039, after a
stay a t court of eight months, he fled from Xgrah. When w i n g the Hatiipul'
Darwbzah, he humbly threw the reins of his home over his neck, bent his hcnd
forward on the saddle, and exclaimed, " 0 God, thou knowest that I fly for the
preservation of my honor ; to rebel is not m y intention." On the morning before his
flight, Apaf had been informed of his plan, and repoi.ted the rumour to tho emperor.
But Ghlhj. said t h a t he could take no steps to prevent Kh. J. from rebelling ; he had
given him the guarantee, and could use no force before the crime hnd actually k e n
committed.
An outline of Kh. J.'s rebellion may be fouud in Elphinstone's history, where tlic
main facts are given.
When he could no longer hold himself in the Dak'hin, he resolved to cut his
way to the Panjbb. H e entered Mirlwah, pursued by 'Abdullah K h i n and Muzaffar
Khbn Birha. ARRr capturiiig a t Sironj fifty imperial elephanh, he entered the
territory of the Bundelah Rhjah. But J a g r i j Bikramirjft, son of Jhujl~irrSingh, fell
upon his renr (17th JumLda 11, l o w ) , defeated it, and killed I).rryh K h i n ( a corn-
mander of 4000) and his son, Kh. J.'s best officors (Pddishdlrn., I., 339 ; I., b., 296.)
011arriving in 131iinider,P Kh. J. met Snyyid Muzaffar, slid sending off his baggage
engaged him with 1000 men. Duriug thc fight Mahmlid Khin, one of Kh. J.'s sons,
was killed. On approaching Kilinjor, he was opposed by Sayyid A h m d , the
commandant of the Fort, and in a fight another of his sons, Hasan Khbn, waa
captured. Marching forther, he arrived a t the tank of Seho~dB,where he resolved
to die. H e allowed his men to go away, as his cause was hopeless. On the 1st
Rajab, 1040, he was again attacked by 'Abdullah KhBn and S. Muzaffar, and wna
mortally wounded by Mhdhli Singh with a spear. Before Muzaffar could come up,
the soldiers had cut him and his son 'Aziz to pieces (PbdishBhn. I., 361). Their

' TLe two large stone elephants which Bdndhci. S o likewise for Scclradni ( P a .
stood upon the gate were taken down by , I.. 4YL)), the Mahit- h w Lirnjhi (Gut~d.
A u r a n g ~ i bin ltnjab, 1079, because the wbiah), wlicre Kh. J. n1tc.r the fight
Muhammadan law forb& sculpture. near 1)liolplir and his rnarch through the
Bucia. 'Aflamgiv.i, p. 77. Boudelah State for the fimt time reuted.
So the Badair. The Bibl. Ind. B h h d e r lies N. E. of Jl~iruai.SIJlogdi
Edition of the Piuliah&hnbmah, I.,348, has lie8 N. of U l i u j a r , on thu Pun.
64
 heads were sent to Shbhjahfin a t Bnrhbnp6r, fked for some time to the walls of the
city, and then buried in the vault of Danlat Khbn, Kh. J.'Rfather.
Kh. J. had been a commander of 7000 (Pddiahdhn., I., b., 293).
Several of Kh. J.'s sons, aa Husain, 'Azmat, Mahmdd, and Hasan, had perished
during the rebellion of their father. Another, AqUat Khbn, a commander of 3000,
died during the rebellion a t Dnulathbfid, and Muznffar had left his father, and gone to
court. Farid and J b n JahPn were captured ; 'A'lnm and Ahmad had fled, and went
after some time to court. ' But none of his sons ever prospered.'
The historical work entitled Makhzun i Afghdni, or some editions of it, contain
a chapter in praise of Khlm Jahhn, after whom the book is sometimes called Tdrikh
i Khcin Juhdn Ladi.
310. Sha'h M u h a m m e d , son of Quraiah Soltin (No. 178).
311. H a a a n K h a ' n Niy4nah.
H e was at first a servant of Ghdiq K h i n (No. 43), but later he received a rnanFab.
H e died in the Dak'hin ware.
Of his eight sons, the eldest died young (Tuzuk, p. 200). The second is Buhlril
Xhdn. He rose to a manpab of 1500 under Jahingir ( I . c., pp. 184,200), and receired
the title of Surbaland Khdn. H e was remarkable for his eouruge and his external
appearance. H e scrved in GondwPnah.
A t the accession of Shbhjnhbn, B. was mude a commander of 4000, 3000 horse
and jigirdbr of Bblbplir. H e joined K h i n Jahbn Lodi on his march from Gondwbnah
to BirlQghbt. When he snw that KhiLn Jahbn did not succeed, he left him, and
entered tho service of the NizPm ShPh.
A grandson of BuhlQ, Abul Muhammad, came in the 12th year of Aurangzib's
reign to court, mas made a commander of 5000, 4000, and got the title of Iklrlk
K h d n (3iau's. 'A'lamgiri, p. 81).
For other Miyinah Afghbns, vide Pddbhdhn., I., 241 ; Mads. '&lamgirl, p. 225.
312. Ta'hir Beg, s o n of t h e Khin i Kalrin (No. 16).
313. Kiehn Da'a Tunmar.
H e was nnder Akbar and JahPngir accountant (murhrif) of the elephant and
home etablea. I n the 7th year of J., he was made a commauder of 1000. A short
timo before, he had received the title of Rbjal~(Tuzuk, p. 110).
-
3 1 4 . Xa'n B i n g h Kachhwirhah.
The AkbarnBmah (III., 333, 336) mentions a Mirn Singh DarMA.
816. Mi'r Gada'i; son of &fir Abb T h b .
~ b f Tur&b
i belonged to the SaliLmi Snyyids of Shirh. His p d f a t h e r , Mir
Ghibuddin, h d come to Gujrbt during the reign of Qutbnddin, grandson of Sultbn
A h m d (the founder of Ahrnadhbld); but he soon after returned to Peisia. The
disturbancm, however, during the reign of Shbh Isin6'il i P f a w i obliged him to
take refuge in Gujrfit, where he arrived during the reign of Sultirn Yahmlid
IJizlrall.l H e settled with his son Kambluddin (Abli Turbb's father) in Champhnir-

&. This word is pro- because Mahmlid's army conquered on

nounccd Il;4,and is said mem one day the forts of C h n ~ n ~ i n iand r
having conquered two forts ( p r h ) , JhnBgatL. But J d h n g i r h hh ' Yeinoi-'
 Mahmdd4b1id, and set up as a taacher and writer of school books (ahrsiyah kitdb).
Kamhluddfn also was a man renowned for his learning.
The family had for a long time been attached to the Salsalah i Maghribiyah,
or Jiaghribi (Western) Sect, the " lnmp" of which was the saintly Shaikh' Ahmsd
i KhaNJ. The name ' Salhmi Sayyids' is explained as follows. One of the ancestore of
the fsmily had visited the tomb of the Prophet. When coming to the sacred spot, he
said the customary saldm, when a heavenly voice returned his greeting.
A b J TurBb was a highly respected man. He wns the first that paid hie respects
to Akbar on his march to GujrBt, and distinguished himself by his faithfulness
to his new master. Thus he was instrumental in preventing I'timM Khirn (No. 67)
h m joining, aRer Akbar's departure for Kambhhyat, the rebel I k h t i y k nl-Nulk.
Later, Akbar sent him to Makkah as Mir Hajj, in which quality he wmmanded
r large party of courtiers and begums. On his return, he brought a large stone
from Makkah, which bore the footprint of the prophet (qadam iaharif, or qadam i
mubdrak); vide p. 198. The 'Grikh' of his return is k h a i ~ul aqddm (A. H . 987),
or ' the beat of footprinb.' The stone was said to be the same which Sayyid JalBl
i Bokhiri a t the time of Sulgn Flniz had brought to Dihli. Akbar looked upon the
whole ae a pious farce, and though the stone was received with great k l a t , AbG
T d b was graciously allowed to keep it in his house.
When I'tim4d wae made governor of GujrBt, AbI5 Turhb followed him as Amin
of the p b a h , accompanied by hi sons Mir Muhibbullah and N l r Sherafuddin.
Abfi T d b died in 1005, and was buried a t AhmaditbM.
His third son Mlr GadBi, though he held a mangab, adopted the saintly mode
of life which his ancestors had followed. I u the 46th year, he served in the Dak'hin.
316. Waim Khwa'jah, son of Khwgjah 'Abdul BBri. Vide No. 320.
317. Ba'di 'Ali' Maidhi.
I n HSS.he is o h u wrongly called Ydd 'Alf.
The word nddi is an Arabic Imperative, meaning cal2. It occurs in the following
formula used all over the East for amulets.
Xddi 'Aliyan madaral'ajdil,
. Tajidhr 'aunanji kulli-lmapdib.
Kullu hamn~inroa ghammin sayanjali
Binululru.uliX-a yd Muhammad, bihldyitika yd 'Ali.
Y d 'Ali, yci ' A l i , yd ' A l i .
Call upon 'Ali, i n whom all mysteries reveal themselves,

rays that 8& means butlit i bargashtab, phical works on Saints give many parti-
8haring a turned up, or twisted, mous- culars regarding tbis personage, and the
&he,' s u l t i n ~ ~ h is~ 6 d share which he had, 8s oue of the four
to have had (Tuzuk, p. 212). Gujrtiti Ahmads, in the foundation of
cham bdr, according to ~ i ~ isd , Alrnadtibhd (fourlded 7th Zi W d a h
d e d ~ahmlidiba. The Hacfair has 813). Khaet'mtul d g 6 d (Lihor), p. 957:
Chumpti&-MmhummadLibdd. I ( h a ~ , where Shaikh Ahmad was
Born A. H. 738, died a t the age of educated b his adoptive father Shaikh
111 ( 1 ~ ~ 1 arun,
rj on the 10th ShrwwB, b - h i q i daghribi ( d i d 776, A. H.) lies
W . Shuikh Ahmad lies buried at east of Nhgor.
Sark'hej near AludiLuid. The biogl-a-
 T ~ I Owilt
I I fi11d it h l~rll)in all nfllictions.
E v c ~ ycare n11d evcrg norrow will surely v a n i ~ h
Throltgli thy ~~rophr.tship, 0 Muhammad, through thy saintliness, 0 'Ali.
0 'Ali, 0 'Ali, 0 'Ali !
The byginning o f t h e n n ~ l ~ l su=ycstcd et the name.
111 t l ~ .'(it11
r Scar, NLlli 'Ali scrvcd against N. A I u h a ~ n ~ nHnkim, d in W3 (the
30th year) in IiriL111, rind two Scar8 later undcr Zaiu Koknh (Xo. 31) against the
Tiriliis.
I n the (;t11 year of .l:~l~:iligir's reign, hc \I.~LSmade a commander of 1500, chiefly for
his scrviccas : ~ g : ~ i lt ~l ~>cI<:il~t~l
t rc1,el Ahdid. 111 tile 10th year, he r;ervd in B a ~ ~ g a h ,
~ 1 1 ~ 1Ile
1 \ v ; ~ s 3 c o l ~ ~ l ~ ~ : uof' ~ s 1.;1)0,
lrr 1000 horse. I I e died in the following gear
( 1 ) ; ; I I I I ,I . 1 Ifis sons were provided with manphs.
Iris S I I I I Ili/.:ui (or Ili/ll:rn) dihtinguisl~rtl hirnsclf, i n the 15th year, in Bangah,
nlitl w:ts n~ntlea conlmnn~lcrof llN)O, ,-,OO horse ( I . c., pp. 307, 309).
, ~ h L., 322) nirntions a Xullan~nladZambn, son of Nlidi
Tllr P ~ i ~ l ; . r A , i h ~ i r i , , l (I.,
'Ali ;11s/df, who in t l ~ c10th jear of S11tlijah:in was a cornmnnder of 500, 350 horse.
KLcli 'Ali is not to IJC col~i;~undcdwith tile Il[rliz NJdi 'Ali, who served under
J n h h n ~ i ras Court IlAtiz (Ilitzrrk, 11. 155, and its DihtijoA, p. 19). llur with the Xi&
'Ali \vho rcrrcd under S I I J I I ~ ; L ~ ( PJ dI Id i s h i h ~ a . II., d e .tiOO,
, 749)as a c o ~ ~ ~ m a n of r 200
horse.
318. Ni'l Kant'h, Znniiuclir of Or;&.
3 1 9 . Ghia'~Beg of ' r a h r l i ~ l[I'tinrid-uddrt~~lnh].
Iris rcnl n:tliie is 3lirz;i (2lli:isnddin filrthn~n~nnrl. I n old European histories
A j i s , a corruption of' Chicis, not of ASQZ(jb ).
his llnule is oftcln r;l>clic>d
GhiAs Iklg'tc f;~tllcr \v;~sI<li\v:ij;th illl~llnm~nad Slinrff, who aa p e t m t e mder
1110 atisunicd n:clne of 'Ijirsli. IIe w;is Vnzir t o TritBr Sult6n, sou of Muhammad
K11111 Sllarnl'uddin I ' g l ~ l ~'ralilil. \vl~ohcld the ofice of &glar Begi of KhurMn.
After TJtlir SII~!:~I~'H dc~:lth,tlic h'h\vh,j:~h was continued in office by llin son @ziq
l i l ~ d n nnd
, on Q:izhq's dei~tll,hc \v;ls nlndc by Sllhh Tahmtsp Vnzfr of Tazd.'
K l ~ w i l j : ~fiIu11;tmmod
l~ S11:lrif i~ said to hare died iu A. H. 984. Be had two
llrotl~crs,Khwfijnh JIirzh Al~l~lnd, nnd Khrvijngi Kllwijah. The son of Kh. X i 4
A l ~ ~ n a d the wcll known lihwrijah Arriin G z i (yjb, i.e. of the town of Rai*
of ~vllichhe \vm k u l t i ~ i ( u ~or
. , mnpibtrnte), who travelled a good deal and corn@
the eaccllrnt work entitled 11i1jY l y l t ' ) t ~ , A. II. 1008. Khwiijajngi Khwbjah had n
fion of the nanle of ICh\\rAjah S1lipilr, who wns likewise a literary man.
Cihihs U e g was ~ n n l ~ i ctu d the daugllter of' Nirzh '815-uddaulah, xon of' Aghi
DIullii. Aftcr the dcatll of his fatllcr, in colieequunce of adverse circumstancss, Gh. B.
fld with his two sons nnd ouo daugl1tc.r from P e r ~ i a . H e wan plundered 011 the
-
The ni1,rij~rlr (prrf;acc) of the Tuzitk Indica edition of the Iqbilnbmah ~ M J +
( 20) a d I I I I I I I ~(1.L5 I) I ' he made him his orcn Vazir.'
z'c'l.hutinz in Glliils Ik,~'..ihixtory. Tllcg * ?be words s m of are not in the
do not ~nentionQ:lzicl lillhn. For I i t z d i l f i r c c s ~ r , but in the Tuzuk and the
of tho Maitsir, S:~yjidAllnlncl'y trxt of I ~ ~ b i l r ~ R m n hTwo . Aghk hfullb hare
the Ttuuk has iUiiric,; a r ~ dtho Bibl. heen mentioned on p. 869, and uuder
NO. 2i8, p. 497.
way, and had only two mules left, upon which the members of the family alternately
rode. On his arrival a t QRndahC, his wife gave birth to another danghter, who
received the name of Mihrunnisb ('the Son of Women'), a name which her future title
of N C Jahbn has almost brought into oblivion.' I n their misfortune, they found
r patron in Malik Maa'Jd, leader of the caravan, who is said t o have been known to
Akbar. We are left to infer that it was he who directed O h i k Beg to I n d i a After
his introduction a t Court in Fathpiv Sikri,' Gh. rose, up to the 40th year, to a command
of :U)O. I n the same year, he was made DiwBn of Kbbul, nnd wee in course of time
promoted to a mangab of 1000, and appointed Diwdn i Buyritcft.
Regarding MihranniaL's marriage with 'Bli Qulf, vide No. 394.
I n the beginning of Jahbngir's reign, G h i b Beg received the title of I'timird-
addaoliih. I n the second year, his eldest aon, Muhammad S h a r p joined a conspiracy,
to set Khusrau a t liberty and murder the emperor; but the plot being discovered,
Shnrif was erecuted, and I'tim6d himself was imprisoned. After some time, he was
let off on payment of a fine of two lace of rupees. A t the death of Sher Afkan
(p. 497), Mihrunnisb was sent to court as a prisoner " for the murder of Qutbuddin,"
nod was handed over to Ruqaiyah S u l g n Begum,+ with whom she lived ' unnoticed
(bardtdmi) and rejected.' I n the 6th yeer (1020),she no longer slighted the emperor's
pro@, and the marriage wee celebrated with great pomp. She received the title
of hiir Muhull, and a short time afterwards that of Nlir JRhbn.'
Gh&, in consequence of the marriage, was made Pakil ikul, or prime-minister,
and a commander of 6000, 3000 home. H e also received a flag and a drum, and was
in the 10th year allowed to beat his drum a t court, which was a rare privilege. I n
the 16th year, when J. was on his way to Kashmir, G h i b took ill. The imperial
eonyle were recalled from a visit to Kbngyah Fort, and arrived in time to find him
dying. Pointing to the Emperor. N 6 r JahBn asked her father whether he recognized
him. H e quoted as answer a verse from Anwari-
LO+ k4,u-i bfpJk MJJ S,+~>I elk+
J I ~ ~ J ~dl
'If one who is blind from b i i h stood here, he would recognize his majesty by
his august forehead.'
H e died after a few hours. The Tuzuk (p. 339) mentions the 17th Bahman,
1091, (Rabi' I, 1031) as the day of hia death, aud says that he died broken-hearted
three months and twenty days aftcjr his wife, who had died on the 29th Mihr, 1030,
i.8.. 13th Zi Qn'dah, 1030).
Gh& Beg was a poet. H e imitated the old classice, which rnling passion, as we

It is said that N i v Jahbn a t her 1

death in 1066 was in her seventy-secoud
year. She would thus have been born
' ' Where he had some distant relations,
Ja'fkr Beg (NO. 98).
' Who according to cnstom had the
In A. R . 084 ; hence G h i h Beg's flight same name as his grandfather ; vide
from Persia mnst have taken place imme- p. 497, NO. 278.
diately after the death of his father. The Tuzuk and the Iqbblnbmah
It is well to bear this in mind ;for when have Huqaiyah Sultbn Begum (p. 309).
Nrir J a h h was mn~liedby Jahhngir (in Tho BIairsir has Salimah Sultbn Begum
IVU)), she must have been as old as 34 (p. 309). The I q b i l u h a h (p. 66) has
(eolar) years, an age a t which women WIWII~ for aj?).
in the East are looked upon an old ' In nccordsllce
I her liusba~~d with tho namo of
women. Atirutitlin Jtihdngir.
 d n ftlw IIOIU.~I)eforc lie died. Jlc mui a clever correspondent, and is
saw, ~ l i c ~ citself
said to 1i:~vewritten a bz:tutif'ul Shiknstult hand. Jah:ingir praises h i u for his mi31
qunlitivs, nnd conli~ssed that his society was better than a thousand mufarrih i
ytiytiis.' IIe was ~c~icr:tlly liked, had no cnemies, aud was never seen angry. ' Chains,
tltc \vltip, and aI)nsc, were not Sound in liis house.' ITe protected the wretched,
ehl)cci:illy such ns ltad been hentcnced to death. IIe never was idle, but wrote a great
deal; Itis official ncco~ii~ts mere always in the greatest order. But he liked bribes,
aud shc\ved rnucli bolduess in demanding them.'
His mausoleu~nnear il'grah 1i;w often been described.
Nilr J:rliLn's power over ,J;ihkngir is sutficiently known from the histories. The
emperor said, " Before I married her, I never linew what marriage really meant," and,
r e d dutics of governtncnt on I ~ e ;r I shall be satisfied, if I hare a
" I h:\vc c o ~ ~ f ~ r tlic

scr of nine and 11:ilSa ser of p e r tlicm. W i t h tlte exception of the khrtbah
r tlie reiguing moriarch), slie possessed all privileges of royalty. Thus her
( p r a y ~ ~for
nante wnr invariably melitioned on fariuLns, and even on coins. The ji& - - which
she held, would l~itveconferred on llcr the title of a conllnauder of 30000. A great
portion of hcr zan~indiris lily near Hiruisir, S. E. of Ajmir (Tuzuk, p. 169). She
provided for all licr relations ; even her uurse, Diri Dilbrhm, enjoyed much influence,
and lield the post of ' g a d r of the Women' (SaJr i nxds), and when she conferredlands
;is saytirglrdls, the grants were confirmed and bealed by the Cadr of the empire. Nir
Jahhn is aid to 11;~veparticularly taken care of orpl~angiris, and the number whom
die betrothed or gave outfits to, is estitnated a t five hundred. She gave the tone to
fabllion, and is said to hare invented the ' a t r i Juhiingiri (a peculiar kind of
rosewater). Slie posserised much taste in adorning-apartments
. and arranging feasts. For
n2any gold ornaments she laid down new pntterns and elegant designs, and her
Dudtinti for pcsh~cdz(go~vnx),her ptinchtolicih for oykais (veils), her Iddlah (brocade),
kindri (lace), and fursh i c l t a n d ~ i n i nre
, ~ often mentioned.
1Ier inn ue~lcc ceased with Jalibngir's death and the capture of Shahryb, 6fth
son of the enlpcror, to ~vhomshe liad given her daughter (by Sher Afkan), UrjU
Beguul, in mani:i,oc. She liad no cllildreu by Jahhngir. Shtihjal&n allowed her a
l)cuuio~iof two lacs prr nunurn.*
Slle died a t Llilior a t the age of 72, on the 29th Shawwil, 1055, and lies buried
near her husband in a tomb which s11e herself had built (Pddlshdhn., II., 475).' She
co~liposed occasionally 1'e~i:in poems, and wrote like Salimah SulGn Begum snd
Zebunnisb Uigum uuder the assumed name of illakhfl.
Ghids Beg's sons. The fate of his eldest sou 3Iuhammad Sharif has been alluded
to. H i s second son, Mhxh Abul Hasisan A g d K h i n (IV.), also called A~afjdh or

I An the diamond when reduced to chandnni, carpets of sandalwood colour.

powder was looked upon in the East as a Elphinstone has b mktake 2 laca
deadly poison, so was the coruelian (ydqrit) p e r ~nennin. The hi&est dlorroce of
upp posed to possess exhilarating proper- Begoms on record ia that of Mumth
ties. Mufa~,rih nleans an exhilarative. Mahall, viz. 10 lace per amurn. F'idc
So the Tuxuk and the Iqbirlu~n~ah. PAdishBhn., I., 96.
' Dtitldma', weighing two d i m s ; ' I n the PUiehhhnLmah N& Ja&
ydnclttoliyah, weighing five tolnhs. The is agaiu called Nu'r Mahall.
latter was meutioued on p. 94, Fcrrsh i
 A'gafjdAi, is the father of NumMz Mahall (Thj Bibi), tb favorite wife of Shhhjahhn,
whom European Historians occasionally call X d r Jahhn 11. H e receivd from
Ehihjnhbn the title of Yaminudduuloh and KhdnKhdndn S i p a b d l d ~ ,and was a
commander of 9000. H e died on the 17th Sha'bhn, 1061, and was buried a t Lihor,
north of Jahbngh's tomb. As commander of 9000 duuspah, silraspah troopers, his
I$arV was 16 krors, 20 lacs of dkma, or 4,060,000 Rupeea, and besides, he had j k i r s
pelding a revenue of five millions of Rupees. His property a t his death, which i s
said to have been more than double that of his father, was valued a t 25 millions of
Rupees, and consisted of 30 lacs of jewels, 42 lacs of Rupees in gold muhurs, 25 lacs of
R n p s in silver, 30 lacs of plate, &c., and 2 3 lucs of other property. His palace
in G h o r , which he had built a t a cost of 20 lacs, was given to Priuw D b r i Shikoh,
md 20 laca of rupees, in cash and valuables, were distributed among his 3 sons and
6 daughters. n e reet eseheated to the state.
Aqbf Khbn was married to a daughter of Mirzi Ghiasuddin 'Ali A'qaf K h i n II.,
p. 369).
His eldest son is the renowned MinL Abd Tlilib Sh6iatah I(hin, who, ria
governor of B e n d , is often mentioned in the early history of the E. I. Comprny.
Shiiatah was married to a daughter of rrij Shahnawbz KhLn (No. 255), sou of 'Abdur-
rahim KbinKhbnirn, by whom ho had however no children. H e died a t A'grah in
1105, the 38th year of Aurangzib's reign. His eldest son, AbG Tilib,I had died before
him. His second son waa Abul Fnth Khbu. One of his daughters was married t o
BiJlullah (I.), and another to Zulfaqir K h i n Nupmt-jang.
A@ Khbn's second son, Bnhmanyir, was in the 20th year of Shlihj. a commander
of 20V0, horse (Pddishdln., II., 728).
Q h i h Beg's third son is Ibrhhim K h i n Fath-jang, who was governor of BihLr
(p. 480, note) and Beugal. H e was killed near his son's tomb during Shihjahin's
rebellion. His son had died young, and waa buried near Ujmahall, on the banks
of the Ganges (Tuzuk, p. 383). Ibrhhim K h i n was married to HLji Hlir Parwar
K h b n m , N d r Jahin's maternal aunt (khdlah). She lived u p to the middle of
Aurangzib's reign, and held Kol J a l a aa d2ta)nghd.
An Ahmad Beg Khbn is mentioned in tho histories as the son of N d r JahBn's
brother.' Be was with IbcAhim Fath-jang in Bengal, and retreated after his death t o
DhikL, where he handed over to ShQhjthCn 600 elephants and 45 lacs of rupees
(Tuzuk, p. 384). On Shbhj.'~accession, he received a high manpab, was made governor
of T'hat'hah and Siwiutlin, and later of Multin. H e then returned to court, and
received as jbgfr the Parganahs of J i i s and Amethi, where he died. I n the 20th
year of Shihj., he was a commander of 2000, 1600 horse (Pddiaha'hn., II., 727).
A sister of Niu Jahbn, BIanijah Begum, was mentioned on p. 499.
A fourth sister, Khadijah Begum, was married to HBkim Beg, s nobleinan of
Jahiingir's court.
T h e following tree will be found serviceable--

A h caUcd Muhammad Thlib. TiiEe * It seems therefore that he wes the

P&lish&h~~., lI., 248. ( son of P u b n m ~ n dLiLarif.
 ...
1. Khwsjah Muhammad Sharlf 2. Wwirjah M i d Ahmad... 3. Khwijagi Khwijah
(d. 984) I I
I N i n 6 Amln i W Khwtijah Ship&.
r (author of the
1. Agh6 Muham- 2. MirzA
mad Tbhir,
hid
Beg I ' t i n ~ g -
Bafr Iqlim).

-----
Wacli. uddnulnh.
(d. 1031.)
I
7 . , 7
1. Muhammad Sharif 2. M i n i Abul 3. 4. Two 4. N6r Jahin 5. Ibrah~m
(executed) Hasan #qaf dnughtera (wife of Kh6n Fath-
Khbn (IV.) Manijah and JahBngir, jang (left
(d. 1061.) Khdijah. (d. 1056). no children).

--A
I 7
==fib 2. BpLmanybr. 3. A an. 4. Murntiz 5. 6. Two
Shbishh Khhn
(d. 1106.)
Mahall,
wife of
-
dawhters.

I-
1. -Abfi -61ib.
2. Ahul Fatli Khirn.
~ h k dJa-
h6n (died
1040).

320. Khwa9ah bhraf, son of Khdjah 'Abdul Bhi.

One MS. has Sharaf for Ashraf, Vide No. 316.
321. Sharaf Beg, of S h i r b .
822. Ibra'hi'm Quli', son of Ismh'il Quli K h i n (No. 46).

XXx Commanders of f i o Hundred and F$y.

82% Abul Fath, son of Muzaffar, the Mughul.

824. Beg Muhammad ToqbG.
He served in the end of the 28th year in Gi?jrLt, and waa present in the fight
near Maisinah. S. E. of Patun, in which Shcr KLLn Fliliuli was defeated, and also
against Muzaffar of Gujrkt (dklarn., III., 423).
Regarding Toyldi, side No. 120.
326. Ima'm Quli' Shighili.
The AkLarnhmRh (III., G'28) mentions an Im61n Quli, who, in the 37th year,
served wider Sultkn Murhd in Mawah.
The mealling of Shighdli is unclear to me. A Jfuhammd Quli Shighili played
a part in Bdakhshln history (Akbam., III., 132, 249).
526. Safdar Beg, son of Zaidnr MuharumadKhln AkhtahBogi (No.66).
A Cafdar K h h rrerved, in the 21st year, agniust DaudB of Bundi (p. 410).
327. Ehwa'jah Sulaima'n of S h h b .
He has been mentioned on pp. 366,457.
328. Barkhurda'r LMirz6 K h l n 'Mam], son of 'Abdurrahmhn Duldd
(No. 186).
Mirzh Barkhurdh wes in tho 40th year of Akbar's reign a commander of 260.
 H i s father (No. 186) had been killed in a fight with the rebel Dalpat.' This Bibirr
Zaxnindbr was afterwards a u g h t and kept in prison till the 4Atb year, when, on the
payment of o heavy peshkash, he was allowed to return to his home. But B. wished
t o aveuge the death of his father, and lay in ambush for Dalpnt, who, however,
managed to escape. Akbnr massoannoyed a t this b r e d of peace, that he gave orders
to hand over B. to Dalpat; but a t the intercession of several cou~ltriea, B. was .
imprisoned.
A s Jahkngir wag fond of him, he relessed him after his accession,' and made hi111
Qtishbegi, or superintendent of tho aviary. I n the fourth year (beginning of 1018),
B. received the title of K h l n 'Xlam (Tozuk, p. 74). Two years later, in 10'20, Shirh
'Abbh of Peraia gent Ybdgkr 'Ali S u l t h Ttilish as ambassador to A'grah, and B.
waa selected to accompany him on his retunr to Persia. The suite consisted of about
twelve hundred men, and was according to the testimony of the 'Alamdrci i S i k a n d a d
the most splendid embnssy that had ever appeared in Persia. I n consequence of a long
delay at Hart% and Qnm, caused by the absence of the Sh6h in A'zarbbijku on an expedi-
tiqn against the Turks, nearly one half of the suite were seut baek. I n 1027, the Sh6h
returned to Qazwin, and received the numerouu presents, chiefly elephants and other
animals, which B. had brought from I n d i a The embassy returned in l(Y2Y (end of
the 14th year), and B. met the emperor a t Kalkncr on his way to Ka~lumir.
Jahirngfr WPR so pleased, that he kept B. for two days in his sleeping apsrtmeut,
~ r 6000,3009 horse.
and made him a c o m n ~ e n d of
The author of the Piulishkhnhmah (I., 427), however, remarku that B.did not
possess the skill and tact of an ambassador, though he has not stated his reasons or
the source of his information.
011 ShBhjuhiru's accession, B. was made a commander of 60CO, 5000 Lore,
received a flag and a drum, and waa appointed governor of Bihirr, vice I@. Ruutam
S'ahwi. But as he was given to kokndr (opium and hemp), he neglected his dutica,
and waa deposed before the first Sear had elapsed. I n the fifth year (end of 1041).
when Shbhj. returned from B u r h h p b r to Agmh, B. was pensioned off, as he was old

Dalp,at is callrd in the A k b a ~ ~ ~ f i m a hthis conqr~est will be found in the

++I, fijjainiuh,for which the nISS.l~ave P i t l i ~ I ~ B l ~ ~ ~ (I., n h pp. 371 to 274).
. i m b.,
various rewlings, as +kt,+%,I, Bc. The 1n:tps shew a srnall place of the
Under Sl~hhjahrin,Dt~lpat'ssucleenclorwas or Prat'b near Uhojp'r.
.
UjahPratAb, r h o in the 1st year received
a lnnllCabof lSVI), Ilome ( P d d i m ~ t i l r n .
"'"Ie
I t in said that the Bhojpfir Rirjnbs call
th~l1"lves iZjuiniahs, because tlley claim
descent from the ancient UJjahs of Uinin
I., 221). From the same work we see in Mhlwah.
that the residence ot'tl~oUjjainish R6,j:tlls
year of Slrlhjahkn,
was Bho.ipdr, west of h ~ alld h north of ~ h tile ~ ~ ujjniniah
~ i d in l mentiolled
~ ~ ~ lo
Saih;lghrirl~~(S~m~eram), a pagauah in have rcever.71 the secolld exl,edition
Sirkrir ltohtls, Uihitr. Pmthb rehlled aK:,ill,t p~L~;IIII~,II ; ~ O I I r I I a l&.
, Scz.r
in the 10th gear of Shill~jirhrin's reign, Bc.~lgnl, for 1871. No. 11, p. 123.
when 'Abduilah Khbn Firdz-jallg besieged s ~f we call trust ~ , l c ~ l l oedition
w
and concuered B ~ o J (8th P ~ Zi~ Hnijnh, of the ~ ~ ~ ~B. ~ could~ not~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1U16). klmthb surrendered, and w= a t bwn imprisoned for a tilne; for in
Shbhj.'s order executed. His wife was the end of the 44th of Akbar.s reign,
f o r r i l ) l ~cOnvertcdl to IAb-
he uen.ed iy.aill (Akbam., III.,
dullah'n grandsun. The pnrticulam of
ti.S).
ant1 given to ol~iuni,arid reccivr.d an annual pen>ion of one lac: of rupees (Pa'dbhihn.,
I., 1.'2(;). 1Ic died a natural death a t .i'gnrh. H e had no cliildren.
B. is not t o be coufoundcd with K h n i j a h Barkhurdir, a brother of 'Alxlulloh
KhCn Firilz:i:i~ig.
B. 'a brother BIirii6 ',4bd11srul~l1h11(So. 319) wi~s F n ~ ~ j d iof l r Ilirhibrirl. He i n a
tl!eti ~ e u to t I(:il)l~l,1%-herc11e W:LS liillcll, in 1V25, in n fight with tho Piridis (Tuzuk,
I r c ~ g i ~ l ~uf
j i ltllc
: ~ l l t l ~j-car, p. 158).
't\bdi~csr~bliLn'srioi~,Sllclxid k'l15u B:~l~Jtlur, \v.ls liilled in t h e last fight with
K I I o i I r l i o 1 : l i ( p 5 0 ) I'ddislrtih~r., I., 349.
320. Mi'ls Ma'su'm of H h n k l t a r .
l l i r JI:&'(;fin~L r l o ~ l ~tos a fii111ilyof Tinnizi sayyids, who two o r three generation8
before Iii~iili:ld left Tirlniz in BukliiirS, and fiettled a t Q n d a h J r , where his ancestors
were nirl~(c,c.,t/lt'r(trustees) of tlie sllrine of BBhh Slier Qalsndar.
His Gltll~,r,JIir S:~yyid$'al%i, settled in Bhnklinr, nnd received favors from Sol*
LIahrliild (p. 3Ci'l). 1Ie was relatcd b y mamiitgo to the Sayyids of a,,?u in
SilvistAn. J I i r RIn'qil~nnnd his two brothers were born a t Bhakknr.
Aftcr tlle dmtll of liis father, N. l1. s t n d i ~ dnnder LIullB Jtuhammnd of King&
LSJu, S. W. of Dl~altk:ir,aud soon distinguished himself by his learning. But poverty
c o r ~ i l ~ ~ lliirii
l c d to leave for Gujrilt, where Sliailili Is-hiiq i F i r d q i of Bhakknr introduced
him to Kllw$jah Kiz6mudtlin Ahnlad, t l ~ e n Diwltl of Gt~jrilt. Nizlirn was just
eng:l::c.d in writing his Ilistorical work, entitled ' Tabaq8t i Akbm',' and soon became
tlic fiicild of 11. BI., wlio was liltewise well versed iu hintory. H e waa also introduced
to Sliiliib Iiha11 (No. 26), tile g o ~ e r n o rof the province, nnd waa a t last recommended
t o Akbnr for a ni:inq;ib. 111 tlie ,Ultli ye:ir, he was a colnmander of 250. Akbar
becalllo very fond of' him, and sent Iiini in 1012 aa a m b u m d o r to I r i n , where hho was
received with distinction 1)y S11ilh 'AbbGs.
Or1 his return from I'rk11, in 1015, Jnhilngir sent him as Amin to Bhnkkar, when
he died. I t ia said tlliit Ilc, rci~cllcilunder Akbair n commaud of 1000.
Fro111the AkLnr~~hnlall(III., 416,123, 646) and Bird'n History of Gujrnt (p. 426)
we see that JI. 31. nerved in !):! (elid of the 28th year) in GlijrCt, \vaa present in the
figlit of 3Iili?;Lnah, and in the final expedition against M u ~ ~ f fianr Kachh.
BI. U.is well-known n~ poet and historian. H e wroto under the
nanie of A7(imi. I I e composed n Uiwhu, n Nwnirwi eutitled M ~ ' d u n - ~ [ r f k dinr the
mctre of NizCtni's JIakhzsn, the Thrilih i Sindh, d e d i c a M to his son, and a shod
mcdic:il worlc callrd LUtifridtif i LUit'~ti~ni'. Tho author of the Riydzushhuhtd sqw .
',
that lie composed a Klrcrlirscth (p. 491 and the Tnzkirah by Taqi (oide under No. t%)
sags the sniiir, cia. one marcnswi corresponding to t h e Nnkhzan, tho Hum o AT& to the
Yilhuf Zi~lil<l~:i, t h e P u r i qtiral to t l ~ LailihIirjniln,
e and twoothem in imitntion of the
Halt l'ail<nr and Sikandnrnirmah. B d k o n i ( d i d 1004) only alludoa t o the ' H u n 0
Niz,' tbougli IIC givca no title ( I I I . , 366).
31. hI. \\.a* also skilled .w a colnposer mld trncer of inscriptions, a c d the Riyhuah-
sliu'arh s n j s t h a t 011 his travcla he was nlwayn accompaiiiecl by sculptors. Froni India
to Jqfi~liilnand Ti~briz,where 11e w;w presellted to S h i h 'AbbLs, there are nnmerom
m o s q ~ ~ e ~ apublicn t l buildings, which ho adorned with metrical inscriptions. Thus
tho inscriptions over the gnte of the F o r t of dgrah, on the Jlimi' Mojque of Fnthpiu
 Slkri, in Fort Mhndd (vide p. 372, and Tuzuk, p. 189) are all by him. Snyjid
Ahmad in his edition of the Tuzuk (Dibhjah, p. 4, note) given in full the illscription
which he wrote on the side of the entrance to Salim i Chishti's shrine a t Fathpdr
Sikri, the last words of which are-" Said and writtenby Uuhummad Mu'pim
pietically styled ilrdrni, son of Sayyid p f d i of Timit, born at Bhakkar, desce~ided
frvm Suyyid Sher Qaladas; son of B6bd Hasan Abddl, who tcas born at S d z w d r
and settled at Qanduhdr. Dowson, in his edition of Elliot's IIistorians, mentions
Kinniin as the residence of Snyyid E)BfiLi, and gives (I, 239) a few particulars from
the TBrikh i Sindh regarding the saint Birbii Hwnn AbdiLl, who lived under Nirzh
Shhhrukh, aon of Timur. The town of Hasan Abd61 in the Palljib, east of A@,
is called aRer him.
M. M. built also several public edifices, especially in Suk'har opposite to Bhakker,
and in the midst of the branch of the Indus which flows round Bhakkar he b d t a
dome, to which he gave the name of Satihur (&L). '' It ia one of the wonders
of the world, and its Tdrikh ie contained in the words j$~ jc?;t, water-dome, which
gives 1001, A.H.
H e was a pious man, and exceedingly liberal; he often sent presents to all the
people of Bhakkar, great and small. But when he retired, he discoutinued his
presents, and the people even felt for some cause oppressed (~nutauzzi).I t ia especially
mentioned of him that on his j k i r landa he laid out breets for hunting.
His eldest son, for whose instruction he wrote tho TBrikh i Sindh, w n Mir
~ Buzurg.
H e was captured in full armonr on the day Prince Khusrau's rebellion was suppressed.
but he denied having had a share in it. Jahingir asked him why he had liis a m o u r
on. " My father," replied he, " advised me to dress in full armonr when on guard,"
and as the Chaukiwwis, or guard writer, proved that he had been on guard that day,
he was let off.
On the death of hi father, Jahbngir is said to have left Mir Buznrg in possession
of his father's property. H e was for a long time Bakhshi of Qandahhr, but he wan
haughty and could never agree with the E)&bahdbrs. H e spent the 30 or 40 lace
of R u p which he had inherited from his father. His contingent was numerow and
well mounted. H e subsequently served in the Dak'hin; but as his jbgir did not
oorer his expenses, he resigned and retired to Bhnkkar, contenting himself with the
landed property which he had inherited. H e died in lo&. Some of his children
settled in Multhn.
830. Khwa'jah Malik Ali', &firShah.
Hia title of Nir Shab implies that he was in charge of the illuminations and the
games and animal fights held a t night (p. 222).
881. Ra'i Ra'm Da'e Di'wa'n. Tido No. 238.
882. ShafhMuhammad, son of &'id Khrin, the Qak'khar.
For his relations mde under No. 247.
888. Rahifm Quli', son of Khiin Jahin (No. 24).
8 8 8 Sher Beg, Yai&wulb4shi
g a r a m Beg, son of Sher Beg, is mentioned in the Alibnrnhm:il (III., 623).
 336. Iftikhar Beg, son of 13kyazid Beg (No. 299).
I l c was a!ive in the end of 1007 A. H. (Ak6arn., III., 804).
336. Pratafb Singh. eon of R4nh Bhngwiu D i s (No. 27).
H e war illr~rtionedon p. 417, uotler No. 160.
337. Husain Kha'n Qszwi'ni . Ti(/?So. 281.
338. Ya'dga'r Husain, son of Qnbill K l J n (No. 137).
l i e wns ~nc~itioncdon 1). 437. I11 the 3tut year, he served under Qisim Khrin in
I\'nsh~uir. TLc. TRcl;ir llusnin mcr~tioncdin the Tuzuk (1). 1.46) may be t h e same.
Fie \vds l)ro~uotcd,in the 10th year of Jahicngir's reign, to a command of 700, 6W
horse, for his sel-vices iu thc Dnk'hin. Tide also PklishPhnBmah I., b., p. 3-23, 1. 2
from belo\v.
H e is not to be confounded with Rhwrijah TiulgLr, a brother of 'Abdulhh K h i n
Firliz-jnng.
339. Ka'mra'n Beg of Gilin.
I I e served in the 3 r d year (396) in au,jrit and Kachh against F a t h Khb, the
vounger son of Amiu I < h h Ghori, and Nuznffar, and in the 36th year, aggnst
BIuzaffnr and the J6m. Akbnrn., III., 553, 621.
340. Muhammad Kha'n Turkmin.
341. Niza'muddi'n Ahmad, son of Shih Muhammad KhBn (No. 95).
Ire is rlot to be confoullded wit11 the author of the Ttrbqht.
342 Sakat Singh, son of Rijnh Min Siugh (No. 30).
F ~ d eNo. 256.
343. 'Ima'd ul Hulk.
The Akbarnhlnah mentions a &&zi 'Irrltid ul Mulk, who in the end of 984 (21st
year) accompanied n party of courtiers to Nnkkah.
344. Shari'f i Sarmadi'.
$Ie war R poet. I-ide below, among the poets of Akbar's reign.
345. Qare' Bahril, son of Qaratiiq.
Qarhthq, whose name in the Akbarnirmah iis spelled Qnrcifdq, was killed by
Gajpatf in the same fight in which Farhang KhBn, son of Farhat KhCn (No. 145), r p s
slain (p. 4i1).
348. Ta'ta'r Beg, son of 'Ali M u h a m m a d Asp. (No. 258).
347. Khwa'jah Muhibb 'Alif of Khawif.
Jyde p. 445, note.
348. Haki'm [Jalduddfn] Muzaffar of Ardistin.
ArdistLn is a Perbian town which lies between K b h b n and Igfnbh. He wan
a t first a doctor a t the court of Sh&h TahmLp, and emigrated when young to India,
where he was looked upon as a very experienced doctor, though his theoretical reading
is said to have been limited. Badtioni (111, 169) and the Tuzuk (p. 69) praise the
purity of l i s character and walk of life.
H e served in 988 (26th gear) in Bengal, returned in the end of the' 28th
year with MirzL 'Aziz Kokah (No. 21) to court, and served subsequently nuder
him in Gujriit and Kackh. Akbarn., 111,283, 418, 620. Under JaLhgir, he WM
made a commander of 3000, 1000 horse ( T ~ u kp., 37). The emperor WM fond of
him, ss he had been with him in Iliihibbi, when as prince he had rebelled against
Akbar. The news of the Rakim's death reached J. on the 22nd Jutuirda I , 1016.
For about twenty yeam beforo hi death, he had suffered from parhah i shueh, or
disc- of the lungs, but his uniform mode of living (yaktuuri) prolonged his life.
His cheeka and eyes often got quite red, and when he got older, his complexion turned
bluish. He was accidentally poisoned by his compounder.
340. 'Abdussubha'n, eon of 'Abdurrahmln Duldai (No. 186).
He was mentioned under No. 328, p. 514.
350. Qalaim Beg of Tabriz.
He served in the 36th year under Sult6n MurLd in Milwah, and died on the 23rd
Bbirn, (end of) 1007 ; vide Akbaru., III., 623, 803. Vide below under the learned
men of Akbar's reign.
361. Shari' [Amir ul Umarl], son of Khwijah 'Abduqqamad (No. 266).
Muhammad Sharif was the school companion of Prince Salim, who was much
attached to him. When the prince had occupied Ilirhirbird in rebellion against
Akbar, Sharif was sent to him to advise him ; but he only widened the breach between
the prince and his father, and gained such an ascendancy over Salim, that he made the
rash promise to give him half the kingdom, shonld he obtain the throne. When a
reconcilintiou had been effected between Salim and Akbar, Sh. had to fly for his lie,
and concealed himself in the hills and jungles. He was reduced to starvation, when
he heard of Akbar's death. He went at once to court, and Jahinglr, true to his
promise, made him Amir ul UmarB, Vakil, entrusted him with the great seal (rizuk)
and allowed him to select his j k l r lands. The emperor says in his Memoirs, ' H e
is at once my brother, my frieud, my son, my companion. When he came back, I
felt as if I had received new life. I am now emperor, but consider no title sufficiently
high to reward him for his excellent qualities, though I can do no more than mnke
h i AmIr ul Umarir and a commander of 6000. My father never did more.'
Sharif seems to have advised the emperor to drive all Afghbs from India ; but
the K h b i A'zam (No. 21) warned Jahiugir against so unwise a step. Though Sh.'s
position at court wae higher than that of Minb 'Azlz, the latter treated him
contemptuously as a mean upstart, and Sh. recommended the emperor to kill 'Adz for
the part he had played in Khusrau's rebellion. But 'Bziz was pardoned, and
advised to make it up with Sharif, and invite him to his house. The Khin i A'zam
did so, and invited him and the other Bmira. At the feast, however, he said to him,
in the blandeat way, " I say, Nawhb, you do not seem to be my friend. Now your
father 'Abdoppamad, the Mulld, was much attached to me. He was the man that
painted the very walls of the room we sit in." Khbn Jah6n @. 603) and Mahibat
Khbn could not atand this insolent remark, and left the hall ; and when Jahirngir
heard of it, he said to Sh., " The Bhbn cannot bridle his tongue ; hut don't fill out
with him."
In the second year, Sh. accompanied the emperor on his tour to KBbul, but fell
so ill, that he had to be left in LQhor, AFBf KhBn (No. 98, p. 412) being appointed
to officiate for him. On his recovery, he was sent to the Dak'hin, but was soon
afterwards called to court, as he wuld not agree with the KhirnKhbnirn (No. 29).
I t is said that illness deprived him of' the faculty of memory, a11d JahBngir was on
tile point of mxking hi111 retire, when Kh6u Jal~Hllinterceded on hi behalf. He war
again sent to tixu Lhk'hin, arid died there a ~ ~ a t u rdeath. al
Like his father, Sh. was a good paioter. H e a130 made himself known ae a poet,
and co~upoxcda Diw51i. His ttrL,hullrrg is Eiir.isi (Bodzioni, III., 310).
Sh.'s eldest son, S L a l ~ l ~ iI~<xl ~ i ndied
, svher~young. A SarBi near Lak'hnau, about
a kos from the tuwrl, bc:lru llis 11:1111c.
His two younger soos, I\Iirz[i Gul and JIirz,~Jiirullah, used to play with .Jahh$r
a t chess aud t~ci~.tl; but this ccilsed a t tho death of their father. & I. ran
Jirrulhh
married to JIic;~i Ikgurn, n daughter of S ~ n fK h i n (No. 98) ; but &on1 a certain
avrrsion, the ~narriugc was licrcr co~lsu~nrnated.At ri'~oFsdeath, Jahingir mada
him divorce his \\.it;:, and 1n;lrricd her to IIirza Lmhkari (3'0. 375), son of H i d
Yilsof 1<116n (p. 3 Li).
Both brothers I;~llo\rcdJluliiibnt K h i u to ICBbul, where they died.
362. Taqiya' of Gl~untnr.
Tuqiyci is t l ~ eI'rOl~iform fi)r XI~L'. T l ~ eTabaqrqbt calls him TIzqi Muhammad.
Badhoni ( I I I . , 206) h w ll:cyitl~E(lin,and says that he was a good poet u d a
well educ8tc.d man. A t iYlcbar'8 order he undertook a prose version of the BAMRcid.
IIe is represented as a ' murid,' or disciple of Akbar's Divine Faith.
l i e waa still alive in the 3rd year of Jaliilugir's reign (1017), when he received
for his attainments the title of Ntrurrikh I k ' l ~ t i r ~(Tuzuk, p. 69, where in S a d d
Ahmad's edition we have to read Sht1shttc1.i' for the meaningless Shamhen').
TaqiyH is not t o be confou~idedwith the more illuatrious Taqiyii of Balbh (s
village near ICtibiln), who, according to tlie iUir-dt ul 'Alum came in the beginning
of Jahiingir's reign to India. H e is the author of the rare TazkiraA,or Lives of
Poets, entitled ' d r u f d t o 'Arcrrdt, and of the Dictionary entitled Surmah i Sulaidni,
which the lexicographer Xulialnlnad IIusain used for h k Burhdn i Q&i.'
353. Khwa jah Abdussamad of KQshin.
354. Haki'm L u t f u l l a h , s o n of nlull6 ' d b d u r r a z z b q of ffilrin.
H e is the brother of Nos. 112 and 205, and arrived in India &r his brothers.
Badionf ( I I I . , 169) calls him E very learned doctor.
355'
1 s o n s of S a i f miin Kokah (No. 38, p. 350).
356. A m a t n u l l a h )
A~nHnullahdied in the 45th gear of Akbar's reign a t Burhiupfir. "He wae an
excellent young man, but fill a victim to the vice of the age, and died from eswssire
wine-drinking." Akbarnd~nulr,III., 835.

360. Wali' Beg, son of P t a n d a h Kh9n ( N o . 68).

H e served under Q&im K h i u (No. 69) in the conquest of Kwhmir.
860. Beg M u h a m q a d Uighlir.
861. Mi'r Kha'n Yas6wul.
\%en Akbar during the first Gujrhti war (p. 434,noto 2) had left Patan for
Chothnah (Rtjab, 980), it waa reported that DIuzaffar of Gujrirt had fled from Sher
Kh6u F h l a l , and waa concealed in the neighburhood ; aide p. 386. Akbar, therefore,
wnt Yir K h b the Yasbwul and Farid the Qarirwul, ~ n dafterwards Abul Qiisin~
Namakin (No. 199) and Karam 'Ali in search of him. Mir KhQn had not gone far,
when he found the chatv and addbdn (p. 50) which Nuzaffar had dropped, and soon
after captured Muzafl'ar himself in a field. Mk Khbn took him to Akhar.
363. Sarmmt Kha'n, son of Dastam KhBn (No. 79).
368. Saygid A b u l Hasan, son of _ Sayyih-Muhammad Mir 'Ad1 (No.
140).
364. SaMd ' A b d u l Wa'hid, son of t h e Mir 'Adl'e brother.
865. K h w a ' j a h Beg Mi'rza', son of Ma'glim Beg.
366. Sakral, brother of R i n g Pratiib.
S a k d is the son of %rib Udai Singh, son of RiLnb Sbnkb (died 934, A. H.).
When his brother Pratirb, also called Elirnfi KikB, was attacked by Akbar (p. 418,
note 2). he paid his respeck at court, and was made a commander of 200.
I n the 1st year of JahLnglr's reign, he got a present of 12000 Rupees, and joined
the expedition led by Prince Parwiz against R6nb Amrir, Pratbb's successor. In the
end of the same year, he served ngainst Dalpat (p. 369), and was in the 2nd year made
acommander of 2500, 1000 horse. He received, in the 11th year, a manpab of
3000, 2000 horse.
The Akbarnbmah mentions another son of Udai Singh, of the name of Sakat
Sirgh, who in the 12th year of Akbar's reign was at court. The emperor had just
returned from the last war with Khbn ZamQn, when he heard that Udai Singh had
assisted the rebellious Mirzhs. He therefore resolved to punish the Rtinti, and on a
hunting tour in Parganah Bbri told Sakat Singh of his intentions, and expressed a
hope t h a t h e would accompany him. Sakat, however, fled to his father, and told him
of Akbarb intentions. This determined the emperor to carry out his plan without delay.
Udaiplir was invaded, and Cbltor surrendered.
867' Be Uzbak) sons of Nazm B e (No. 169).
868. Ba'qi' Be U z b a k
They have been mentioned above on p. 466. From the Akbarniimah (III., 628)
r e see that Nazar Be received a j6glr in Handinh, where he rebelled and perished
( 36th year).
360. Y u ' n a b Beg, brother of M w i d KhBn (No. 54).
Some MSS. have Aii'tszd Kha'n for X u r d d K h d n .
370. Shaikh Kabi'r' i Chishti' [Shuji'at KhBn, Rustam i ZamBn).g -
The Mahdr calls him "an inhabitant of Mau." He was a relation of Islirm
Iibirn (p. 493) i Chishti, and received the title of Shuji'at KhQn from Prince Salim,
.rho on his accession made him a commander of 1000 (Tuzuk, p. 12). He served
mder Khin JahiLn (p. 603) in t,he Dak'hin as hnrdwul, an ofice which the Sayyida

H e is not to be confounded with J i m and MuzaKu of Gujrbt (Akbarn.,

another Shaikh Kabir, who in the 26th III., 283, 408, 541, 681, where the
year served in Bengal at the outbreak of Lucknow edition calls him the ron of
the military revolt; in the 46th year, in M r k a n ~ m a lKhdn.
Kkbul; and in the 32nd year against the Khbfi IlhiLn calls him wrongly (I,
TArikk under Matlab Khirn(No. 83). He , 273) Shujd' KWdn and Busturn Khdn.
' died in the 36th year, in the war with the 1
 of BBrha claimed as hereditary in thoir clan. Afterwards, he went to B e n p l , a n d
commanded the imperialists in the lust war with 'Usmbn. During the fight, he
wounded 'U.'s elephant, when the A f ~ h h nchief received a bullet, of which he died t h e
night after the battle. The day being lost, Wali Khbo, 'Usmbn's brother, and
Mamrez Khbn, 'Uamhn's son, retreated to a fort with tlie dead body of their relation,
and being hotly pursued by Shaikh Kabir, they submitted with their families, and
received his promise of protection. The 49 elephants which thoy surrendered, were
taken by Sh. K. to Ielbm KhBn in Jahfingfmagar (Dhbkb), 6th P f a r , 1021. flczuk,
p. 104.
Jahhngir gave him for his bravery the title of R u t a m iZamdn, The Mada'r says
t h a t Islbm K h i n did not approve of the pron~iseof protection which Sh. K. had given
the A f g h b s , and nent then1 prisoners to court. 011the r o d , they were executed by
'Abdullah Khbn a t the emperor's orders. Sh. K., annoyed a t this breach of faith, lelt
Bengal. While on the way, he received an appointment as governor of Bihhr, At his
entry in Patna, he eat upon a female elepl~ant,when another elephant suddenly eame
up against his. Sh. K. juinped down, and broke his neck.
The Tuxuli tells the story differently, and says that Islhln Khbn appointed Sh. K.
to Oris&, and that on his way to that ~ r o v i n c ethe accident took place. Nothing ia
said about Usmbu's relations.

Note on tL death of 'Usmdn L h c f r i .

There are few events in Indian history so confused as the details attending the
death of 'Usmbn. Khwbjah 'Usmfin, according to the Makhran i Afghdni, was the
second son of Miybn 'lsb Khbn Lohhni, who aRer the denth of Qutld Khba was the
leader of the Afghfins in Oristi and Southern Bengal. Qutlli left three sons- Naqib
Shhh, Lodi Khhn, Jamb1 Khfin. 'lab K h i n left five sons, Khwbjah S u l a i m h ,
'Usmhn, Wali, I b A i m . Stewart makea 'Usmbn a son of Qotld (History of Bengal,
p. 133). Sulnimbn ' reigned' for a short time. H e killed in a fight with the
imperialists, Himmat Singh, son of %jab Mbn Singh (vide p. 486, No. 244), held lands
near the Brbhmaputra, and subjected the lthjahs of the adjacent countries. 'Usmbn
succeeded him, and receivcd from Mhn Singh lands in Ofinti and SbtgSnw, and later i n
Enstern Bengal, with a revenue of 6 to 6 lacs per attnum. His residence is described t o
, have been the Kohialdn i Dhcikd, or ' hills of Dhhki' (Tipbrah ?), the wilciyat iDiciltd,
or District of Dhikfi, and Dhbkh itsew. The fight with Usnlhn took place on Sunday,
9th Muharram, l(EZ1, or 2nd March, 1612,' a t a distance of 100 kolv from DLirkh. My
MS. of the Makhzan calls tlie place of the battle A-ek Wydl.' Stewart (p. 134) plaeea
the battle "on the banks of the Subamrikhb river" in Oyisii, which is impossible, as
Shujb'nt Khbn arrived again in Dhhkb on tho 6th p f a r , or 26 days a i b r the battle.
According to the Tuzuk, Islbm Khbn waa in Dhbkh, when the fight took place, and
Wdi Khhn submitted to Sh~~jB'at,who had been strengthened by a corps under

'
I
According to Prinsep's Useful Tables, There are several Ujyirls mentioned
the 9th Muliarrnn~was a Monday, not a bolow amon the Pargaoahs of Sirlihr
Sunday, Tuzuk, p. 102. ) Sirkhr ~
~ a h m ~ d b b (h~fo a n a h and ~ f
(Mymensing-Bogra).
 'Abdwaal&m, son of Mu'azzarn Khbn (No. 260) ; but the Makhzan Baya that Isl6m
besieged Wali in the Mahalls wbem ' U s m h used to live, between the battle-field and
~ h i i rand , afterwarde in the Fort of D h l k l itself. Wali, on his submission, was sent
to court, with 7 lacs of rupees and 300 elophants taken from 'Usmin, received a title,
a jtigir, and was made a conlmander of 1000, after which he livod comfortably.
According to the Mudsir, as said above, he was murdered before he came to court.
The Tuzuk says nothing about him.
Stewart sags (p. 136) that he was taken to court by Hoshang, Islirm Kbbn's
son ; but the Tuzuk, p. 116, though it has a long passage on the Hugs which ho brought
with him, does not mention the Afghln prisoners.
The Nakhzan also says that 'Usmln, &r reooiving his wound a t the time when
the battle was nenrly decided in his favor, was carried off by Wali in a litter, aud
buried on the mad. When S h u j r a t came up to the place where he had been buried,
he had 'Usmhn'a corpse taken out, cut off the head, and sent i t to court.
'Usmhn is said to have baen so stout, that he was obliiedto travel on an elephant.
A t his death, he was forty-two years of age.
The Dutch traveller De Laijt (p. 4B8, note) has the following interesting passage :
B e z ( J a h b g i r ) e o h tempore miuit Tswiad ghunum Chiech zuden (Shujir'at K h l n
Shaikhzkdah) ad !khnghanum (IsGm Khbn) qui Bengalae praeerat, ut ilium in
pr.efecturam Odiae (@is&) mittwet. Sed Osmanchunw Patansnaia, qui jam aliquot
annia r e g j o m quae Odium et Daeck (between @is& and Dhbkl, i. e. the Sunderban)
interjacet, tenuerat et limitea regni incursaverat, cum potentwsirno exercitu advenit,
Daeck oppugnaturus. ltalunchanus a u h p a e m h i t adversw ipsurn ( Usmln)
Tzesiad chanum, una cum Xiraa Iflager et Ethaman cham (Iftikhlr K h i n and
Ihtimlm Kh4n1) et aliis mullis Omerauvvia, m m reliquie copiis X aut Xv
cosarum interuallo 8u.bsequtm.s, ut sub laborantibus mb&o esaet. Orto dein
ccrtamine inter utrwmque exercitum, Eftager et MienerrckZiluim (Mirak Jallir-
not in the Tuzuk) tam acrem impressionern fecerunt, ut hoslea loco moverent ;sed
Osman inter haec feroc4ssimum elephanturn in ill08 emkit, ita u t regii vicissim
ceokre cogerentur, et Eflager caedmefur ; !l?zeeMd gaunua aulem et ipse ekphanto
i n d e ~ut , impetum fwockntia belluue declinaret, see suo dejecit, et cr.usprefregit, ita
u t aegre a suie e csrtamine aubduceretur, et regii passim fugarn capeacerent ;acturnqua
fuiaset de regiie, nisi inopinatw caaus proelium reetituisset; milea quidem sallcius
humi jacerw, cam Osmano, qui elephunto vehebakr, oculum glolo trujec.it, e quo
aulnere paulo past ezpiravit, cujus mvrte milites illiua ita fuerunt conaternati, ut
statim de fuga cogitarent. Begii vero ordinibus s m i m restitutia, eventurn proelii
Tzalunchano perscripsere : qui biduo post ad locum venit ubi pugnatum fuerat, et
Tzedsiatgano e crulnere defincto, magniu itineribua fratrem (Wali Khin) et bidlcam
atqua liberos O m n M assecutus, v i m cepit, eosque cum elephantia el omnibus theaaurir
~ u n c t i , p o e t q u a mDaeck Bmgalae metropolim eet reversus, mmMit ad regem Anno. .....
(the year is left out).
--

' The Tuzuk (p. 102) meutions Kishwar mand. Sayyid Adam (the Tuzuk, p,. 138,
Khbn ( . 497), IftiihBr Khbn, Snyyid 1. 4 from below has wrong Sayyid A zam),
A'dam ~ i r h a Shaikh
, Achhe, brother's son Iftikhhr, and Shnikh Achhe were killed.
of Muqarrnb Khbn, Mu'tamid Ichln, and Later, 'Abdussallm, son of Mu'azzam
Ihti~ilaullihirn, aa under Shujh'nt's com- Kh6n(No.Z6O)joined,and pursued 'Usmbn.
GG
 De L G t says that ShujPat K h h died from a fall from his elephant during the
battle ; but the mident took place some time later. The M&ir says that he was on
horseback, when Usmhn's elephant, whom the Tnzuk cab Gajpta', and Stewart
Bukhtah (P), knocked him over, but Sh. quickly disentangled himself, and stuck hie
dagger into the animal's trunk.
The Makhzan says that the plunder amounted to 7 lace o f rupeea and 300 elephante.
871. Mi'rza' ghwa9ah, son of Mi~zPcAsadullah. Pi& No. 116.
373. Mi'rza' Shari'f, son of Mirzh 'Ali-uddin.
373. Shukrullah [Zafar E h h ] , son of Zain Kh4n K o k a h (No. 34).
Hc ww mentioned above on p. 346. On the death of his father, he waa made a
commander of 700, and appeare to have received, at the end of Akbar's reign, the title
of Zafar KhBn.
As his sister was married to Jahbngtr (p. 3&, and p. 477, note 2), Z. Kh. wan
rapidly promoted. When the emperor, in the second year of his reign, lett Ldhor
for Kibul, he h a l a at Mauza' Ahrof,' near Fort Abk, the inhabitante of which
complained of the insecurity of the district arising from the predatory habits of the
E'hatar (p. 466, note 2) and Dilahzhk tribes (p. 487, note). Zahr wan appointed to
Abk, mce Ahmad Beg Khhn (No. 191), and was ordered to' remove the tribes to
Lirhor, keep their chiefs imprisoned, and restore all plunder to the rightful owners.
On JahBngir's return from Khbnl, he joined the emperor, and was in the following
year promoted to a manqab of 2000, 1000 horse. I n the 7th year, he was made a
commander of 3000,2000 horse, and governor of Bihhr. I n the 10th year, he was
removed, went back to court, where he received an increase of 600 horse, and then
served in Bangash. ' Nothing else is known of him.' Macfa'r.
From the Tuzuk (p. 343) we see that Zafar KhBn died in the beginning of 1031,
when JahBngir made his Ron Sa'bdat a commander of 800.800 horse.
Sa'ddat Khdn, his son. He served in Kbbul, and waa at the end of Jahhngfr'e
reign a commander of 1600, 700 horse. In the 6th year after Shhhjahhn's accession,
he waa made a commander of 1600, 1000 horse, and was promoted up to the 26th year
to a full command of 3000 horse. He again served in KBbul, and under Murhd
Bnkhsh in Balkh and Badaklishhn, was made commandant of Tirmiz, and distinguished
himself in repelling a formidable night attack made by Subhhn Qulf Khiu, ruler of
Bukh&rh (19th year). Later he aerved in the Qandahhr wars, was in the 29th year
Faujdb of Upper and Lower Bangash, and two yeare later commandant of Fort KSbul.
In 1069, the second year of Auwngzfb's reign, he was killed by his son Sheruilah.
Mahhbst KbLn, ~libahdhrof Kbbul, imprisoned the murderer.
374. Mi'r 'Abdd Mu'min, son of Mir Samarqandi.
Mir Samarqandi was a learned man who came during Bairhm's regency to A'grah.
Baddona' III., 149.
876. Lashkari', son of Mirz6 YGsuf Khin (No. 35).
Vide above p. 374, and for his wife under No. 361.

The Madair haa ; the fizuk, The K'hatars and Dilahziks are estimated
p. 48, J,,AJI. I cannot fiud it on the in the Tuzuk at 7 to 8000 families.
maps. I t is described as a green flat spot.
 376. A'gb8 Mdar Qazwini. Pids No. 278.
377. Muhammad 'Ali' of JBm.
JQm is a place in KhurBsQn, famous for its Bdld Shaikhi melons. It has given
name to the two poets F'iir Bahb and the renowned 'Abdurrahmbn J l m i .
378. Matyhura'DaDs,the K'hatri. .
379. Sat'hura' Da's, his son.
The latter eerved in the 26th year (989) nnder Sultbn N u r M iu KLbul. Akbajsn.,
III., 333.
880. Mi8rMura'd, brother of Shtih Beg Kolabi (No. 148). Vide
No. 282.
381. =a8,
the Kachhwihah.
H e served in 989 under Prince Murki in Kbbul.
382. Sayyid Darwi8sh,son of Shame i Bukhbi.
883. Junaid Murul.
A Shaikh Junaid served under Shihlb KhQn (No. 26) in Gujdt. H e was killed
in the Khaibar catastrophe (Akbarn., III., 190,498).
384. B a w d Abu8Is-ha8q,son of Mirzi Rafi'uddin i Fafawi.
He was mentioned on p. 439. I n the 36th year, he served against the J b m and
M d a r of Gujrtit.
His father Rafi'uddin was a learned man of saintly habite, nnd died at A'grab in
964 or 957. One of his ancestors was Mu'inuddin, author of a comrneutsry to tho
@An, entitled Tafuir i Ma'dni.
386. FBth Kha8n, superintendent of the leopards.
In 985, Akbar cured his sore eyes by blood letting, which Abulfiizl describes,
according to his custom, as a miracle. F. K. was in change of the hunting leopards.
There is eome confusion in the histories regarding the Fath Khlns of Akbar's
reign. Eirat, there is Fattli Khbn Afghh. Fatlzi is the same as Fath. His title
is M a d i 'Xli, and hie son was mentioned above, No. 306. Secorzdly, Fath K h i n
Filbkn, who when young was Akbnr's elephant driver V l b d n ) . H e maasubseqnently
made Bmir, and according to my two MSS. of the Tabaqlt, died in 990. But B a d b ~ i i
(11,363) mentions Fatb KhSn Filbln as alive in 994, when he accompanied Qhirn
ILbQn (No. 69) on his march to Kashmir ; but the Akbarnlmah, in the corresponding
paseage (III., 612) calls him Path Khdn Yaanud i ' A l . Dowson's edition of Elliot's
Historians (I, 244, 250) mentions a Fath Khbn BahBdur. A Fath KhLn Tughluq
wna mentioned nnder No. 187, p. 466.
386. Muqi'm Kha'n, son of ShujB'at KhAn (No. 5 1). Kde p. 37 1.
H e served in the siege of A J r , and in the 46th year in the Dak'hin. AkLarn.,
III., 826, 865.
887. Lalah, son of R6jah Bir Bay (No. 85).
The Akbarnbmah (III., 866) calls him the eldest son of Rkjah Bir Bar. Vide
p. 405.
888. Yu'suf i Kashmi'ri'. Tide No. 228.
389. H a b i ' Y a e a ' d .
Mubi is an ablreviatiun of n u b i b .
 390. H a i d a r D o s t , L r o t h e r of a s i m 'Ali KhLn (No. 187).
301. D o s t Muhammad, s o n o f Bib6 Dost.
302. S h a ' h r u k h DantGri.
Ilantilr, Dhantilr, or Dhant;iwar, is a district near the Kashmir' frontier. The
Trlzuk (pp. 287, 231) snys that Dhantilr, during Akbar's reign, was ruled over by
S11:illrulih, but now (in 1090, 1ltli year of Jzihingir) by his son Bahbdur. Bahidur
mrc a coln~~iaiidcr of 200, 1iX) I~orsc,and served under 3Iahbbat in Bangash.
303. Sher M u h a m m a d .
H e served in 9!)3 ill tlre 1)nk'hin. Akbnri~.,III., 473.
A S h t ~iV/ihrrtn~r~uJDi~crirltch was mrntionecl on p. 316. H e had a t first been
in thc scrvice of Kl~rv;lj;~h Mu'azzicln, I~rotllcrof Alcbar's mother. When A l i h r , in
the 10th yt:ar, is at Jnunpilr, c n f i ; ~ f i ~with d tlio rebellion of Kh5n ZamBn, Sher
BIIIII:~IIIII~:LLI L)II\\..:LI~RII I)luu~lcrcdseveral l,lacc< ill P:irg;inah Sambnah, the feujdir of
wl1ic.h n.;~sJIullL Silrnddin 'I'n1.l;liLn. The JIullii Irad left his vakll Mir Dost Muham-
mad in S:LIII;~II:L~I. Sh. 31. D. invited him and treacherously murdered him at the
fc:tst. Plunrlcrin; several pl;~ccshe went to AILler, when 110 xas surprised by the Mulli
a t a place called L)l~anill.iin SamiL~iah. Sh. 31. D. tled, hut his horse ran against the
trunlc of a tree and threw him down. H e w - a ~ captured and executed, A. H. 973.
AkLurn., II., 332.
304. 'Ali' Quli' [Beg, IstnjlJ, S h e r A f l t a n Khin].
H e \ m s the snfurrlri, or table-attendant, of Ismri'il 11, king of Persia, After hi
dcnth, lie s e n t over Q:uidshiir to India, and met a t Miiltin the W h K h 4 n h
(No. 20), who mas on his march to T'hat'hah. A t his recommendation, he received
a rnalagi~b. During the war he rendered distinguished services. Soon after his arrival
a t court,, Akbar married him to BIihrunnisL (the future Nlir Jahbn), daughter of
I I i r z i Ghiils TiclrrAni (No. 319). GhiLs's wife had accession to the imperial h m ,
nnd was on her visits often accompauied by her daughter. Prince Salim saw her, and
fell in lore with her, and Akbar, to avoid scandal, married her quickly t o 'Ali Quli.
'Ali Quli ncco~npeniedthe priuce on his expedition ampinst the Rirnir, and received
from him the title of Sher Afkan Khbn. On his accession, he received Bardwin
as trf,yril. IIiv hostile encounter with Shaikh H h i b i (No. 276) waa related on p. 4M.
Tlic Xatinir. snys that when he went to meet the g d b a h i ~ i r ,his mother pat a
helmet (tlubulr~huh) on his head, and said, " My son make his mother cry, before
he nlakes your mother weep," then kissed him, and let him go.
'Alf Q.'Rdaugl~ter,who, like her mother, had the name of Mihrunnid, was later
married to Prince Shnhrjilr, Jahhngir's fifth son.
Jnhiiugir in the Tuzuk expresses Lis joy a t 'A. Q.'s death, and hopes t h a t U t h e
blaclificed wretch x~illfor ever rcuiain in hell." KhCfi KhLn (I., p. 267) mentions
an extr:rordillarg circumxtunce, said to Lare bee11 related by Nlir JahBn's mother.
According to her, Sher Afkan mas not killed by Qutbuddln's men, but, wounded
he w.12. ~n:brri~:,.ed to get to the door of his ho~lric,with the intention of killing hi*
wife, whom Ire did not wish to fall into the e~nperor'shands. But her mother would not
-.-- -- -

I Ti'de Conningham'fi ' (:engrnl,hy

Ancient India,' p. 111. Lt lies on the I of Dor River, near Naushahrah.
 let him enter, and told him to mind his wounds, especially as Mihrunniab had
committad suicide by throwing herself into a well. " Having heard the d news,
Sher Afkan went to the heavenly mansions."
His body was buried in the shrine of the poet B a h d m SaqqQ ( o i d s below among
the poetr) ;the place is pointed out to this day a t Bardwin.
A verse is often mentioned by Nuhammadans in allusion to four tigers which Ndr
Jahbn killed with a musket. The tigers h d been caught (Tuzuk, p. 186), and N d r
Jahbn requested Jahdngfr to let her shoot them. She killed two with one ball each,
and the other two with two bulleta, without missing, for which the emperor gave her a
present of one thousand Ashrafis. One of the courtiers said on the spur of the
moment -
-1 $1 & crj ~ 1 4 >J ~ uj U +
J, +> &+j+
" Though Ndr Jahdn is a woman, she is in the array of men a ean i aher afian,"

i. e. either the wife of Sher Afkan, or a woman who throws down (+an) tigers (she*).
805. Sha'h Muhammad, son of Maenad i 'Ali.
Vide Nos. 306 and 356.
308. Sanwalda's Ja'don.
H e accompanied Akbar on his f o r d march to Patan and Ahrnadbbzid (p. 416,
note). and s e n d in 989 under Prince MurM in Kirbul. I n 992, he was assaulted
and dangerously wounded by eome BhLti. Akbar visited him, as he was given u p by
the doctors ; but he recovered after an illness of three years.
H e was the son of G j a h Gopbl Jiidon's brother (aide No. 3061, and Abulfuzl
calk him a personal attendant of the emperor. Akbarn., III., 24, 333,436.
807. Xhwa'jah Zahi'ruddi'n, son of Shaikh Khalilullah.
H e served in the 31st year under Q b i m Khbn (No. 59) in the conqueat of
Kashmir, and in the 46th year in the Dak'hin.
His father is also called Shdh Khalilullah. H e served in the 10th year against
Khbn ZamLn, and under Mun'im K h i n in Bengal and Orb&, and d i d in 983 a t
Gaur of fever (p. 376).
Father and son are not to be confounded with the more illustrious Mir
Khalilullah of Yazd and his non Mir Zahiruddin, who in the 2nd year of JnhLngir
came as fugitiros from Pernia to LLhor. T h e history of this noble family is giveu in
the Xun'sir.
308. Mi'r AbUl Qa'sim of Nishgp6r.
300. He'ji' Muhnmmad Ardistini.
400. Muhammad Khe'n, son of Tarson Khin's sister (No. 32).
401. Wwa'jah Muqi'm, son of Khm6jah Miraki.
H e served under 'Aziz Kokah in Bengal, and retnrned with him to court in the
29th year. I n 993, he served again in Bengal, and was besieged, together with Tihir
Saiful Mullik (No. 201) in Fort G'horhg'hbt by several Bengal rebels. I n the end of
the 36th year(Leginning of 999), he was made Bakh8hi. A k b m . , III., 418, 410,610.
Ed6 Dowson's edition of Elliot's Historians, I., pp. 248, 251.
403. Q8'di.r Quli', foster brother of M i r d Phihrukh (NO. 7).
H e served in the 36th year in GujrLt. Akbarn., 1II.s 621.
 408. Fi'ru'sah, a slave of t h e emperor H h y h n .
Badbni (111, 297) says that he wee captured, when a child, by a soldier in one
of the wars with India, and was taken to HumByh, who brought him up with
Mlrzri Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother. He played several musical instrumente
and composed poems. He came tb India with G h h i KhBn i Badakhshi (No. 144).
Badbni also says that he was a LangB.
404. Ta'j Kha'n K'hatrish. V i i No. 172.
405. Zainuddi'n 'U.
He served in the 26th year (end of 988) under Mbn Singh againat M. Muhammad
Hakfm.
406. Mi'r Sheriffof Kolib.
407. Paha'r Khs'n, t h e Bal6ch.
He served in the 21st year against Daud6, son of Surjan HbaB (No. 96), and
afterwards in Bengal. I n 989, the 26th year, he was tuy;ldlir of Ghirzlpdr, and
hunted down Ma'pim KhBn Farankhddi, after the latter had MnhammadBh4d
(p. W ) . I n the 28th year, he served in GujAt, and commanded the centre in the
fight at Maidnah, S. E. of Patan, in which Sher Khbn Fultidi was defeatad. Akbarn.,
HI., 160,356, 416.
Dr. Wilton Oldham, C. S., states in his ' Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District' (p. 80)
that FaujdBr Pahiir Khbn is still remembered in Ghhzfpiu, and that his. tank and
tomb are still objects of local interest.
408. Keehu' Da'e, t h e Rdt'hor.
I n the beginning of 993 (end of the 29th year), he served in Gnjdt. A daughter
of hia was married to Prince Salim (p. 310). h m the Akbarnbmah, III., 623, it
appenra that he is the son of R4i RBi Sigh's brother (No. 44), and perished, in the
36th year, in a private quarrel.
400. Sayyid La'd Ba'rha.
I n 993, Sayyid L&l served with the preceding in Gujrbt, and in the 46th year,
in the Dak'hin.
410. Naai'r Main.
Main (&), or Munj, ia the name of a subdivision of Rang'har Rhjpdte, chiefly
inhabiting Sarhind and the Bahat Dubb. " The only famous man which this tribe
has produced, is 're& Kh8s Mafn. He served under BahLdur Shbh and J a h i n d h
Shbh." Illadair.
411. Sa'ngah, t h e Pupwar.
418. Qa'bil, son of 'Atiq.

415. Ru'ram, foster brother of Mirzil Ibrihim.

B e served in the 31st year againat the Afghkns on Mount Terih, and in 1000,
under Mbn Singh in the expedition to O r i d . dklarn., 111.. 632, 642.
Mirzb I b r h i m was Akbar's youngest brother, who dicd as an infant.
 The above list of Grandees includes the namea of snch Xanpabdirs above
the rank of commanders of Five hnndred as were alive and dead in the 40th
year of his Majesty's reign, in which this book was completed ; bnt the list of
the commanders from Five hundred to Two hnndred only contains snch as were
alive in that year. Of those who hold a lower rank and are now alive, I shall
merely give the number. There are at present
of Commanders of 150 .......................................
53
Do. of 120 ......................................
1
Do. of 100, or Pibcfehia, ....................
250
Do. of 80 ......................................
91
Do. of 60 ......................................
201
Do. of 50 .......................................
16
Do. of 40 .....................................
260
Do. of 30, or Tarkashbasds ,......
........... 39
Do. of 20 ......................................
250
Do. of 1 0 .....................................
224
[Total, 1388 Manpbdairs below the rank of a Commander of 200.1
Scarcely a day passes away on which qnalified and zealous men are not
appointed to mansabs or promoted to higher dignities. Many Arabians and
Persians also come from distant countries, and are honoured with commissions
in the army, whereby they obtain the object of their desires. A large number
again, both of old and young servants, receive their discharge, and are rewarded
by his Majesty with daily allowances or grant8 of land, that render them
independent.
As I have mentioned the Grandees of the state, both snch as are still alive
end such as have gone to their rest, I shall also give the names of those who
have been employed in the administration of the government, and thue confer
upon them everlasting renown.
The following have been Vakila, or prime-ministers,-'
Bairhm Khan (No. 10); Mun'im Khan (No. 11) ; Atgah Khan (No. 15);
Bahadur K h l n (No. 2'2) ; Khwkjah Jahrin (No. 110); K h h K h a i n h Mirai
Khrin (No. 29) ; Khiin i A'zam Mirzi Kokah (No. 21).
The following have been Vazirr, or ministers of finances-
Mir 'Azizullah Tnrbati ; Khw6jah Jalilnddin Mahmlids of K h u r U n
(No. 65); K h d j a h Mo'inuddin i Farankhlids (No. 128) ; Khwijah 'Abdnl
Majid A p f Khtin (No. 49) ; Vazir K h i n (No. 41) ; Muzaffar Khan (No. 37) ;
Rijnh Todar Nall (No. 39) ; Khwiijah Shkh Manqlir of Slii14a (No. 122) ;
Qulij K h i n (No. 42); Khwhjah Shamsnddin Khawifi (No. 159).

' Abnlfazl's list ia neither complete, ' The MSS. and my text have wrong
nor chronologically ananged. I &farstid, for Mahmfid.
 The following have been Bakhohf8-
Khwijnli JohAii (No. 1 1 0 ) ; K1iw.ijnlr TAliir of S i j i e t h (No. 111) ;
I I a n l i n i H:ibi Bilrzitli,l RInriIini Dnrmisll Rl~ilinriirnadof Mashhad ; H a u l i d
'Isl~qi,' Nuqinl of Iihnris.in (No. 1 0 1 ) ; SultBu Rlahrnild of Badakhshin i
Laslilriu Klr6ii (NO. 9 0 ) ; Slr:il~l)Jz Klriri (No. 8 0 ) ; RAi Pnrnk'hotam;
Sl~nikli Farid i Hulilriri (No. 99) ; Qizi 'Ali of Baglrid ; Ja'far Beg #$at
Kld11 (No. 9s) ; Kl1w6j;ill Nizi~~iuddin AI11r1:id;a KIi\vij~igiFathullah (No. 2.58).
Tlre follo\ring llnvc l)ccl~rccdrs-'
JIir Filtl~lilli~l~; S l ~ a i l t lC;14l
~ ii, son of Sllailrli J a r ~ i i il Kambil ; Kh\vbjagi
JIulia~n~nntl qdlill, clcscc~~tlar~t in the t l ~ i ~~erierntion
d from Khwijnh 'Abd~dlnl~
DIiir\vi~.i~l ; 31it11Ii11i'-Al~,ltil 13.it1i ; Sli~~ililr'Abdur1uiibi; S111[6n Kllwijah
(No. 1 0 s ) ; $'i~(lr Jal16n (No. 194).

Conclztrli~rg ATotc 6y the Tra)tslator o n Akbar'o ;lia?qabdo'rr.

The principal facts wl~ichAbuliazl's list of Grandees discloses are, >rat,
that there were very few Ilindlistini Rlnsulniins in the higher ranks of the
nrnly and the civil service, most of the ofiicers being foreigners, especially
Persiarls and Afgliit~s; srco,~dly, tllnt there mas a vary fair sprinkling of Hindir
A n ~ i r ns ~ , among the 415 Rlnnpnbd6rs there are 5 1 HindJs.
The R1anqabd:irs who hntl fallen into disgrace, or had rebelled, have mostly
been excluded. Tlrus we n ~ i the s ~ nnnles of RIir S h i h Abnl BIa'ili ; Khwijah
Rln'azza~n, brotlrcr of Akl~nr's uiother; U i b i K h i n Q i q s h i l ; May$irm i
K i b u l i (p. 131, note) ; 'Arab Uahitlur; Jabhri, k c . B u t there are also
severnl left out, as Klrizr KIr\vbjah (p. 365, note 2), Sultiin Husnin J a E i r
(vide under No. 64), Kan1B1 KIIAII the Gak'kliar (ride p. 456), biir Ges6
(p. 421), Nnurnrrg Klrin, son of QurLutltlin K h i n (p. 3%), MirzI Qnli
(p. 3S5), Rijnh A~1i:uan (p. 455), nnil otl~crs,for whose ornission i t is difficult
t o nssigr~rcasolls.
Comparing Bbnlfiizl's list with t h ~ illt tlre Tabnqbt, or the careful lists of
Slrdlrjalli~r'sgrnntlccs in tlie PAdisl~ihiriri~nli, we observe that Abnlfael haa
only given tlre nln~trnb,but not the actual corn~nands,whiclr monld hare fihewn
h tho contingents (tabincin). I n other mords, Abnlfnzl hns
t l ~ es t r e ~ ~ g tof
merely given tlre r d t i rauk (11. 241). This mill partly account for the dime-
pancies i n rauk between his list and that by Nidmuddin in the Tabaqit, which

' Some MSS. have B r i instcad of 'I%e Historian.

abbrerintion for Hcrbibj.
Z c c ~ (nu
i Vide pp. 270 to 274. Regarding
Ibgnding him vide AklarnQmnh, Maulbnb 'Abdul B6 i , who was Yadr in
Ili., 210. H e wlw of Ghazni. the fifth ,-em, vide $bsru6,.h, II., 143.
 may advantageously be given here. Nizim only gives manqabdirs of higher
rank, vis.
I n the Tubaqdt.' In Abulfarl's list.
1. K h s n K h a n Bairim Khin, ...............
No. 10. Manwb, 5000.
2. Mire& Shlhmkh, 5000, .....................
,, 7 ; 5000.
3. Tardi Beg KhBn, ..............................
,, 1 2 ; do.
4. Mun'im Khbn, .................................
,, 11; do.
5. Mima Rastam, 5000, ........................
,, 9 ; do.
6. Mirzb KhbnKhindn, ........................
,, 29 ; do.
7. 'Ali Quli Kh4n ZamBn,. ......................
,, 1 3 ; do.
8. Adham Khbn, .................................
,, 19; do.
9. Mirzi Sharafuddin Husnin, ..................
,, 17 ; do.
10. Shamsuddin Muhammad Atgah Khbn, ...
,, 1 5 ; do.
11. Mnhammad 'Aziz Kokultnsh, 5000 ,.........
,, 21 ; do.
12. Khizr Khwijah ,................................
,, not in theKin; via% p. 365.
13. B a h a u r Khin, 5000 ...........................
,, 2 2 ; 5000.
14. Mir Muhammad KhBn Atgah, ..............
,, 1 6 ; do.
15. Muhammad Quli K h i n Bnrlris,* ............
,, 31 ; do.
16. Khln JahBn, 5000, ..........................
,, 24 ; do.
17. ShihBbuddh Ahmad Khiiu, 5000, .........
,, 2 6 ; do.
18. Sa'id Khin, 5000,. ...........................
,, 25 ; do.
19. Pir Muhammad Khln, ........................ ,,
20 ; do.
20. Rdjah B i h M Mall,* ...........................
,, 2 3 ; do.
21. Rbjah Bhagwin Db,5000, .................. ,, 27 ; do.
22. Mbn Singh, 5000, ............................
,, 30 ; do.
23. Khwrijah 'Abdul M ~ j i d #qaf Khin, main-
tained 20,000 horse, ........................
,, 49 ; 3000.
24. Sikandar Khiin Uzbak,* ....................
,, 48 ; 3000.
25. 'Abdullah K h i n Uzbak, .....................
,, 14 ; 5000.
26. Qiyir Khiin Clung,* .........................
,, 3 3 ; 5000.
27. Y d d Mahammad Khbn Kokah, 5000, ...
,, 18 ; 5000.
28. Zain KhBn Kokah, 5000, ;.... ................
,, 34 ; 4500.
29. Shnjii'at Khin, 6000 ,........................
,, 51; 3000.
30. Shah Budigh K h h , ...........................
,, 62 ; 3000.
31. Ibnihim Kh4n Uzbak, 4000 ...................
,, 64; 2500.
32. Tarson Muhammad Khin, 5000, ............
,, 32 ; 5000.
a According to MS. No. 87 of the the names are lnostly traceable ta Ak-
f%. of the As. Soc., Bengal, and my
m i o n a l Merence~in ( bar's hatred, which Abulfnzl ehared, of
the n u n s ' M u l m a d , ' ' Ahmad.'
Mentioned in tho Tabaqdt as belonging to the Umurd i kila'r, ' tho great
Amfirs', i.e., probably, the commanden, of 6000.
67
 I n ithe Tabqn't. In Ak2fatl'r list .
3.3. Vazir Khan, 5000 ...............................No. 41 ; 4000 .
34 . i\Inhammad Murid Khin. * .................. ,, 51; 3000 .
35. Ashrnf Khin,* ............................. ,, 74 ; 2000 .
36 . RInhdi Q.isim Khin.' ...................... ,. 3 6 ; 4000.
37 . 3Iollnmr11a11 Q isirn Kliin. ..................... ,, 40 ; 4000 .
3Y . Kllm.iji~hFultin 'Ali ........................... ., 5 6 ; 3000 .
3!1. RCji~hTodar JIa11. 4000. ................. ,. 39; 4000.
40 . 31irzi Tlisuf 1<11BnRtiznmi. 4000. ........... ,, 3 5 ; 4500 .
41 . 3Iirzii Quli Kliin.* ........................... not in the Kin ; v k b p . 385.
42 . pl111zaffnr KliAn, ............................... No . 37 ; 4000.
43 . Bnider RIuhammnd IClldn. 2000, ........... ,, 66 ; 2500.
44 . Slllillnl~iIChBn Jnliir. 2000, ..................,, 9 7 ; 2000.
.
45 I m i ' i l Sult61i Doldni. ........................ ,, 72 ; 2000 .
46 . 3luhnmmad Khdn Jnlhir. I..................... not in the #in .
47 . Khhn i 'Alam. 3000. .......................... No . 58; 3000 .
48 . Qutb~~tldin n1ulian11nad Kllhn. maintained
5000 horse. .................................. ,, 28; 5000 .
49 . Muhibb 'Ali Khan, 4000, .....................,, 107; 1000 .
50. Qulij KhBn, 4000. .......................... ,, 42 ; 4000.
51. fiIuhammnd Cidiq Khan, 4000, ............
,, 4 3 ; 4000 .
56 . Blirz6 Jbni Ucg, 3000, ...................... ,, 47 ; 3000 .
53. Ismi'il Quli K l ~ i n ,3000. * ................... ,, 4 6 ; 3500.
54. I'timld Rhin GujrBti, 4000. ................. ,, 67 ; 2500.
55. Rijnh RBi Singli, of Bikdnir and Niigor, 4000, ,, 44 ; 4000 .
56. Shnrif JIuhnmmnd KhBn. 3000,............... ,, 6 3 ; 3000 .
57 . Eh&h Fnkhruddin. Nnclhbht Khin, 1000. ... ,, 5 8 ; 2000.
58. Hiibib 'Ali Ktiin, ........................... ,, 133 ; 2000 .
59 . 81~31Quli Bfnhrnm. 1000, ................... ,, 4 5 ; 3500 .
.
60 JIuliibb 'Ali Kli61i K~llthsi,4000............not in the #in ; videp 4 2 2.
6 1. Mu'inuddin Ahmnd. ........................... No . 128 ; 1000 .
62 . I'timid Khin Kl~~vijalisaI'B, ............... ,, 119; 1000.
63. Dnstnm'Khdn, ............................... ,, 79; 2000 .
64. Knmil Kliin, the Gnltk'linr, 5000, ............not in the Ain ; videpp 456. .
488.
. .
6 5 Tihir K h i n l l i r Pnrhghat, 2000, ............ No 94 ; 2000 .

He got insane. Tubaqdt . The MSS . of the Tabag& also bave

' MS.. 1000. I wrong B u r t a r BM u.

Mentioned in the Tabngdt as belonging to the Cmard i kibdr. 'tbe p t

Amirs'. i . e., probably. the conlmanders oft(W.
 b th Tahqdt . I n Abul/asP lkt .
66. Bapyid Hdmid of Bukhiri, 2000. ............ .
No 78 ; 2000 .
67. Sayyid Mabmrid K h h l B6rha. 4000. ........ 75; 2000 .
68. Sayyid Ahmad Khin. Bdrha. 3000. ......... 91 ; 2000 .
.
69 Qari BahMur KhBn. ' 4000. (?) ................179 ; 700 .
70. Biqi Muhammad Khin Kokah. 4000. ........ 60 ; 3000;
71. &yyid Muhammad Mir 'Adl. ...................140 ; 1000 .
72. Mal~GmKhdn Farankhlidi. 2000. ..............
157 ; 1000 .
73. Naurang K h h . 4000. ..........................not in the Kin ;oids p. 334 .
74. Sh4h Muhammad Khtis Atgah. younger
brother of Shamsaddin Atgah. '............ not in the din .
75. Matlab KhPn, 2000. ........................... .
No 83 ; 2000 .
76. 8haikh Ibdhim. 2000. ........................ 82; 2000 .
77. 'Ali Qnli Khin. 2000. ......................... 124; 1000 .
78. Tolak Khan Qkhin, 2000. ..................
,168 ; 1000 .
79. Shdh Beg Khbn Kibuli. 3000. ................ 57 ; 8000 .
.
80 P a t t i Kh6n Afghin. 2000. .................. ad in tbe Kin ; vide p. 523 .
.
8 1 Fath K h b . Filbin. 2000. .....................
not in the A h ; vids p . 523 .
82. Saminji Khan Mughnll 2000. ..............
No . 100; 1500 . .
83. Bdbli B h k l i . 1000............................. 202; 700 .
84. Darwieh Muhammad Uzbak. 2000. ........... 8 1 ; 2000 .
8 5. Shahbb Khcin Kambti. 2000. ................... 80 ; 4000 .
86. K h d j a h J d i n Khu*i. .............. , 110; 1000 .
.
88. Muhnmmd Q&im Khdn. 3000.
.
89 Y ~ ~ z d f H
.
87 MajnSIn Khin Q6qshil. kept 5000 horse.

a r d u Mid, 1000.
.............
.....
.................
50; 3000
40 ; 4000
180 ; 700 .
.
.

90. Rijah Jagamith, 3000. ........................ 69 ; 2500 .

.
91 U j a h #skaranl 3000. ........................
not in the Kin ;vide p .458 .
92. X i Lonkaran. 2000. ......................... not in the .
;nidk p 494.
9 3. Hddhd " brother of R . Blin 8ingh. "

2000. .............., .........................No . 101; 1500 .

94. Saif K h h Kokrh. .............................. 38 ; 4000 .
9 5. Glii5snddin 'Ali # ~ a fKGn1 ................... 1 2 6 ; 1000 .
.
9 6 Piyandah Khan Mughul. 2000. ................. 68 : 2500 .
.
97 Mubirak Khiu. the Qalc'khnr. 1000............ 171 ; 1000.
.
98 Bbz B a l l i d ~ rAfghPn. 2000. .................. 120 ; 1000 .
99. Mirak Khin Jinkjank (?). ................... not in the #in .
.
1 0 0 Bayyid Qhim S r h a , 2000. ....................105 ; 1500 .
1 0 1. Xjah Kangir1 2000 ............ ......,...... notintheAin.tr'dsp.436.
' MS.. BahLiur Kh8n. Tab d l .
This is probably a mLt.Le of the I authorTheofsame
the
ur . . .
37 on p 530
 l i t tile Tilbnq,.t . In AAlrs~azl'a list .
302. RIohnmmad Husnin Lashknr KhLn. kept
2000 horse. .................................NO. 00 ; 2000.
103. Hnsnin Kliin Tukriynh. 2000. ............... 53; 3000 .
101. JalJ1 IChin. the Gztklr'her. 1500. ............. 170; 1000.
105. Se'id Khin. tlie Gnklc'l~nr~1500. ........... not in the #in ;
ride pp . 457. 486 .
10G. I'tilxir Khin. tlie Eonnch. 2000 ............ No . 81 ; 2000 .
107. IChwijnli V11ir N~~llnninind TitAr ICliin. . . . . . 111 ; 1000 .
108. hIot'11 nija11. 1500. ..............................121 ; 1000 .
109. nlihtnr IChiin. Khiqnli I<linil. 2000. ......... 102 ; 1500.
110. C:~ftlarIChin. ICIii~nliICl~nil.2000. I........ not in the #in .
111. 13nl1irI<liBnl ICh5qnh KIiail. 2000 ............. No . 87 (7); 2000 .
112. Fnrliat Kluin. K h i ~ n hIChnil. 2000. ........... 145 ; 1000.
113. R i i SAl Darbiri. 2000.............................. 106; 1250.
114. Rai Durgi. 1500.I............................... 103 ; 1500.
115. nlirak Khln Bnhidur. ' 2000. ................... 208 ; 500.
116. Shih RIuhnmmnd QnlAti. ......................... 95 ; 2000 .
117. Mnqq Jd 'Ali Kor. ............................... 136 ; 1000.
.
118 Ikhliq Khin. tlie Eunuch. 1000. ............. 86; 2000 .
119. RIihr 'Ali Sildoz. 1500. ........................ 1 3 0 ; 1000 .
120. Klludiannd Khin Dak'l~ini.1500 .............. 151 ; 1000.
121. Nir BIurtazi Dnk1llini11000. .................... 162; 1000 .
.
122. Hnsnn K116n1 a Batnni Afghln. 1000.
123. Naznr Beg. son of Sn'id. tlio Gnkk1hnr11000. .
........ 220 ; 500
247 ; 500.
151. RBjali GopBl. 2000............................... not in the #in ;oidep. 50%
125. Qiy6 Khin. 1000. ............................No . 184 ; 700.
126. Snyyid Hisl~imBBrhn. 2000.................... 143 ; 1000 .
.
187 Raznwi Khin. 2000. ............................. 141 ; 1000 .
128. RAjah Bir Bnl. 2000. .......................... 85 ; 2000 .
129.' Sliaikh Farid i Bukhiri. 1500. ................ 99 ; 1500.
130. Rajah Sorjnn. 2000. ............................. 96 ; 2000 .
131. Jn'far Beg Aqaf Khin. 2000. ................. 98 ; 2000.
132. Rajah Rlipsi BnirBgi. 1500. ................... 118 ; 1000.
133. FBzil Khan. 1500. .............................. 156 ; 1000 .
134. Shih Quli Kh6n Naranji. 1000. .............. 231 ; 500 .
135. Shaikh RItihamnind IChin Bukhiri. 2000. ..... 77 ; 2000 .
136. La'l K h h Bndnkhdli. .......................... 209; 500 .
MS., 1000. ' He d i d in the explosion of a mine
I before Chitor .
 In the Tabaqrit. In A6ulfnal's tist.
137. Khanjar Beg Chqhtii,' ........................ not in the #in.
138. MakhqGq Khin, 2500, ...................... No. 70 ; 2500.
139. Sini Khan Arlit, ............................. ,, 216; 500.
140. Mirzi Hnsain Khln, ........................... ,, 149; 1000.
141. Jagat Singh, 1500, .............................. ,, 1 6 0 ; 1000.
142. bIirz6 Najit Khiin, .......................... ,, 1 4 2 ; 1000.
143. 'Ali Dost Khin, 1000,s ....................... not in the Ain.
144. Sultiin Hnsain K h i n ,... ..................... not in the #in.
145. Khwijah Sh6h Manqiir S h i h i , ............. No. 122 ; 1000.
146. Salim Khin, 1000, .............................. ,, 132 ; 1000.
147. Sayyid Chhajhli Birha, ...................... ,, 221 ; 500.
148. Darb6r Khin, 1000, .......... .: ............. ,, 185; 700.
149. H i j i Mnhammad Sistini, 1000 (1) ......... ,, 5 5 ; 3000.
150. Muhammad Zamin,' ......................... not in the #in.
151. Khnrram Kltin, 2000,' .................... not in the #in.
152. Muhammad Quli Toqbiii, 1000,. .............. No.. 129 ; 1000.
153. Mnjihid Khin, 1000: ....................... not in the #in.
151. SulGn Ibrihim Aubahi," .................. not in the Ain.
155. S h i h Q h h i KhBn Tnrkm6n1 .................. not in the Ain.
156. Sheroyah, 1000, ................................. No. 168 ; 1000.
157. G k a r 'Ali Khin, 1000, ....................... 9I 92 ; 2000.
158. Naqib KMn, 1000,. .............;............. ,, 161 ; 1000.
159. Beg NSIrin Khin, 1000, ...................... ,, 212; 500.
160. Qntl6 Qadarn Khin, 1000, ................... ,, 1 2 3 ; 1000.
161. Jalhl K h i n Qnrchi, 1000, .................... ,, 213; 500.
162. Shim61 K h i n Qurchi, 1000, ................. ,, 1 5 4 ; 1000.
163. Mirzidah 'Ali Kh6n, ........................ ,, 1 5 2 ; 1000.
164. Sayyid 'Abdullah Khin,. ...................... ,, 189 ; 700.
- -
-

' " H e belongs to the old Amfrs of belonged to the commanders of 1000,
the present dynasty. He was an accom- and was killed in Gadha." Tala&ft.
plished man, excelled in music, and According to the Tabaqht, he was
nmpoeed poems. There exists o well dead in 1000. Vide Akbaruimah, II.,
lrnown Masnawl by him, dar bcib i 98, 108,200,284, 287.
ak'hdrah, on the subject of dancing He is not to be confounded with M i n i

.
?'abaqdt. Vide Akbarnbmah, Khurram (No. 177).
g':i;."He wan a servant of Humifin.
Mu'hhid Khin was theson of Mu&
hib ~ h l uone
, of Humhylin's courtiers.
In A k W s service he rose to a command He was killed at Kogbhalmh. Akbarnd-
of 1000, and died at Lihor." One MS. mah, III., 146, 168.
calla him 'AU Dost Khhn Ndranp', the He was the khdl, or maternal uncle,
other has Bdrbegi, an unusual btle for of the author of the Tabaqdt, and dis-
the Mu hul period. tinguished himself in leading a successful
" J d a m m a d Z a m h ie the brother expedition into Kambn.
of M f d Yhuf KhBn (No. 35). He
 An tks Tabaqdt . In AbnZfkl'a la.
.
165 Mir Sharif i Amuli. 1000
166. Farrnkh Khin,
...................
...............................
167. Dost Khhn, I..........................not
-
...
..
No 166 ; 1000.
232; 500
..the
in ....#in
.
.
.
.............. .
.
168 Ja'far Khin Turkmin, 1000,
169. RBi Manohar, ................................
...........
..
No . 114 ; 1000
265 ; 400 .
.
170. Shaikh 'Abdnrrahim of Lak'hnan,

............ .
171. M i n B Abul Mnzaffar. ..................... .
197; 700
210 ; 500.
.
................................... .
172. RBj Singh, son of Rijah h k a r a n , 174 ; 1000
.
............................... ..
173. Riii Patr Dis, 196 ; 700
.
.................... .
174. Jdnieh Bahddur, 235; 500

.................. ..
175. Mul~anunadW n NiyAzi, 239 ; 500 .
.
........................... ..
176. Rim Dk Kwhhwdhah, 238 ; 500
.
.......... .
177. Mir Abnl QBsim, 251 ; 500
178. Khwijah 'Abdnl Hai, Mir 'Adl, 230 ; 500 .
........ .
179. Shamsnddin Hnsain, eon of A'zam K b , 163; 1000 .
.
9)

.... .
180. Khwijnh Shamenddin Khawifi, 159; 1000
181. Mir Jamanddin Husain Injli, 1000, 161; 1000 .
....................... .
182. Shaikh 'Abdnllah K h h , son of Muhammnd
.
............ .
Ghens, 1000, 178; 1000

............ ..
183. Sayyid R;ijG Bbrhn, 1000, 165; 1000 .
184. Medni R6i Chanhin. 1000, 198 ; 700 .
.
.................... .
.
185. Mir TLhir Razawi, brother of H YhsJ B;hb, ,
236 ; 500

.... .
186. T6sh Beg Kibuli, 172; 1000 .
........................ .
187. Ahmad Beg Kibuli, keeps 700 horse, 191 ; 700 .
.
............... .
188. Sher Khwlijah, 176; 800

................ .
.
189 Muhammad Quli Turkmhn, 203; 600 .
.
........................ .
190. blird 'Ali 'Alnmshihi,'' 237; 500

...................... .
.
191 Wazir Jnmil, 200; 700 .
.
.............. .
192. R5i Bhoj, 1000, 175; 1000

...................... .
193. Bakhtyir Beg Turkmin, 204 ; 600.

.............. .
194. Mir P d r JahBn, 104; 700 .
. .
............ ..
195 Hasan Beg Shaikh 'Umari, 167 ; 1000

.......... .
196. SMdmBn, son of 'Adz Kokah, 233 ; 500.
197. Rlijeh Mukatmin Bhadanriah, 249 ; 500.
.
198 BPqi Safarehi, son of TBhir Khin Fadghat, not in the k3.u; uidd p.408 .

One MS. calls hisqjb.the other ' "He

a m"Bmm n
is the brother of 'ALrrshP
8mfd 0''
.
,& .
He hlongd
66 ad toths
em of 1000. and in now (A. H 1001). arms!' Tubaqdt. This is scarcely
in harmmJ f.a~ on
dead." .
p 482.,
 In the Tabaqcit.. I n Abu2fazl's list.
199. Faridlin BarlBs, ...................... No. 227 ; 500.
200. Bahidur K G n QnrdL, a Tarfn Afghirn, ... ,, 269 ; 400.
201. Shaikh Bbyazid i Chishti, ............... ,, 260 ; 400.
I n this above list, a few grandees are mentioned whom Abulfazl classes
among the commanders of 400. Nizbm, however, adds the following note t o
his own list-" Let i t be known that the title of Amfr is given to all such
as hold Manpbs from 500 upwards. Nae of thoae whom I haus enumerated
holde a h a rank."
. The Historian BadaSoni ha8 not given a list of Amirs, but haa compiled
instead s very vnloable list of the poets, doctors, learned men, and saints of
Akbar's reign, together with biographical notices, which make up the third
volume of the edition printed by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With his
usual animus he says ( I n . I,)-" I shall not give the names of the Amirs, as
Nizhm has given them in the end of his work, and bssidcs, swat o f t h m have
died without having obtained thu pardon of God.
I have seen none that M faitltfiul in thw gatreration;
If thou knoweat one, give him my bk88ing."
Of the Manpbdtirs whose names Abnlfazl haa not given, because the
#in list refers to the period prior to the 40th year of Akbar's reign, the most
famous nre Mahibat KhBn, K h h J a h b Lodi (p. b03), and 'Abdullah Khan
Fir&-jang.
We have no complete liat of the grandees of Jahringir's reign; but the
Dutch traveller De Laiit, in hie work on India (p. 151), has a valuable note on
the numerical strength of JahBngL's Man~nbdrirs, which may be compared
with the lists in the Ain and the Pidishrihnimah (II., 717). Lenving out
the princes, whose mcmgabr were above 5000,me have--
Cornmuaderr Under m a r . Under Jahckcgir. Under ShcUjaha'n
Of (#in) (De Lait) (Pidishtihniimah)
5000 ........ 80 .........:... 8 .............. 20
4500 .......... 2 .............. 9 ............. 0
4000.' ....... 9 ............... 25 .............. 20
3500 .......... 2 .............. 30 ............ 0
3000 ............ 17 ............... 36 ............. 44
2500 .......... 8 .............. 42 .............. 11
2000 ......... 27 ............ 45 ............. 51
1600 ........ 7 .............. 61 ............. 62
1250 ........ 1 ............ 0 ............ 0
1000 ........ 31 ............ 55 ............ 97
900 ........ 38 ............ 0 ............. 23
800 .......... 2 ............. 0 ............ 40
 700 ......... 25 ............. 58 ............ 61
600 ........ 4 ............ 0 ............ 30
500 ......... .............
46 80 ............. 114
-
Total, .. 249 ............ 439 ............ 563
-
400 ........ 18 ............ 73
350 ........ 19 ........... 58
300 ........ 33 ............. 72 not specified.
250 ........ 12 ........... 85
200 ........ 81 ............ 150
-
Total. .. 163 ............ 438
- -
150 ........ 53 ............ 242
120 ........ 1 ............ 0
100 ........ 250 ............ 300
80 ........ 91 ............ 245 not specified .
60 ........ 204 ............ 397
50 ........ 16 ............ 0
40 ......... 260 ... , ........ 298
30 ........ 39 ............ 210
20 ........ 250 ............ 232
10 ........ 224 ............ 110
- -
Total, ..1388 ............2064
-
The number of Ahadis under JahBngir, De Lalt fixes as follows-
Chahiraqpahs , ............ 741
Sihaspahs. , .............
' 1322
Duaspahs. ..............
1428
Yakaspahs ............... 950

4441 Ahdie .
Under Shihjahin. 17 Grandees were promoted, up to the 20th year of
his reign, to manqabs above 6000. There is no Hindti among them.
De LaEt has not mentioned how many of the Amirs were Hindlis But .
we may compare the lists of the #in and the PBdishBhnBmah .
We find nnder Akbar-
among 252 mangabdim from 5000 to 500 ........
32 Hindds
,. 163 ., from 400 to 200 ........
25 DO .
 Ulider Shihjahtin (20th year of his reign), we have-
anlong 1 2 manqabdslls above 5000 . .. .. ... . ... .
. no HindJs.
,, 580 ,, from 5000 to 500 .......
. I 1 0 Do.
T h e names of commanders below 500 are not given in the Pbdishih-
n6mah. Regarding other facts connected with the relative position of Hiudlis
and Mnhammadans a t the Mughnl court, I would refer the reader to nly
' Chapter f r o m Mzshamnmdan History,' Calcutta Review, April, 1871.

AI'N 30 (continued).
THE LEARNED KEN O F TKIE TIME.
I shall now speak of the sages of the period and clnssify them accordilig
t o their knowledge, cllsting aside all differerlccv of creetl. His Majesty who
is himself tho leader of the material and tlie ideal worlds, and the sovereign
over the external and the internal, honours five classes of sages as wortlly of
attention. And yet all five, according to their ligllt, are struck with his
Majesty's perfection, the ornnn~entof tlie world. TlleJi/.st class, i n the lustre
of their star, perceive the mysteries of the exterllnl aud the internal, and i n
their understallding and the breadth of their views fully co~uprellelld Loth
realms of thonglit, and aclrnomledge to have received their spiriLual power
from the throne of his Majesty. Tlle eecond class pay less attention to the
external world ; but in the light of their hearts they acquire vast knowledge.
The third class do not step beyond the arena of observntioll (nazar), and possoss
a certain knowledge of what rcsts on testi~uoliy. The fourth clws look upon
testimoriy as something filler1 wit11 the dust of suspicion, and hnl~dlenotlilig
without proof. The 3 1 t h class are bigoted, and caul~ot pass beyond the
narrow sphere of revealed teatiluony. Each class has mnny subdivisions.
I do not wish to set up nun judge and hold fort11 the faults of people.
T h e mere clartlification was rcpugnul~tto my feeliuge ; but truthfulness helps ou
the pen.

1. Sllaikh Mubirak of Nigor.'

ride p. 490. Tlle Tabaqirt abo iuentions a Shaikh hfultirak of Alwar, and n
Sayyid MubBrnk of Gwhlikr.

The notee are taken from tho Tubd-

pdt, the third volume of Buddotif, and 1 the Xir-dtul 'dlut~r.

68
 !! Sl~;til<liN i z i ~ i ~ .
Al,l~l FOZI~itllcrmeans the renomned Nizinnntlilin of Amet'hi, near Lak'hnan,
tllc Clllishti s ~ c t ,1~1iodicd A. H, !)iD ; or NiZkmllddin of Nkrnaul, of the Pame
sect, who died in 997.
3. Shaikll Adhan.
He also belonged to the Chisl~tis,arid dicd a t Jaunplir in 970.
4. bliyiin MTtsjihuddin.
Died a t Ah~nadbbid in 9%. The Tabnqit mentious a contemporary, S h i t h
Wajihuddin GujrBti, who died in 935.
5. Slinikl~Ruknuddin.
Tle was the son of Shaikh 'Abdul Qudd6s of Cango. B a d b n i saw him at
Dihli a t the tinm of Bairim's h11.
6. Bhaikh 'Abdul 'Aziz (of Dihli).
7. Shailrll Jaliludclin.
110 belongs to T'hancsar, and mss the pupil and spiritual successor (Ehdifah)
of 'AL~IIIQ~lddilsof Gaugo. Died 989.
8. Sliailrli Ililidiyah.
Ildhtliyni~ is Hinddstini for the Persian Ildllddd, 'given (diyd) by God:
' Theodore.' H e lived a t KhnirBLid, and died in 993.
9. M a u l l n i IIusimuddin.
"IIauli~ih IIusimuddin Surkh of Lhlior. He differed f ~ m mthe learned of Ghor,
and studied theology and philosophy. Ho mas very pious." Tubaqdt.
10. Shailch 'Abdul Ghaflir,
He belongs to A'zamp(~rin Snmbhal, and was the pupil of 'Abdul Qudd~ili.
died ill 995.

11. Shaikh Panj6.

He was wrongly called Ilechd on p. 104, note 2. H e died in 969. Bddoni
XI., 63.
12. f i l n u l i ~ i iI s ~ u i ' i l .
H c w a an Arnbian, and tho friend of Shailih IIusain, who taught in Humin's
IvIadrasnIi a t Ilihli. He was a rich man, and was killed by some burglars that
had brolien into his house.
13. n l ~ d l ~~01.s11ti
il 18. Rimtirt'h.
14. RIadhils~idan. 19. N a r Sing.
15. N i ~ l i i ~Al s I . ~ I ~ . 20. Pnrmindar.
4 16. Hziriji Stir. 21. Adit.
17. Ilaxrii~darBhat.
 Second Class.-Such as understand the mysteries of the Irwrst.
22. Shnikh Ruknuddin Mahmlidl Kamiugar (the bow maker).
23. Shnikh Am6nnllah.
24. Khwijah 'Abduahshahid.
He is the son of Khwhjagbn Khwbjah, son of the renowned Khwbjnh Ahrbr.
PidB No. 17, p. 322, and No. 108,p. 423. He died in 982, and was buried at Samar-
qand. B e had been for twenty years in India, and held a j l g h in Pargaunh q)+,
in the BM D u h , where he maintained two thowand poor.
25, Shaikh M h S .
He was a smith (dhangar), and performed many miracles. He died in tho
beginning of Akbar's reign, and was buried at LBhor. The elder brother of
Shaikh Snlim i Chishtf also m called Shaikh MJsB ; vide p. 4U2. V i also
below, No. 102.
26. B i b i B a l k
27. Shaikh 'Aliuddin Majzilb. Vids B a d b n i III., 61.
28. Shaikh Yilsuf Harkon.
The Tabaqht c a b him Shaikh Yhnf Harknn Majzilb of Lbhor.
29. Shaikh B u r h h .
He lived as a recluse in Kblp(, and subsisted on milk and sweetmeats, d e ~ ~ y i u g
himeelf water. He knew no Arabic, and yet explained the Qurhn. He wicr a
Mahdawi. He died in 970 at the age of one hundred years, and was buried in
his cell.
30. B6bS Knplir.
Shaikh KipG Majzib of Owllibr, a Husaini Sayyid, was at first a soldier,
then turned a Bhbhti, and sopplied widows aud the poor with water. He died in
979 from a &I1 from his gate.
31. Shaikh AbG L - h i q Firang. Pi& Badrioni 111.' 48.
32. Shaih DBlid.
He is called Jhanniwsl from Jhanni near Llhor. His ancestors had come
h m Arabia and eettled at Sitplir in Multhn, where Dhid was born. Badaoni
(III., p. 28) devotes eleven pagen to hi biography. He died in 982.
33. Shaikh Salim i Chishti.
He was a descendant of Shaikh Farcd i Shakarganj, and lived in Fatlipfir
Sikrf, highly honoured by Akbar. JahPngir waa called after him Salilr. 1x0
died in 979. Several of his relations have been mentioned above, pp. 402,492.
84. Shaikh Mnl~ammndG h a u of Qw;sliBr.
V& No. 173, y. 457.
35. R i m Bhcrdr. 36. Jadrtip.
-- . - . - --
' h d b u i (III., p. 151) me~~tiolls
a I Zainuddin Mahm2id Kamcingur.
 Tlt it.([ Cla8s.-Strcfi (18 k~.utcyfbiloaophg crjr d theology .'

Vide pp. 33, 104, 199, 274. His brother was a poet and arotc under the
takhalluF of Pdrighi; vide B d b o n i III., 292. H i s two sons were N i r Taqi
and i\lk Sharif.
38. Mir BIurtaz6.
H e is not tr, be confounded with Rfir Murtoz6, No. 162, p. di0. %fir Mtirhzri
. Sharif of Shfriiz died in 974 at Dihli, and was buried a t tile side of the poet Iil~usrau,
from where his body wm taken to M a s h h d . H e had studied thc I I d i s uiider
the renowned Ibn Hajar in Jfakkah, and then came over tlre D'lk'hin to Xgmh.
TSde Akbarnb~nahII., 278, 337.
39. R I n u l i n i Sa'id of T u r k i s t i n .
H e came in 968 from MirwarB-lnahr to ii'grah. Bud. XI., 49. H e died in
KJhul in 970; 1. c., III., lS2.
40. Hiifie of Tlishkand.
H e is also called HBfiz Kumalti. H e came in 977 froui Tkshkand to Iodia.
and wan looked upon in MBwarh-lnahr as a most lcarrrcd Inun. H e hud sonre-
thing of a soldier in him, and used to travel about, lilio all Turks, with the
quiver tied to his waist. H e went over G u ~ r L tto Makkah, and fro111there to
Conatantinople, where he refused a vazimhip. Afterwards he returned to Iris
country, where he died. Vide B a d b n i II., 187.
41. 3Inulin.i Shih Muhammad.
ride p. 100 ; B d . II., 295, 1. 1.
42. JJnuli116 'Aliuddin.
fIe c a n e from LBristhn, and is hence called Ldri. He waa the son of MarililnB
&n~irluddh H u ~ a i n ~, l l studied
d urlder Naulbntl Jalkl DawwLni Sl~ifi'i. I I e w w
for some time Akbar's teacher. Once a t a darbiir he placed himself before the
Khan i A'zarn, when the Mir Tozak told him to go 11xk. " Why should not
learned man stand in fronb of fools," said he, arid left the hall, and never came
%:\in. H e got BOO0 bighahs as say6rgIrBl in Sambhal, where he died.
43. H a k i m BIisri. ?'id6 No. 254, p. -291.
44. Maul&& S h n i k h H u m i n (of A j n ~ f r ) .
I I e was said to be n deacenclant of the great Indian saint BIu'in i Chishti of
Ajmfr, was once banished to Makkah, and had to suffer, in common with other
learned men wlrorn AkLar despised, various persecutions. Uadhoul III., 87.
45, b l n u l i n i N i r K n l i n .
H e died in 981, and was buried a t #grab. H e was Jahbnglr'e first teacher.
Bad. II., 170.
46. Ghizi KhBn. Via3 NO.144,p. 440.

M ~ ' ~ r oi l ~ n a n q l i l ,pr. thnt which

is based 011 reason ('uql) and traditional I testimo~ly(naql)>
 H e was born in Samarqand, came to India, and then went to KBbul, where he
~ some time the teacher of Jtirzri I\iuhummad Hakiln, Akbar's brother. H e
w a for
tLen went back'to his home, where he wns alive in 1001. The Tabnqi~tcalla him
MulliCirdiq Hslwii. BarlLoni ( I I I . , 255, wherc the Ed. Bibl. Indica has wrong
Hulwcinij puts him among the poets.

TKI% No. 41. This seems to be a mere repetition. Other Histories only
mention one hlnul&ui of that name.

43. M n u l i n 5 Pir 3Iahammnd. bbidu No. 20, p. 324.

50. M11ulinl 'Abdul Riqi.
H e was a F d r ; vide pp. 272, 538.

H e waa nn Uzbak, came from MRwnrB-lnalir to India, and taught for some
time in the Jbmi ' Masjid of N u ' i n u d d i ~Farankhlidi
~ (1). 434) a t Sgrah. H e died
in Mnkknh a t the age of soventy. Vide Bed. II., 187.
52. MaulBnizidnh Shultr.
53. 3 I a u l i n i Muhnmrnacl.
H e lived a t Lilhor and was in 1004 nearly ninety years old. BRdBoni ( I I I . ,
154) calls hinl M s u l i n i Muhammad Mufti.
Abulfazl, however, means perhuplc JlaulGnh Muhammad of Yazd, a learned and
bigoted Shi'nh, wllo was well received by Akbar and Abulfnzl, with whose
innovations he at first agreed. But he got tired of them and asked for permission
to go to Makkah. Ho was plundered on the r o d to Sirat. Mir-cit. But
Badhoni tells quite a different story; vide p. 189.
Or i t may refer to No. 140, p. 438.
54. Q6sini Beg.
Ttde No. 360, p. 517, and p. 106. The TabaqiLt also says of him that he was
distinguished for his acquirements in the 'aqli 'ulu'm.

Tide p. 624. Ho was n poet and n man of great erudition. Towards the end of
his life "he rcpeutcd" and gave up poetry. H e was for a long tilr~oAlutawalli of
H u m i j d n ' s touib iu Dihli, where he died.
The TabaqGt aaja that he was a goodmathematician aud astro~~omer. According
to the illahsir, he was born in JBnl in Khurishn, and was educated in Mashhad. He

' This means chiefly religious teeti- a wider senne, atl he includea the doctors
molly b e d ou human reason, not on
revelation. Abulfazl evidently takes i t in 1 in this claas.
 was inttmlnced to Bfinr, and masa private liietlcl of HomhyGn's, who like him was
ibnd ol tl~t:mtrolabc. H e went with the empcror to 'Ir'Aq, and remained twenty
p a r s in Iiix service. As poet, he wrote under tllc tnkhallug of ' N6ri.' He is
also cillled ' Nilri of Safidtiti,' because he llcld Sal'idGn for some time as j$u.
Akb:lr gave him the title of lillbn, aud later that of TarkhiLu', and appoiukd him
to Si11nk1121h.
56. Xiriiii. 64. Bitlyi ~iiwis.
57. R l a d l ~ dbhat. 65. Goriii8t'h.
58. S~.il)l~nt. 66. Gopiliit'h.
59. B i s l ~ nN.it'h. 67. Kislln Pandit. .
60. E ~ I 1Cis1111.
LI 68. Bliiltti~l~iirj.
61. BnlLl~adrAIisr. 69. Hhngirnt UhiltfBchSrj.
6 2 . B i s u d c v Rlisr. TO. K i s h i n ' i t ' h Uhattechirj.
63. U i m a i l bhnt.
Plrysicinns.
71. IIaliiln EIiq1.i. F7ii'Je No. 254, p. 4 9 1 .
i 2 . IIal;ilu ul N u l k .
IIis nnlne is Slintnsnddin and, like scvcral other doctors of Akbar's court, he
liad coine firo~uGiliii on tllc Caspian to Iudia. IIe tvas a very learued man. When
the Icnrned were drircn from court and the iuuovntioue comruenced, he aaked for
pcrniirjsioti to go to D1akk;Lh (988), wherc he died.
i 3 . JIulld AIir.
Tlae 'rabaqbt calls h i ~ uAIuIliL DIir Tabib of IIarbt, grandson of MuU 'Bud
l I a i Tazdi.
74. Hakim Abnl Filth. Vide No. 112, p. 424.
75. H u k i m ZnnLiI Beg. ri'd8 No. 1 5 0 , p. 442.
76. I l a l i i l ~ i'Ali of G i l l n . T7i(lc No. 192, 11. 4GG.
77. I I a k i l ~ lTIasan.
l i e also came from Gilkn. Iiis knowledge, s a p BdAoni (III., 167), wan not
extensive, but he w;ls an excellelit man.
78. I I n k i n ~Aristil.
79. I I a k i u i P ~ ~ t h u l l a h .
l i e also came from GilBn, kuew a great deal of medical literaturn, and also of
nstrono~~lg.H e wrote a Persian Comrneutary to the Q6n611. I n the first year
of Jill,ingir's rcign, he was a Commander of 1000, 300 horse (Tuzuk, p. 34).
Tile Pu'dishdh?tdmah (I, b., 360) sags t h a t he afterwards returned to hia conntr~,
where he conlmitted suicide. H i s grandson, Fathullah, w m a doctor at S M -
jahiu's court.

The title carried with i t iiolie of the

privileges attached to i t ; vide p. 364.
I Tbe Madsir h w aomo versa made
N J r i on his empty title.
b
80. Hakim Masih nl Mulk.
He came froG the Dak'hio, where he had gone from Shfrhz. He waa a simple,
pious man, and wae physician to Snl* Mu&. He died in M6lwah.
81. Hakim Jaliilnddin Mnzaffsr. Pids No. 348, p. 516.
82. H a k i m Lutfnllah. Kda NO.354, p. 618.
83. Hakim S a i f d Mnlk Lang.
Badhoni and the Tabaqkt call him Saiful Mulfik. Becanse he killed hia
patients, he got the nickname of Saiful Hukamct, ' the sword of the doctors.'
He came from Damlwand, and was in Agrah during Bairiim's regency. Latar
he went bnck to his country. H e waa also a poet and wrote under the takha22u~
of ' Shuj&'il. He is not to be confounded with No. 201, p. 473.
84. Hakim Humim. Pida No. 205, p. 474.
85. H a k i m 'Ain u l Mnlk. Pids No. 234, p. 480.
86. Hakim Shifii.
The Mip-dt mentione a Hakim Shiig, who in his poetical writings calls himself
'M-ffa~ ibn i Muhammad 81-husaini 81-shifhi.' He was born at Iqfahirn,
m d was a friend of Shlh'AbbL i Cafawl. He died in 10'37. There is a copy
of his Masnawi in the Library of the Asiatic Socy. of Beagal (No. 796).
87. H a k i m Ni'matnllnh.
88. Hakim Dawii.
Dawdi was also the takhallup of No. 86.
89. Hakim Talab 'Ali.
90. Hakim 'Abdurrahim.
91. Hakim RJhullah.
92. Hakim Fakhruddin 'Ali.
93. Hakim Is-hiq.
94. Shaikh Hasan and 95. Shaikh Bini.
Shaikh Hasan of Pinipat, and his son Shaikh Bin6 were renowned surgeons.
Instead of ' BfnP, the MSS. have various readings. The M-ir haa Pbniy&,
the Tabaqit Bhaniyd.
Shaikh Binti's son is the well known Shaikh Hasan, or Hasali, who
Jahbngfr rose to great honours, and received the title of Muqawab Khdn.
Father nnd son, in the 41st year, succeeded in curing a bad wound which Akber
had received from a bnck at a deer-fight. Hnssli waa physician to Prince Sdim,
who was much attached to him. BftPr hia accession, he was made a commander
of 6000 and governor of Gujrlt, in which capacity he came in contact with the
English at Shat. He gave no satisfaction, and was recalled. I n the 13th y w
(1027), he was made governor of Bihir, and in the 16th, governor of LYgrah. In
tho beginning of Shirhjahln's reign, he was pensioned off, and received P a r p n &
Kairiunh, his birthplace, as j g r . He constructed a mausoleum near the tomb
of the renowned Saint Sharafuddiu of Phnfpat, and died at the age of ninety.
 I n KairBnah he built many edifices, and laid out a benutif111p r d e n svith an
immense tank. H e obtained execllcnt fruit trees from nll parts of Ilrdia, arrd the
Kairbnah mangoes, according to tho Madair, have since b e r ~ ifa~nousin Dihli.
Muqarrab's son, Rizqullah, waa a doctor under ShAl~jnhio,and a romxnandcr
of 800. Aurangzeb made him a KhLn. H e died in the 10th year of Aurnngwb.
Nuqnrrab's ndopted aoh is MasiLB i KairLuawi. His real name was &'dullah.
H e was a poet, and composed an epic on the story of S i a , Uruchandra's wife.
96. BInliitlev. 98. N i r i i n .
97. R h i m NBt'h. 99. Siwaji.'
Ryth Clrr.w-Such as zt?rrkt.stand scierrces: ~esiirlgon tcutintouy (naql):
100. Bliyin H i t i m .
H e lived a t Snnlbl~al. .The Historian Badioni, wlren twelvc years old, learned
under him in 960. HLtim died in 969.
101. BIiySn Jan161 Kl16n.
I I e was M&f of Dilili, and died more than ni~ietyyears old in 984. H e was
a Kambd.
102. BIaul6ni 'Abdul Q i d i r .
H e was the pupil of Shaikh HBmid QBdiri (buried a t IILmidpdr, near hlultirn),
and was a t eumity with his own younger brother Shaikh N6sb regarding the
right of succession. 'Abdul & a i r used to say the naj-prayers8 in the audience-
hall of Fnthpdr Sikrl, and when asked by Akbar to say them a t home, he said,
"My king, this is not your kingdom, that you should pass orders." Akbar called
him n fool, and cancelled his grant of laud, whereupon 'Abdul QMir went back
to Uchh. Shaikh Mfish, did better ; he joined the army, and became a commander
of 500. Ede below Nos. 109, 131.
The Mir-dt mentious a Naulliuii 'Abdul Q;ulir of Sirhind as one of the most
learned of AkLar's age.
103. Sliaikh Ahmad.
The Tabaqbt mention8 a Shaikh Hhji Ahmad of LBhor, and a Shaikh Ahmad
IIhji Plilitdi M;tjz6b of Sind. Vide also pp. 106, 206.
104. R1akhdlim ul Molk. Vide p. 172.
This is the title of Manlhnli 'Abdullah of Sultbupdr, author of the 'AymaL i
Anliyd, and a commentary to the Shamdil unnabi. Humbydn gave him the
titles of Nakhddm ul Mulk and Shaikh ul Islbm. H e was a bigoted Sunni, and
looked upon Abulfazl from the W u n i n g as a dangerous man. H e died in 990
in Gujrbt &r his return from Makknh.

r The TnbnqBt mentions a few other surgeon"), and Illi (one 31s. has Abi).
H i n d 6 doctors of distinction who lived , As religious law, Hndis, history, Bc.
during Akbar's reign, vcz. B h i r a u ~ , Volunt,nry prayers.
Durgli Mall, Chaudr Sen (" an excellent
105. Manlin4 'Abdnssalim.
The Tabaqit says, he lived at Ltthor and was a learned man.
The Mir-dt mentions another Maulhh 'Abdnssaltim of Ltihor, who was a great
lawyer (fapa)and wrote a commentary to Baiztiwi. He died more than ninety
years old in the first year of Sh4hjahh's reign.
106. Qizi padmddin.
Qbf cadruddln Qurakhf 'Abbbl of Jtilindhar was the pupil of Yalrhd6m
ul Mnlk (No. 104). He was proverbial for his memory. He was attached to
dervishes and held so broad views, that he was looked upon by common people
aa a heretic. When the learned were driven from court, $ was sent as Qhai to
Bhrogch, where h died. His son, Shaikh Muhammad, succeeded him. His
family remained in Gujrttt.
107. Manliub Sa'dullah.
He lived at Bihnah, and w a ~looked upon aa the best grammarian of the age.
He was simple in his mode of life, but liberal to others. Towards the end of his
life, he got silent and shut himself out from all intercourse with men, even his
own children. He died in 989.
108. Maulinai Is-h4q.
He was the son of Shaikh Kkkkb, and Lived at Ltihor. Shaikh Sa'dullah,
Shaikh Munawwar, and many others, were his pupile. He died more than
a hundred years old in 996.
109. Mir 'Abdnllatif. Pidd No. 161, p. 447.
110. Mir NJrullah.
He came from Shnstar and was introduced to Akbar by Hakim Abul Fath.
He was a Shi'ah, but practised taqiyah among Sunnis, and was even well
acquainted with the law of Ab6 Hanifah. When Shaikh &1u1fn,Q&zi of Uhor,
retired, he was appointed hie successor, and gave every entisfaction. After
Jahringir's accession, he waa recalled. Once he offended the emperor by a hasty
word, and was executed.
111. Itlauliinb 'Abdul QBdir.
He waa Akbar'e teacher (&hind). Vide No. 242, p. 485.
112. QQzi 'Abdmsami.'
He was a Miyknkhli,' and according to Badbni (II., 314) played chess for
money, and drank wine. Akbar made him, in 990, Qkzi-lquztit, in place of Q5d
JalLluddtn MultBni (No. 122). VicEB AkbarnLmah, III., 593.
113. ManlBn6 Qisim.
The Tabaqtit mentions a Mnlltt Qbim of QandahBr.
114. Qdzi Hasan. Pi& No. 281, p. 498.
-- --

' Miy4nkBl is the name of the hilly tract between Samnrqand and B11kbh4.
69
1I :I V I I I I Kt1111il.
'1'111: ' .~bnl~:itnlcntiona s Shaikh Kamil of dltvar, the sucmcessor and relative of
Sh:tililr Snlirn.
Ill;. S11:ril~IiYa'c1ilb (of Knshmir). Title below nmoug the poets.
1 7 1 1 1 1I n . Virl,, 11. 150, noto.
111: dictl in 991, and \vl.utc n book, entitled Fnrrdtilr ulmildyat. Bad. II., 33;.
113. S1l:iilili 'Abbunnabi. Vide pp. 173, 177, 185, 187, 272, 490, 517, note.
I I c a n s tllc son of Shnikli Allmad, son of Shaikli 'Abdul Quddfis of Gango,
nrril n.:~.;st,v<,1.;11 times in AInklrnh, where he studied the IIailis. When he held
t l ~ co t l i c c of q : ~ J r ,Ile is said to have Lcen iuhitmry, but 1il)ernl. The execution
oi' n I:I~:'I~~III;LI~, t l ~ cdetails of which are relnted in BadLuni (III., 801,led tu the
Sl~.iiltl~'s dt.I~o.~l.
I{ ~(l:iorii(III., 83) 111:1t~es his d ? ~ n tinl ~991, tlie Mir-db iu 992. 'Abdunnabi's
f:~lr~ily tr:i,.n.d tl~cirdcsctant I'ro~nALil 1I:inilirh.
119. Sl~:iil<liBllilc.
The Tal);iil:it has also 'Bhili', B:tdiloni (III., 24) 11as 'Bhikan.' Shaikh Bhih
lived in l<iilior lleilr Lal;'h~l:ru. H e w w ns learned as he wne pious. Hedid
in 981.
120. S l ~ a i k hAllnl F a t h .
Sl~:lilil~ 1\1,111 F a t h of Cfi!jrilt was the son-in-law of Rlir Pnygid Muhammad of
J : L I I I I ~ tI l~~(c~ , I\I:tl~tl;l\ri. He was iu dgl.uh a t the tiulo of Bairiru K h h .
121. S11:1ilillBal~krtddinRIniti.
1 l c livcd :it iYgr;111, and was a lenrncd nnd pions man.
152. Q i z i Jiililudtliii RInltirli. 17ide ~ 1 ) 17.5,
. 185.
and \\.ilti at first n mercllant. He then took to
I I e COIIIC?I fro111 I I P l%l~:~lilinr
~ ~

law. I n 990, lic m:ts L~o~li~lred and sent to the DLLk'Lin, from where be wmt to
nIalil;;lh. H e (1il.d tllerc.
123. Shnilcl~Z i i n ~ l t l i n .
I t loulis as it' Sl~:iilthZi.:lullnh w:ta iutended ; vide No. 173, p. .G7.
124. S l ~ n i k l i'Ahdul J J ' a h l ~ i b .
125. S11ail;I~'11111ar.
126. Blir Pnypid Rlul~amnlad3Iir 'Adl. F%lr No. 110, p. 438, and No. 251,
p. 490.
127. PIInlAnl Jnn161.
Tile ?;ihncl;lt 11asa AIoll:i .JnnlLl. a lenrned man of IIultAn. M b n i (111.
108) n l c ~ ~ t i o na s?IlaulhuiL Jaliilil of &, which is said be a Mnh&& of mar.
128. S l ~ a i k hAhmadi.
Sh:iilih Ahmadi Faj-~rizof Amet'l~i,a learned m n , contemlmraT of tbc mint
Niztimuddiu of Amethi (1). 637).
129. Shaikll 'Abdnl Ohani.~
H e was born a t B a d h n nnd lived nfterwarde in Dihli a retired life. The
KhbnKhirnkn visited him in 1003.
130. Shnilrh 'Abdnl W i h i d .
He was born in Bilgrhm, and is the author of a commentary to the x~~rhnt-ul
Arwdh, and several treatises on the technical terrns (iqtildhdt) of the $XT(s,
one of which goes by the name of Sandbil.
131. r a d r i J a h i n . Tide No. 191, p. 468.
132. Maulhni Ismi'il. Kde nbove No. 12.
The TnbaqBt mentions a Mulli Ismb'il Mufti of Lbhor, and a &full& IsmB'il
of Awadh.
133. Mullii 'Abdnl Qfidir.
This is the historian Badhni. Abulfazl also calls him Mulld in the Akbar-
nkmah.
134. M a n l i n i q a d r 3ah.in.
This seems a repetition of No. 131.
135. Shaikh Jnnhnr.
136. Shnikh 3Iunawmar.
Vide p. 106. He was born a t Lirhor, and waa noted for his melnory and
learning. H e is the author of commentaries to the Mashdriqul-anwdr (Hadis),
the Badi 'ul baydn, the Irahdd i Qdzi, kc. When the learned were banished
from Court, he was imprisoned in Gwklihr, where he died in 1011.
His son, Shaikh Knbir, was also renowned for his learning. He died in 1026,
in Ahmadkbbd, and w a ~buried in the mausoleum of the great Ahrnadlibidi saint
ShLh 'Ham. Mir-dt.
137. QAzi Ibrbhim.
Vide pp. 172,174, 180. Bdlioni and the Tabaqbt mention a Hbji Ibrihfm
of Agra11, a teacher of tho Hadia.
138. n l n u l i ~ ~JnmM.
b Fidc abovc No. 127.
139. Uijd Son S h .
140. Bhirn Chaod.

' under " Shnikh 'Abdtc{qhctni, wllove fate

I
Sajjid Ahmnd'n edition oftlle Tuauk,
( . 01, 1. 11 from below)I I I C ~ I ~ ~ ~thnt
U L I ~ is rclated in the Akbarnir~nnh." This ~rs
l&irngfr vhan a child r e d ibe lldia a rnirtrku for 'Abdunnabi (No. 118).
 ATN SO (continued).
THE P O E T S O F THE AGE.
I have now come to this distinguished class of men and think i t riglit to
say a few words about them. Poets strike out a road to the inaccessible realm of
thought, and divine grace beams forth in their genius. But many of them do
not recognize the high value of their talent, and barter i t away from a wish t o
possess inferior store : they pass their time i n praising the mean-minded, or soil
their language with invectives against the wise. If it were not so, the joining
of words were wonderful indeed ; for by this means lofty ideas are nnderstood.
B e who joins words to wmde, gives away a drop from the blood ofhi8
heart.'
Xoery one w h stringa words to words, performs, if no miracle, yet a
wonderful action.'
I do not mean a mere external union. Tnlth and falsehood, wisdom a n d
foolishness, pearls and common shells, though far distant from each other,
have a superficial similarity. I mean a spiritual union; and this is only pos-
sible in the harmonious, and to recognize i t is difficult, and to weigh i t still
more so.
For this reason his Majesty does not care for poete ; Iio attaches no weight
t o a handful of imagination. Fools think that he does not care for poetry, and
that for this reason he turns his heart from the poets. Notwithstanding this
circumstance, thousands of poets are continunlly a t court, and many among
them have completed a diwa'n, or hnve written a matnawi. I shall now
enumerate the best among them.

1. Bhaikh Abnl Fai&i Faiei'.

(Vide p. 490.)
H e was a ma of cheerfnl disposition, liberal, active, an early riser. He
\L\
was a disciple of the emperor, and was thus at peace with the whole world.
H i s Mnjcsty understood the vnlne of his genius and conferred upon him tee title
of Malikush-shu'ard, or king of the poets.' H e wrote for nearly forty years un-
der the name of Fuizi,which he afterrrards, under divine inspiration, changed
to Fayybzi, as he himself says in his ' Nal Daman'-

I.e., gives men ~omethin valuable. ' Ghadli of Maahhad (vide below, the
Saint. perform wonderkl actions fifth poet) was the first that obtained
(knrdma't), prophets perform miracles this title. After his death, Fnizi got it.
(mujizdt). Both are miracles, but the Under Jahbngfr, TLilib of Bmul wae ma-
knrdmdt are less in degree than tho lib uehahu'ard, and under Shhja-
ml~j'izcit. Whenever the emperor spoke, hbn, Muhammad JLn Qudsl and, a b r
the courtiers used to lift up their hands, him, Abd Tblib Kalim. Aursngzm ha-
and cry " kardtnal, kardazat," " a mi- ted poetry as much aa history and music.
racle, a miracle, he has spoken !"De Lcri.t.
 Before this, whenever I issued snytbing,
The writing on my signet was ' Faizi.'
B u t as I am now chastened by spiritual love,
I am the ' PayyBzi' of the Ocean of Superabundance (God's love).'
His excellent manners and habits cast a lustre on his genius. H e was
eminently distinguished in several branches. H e composed runny works i n
Persian and Arabic. Among others h e wrote the Sawdti' ul-ilhdmg ('rays
of inspiration'), which is a commentary t o the Qorin in Arabic, in which he only
employed such letters as have no dots. The words of the Flirat ul IkhLi5. con-
tain the date of its completion.
H e looked upon wealth as the means of engendering poverty,' and adversity
of fortune was in his eyes an ornament to cheerfulness. The door of his house
mas open to relations and strangers, friends and t b e ~ ; and the poor were com-
forted in his dwelling. A s he was difficult to please, he gave no publicity t o
his works, and never put the hand of request to the forehead3 of loftiness. H e
cast no admiring glance on himself. Genius as he was, he did not care much
for poetry, and did not frequent the society of wits. H e was profound in phi-
losophy ; what h e had read with his eyes was nourishment for the heart. H e
deeply studied medicine, and gave poor people advice gratis.
The gems of thought i n his poems will never be forgotten. Should
leisnre permit, and my heart turn to worldly occupations, I would collect some
of t h e excellent writings of this unrivalled author of the age, and gather, with
t h e eye of a jealous critic, yet with the hand of a friend, some of his verses."

in it his le~ico~rnphical
Fuiz is an Arabic word meaning
'abundance ;' f i i z i would be a man who ' This is the 112thabilities.
chapter of the
bas abundance or gives abundantly. Qorbn, which commences with the words
Fayydz is the intensive form of Fuiz5 Qul hua-lldhr ahud. The letters added
givlng superabundantly. Pay,ydzi, orl- give 1W2; Faizi, therefore, wrote the
gnally, is the abstract noun, ' the act of book two years before his death. This
g ~ v i n gsuperabundantly,' and then be- clever tdrikh was found out by diir
cornea a title. Baidur dlu'amnadi of KLhbn, poetical-
The form of fayydzi agrees with the ly styled Bafi'i. Vide below, the 31st
f o m of 'dlldmi, Abulfnzl's takhallup, poet.
and some historians, as Badbni, have I.e4 the more he ha& the more he
maintained that the mere form suggested gave away, and thus he became poor, or,
the change of Fuizi to Fuyycizi. he considered that riches make a man
I have not seen a copy of this work. poor in a spiritual sense.
It is often confounded with the Mawd- ' l'cirak, properly the crown of the
rid ulkilam, because the latter also is head. Putting the hand upon the crown
writtcn be nuqaf, without the we of dot- of the head is an old form of tlle saldrn.
ted letters. The Mawdricl was printed Abulful wishes to say that Faizi wan
a t Calcutta in A. H. 1241, b the profes- never mean enough to ask for hvoura or
aora of the Madmsrh and d u l a w i Mu- presents.
hammad 'Ali of Rtimpdr. I t contains Abulfazl kept his promise, and col-
sentences, o h n pithy, on the words Is- lected, two years a h r Faizi's death, the
Cdm, aaldm, 'ilm ulkaldm, Adam,Mu- stray leaves of the Harkiz uladzodr
hummad, kaldmrlluh, ahlullah, &., (p. 491), regarding which the curious
oud pnessea little interest. Faid dieplays will find a notice by Abulfrrzl in the 3rd
n n t now it i.i 1)rothcrly lorc-a love which does not travel along the road of
critic:il iiiccty-, tlrilt comniands me to write c1ow11soine of his vcr.ses.

X~trrcctsfrom Fnr'zi18 Qrcsitlalrs (Odes).

1. O Tllou wllo esistcht from eternity and abidost for ever, sight cannot
bcnr Thy light, praise cm~notexpress Thy perfection.
2. T11y light rilclts the uiiclerstn~itlillg,and Thy glory bafles wisdom; to
t l ~ i ~ lofl i TLcc tlestroys reason, Thy esscncc c o ~ ~ f o u ~tl~onght.
ids
3. Tlly holiilcss prouonnces tli~lttlic 1~100~1 drol~sof hunlnu meditation
are sllctl in v;~inin r;cnrcll of Thy knowlc.~lge: humnu understnucling is bnt an
ntoin of tlust.
4. Thy jcalonsy, the guard of Thy door, stuns human thought by a
blow in the f:icc, and gives Iln~uariignorance a slap on the nape of the neck.
5. Scicncc is lilic blinding dcacrt sand on the road to T h y perfection;
the to~vnof literature is n mcrc llalulet compared with the world of Thy
knowlctlge.
6. i\ly foot lias no power to travel on this puth which nlisleads sages;
I h u ~ iio e porrer to hear the olloirr of this rvinc, i t confounds my knowledge.
7. T l ~ ctahlct of Tliy holiness is too pure for t h e (black) trickliup of
the I~unianpcn ; the dross of liun~anunclerstuucling is unfit to be used as the
pl~ilosol)l~cr's sto~lc.
8. AInn's so cnllcd foresight and guiding reason wander about bewildered
it1 tlic titreets of tlic city of Thy glory.
9. 1Ir1111atlknowlctlge and thought combined can only spell the first
letter of tlic alplinbet of Tliy lore.
10. \Yllaterc~*onr to~lguecan sny, and our pen can write, of Thy Being,
is nll c ~ u p t ysountl nud dccciving scribble.

book ol' his I l l r r X . ( ~ i l ~ r i f . The snlne book works. Dighistinf says in his Riyiz
c o ~ ~ t ::in ~ i1,l~;ry
~ ~ e on F:tizi'n de:1t11. zxh.rhu'urd t h t Faizi was a upil of
JISS. of' Y;rizi'?: S:IIl).unnu are rcry Kl~\v$:,ll Husain S I I I ~of' iaIhRnd, and
nnnleroua. Iris l)i\v611,est.lusivo of tllc I it hcctrls that Abult'ml has for this r c w n
i i ( l ,i t l ~ ~ ~ ~ ratn L)il~li,i~~
Q , ~ ~ ~ \v:rs
l z f i l , but l i ; ~111.cn 1o11gout of 1ll.int.
It, encls wit11 :I It~118:t.i (liy F:\izi), wl~icl~
1
~ ~ l ~ w1i.11.
l plnced Sanii imrncdiatelS after FdiLi.
The sanw writer remarks that Pail1 is in
Pcrpia often moub.1~called Puizi i Dak-
shews t11:tt the mrtlri U i t ~ vI:i&iiiiz' ~ ~ COIL- Ili)ll.
tail] tlrc Irr'vikh, i . e., A. 11.971, inucll too Many of the extracts gircrl below 8fe
early a date. RS 11c w:is only born in 064. neither found in priuted editious nor m
The iUir-n't u l ' X l a m says that Faizf MSS. of Faizi's works.
composcd 101 l)ooli~,Badioni cstilnates The sanle realistic idea %-illhc forllltl
his renes at 'LO,UUO, and Abulfnzl at in nn Alfiyah Q n ~ i t l a hby the old lmt
60,000. Thc AkbarnRmall (40th year)
cout:ri~~n Ililmcronn extracts from Faizi's
 11. Mere beginners and such as are far adrnnced in Itno~vledgenre both
eager for union with Thee ; but the beginners are tattlelx, and those that are
advanced are triflers.
12. Each brain is fnll of the thought of grasping Thee ; the brow of
Plato even burned with the fever heat of this hopeless thought.
13. H o w shall a thoughtless man like me succeecl when Thy jealousy
strikes down with a fatal blow the thoughts' of saints?
14. 0 that Thy grace would cleanse my brnin ; for if not, my restlessness
(qu1rub)P will end i n madness.
15. Por him who travels barefooted on the path towarcts Thy glory, even
t h e mouths of dragons would be as i t were a protection for his feet (lit.
greaves).'
16. Compared with Thy favour, the nine metals of earth are but as half
a handful of dust ; compared with the table of Thy mercies, the seven oceans
are a bowl of broth.
17. To bow down the head upon t h e dust of Thy threshold and then
t o look up, is neither correct in faith, nor permitted by trnth.
18. Alas, the sto~uach of my worldliness tnkes in impure food like a
hungry dog, ~ l t h o u g hLove, the doctor,' bade me abstain fro111 it.

1. 0 man, thou coin benring the double stamp of body nnd spirit, I do
not know what thy nature is ; for t l ~ o uart higher thau lleauerl and lower than
enrth.
2. Do not be cnst down, because thou art n mixture of the four elements ;
do not be self-complacent, because thou art the mirror of the seven realrns (tho
earth).
3. Thy frame contains t,he image of the h e a v e ~ ~ and l y the lower regions,
be either henvenly or earthly, thou n1.t at liberty to choose.
4. Those that veil their fiices in Heaven [the angels] love thee ; thou,
n ~ i ~ g n i d i nthe
g wise, art the fonilly pcttetl one of the solar sj--stem (lit. the seven
planets).
5. B e attentive, weigh thy coin, for thou art n correct balance [i. e.,
thou hast the power of correctly knowing thyseli], silt thy atoms well ; for thou
a r t the philosopher's stone (csfiI >-st).

' Zilmnlly, strikes a dngger into the ' I.e. the terror of the moutl~sof dra-
livers of thy saints. gons is even a protectio~~ comp;~rrdwith
M y text haa $ / r a t ; but several the difficulties on the road to the uuder-
MSS. of Faizi's Qaqidahs have putrub, standing of God's glory.
which signifiw incipient madneas, rest- Literally, Hippocrates.
lesa~~eaaof' thought.
 6. Learn to understand tlry value ; for the lieeven buys fnitcehtad) t h y
light, in order to bestow it upon the planets.
7. Do not act agninbt thy reason, for it is a trustworthy counsellor; p u t
not t h y licnrt on illusions, for it (the lieart) is n lying fool.
8. TTThy art thou an enemy to thyseli, that from want of perfection t h o n
~ senses (or tongue) ?
shoul~lstvie:vy thy better nntr~reand c l ~ e r i s lthy
9. The I~eartof tirue slretls its blood on thy account [ i . e., the world is
dissatisfied witll thee] ; for in thy hyprocriey thou art in speech like balm, b u t
in deeds like a lancet.
10. J3e asl~atnedof thy nppearnncc ; for thon pridest thyself an the title
of 'sun1 total,' ant1 art yet but a marginal note.
11. If such be the charm of thy being, thou hadst better die; for t h e
eye of the world regards t l ~ e cas an optical illusion f~nukarror-).
12. 0 careless xnnn, x ~ h yart tliou so inattentive to thy loas and t h y
gain ; thou sellest thy good luclc and bargninest for misfortunes.
13. If on this Irunting-ground thou mouldst but unfold the wing of reaolo-
tion, thon wouldst be able to catcl~even the plrcznir mith sparrow feathem.'
14. Do not be proud ( J i ~ r b i hbecause
) thou art the centre of the body of t h e
r ~ know thnt people praise a waist (miy.in) when it is thin ? '
world. Dost t l ~ onot
15. Thon oughteat to 1)e ashamed of thyself, when thou seest the doings
of such as Iron1 zeal wander barefooted on the field of love ; since thou ridest
upon 3 swift can~cl[i. e., as tliou hast not yet reached the higher degree of
zeal, thnt is, of wnlking barefooted], thou shouldst not count thy steps [i.e.,
thou shouldst not bc proud].
16. If thou wisllest to understand t h e secret meaning of the phrase
' to prefer tlie welfare oi others to thy own,' treat thyself with poison and
others with sugar.
17. Accept misfortune with a joyful look, if thon art in the service of
H i m wlion~people serve.
18. Placc thy face, mith the humble mien of a beggar, upon the threshold
of truth, loolring with a sxnile of contempt upon worldly riches ;-
10. Not with the (self-complacent) s ~ n i r k which thou asenmest' in
private, whilst thy worlilliness flies to the east and the west.
20. Guard thine eye \\,ell ; for like a nimble-handed thief i t takes b y
force t h e jewel out of the hand of t h e jeweller.

Tlris is a pun. Nushtari also means I n the East the idea of pride is suggest-
J u iter, one of the planets. ed by stoutnevs aud portliness. The pun
I. e., t,,ou ,vou,dsL perform great 0x1 JYrbih and ~ i y d cannot
n be t m n s W .
deeds.
' Proud, in Persian furbih, pr. fat. ' AB H Lypwrita does.
 21. Those who hold in their hand the lamp of guidance often plunder
caravans on the high road.
22. My dear son, consider how short the time is that the star of good
fortune revolves according to thy wish ; fate shews no friendship.
23. 'There is no one that understands me; for were I understood, I would
continually cleave my heart and draw from i t the wonderful mi1.rol.e of' Alexander.
24. My heart is the world, and its HindGstLn is initiated in the rites of
idolntry and the rules of idol making [i.s., my heart contains wonderful things].
25. This [poem] is the master-piece of the Greece of my mind ; read i t
again and'again: itu strain is not easy.
26. Plunged into the wisdom of Greece, i t [my mind] rose again from t h e
deep in the land of Hind ; be thou as if thou h a b t fallen into this deep abyss [of
my knowledge, i.s., learn from mc].

1. The companion of my loneliness is my comprehensive genius; the

scratching of my pen is harmony for my ear.
2. If people would withdraw the veil from the face of my knowledge,
they would find that what those who are far advanced in knowledge call cer-
tainty, i s with me (as i t were) the faintest dawu of thought.
3. If people wonld take the screen from the eye of my knowledge, they
would find that what is revelation (ecstatic knowledge) for the wise is but
drunken madness for me.
4. If I were to bring forth what is in my mind, I wonder whether
t h e spirit of the age could bear it.
5. On account of the regulated condition of my mind, I look upon my-
self aa the system of t h e universe, and heaven and earth are t h e result of my
motion and my rest.
6. My vessel does not reqnire the wine of the friendship of time ; my own
blood is the baais of the wine of my enthusiasm [i. e., I require no one's assist-
ance].
7. Why should I wish for the adulation of mean people? My pen bows
down its head and performs the aijdah in adoration of my knowledge.

&tracts from Faizi's G h a d .

1. Rise and ask, in this auspicious moment, a favour a t my throne ; in
noble aspirations I excel any army.

The next verses arefakhriyah (bomb n h , to ereot in Alexandria a tower 360

ful). All Persian poeta write encomi- yards high. A mirror was then placed
ums on themselves. on the top of it, 7 yards in diameter and
Wonderful storicm are told about the above 21 in circumference. The mirror.
mirror of Alexander the Great. He or- reflected everything that happened in the
dered hi friend, the philosopher Bnli- world, even as fas as Conetantinople.
70
 2. Expect in my arena the victory of both worlds ; the banner of royalty
weighs down the shoulder of my love.
3. When I cast a favourable glance upon those that sit in the dust, even
the ant from my good fortune becomes possessed of the brain of Sulaimb.'
4. The keepers of my door have their swords drawn ; where is the desire
that dares intrude on my seclusion ?
5. Although I have buried my head in my hood, yet I can see both
worlds ; i t may be that Love has woven my garment from the threads of my
contemplation.
6. My eye is open and waits for the manifastation of truth ; the spirit of
the Univeme flees before the insignia of my ecstatic bewilderment.
7. I am the simple Faizi ; if you do not believe it, look into my heart
through the glass of my external form.

1. The flame from my broken heart rises upwards ; to-day a fiery surge
rages in my breast.
2. I n the beginning of thinge, a h being received the slate of learning
[d. a., it is the appointed duty of each to learn something] ; but Love has learned
something from looking at me, the duties of a handmaid.
3. May the eye of him who betrays a word regarding my broken heart
be filled with the blood of his own heart I
4. 0 Faizi, thou dost not possess what people call gold; but yet the
alchenlist knows how to extract gold from thy pale cheek.

I t were better if I melted my heart, and laid the foundation for a new one :
I have too often patiently patched np my tom heart.

1. From the time that love stepped into my heart, nothing has oozed
from my veins and my wounds but the beloved.'

The ineignifioance of the ant is often

opposed to the greatnem of Solomon.
Once when all anlmale brou ht Solomon
their prwenta, the ant offedhim the lag
of a locust as her only treasure.
The beloved has taken entire poesee-
sion of the poet. He hae no blood left
in him ; for blood is the seat of life, I have become thou, and thou had
and he only livea in the beloved who becoma I,
has taken the place of his blood. The I am the body and thuu a d tAe 8 0 ~ 2 .
close union of the lover and the beloved f i t no one henceforth say
is well described in the following couplet That I a m distinct Porn thee and
by Khnsran- thoufrom me.
 2. The wings of angela have melted in the heat of my wine. Woe to
the world, if a flesh of lightning should some day leap from my jar [i.e., the
world would come to an end, if the secret of my love were disclosed] !

1. Two difficulties have befallen me on the path of love : I am accused of

bloodshed, but it is the beloved who is the murderer.
2. 0 travellers on the right road, do not leave me behind I I see tar, and
my eye espies the resting place.

I walk on a path [the path of love], where every foot step is concealed ; I
speak in a place where every sigh ie concealed.'

Although life far from thee is an approach to death, yet to stand a t a die-
tance is a sign of politeness.

1. I n this world there are sweethearts who mix salt with wine, and yet
they are intoxicated.
2. The nightingale vainly pretends to be a true lovor ; the birds on the
meadow melt away in love and are yet silent.'

1. My travelling companions say, " 0 friend, be watchful ; for caravans

are attacked euddenly. "
2. I answer, "1 am not careless, but alas ! what help is there again&
robbers that attack a watchful heart ?"
3. A serene countenance and a vacant mind are required, when thou art
stricken by fate with stripes from God's hand.'

1. The cupbearers have laid hold of the goblet of clear wine ; thoy mede
Khizr thirst for this fiery fountain.

A sigh indicates that a man is in without a murmur.

love ; hence if the sigh is a stranger [i. Salt is an autidote against drunk-
e., does not appear), the love will remain enness. ' Wine' stands for beauty, ' aalt'
a secret. Eantern poeb frequently say for ' wit.' The nightingale in in love with
that love loses its urity and value, if it the rose, but sings in order to lighten it.
becomes known. 'Phe true lover bears heart; the birda of the meadows, how-
the pangs of love, and is silent; the ever, which are in love with the nightin-
weak lover alone betrays his secret. gale, shew a dee r love, as they remain
Hence the nightingale in often found silent and hide k r love-grief.
fault with : it pours forth its plaintive a Love in compared to robbers. The
songs to the row, it babbles the whole woe of love ought to be endured m a vi-
night, instead of silently fixing ite eye sitation of providence.
on the beauty of the rose, and dying
 2. What wine could i t have been that the cupbearer poured into the
goblet 1 Even Ma& and Khier are envioua (of me), and struggle with each
other to possess it.'

Ask not to h o w t h e componente of t h e antidote against love : tbey put

fragments of diamonds into a deadly poison?

For me there is no difference between t h e ocean (of lore) and the &ore
(of safety) ; the water of life (love) is for me the same as a dreadful poison.
--
I, Faizi, have not quite left t h e caravan of the pilgrims who go to the
Ka'bah ;indeed, I am a step i n advance of them.'

1. H o w can I complain that my travelling companions have left m e

behind, since they travel along with Love, t h e caravan chief?
2. 0, thnt a thousand deserta were full of such unkind friends I They have
cleared t h e howdah of my heart of its burden:

1. I am t h e man in whose ear melodies attain their perfection, in whew

month wine obtains i t s proper temper.
2. I shew no inclination to be beside myself; but what shall I do, I feel
annoyed to be myself.

1. Do not ask how lovers have reached the heavens ; for they place t h e
foot on the battlement of t h e heart and leap upwards.
2. Call together all in the universe that are anxious to see a sight : they
havegrected triumphal arches with my heart-blood i n t h e town of Beauty.

1. Tbose who have not closed the door on existence and non-existence
reap no advantage from the calm of this world and the world to come.

' Masih (the ' Messiah') and Khizr (Eli- This in the casewith every antidote against
ae) tasted the water of life ( d b i haycft). love : it doev not heal, it kills.
Wine also is a water of' life, and the wine Faizf is ahead of his co-religionists.
given to the poet by the pretty boy who The beloved boy of the poet has been
acts as cupbenrer, ia no reviving,that even carried of. Faizi tries to corisole him-
Messiah rrnd Khizr would fight for it. self with the thought tl~athis heart will
Vide p. 610, note 1. E'ragmenta of now be free. But his jealousy ia ill-con-
dia~nondswhen swallowed tear the liver
and thus cause death. Hence poison
mixed with diamond dust ia sure to kill.
cealed ; for he calls the
rp"
that have carried off hie be oved. unkind
 2. B& t h e spell which guards t h y treasures ; for men who really
know what good luck is have never tied their good fortune with golden
chains?

The bright 8Un knows the black drops of my pen, for I have carried my
book (bayciz) to the white dawn of morn?
--
0 Faizi, is there any one in this world that possesses more patience and
strength than he who can twice walk down his street 1'

Desires are not to be found within my dwelling place : when thou comest,
come with a content heart.

Renounce love; for love is an affair which cannot be satisfactorily

terminated. Neither fate nor the beloved will ever submit t o thy wishes.

1. Come, let us turn towards a pulpit of light, let us lay t h e fonndation

of a new Ka'bah with stones from Mount Sinai !
2. The wall (hatim) of tho Ka'bah is broken, and the basis of the qiblah
is gone, let m build a faultlew fortress on a new foundation !'

1. Where is Love, that we might melt the chain of the door of the Ka'-
bah, in order to make a feg idols for the sake of worship.
2. We might throw down this Krr'bah which Hajj6j has erected, in order
to raise a foundation for a (Christian) monastery.'

1. How long shall I fetter my heart with the coquettishness of beauti-

fa1 boys? I will burn this heart and make a new, another heart.
2. 0 Faizi, thy hand is empty, and the way of love lies before thee, then
pawn the only thing that is left thee, thy poems, for the sake of obtaining t h e
two worlds.

' To the true FBfi existence and non- have no i b h h left, i.e., no place where
.,i.t,na areinditierent : he find. rest in pm t i e face in PraYer*
Rim. But none call find this rest unless When a man is in love, he loses his
he gives away his riches. faith, and becomes a kdfir. Thus Khua-
1 observe the pun in the text on rau says-KdJr i 'bhqam, mard muaal-
rorodd, baydz, and rnwauwadah. mdna' darkdr nfut, &c., ' I am in love
~h~ street where the lovely boy and have become an infidel-what do I
lives. canany one walk in the of want with Ielam P' So Faizi ia in love,
love without losing hia patience ? and has turned such an infidel, that he
~f the kalbah (the temple of ~ ~ k would
- make holy furniture into idols, or
kah) were polled down, IslBm would be build 8 cloister on the ground of the holy
palled down ; for Muhammadane would temple-
 How can I approve of the blame which certain people attach t o Zalikhi ?
It would have been well if the backbiting tongue8 of her slanderers had been
cut instead of their hands.'

I cannot shew ungratefulness to Love. Has he not overwhelmed me with

-sadneso and sadness ?

I cannot understand the juggler trick which love performed : i t introduced

Thy form through so small an aperture ae the pupil of my eye is into the large
space of my heart, and yet my heart cannot contain it.

Flee, fate ia the raiser of battle-fields ; the behaviour of thy companions .is
in the spirit of (the proverb) 'hold i t (the jug) oblique, but do not spill (the
~~ntents).'~

My intention is not to leave my comrades behind. W h a t shall I do with

those whose feet are wounded, whilst the caravan travels fast onwards?

This night thou tookst no notice of me, and didst pess by ;

Thou receivedst no blessing from m y eyes, and didst pass by.
The tears, which would have caused thy hyacinths t o bloom,
Thou didst not accept from my moistened eye, but didst pass by.
--
1. On the field of desire, a man need not fear animals wild or tame :
in this path thy ~llisfortunesarise from thyself.
2. 0 Love, am I permitted to take the banner of thy grandeur from off
t h e shoulder of heaven, and put i t on my own?

1. 0 Faizi, I am so high-minded, that fate finds the arm of my thought

leaning against the thigh of the seventh heaven.

. l When Zalikhb, wife of Potiphar, had which ZalikhB had placed before them.
fallen in love with Y h u f (Joseph), she F a t leads you into danger (love);
became the talk of the whole town. To avoid it, you cannot expect help from
take revenge, she invited the women who our friends, they merely give you use-
had spoken ill of her, to a feast, and laid Yess advice.
a sharp knife at the side of each plate. 'You may hold (the jug) crooked,
While the women were eating, she call- but do not spill (the contents)' is o
ed Ylisuf. They saw his beant and proverb, and expresses that A allows B
d
exclaimed, ' Md huo l ~ ~ h a r a n' , ' is no
man (but an angel) !",and they suddenly
to do what he wishes to do, hut adds a
condition which B cannot fbM. The
grew so incontinent, that from lust they friends tell Faid that he may fall in love,
made cuts into their handa with the knives but they will not let him have the boy.
 2. If other poets [as the ancient Arabians] hung their poems on the door
of the temple of Makkah, I will hang my love story on the vault of heaven.

1. 0 cupbearer Time, cease doing battle! Akbar's glorious reign rolls

along, bring me a cup of wine :
2. Not wch wine as drives away wisdom, and makes fools of those who
command respect, as is done by fate ;
3. Wor the harsh wine which fans in the conceited brain the fire of fool-
hardiness on the field of battle ;
4. Nor that shameless wine which cruelly and haughtily delivers reason
over to the Turk of passion;
5. Nor that fiery wine the heat of which, aslove-drunken eyes well know,
melts the bottles [the hearts of men] ;-
6. But that unmixed wine the hidden power of which makes Fate repent
her juggling tricks [i. s., which makes man so strong, that he vanquishes
fate] ;
7. That clear wine with which those who constantly worship in cloisters
sanctify the garb of the heart;
8. That illuminating wine which shews lovers of the world the trne
path ;
9. That pearling wine which cleanses the contemplative mind of fanciful
thoughts.

I n the assembly of the day of resurrection, when past things shall be for-
given, the sins of the Ka'bah will be forgiven for the sake of the duat of
Christian churches.'
--
1. Behold the garb of Paizi's magnanimity ! Angels have mended its
hem with pieces of the heaven.
'
2. The most wonderful thing I have seen is Faizi's heart : it is at once
the pearl, the ocean, and the diver.

The look of the beloved has done to Faizi what no mortal enemy would
have done.

1. The -travellers who go in search of love are on reaching i t no longer

alive in their howdahs ; unless they die, they never reach the shore of this
ocean [love].

' The sins of Isldm are as worthleas aa religious doctrine%. Men fight about re-
the dnet of Christianity. On the day ligion on earth ;in heaven they shall find
of weurrection, both Muhammadans and out that there ie only one true religion,
C'hrietiana will see the vanity of their the worship of M e Spirit.
 2. Walk on, Faizi, urge on through this desert the camel of zeal ;for those
who- yearn for their homes [earthly goods] never reach the sacred enclosure,
the heart.

The dusty travellers on the road to povorty seem t o have attained nothing ;
is it perhaps because they have found there [in their poverty] a precious jewel ?

1. I n the beginning of eternity some love-glances formed mirrors, which

reduced my heart and my eye to a molten state [i. a., my heart and eye are pure
like mirrors].
2. What attractions lie in the cnrls of idols, that the inhabitants of the
two worlds [i. e., many people] hnve turned their face [from ideal] to terrestrial
love ?
3. If a heart goes astray from the company of lovers, do not enquire after
i t ; for whatever is taken away from this caravan, has always been brought
back, [i. e., the heart for a time did without love, but sooner or later i t will
come back and love].

I t is not patience that keeps back my hand from my collar ; but t h e collar
is already so much tom, that you could not tear it more.'

1. 1l Lailis had had no desire t o be with IMajnJn, why did she nselessly
ride about on a camel ?
2. If any one prevents me from wonhipping idols, why does he circum-
ambulate the gates and walls in the Haram [the temple in Makkah] 1'
3. Love has robbed Faizi of his pntience, his understanding, and his
sense ; behold, what this highway robber hns done to me, the caravan chief!

WhenLove reaches the emporium of madness, he builds in the desert

triumphel arches with the shifting sands.

1. Take the news to the old mnn of the tavern on the eve of t h e 'Id,'
and tell him that I shall settle to-night the wrongs' of the last thirty days.
2. Take Faizi's Diwin to bear witness to the wonderful speeches.of a free-
thinker who belongs to a thousand sects.

' A lover has no patience; hence ' The 'id u&#r,or feast after the thirty
he tears the collar of his coat. days of fasting in the month R a m d o .
Each man shews in his own peculiar Faizi, like a bad Muhammadan, has not
way that he is in love: Laili rode about fasted, and now intends to drink wine
in a restless way; some people ahew (which is forbidden), and thus make up
their love in under oing the fat$ues of a for his negleot.
pilgrimage to M& ; I wonhlp idoh Done by me by not having fasted.
 1 I have become dust, but from the odour of my grave, people ahall
know that man rises from such dust.
2. They may know Faiei's' end from his beginning: without an equal
he goes from the world, and without an equal he risea.

0 Love, do not destroy the Ka'bah ; for there the weary travellers of
tho road sometimes rest for a moment.

&tracts from the Rubti'ia.

H e [Akbar] is s king whom, on account of his wisdom, we call etiyunrin
[possemor of the sciences], and our guide on the path of religion.
Although kings are the shadow of God on earth, he is the emanation
of God's light. How then can we call him a ahadow 1'

H e is a king who opens s t night the door of bliss, who shows the
road at night to those who are in darkneas.
W h o even once by day beholds his face, sees a t night the sun rising
in his dream.

I f you wish to see the path of guidance as I have done, you will never
see it without having seen the king.
Thy old fashioned prostration is of no advantage to thee-see Akbar, and
you see God.'

0 king, give me a t night the lamp of hope, bestow upon my taper

the everlasting ray !
Of the light which illuminates the eye of Thy heart,' give me an atom,
hy the light of the sun !

Faizi means the heart. .Tf I call theo, o king of Ialdm 'one
A siu~ilarve=e is ascribed by the without equal,' it in hut right.
author of the hfir-dt a: 'Alum to the I require neither proof nor wrae f o r
poet Tabyi of K l h i n , who, during the this statement.
reign of SfiPhjahhn, waa occupied with a Thou a r t the shadow of God, and like
poetical paraphrase of the Pddiahdh- &ylight ;
u'mah. I t ia clear that no one h a two ohadma.
e m l a &, lkyl &At+ + !&..
' This is a strong apotlloosis, and
remind8 one of similar expresaione used
G--;; ,&*L,, 4ii3 W!j by the poets of imperial Rome.
+UT& , 9 ' Kings receive :, li ht imlnediately
fmm God; vide p. 11f of Abulhdi
Prefncu.
a--+ k.L.)J 9 &! e A 6 a,? W+)
v1
 N o frivnd I I : ~ever come from tho unseen world ; from the cnravan of
non-existence no voice has ever come.
The heaven is the bell from which t h e seven metals come, and yet n o
suund h a s ever come from i t notwithstanding its hammera.l

I n polite society they a r e silent; in secret conversation they m e

screened from t h e public view.
W h e n you come to the tlloroughfare of Love, do not raise dust, f o r
there they are all surmahsellers.'

Those a r e full of t h e divine who speak joyfully and draw clear

wino without goblet and jar.
Do not a s k them for the ornaments of science and learning ; for they
are peoplo who have thrown fire on t h e book."

0 Faizi, g o a few steps beyond thyself, g o from thyself to t h e door, a n d

pluce thy furniture before the door.4
Shut upon thyself the folding door of the eye, and then p u t on i t t w o
hunclred loclrs of eyelashes.

0 Fniei, t h e time of old age h a s come, look where thou settest thy
feet. I f thou puttest thy foot atvny from thy eyelashes, put i t carefully.
A pair of glass spectacles uvuils nothing, nothing. Cut off a piece &om
thy hcart,l and put it on thino eye.

A sigh is a zephyr from the hyacinthbed of speech, and this zephyr

has sluead a throne for the lord of speech.
I sit upon this tllroue nrr the Sulaimin of speech ; hear m e speaking
tho language of birds.'

0 Lover, whofie desolate heart grief will not leave, the fever heat will
not leave thy body, a s long a s the lieart remains !
--

' NuAmWh, pl. of multrah, according ' The disciples of Akbk's divine
to the Ualikr i 'Ajam, the metal ball faith have burnt the Qohn. They are
which was dropped, at the end of every different from tho 'ulomd and fizcrld,
hour, into a large metal cup made of the learned of the age.
haft josh (a. mixture of seven metals), ' Things are placed before the d m
to indicate the time. The metal cups immediately before the inmates travel
are said to have been in use at the courts away. Faizi wishes to leave the house
of the ancient kings of Pcrsis. of hls old nature.
$ Lovers are silcut in politc society. ' For thy heart is pure and h s -
SurmaA is the well known preparation narent.
of lead or antimony, which is applied to Solomon understood the language of
eyes to give them lustre. the birds.
 A lover possesses t h e property of quicksilver, which does not lose its
restlesweee till it is kuaMaA.'

0 Faizi, open t h e e a r of the heart a n d t h e eye of sense ; remove t h y

eye a n d e a r from worldly affairs.
Behold t h e wonderful change of time, and close your lip; listen to
t h e enchanter Time and s h u t thy eye.

W h a t h a r m can befall me, even if the ranks of m y enemies attack me ?

T h e y only strike a blow to t h e ocean with a handful of dust.
I a m like a naked sword i n t h e hand of fate : h e is killed who throws
himself o n me.

To-day T a m a t once both clear wine and dreg ; I a m hell, paradise, a n d

Pw3atorY.
Any thing more wonderful t h a n myself does not exist; for I a m a t
once the ocean, the jewel, and t h e merchant.

Before I and thou were thought of, our free will waa taken from our
handa.
B e without cares, for t h e maker of both worlds settled our affairs long
before I a n d thou were made.

2. Khwa'jah Husain Sana'i' of Msehhadeg

H e held t h e office of a magistrate8 a n d turned to poetry. H e made
himaelf widely known. His manners were simple and pure.
Kwhtah, pr. killed, is prepared Minb, son of Shbh TahmLp. On the
nicksilver, aa used for looking-gla~ses. accession of ShBh Ismb'il 11, SanAI
h e lover must die before he can find presented an ode, but I~mB'ilwasoffended,
. rest.
The anthor of the dtuahkadah i
aa the poem did not mention his name,
and accused the poet of having originally
A'zur sayR that Khwbjah Husain was written it in honor of IbrBhim Mine.
t h e son of 'In4 at Mirza, and waa in the ' SanBf fled to Hindhsthn, and waa well
semi* of snl& Ibrbhim M i n i Fafawi. received at court. IIe died at L4hor in
B n t in bia own D i w h he is said to A. H. 1000. His Diwin, Sikandarnbmnh,
describe himself as the son of Ghissud- and SBqin6mah are well known.' Spren-
din Muhammad of Xaahhad, and the er (Catalogue, p . 120, 578) says that
@ of the Atashkadah is a bad read- 'f!
e! died in 996. he Xacbir i Bahimi
ing for &+.
Begarding his poems the same anthor
states that his bones were taken to
Maahhad by his relation Mln4 BBqir,
mp, " either no one understands the eon of Hir 'Arabshbh. It waa men-
meaning of hie verses, or his verses have tioned on p. 649, note 6, that Faizi
M, m ~ i n g " - a critical remark which looked upon him as his teacher.
Abulfezl's ertracta confirm. Neither does * My text has arb&;. Arb& is the
BsdsionI (111, 208) think much of hie plural of rabb, and is used in Persian as
verses, though he does not deny him a singular in the sense of kaldntur, or
poetical genius. The Tabaqdl again praia- &ha@, the head man of a place,

ahMr ma. The Illir-dl ul 'A'Zum say8

that ' e was in the service of IbrShim
Germ. Amtmann ; hence ~ b ( t l f ,the
o5ce of a magistrate.
 1.My speech is the morning of sincere men ; my tongue is the
sword of the morning of words.
2. I t is clear from my words that the Rrinulquds is the nurse of
the Maryam of my hand [composition].'
3. I t is ~uflicientthat my pen has made my meaninge fine, a single
-
dot of my pen is my world.
4. I n short, words exist in this world of brief duration, and my morda
are taken from them.
5. No one on the day of resurrection will get hold of my garment
except passion, which numbers among those whom I have slain.

When thou goest out to mingle in society at evening, tho last ray of the
sun lingers on thy door and thy walls, in order to see thee.

1.I n the manner of beauty and coquetry, many fine things are'
to be seen, (as for example) cruel ogling and tyrannical flirting.
2. If I hold up a mirror to thie strange idol, hie own figure does not
appear to his eye aa something known to him.s
3. If, for example, thou sitteet behind a looking glass, a person
standing before it would see his own face with the head turned backwards.'
4. If, for example, an ear of corn was to receive its water according to
an agreement made with thee [0 miser], no more grain would ever be
crushed in the hole of a mill.

1. A sorrow which reminds lovers of the conversation of the beloved,

is for them the same as sweet medicine.
2. I exposed the prey of my heart to death, but the huntsman has
given me quarter on account of my leanness and let me run away.'
3. I f lovers slept with the beloved till the morning of resurrection,
the morning breeze would oause them to feel the pain of an arrow.'

1 RzihuZqude, pr. the spirit of holiness. ' the huntaman has given me quarter on
Y a p y a m , the Virgin Mary. account of the leanness *rising fiom m y
Cio strange is the bowhom I love. moulting.'
Tbia verse is unintel&ible to me. ' There are four verses after this in
Or we may read kureaam instead my k t edition, which are unintelligible
of girizam, when the meaning would be, to me.
 0 sober friends, now is the time to tear the collar ; but who will raise
my hand to my collar ?'

The meeeenger Ileaire comes again running, saying ... .

I t is incumbent upon lovers to hand over to their hearts those (cruel)
words which the beloved (boy) took from his heart and put upon his
tongue.

When my foot takes me to the Ka'bah, expect to find me in an idol

temple ; for my foot goes backwards, and my goal is an illusion.

1. The spheres of the nine heavens cannot contain an atom of the

love ghef which S&i'a dust scatters to the winds.
2. Like the sun of the heaven thou livest for all ages ; every eye knows
thee ae well as it knows what sleep is.

8. Huzni' of Iapsha'n.
H e mas an enquiring man of a philosophical turn of mind, and well
acquainted with ancient poetry and chronology. He was free and easy and
goodhenrted ; friendliness was stamped upon his forehead.'
1. I search my heart all round to look for a quiet place-and,
gracious God ! if I do not find sorrow, I find desires.
2. Zalikha stood on the flowerbed, and yet she said in her grief that
i t reminded her of the prieon in which a certain ornament of society [YJsuf]
dwelled.
3. I am in despair on thy account, and yet what shall I do with
love ? for between me and it (love) stands (unfulfilled) desire.

Gabriel's wing would droop, if he had to fly along the road of love ; this
message (love) does not travel ae if on a zephyr.

Whether a man be an AyBz or a Mahmtid, here (in love) he is a slave ;

for love ties with the same string the foot of the slave and the freeman.'

a The poet has no strength left in him edition) says he was born in JunBbud, and
to raise h ~ shand to his collar. V i i p. was a mercli~nt. Tbe Haft Iqlim sa s
660, note 1. he was pupil of QLim i Kihi, [tze
* The remaining hemistich is unclear. next poet).
The Tuba dt calls him blir Huzni, ' Ayiiz was a slave of Nahmfid of
and says he lei! Persia with the intention (fhazni, and is proverbial in the East for
to pay his respects a t court, but died on faithfulness. There are several Masnawis
his wa to Inilia. His verses are pretty. entitled Mahmlid o Ayriz.
m e Awillmiai (p. 101, of the ~ ~ l c u t t a
 1. Lest night my moist eye caught fire from t h e warmth of m y heart;
t h e lamp of my heart was burning until morniug, to shew you t h e way
t o me.
2. T h e power of thy beauty became perfectly known to me, when its
fire fell on m y heart and coneumed m e unknown to myself.

0 Huzni, I sometimes smile a t t h y simplicity : thou hast become a lover,

a n d yet expectest faithfulness from t h e beloved.

Don't cast loving eyes a t me ; for I a m a withered feeble plant, which

cannot bear t h e full radiance of t h e life-consuming sun [of thy beauty].

Alas! when I throw myself on t h e fire, the obstinate beloved h a s

nothing else to say b u t " Huzni, what is smoke like 1"

I hear, Huzni, t h a t thou art anxious t o b e freed from love's fethrs.

Heartless wretch, b e off; what dost thou know of the value of such a
captivity!

To-day, like every other day, the simple minded Huzni was content
with thy false promises, and h a d to go.

4. Qa'sim i Ka'hi'.
H e is known a8 Miybxi mi. H e knew something of t h e ordinary
eciences, and lived quiet and content. H e rarely mixed with people

' h-dhi, 'grassy,' is his takhallJ~. He is said to have died at the

Badbni (111, 172) says that hia verses advanced age of 120 years.
are crude and the ideas stolen from The A'lmhkudah i d'zar (Calcutta
othera ; but yet his poems are not edition, p. 260) calls him ' M i d Ahnl
without merit. He was well wed in the QBsim of Kirbul,' and says that he was
exegesis of the Qorbn, in astronomy, born in Turkistbn and brought up in
mysticism, and the ~ciences which go Kbbul. One of his ancestors paid his
by the name of kaldm; he wrote on respects to Timur, accompanied the army
mus~c,ant1 was clever in tdrikhs and of that conqueror, and settled at last in
riddles. He had viuited several Shaikh~ Turkisthn. KQhi was well received by
of wnown, among them the great poet HumhyGn.
Jdmi (died 899, A. H.). But he was a The same work calls him a Cfuli-
free-thinker, and was fond of the company etdnait Sayyid-a term not known to me.
of wandering faqirs, prostitutes, and Hence, instead of ' Xnfi,'we should read
sodomites. "He also loved dogs, a ' Mir.'
habit which he may have contracted The Haft I lim has a lengthy note
from Faizi." KBhi wrote a Masnawi, on KQhi. Amfn of Rai (p. 612) s a p
entitled gul-afrhdn, a reply, or jaw&, that KBhSe name ia Sayyid Najmuddin
to the Bouthn, nnd completed a diwdn. Muhammad, hie kunyah being Abul
An ode of his is mentioned in praise of (&aim. When &n yeam old, h e
HumiryGu and the Astrolabe. visited JQmi, and afterwards Hdshimi
in h i g h position. On account of his generous disposition, a few low
m e n h a d gathered round him, for which reason well meaning people who
d i d not know t h e circumstances, often upbraided him. Partly from h i s
own love of independence, partly from t h e indulgence of his Majesty,
h e counted himself among t h e disciples, a n d often foretold future events.

A low minded m a n must b e h e who can lift u p his hand in prayer to

God's throne for terrestrial goods.

I f lovers counted t h e hours spent i n silent grief, their lives would

appear to them longer t h a n t h a t of Khizr.'

Wherever thou goest, I follow thee like a shadow ; perhaps, i n course

of time, thou wilt by degrees cast a kind glance a t me."

1 . W h e n I saw even elephants attached to my beloved, I spent t h e

coin of m y life on t h e road of t h e elephant.
2. Wherever I go, I throw like t h e elephant d u ~ ot n m y head, unless
I see m y guide above my head.
3. The elephant taming king is J a l a u d d i n Muhammad Akbar, h e who
bestows golden elephants upon his poets.

of KirmBn, who waa called Shbh JahBn- Snbsequentl he lived at #@ah, where
&. He went over Bhakkar to Hind&-
he a peamd
he died. digrave w u near the ete-
my MS.calla it 4 yL..t* (?). He died
ward to others. Thoug[ well read,
h e was a pugilist, and would not mind on the 2nd Rabi' 11,988. Faizi's t$rikh
to fight ten or even twenty at a time, and (Rubb'i metre)
yet ke victorious. No oneexcelled him in
running. He followed no creed or
doctrine, but did as the Khwtijahs do,
whose formula is ' horh dar dam, naeur
bar qadam, khalwat dar anjuman, gives 2nd Rabi' 11,978,unless we read
P?jJ for 73'- Qdsim of
far &r *atan. ' Be careful in Tour
-?

speech ; look d h e k you set the foot;

mthdraw from societv : travel when vou
1 Bukhtki, a pupil of K B i , expressed
the ta'rikh bv the words
are at home.' He I& liberal to a fiult,
and squandered what he got. For nn
ode in praise of Akbar, in every verse of ' Mull&~ d s i r ni . ~ t i h idied,' which gives
which the word f l 2 , or elephant, was to 988. Vide also IqldlndmaA i Jaha'n-
oecnr,-Abulfazl h ~ given s three verses girl, p. 5 ; and above p. 209.
of i t - A k h ave him one lac of tankahe, Abulfazl calla him Miydn Kdll.
and gave or!ers that he should get a Mi Bnk6l (vide p. 6%) is the name of the
present of one thousand rupees as o h n h i d between Sarnarqand and Bukhtiri.
M he should come to court. He did not ' Khizr (p. 666, note 1)is the 'Wan-
like this, and never went to court again. dering Jew' of the Ewt.
He lived long a t BanBrsa, M he was ' A verse oRen quoted to this day in
fond of B s h a u r S U h (No. 22,p. 328). Indi.
 1. 0 friend, whose tongue speaks of knowledge divine, a n d whose
heart ever withdraws t h e veil from t h e light of truth,
2. Never cherish a thought of which thou oughtest t o b e ~ ~ h s m e d ,
never utter a word, for which thou wouldst have to ask God's pardon !

6. Ghaeali' of Mashhad.'
H e was unrivalled in depth of understanding and sweetness of
language, and was woll acquainted with t h e noble thoughts of the
pfis.

I heard a noise and started from a deep sleep, and stared-the awful
night had not yet passed away-I fell again asleep.*

Beauty lends to fame, a n d love to wretchedness. Why then do you

speak of t h e cruelties of t h e sweetheart and t h e faults of t h e miserable
lover P

Since either acceptance or exclusion awaits all i n the world to come, t a k e

care not tu blarne any one ; for this is blameworthy.

1. 0 Ghnzfili, I sl111n a friend who pronounces my actions to be good,

though they are l a d .
2. I like a simple friend, who holds my faults like a looking-glass
before my face.

Badrioni (III,I'iO) saya tllat GLnzBli Tuba Bt Akbari, at 100000. The d B h h -

fled from fAn b the DDrhin, because ka&l i d'mxlr (p. 122) sags that he
people wished to kill him for his heretical m o t sixteen books containing 40000
opioionu. He was cnlled by Khrin verses, and that he tied Srom Pemia
ZamBn (No. 13, p. 319) to Jaunplir, during the reign of TahmLp i gafawi.
where he lived for o long time. He Pi& Sprenger's Catalogue, pp. 61, 411,
alterwards went to court, and was much where particula~will be found re anling
liked b Akbar, who conferred upon hirn Gllazkli'u works. Sprenger d y s him
the ti% of Mulikashshn'ari (p. 548, Ghutzdll, an unusual form, even i f t h e
note 3). He accompanied the emperor metre of some of his ghazals s h o d
in the Gnjrit war, and died suddel~l? prove the double B.
on the 47th Raj:rb, 980. At Akbar s Badironi relates a story that KhBn
orders, he was buried at Snrkzh, near Zambn sent him one thousand rupees to
Ahmudribid. Fnizi's ckver thrikh on the Dak'hin with a couplet, for which
his death in ,,b, &+I h.u, ' the year vide Bad. 111, 170, where t h e sar i
980.' At his death, he left a fortune of k h d refers to the i in Uhazlrli's name,
20 lam of NpeM. because . stands fo:l000.
The Mir-dt ul 'A'lanr n~entionstwo e
The Haft 11qlfm mentions anot,her
books written by him, entitled Asrdr i
d~uktrim and Bashahdt ul h ~ ~ y a ' to t, G hhzali.
which the Hafl Iqlim Rdds a third, the ' This is to be understood in a mystic
Mir-cit ul Ka'indt. Birdbnl and the sense. BadPoni (111, 171) says that he
Mir-dt estimate his verses at 40 to had not found ttlia veme ia Ghirznli's
50U00 ; the H a t Iqlim, nt 70000 ; the Diwkn.
 1. I n love no rank, no reputation, no science, no Iwiedom, no genealo-
gical tree is required.
2. For such a thing aa love is a man must possess something peculiar :
the sweetheart L jealous,-he must poeaem decorum.

1. The king eays, I' My cash is my treasure." The 91%says, '' My

tattered g a r m e n t ie my woollen stuff."
2. The lover says, ' I My grief is my old friend" I and my heart alone
know what is w i t h i n my breast.

1. If thy he&, whilst in the Ka'bah, wanders after something elae,

thy worship is wicked, and the Ka'bah is lowered to a cloister.
2. And if thy heart rests in God, whilst thou grt iCI a t a v w , thou
mayest drink wine, and yet be blessed in the life to come.
8. 'Ufi'of Shi'ra'z.'
The forahead of his diction shines with decorum, w d powjesses a
peculiar grace. Self-admiration led him to vanity, and made'him speak
--
' The M a b i r i Rahimi (MS., Aa. Soc., cs4 J+!*49
Bengal, p. 637) sa s that Urfi's name 'Urfi, thou didst die young.' The
wmKhwaj.h~anidb~)~uhBmrnad. first edition of his poetical works con-
The lakhallup 'Urfi'"has a reference to tained 2 6 Qapldahs, 270 Ohazals, 700
the occupation of his father, who aa Qat'ahn and RubB'is ;vide also Sprenger's
Dirogah to the Magistrate of S,hi&z Catalogue, 629.
had to look after Shar'i and The ~ a z g r a hby 'AU Quli Kh6n i
matters. H e went by sea to u? t e DBp;histiiul calls 'Ufi Jamdluddin, and
Dak'hin, where, according to the Hafi eays that he wss much liked by Prince
Iqlim, his talent was not recognized ; Salim, towards whom 'Urfi's attachment
be therefore went to Fathpiu Sikd, waa of a criminal nature, and .that he had
where Hakfm Abul Fath of Gilirn been poisoned by peu le that envied him.
(No. 112, p. 424) took an i n t e y t in ' U f i w u a man ofhigh tnlent ;but he
him. When the Hakim died, UrG was dislikedfor his vanity. Badhoni says
became an attendant on 'Abdurrahim (111, 285), " His poems sell in all bazars,
KhdnKhhiin, and wan also introduced unlike those of Faizi, who spent the
a t court. He died a t Libor, in Sbawmzil revenue of his j k i r in getting copies
999, A. H., according to the Hail Iqlim made of his verses ; but yet no one had
and several NSS. of the Tabaqht, of a cop of them, unlesn it was a present
dysentry (is-hdl). He bequeathed his
papers to his patron, in all about 14000
made ty Faid." Hakim H i r i (p. 474)
referred 'lJrfii ahaids to %is odes.
verses, which a t the KhPnKhinkn'~ %is Masnawi, Ya'tna' u l Abkdr, ie
order were arranged by Sir6jB of Isfnbin. olten wrongly callel Majmu 'ul Afkdr.
H e wss a t his death only thirty-six One day, 'Urfi called on Faizi, whom
years old. The body was nearly thirty he found surrounded by his dogs, and
years later taken away by the poet gbbir asked him to tell him the names of " the
of Iqfah$n and buried in holy ground well-bred children of his fmily." Faizi
a t Najaf (Sarkhush), His early death, replied, "Their names are ' u f l (i.e.,
in accordance with a n idea still current well-known). "MubdrIZk" (God bless us),
in the East, waa ascribed to the abuse he rbjoiued 'Urfi,to the intense disgust of
had heaped on the ancients; hence also Faizi whose fkther's name was M u b w .
the tririkh of his death- Sprenger (Catalogue, p. 1%) states on
lightly of the older clas~ics. The bud of his merits withered away before it
could develop itself.

Cling to the hem of a heart which saddens at the plaintive voice of

the nightingale; for that heart knows something.

If some one cast a doubt on the loftiness of the cypress, I melt away
from envy ; for loftiness is so desirable that even a doubtful mention of it
creates envy.

He who is intimate with the morning zephyr, knows that the scent of
the Jasmin remains notwithstanding the appearnnce of chill autumn.

My wounded heart cannot endure a healing balm; my turban's fold

cannot endure the shadow of a blooming rose.

1. I t is incuinbent on me, when in society, to talk low; for the

sensible people in society are stupid, and I speak but Brabic.
2. Remain within the boundary of thy ignorance, unless you b e a
Plato ; an intermediate position is mirage and raving thirst.

Do not say that those who sing of love are silent: their song i s
too fine, and the audience have cotton in their ears.

The more I exert myself, the more I come into trouble ; if I am calm,
the ocean's centre ie at the ~hore.

There is some hope that people will pardon the strange W8y8 of 'Urfi
for the homeliness of his well linown poems.

No one has yet come into the world that c- bear the grief of love;
for every one has through love lost tho colour of his face aud turned pale.

the authority of the Tazkirah Hameshah- There exist several lithographs of

EahIr that 'Urfi's name was Khwhjah 'Urfi's Odes. The Calcutta printed edi-
raidi (U~y), a mistake for 8ayyidi. tion of 1254, A. H., contains a Commen-
The Atishkadah also gives the llame tar9 by Ahmad ibn i 'Abdurrahim
only half correctly, Sajjid Muhammad. (author of the Arab? Dictionary Xuu-
Taqi's note (loc. n't., p. 31) ia wrong in tahal Amb) of Fafipur.
the dates.
 0 'Urfi, live with good and wicked men in such a manner, that
Muhammadans may wash thee (after thy death) in Zamzam water, and
Hindlis may burn thee.

I f thou wishest to see thy faults clearly, lie for a moment in arpbimh
for thyself, ss if thou didst not know thee.

'Urfi has done well to stand quietly before a closed door, which no
one would open. H e did not knock a t another door.

To pine for the arrival of young spring shews narrowness of mind in

me ; for there are hundreds of pleasures on the heap of rubbish in the
backyard, which are not met with in a rose garden.

My heart is sinking aa the colour on Zalikhli's cheek when she saw

herself alone ; and my grief kae become the talk of the market like the
suspicion c a t on Ylisuf.
. - .

1. On the day when all shall give an account of their deeb, and
when the virtues of both 8haikh and Brihman shall be scrutinized,
2. Not a grain shall be taken of that which thou hast reaped, but a
harvest shall be demanded of that which thou hast not sown.

1. 0 thou who hast experienced happiness and trouble from good and
bad events, and who art in consequence full of thanke and sometimes full
of complaints,
2. Do not take high ground, so that thy efforts may not be in vain ;
be rather (yielding) like grass that stands in the way of the wind, or like a
bundle of g r u s which others carry off on their shoulders.
--

1. 0 'Urfi, for what reason is thy heart so joyful ? I s it for the few
verses which thou hast left behind ?
2. Alaa ! thou losest even that which thou leavest behind aa something
once belonging to thee. Thou oughtest to have taken it with thee ; but hast
thou taken it with thee ?
7. Yaili8 of Hara8t.
His name was MinB. Quli.' He W ~ Mof Turkish extraction, and lived
in the society of gay people.

The Nd&ia mentiona 979, and Taqi

983, rn the year iu which Naili c a t , to I India (Sprenger, Catalogue, pp. 43, 54).
The A'lua/rku&k e q a , he was brought
 8ilihce I hnfe become famoua through thy love, I shun all whom I see ;
for I am &aid l e d my going to knp ofie might put thee into his thoughts.

I die and feel pity for such as remain alive ; for thou art accustomed to
commit such cruelties ah than h a d dona to me.

1. My heart derived so much pleasure from seeing thee, that fate-God

forbid, that it should think of revenge.
2. Thou art neither a friend nor a stranger to me; what name is
man to give to such a relation ?

Thou knoweat that love to thee doe$ not pass away with the livea of
thy lovers ; for thou passest by the tombs of thoee whom thy love slew,
and yet thou behavest coquettishly.
-
When thou biddest me go, cabt one glance npofi hie ; fop from
oarefulnese people tie a string round the foot of a bird, men if i t were so
tame as to eat from the hand.
I

My last breath is &thand ! 0 enemy, let me have hib [the lovely boy]
but for a moment, 80 that with thousands of pange I may restore him to thee.
--
1. I promiaed myself that I would be patient, and did not go to him
[the boy] ; I had hopes to be content with loneliness.
2. But the woe of separation kills me, and whispers every moment to
me, '' This ie the punishment of him who puts confidence in his patience."

1. Thy clients have no cause to ask thee for anything ; for every one
of them has from a beggar become a Crmus in wealth.
2. But thou h d e e t such a pleasure in granting the prayers of beggars,
that they make requests to thee by way of flattery.
8. JayfarBeg of Qazwi'n.
H e is a man of profound thought, has learnt a good deal, and describes
very well the event, of past ages. As accoutant he is unrivalled.

up in Mashhad. According to D k h i - Badbnf adds that his patron for some

stiini, he belonged to the Jalair clan, lived suspicion ordered him to be oisoned. He
under TahmLp, and was in the service of
Sultbn IbrAhim Mirzk, after whose death
waa in MUwL when he was bed.
He is muoh praised for his poetry ;
he went to India. The Tabaqdt i Akbari the author of the A1tu.shkadaA Say8 that
says that he was in the service of he wae one of his favorite poeb.
&uuang k h h (pp. 334, 628); and
 F m m his knowledge 6f human nature he lmna to mirth and is fond of
jokes. H e was so fortunate as to obtain the title of bqaf Khin, and was
admitted as a disciple of his Majesty.'

I am jealous of the zephyr, but I gladden my heart with the thought

that this is a rose garden, and no one can close the door in the face of the
wind.

When the town could not contain the sorrows of my heart, I thoaght
t h a t the open cduntry was created for my heart.

I am prepared for another interview to-night ; for I have patched up

m y torn, torn heart.
"
I t is the fault of my love that he [the lovely boy] is my enemy. What
is love worth, if it makes no impression ?

I admire the insight of my heart for ita familiarity with beauties whoee
wap are ao strange.
-
H e came and made me confused ; but he did not remain long enough
f o r me to introduce my heart to consolation.

As I am entirely at fault, do not threaten me with revenge; for the

pleasure of taking revenge on thee makes me bid my fault defiance.

1. Dost thou shew me thy face so boldly, Happiness ? Wait a moment,

t b a t I may announce my love-grief.
2. Ja'far came to-day so broken-hearted to thy house, that the hearte
of the stones burnt on seeing his extraordinary condition.
--
1. Whoever has been in thy company is for a night, is the companion
of my sad fate.
2. Ja'fsr has found the road to the street of the sweetheart so difficult,
t h a t he can no more rise to his feet.

a His biogreph wan given above on The Yaenawi by Ja'far mentioned by

p. 4 1 , Nu. 98. $& also I bdlndmol Sprenpr (Catalogue, p. 444) mag belong
i Jizbdngiri, p 5 ; ~ a b i . t ~ & 387. to P i r d Zaioul 'Alidin, regarding whom
His takhalluc was Ja'far, u m a Y k wen vide above p. 8 2 , and Sprenger, loc. rit.,
from Abulfazl's extrscte. p. 120, where for 1212 read 1031, A. H.
 The morning zephyr, I think, wafts to me the scent of a certain
sweetheart, because Jacob keeps his closed eye turned towarb a caravan.'

A new rose must have opened out in the garden ; for last night the
nightingale did not go asleep till the morning.

0. Khwarah Husain of Marw.*

H e possessed many excellent qualities, and sold his encomiums at a
high price. H e lived at the Court of Humiyfin, and was also during thia
reign highly favoured.

1. The realms of speech are in my possession, the banker of speech ia

the jeweller of my pearl strings.
2. Creation's preface is a sheet of my book, the secrete of both worlds
m e in the nib of my pen.

A stream from the ocean of thought paases by his house ; correctness and
equity are visible on his forehead. Serenity and truth are in him united ;
he is free from the bad qualities of poets.
1. Whenever you speak, watch yourself; repentance follows every
word which gladdens no heart.
2. You do not require the swift wing of a bird ; but since fortune L
so, borrow the foot of the ant and flee.

a J a m b hadbecome blind from weeping common people, of the place. To better

over the loss of Joseph. One day he his circumstances, he went to India, wan
smelled the scent of Joseph's coat, which introduced by Hakim Abul Path i Gilirni
R messenger was bringing from Egypt.
When the coat was applied to his eyes,
(No. 112, p. 4184) a t Court,
and was llked by Akbar.
g! a jtigir,
e joined the
11e recovered his sight. KhBnKhSnhn in the Dak'hin wars and
Khwijah Husain was a pupil of remained in his service, living chiefly a t
Maulinh 'Iqhmuddin Ibrihim and the BurhSnpkr, where he built a v i h and a
renowned Ibn Hajar of Nakkab (Haft mosque, which, according to the Mir-dt
Iglim). Abulfazl's remark that he sold u1 ' A a m , was called H a a j i d i Itiulld
h ~ encomiums
s a t a high price seems to Haydti. H e was still alive in 1024,
refer to Husain's Odes on the birth of when the Mabir i B a h i m i was com-
Jalihngfr and Prince Yuriid, given in full posed.
by B d b n i (11, pp. 120, 132), for which The Tabaqbt and B a d b n l praise his
the Xhwijali got two lacs of tankahs. poems, and say that he belonged to the
The odes are peculiar, as ench hemistich a h l s'ycirdn i h r d m a n d d n , d. e., he was a
is a chronogram. man of feeling and sympathy. Sprenger,
The bia.6sir i R a h i m i says that Mullti (Catalogue, p. 68) translates this, " H e
H a j b t i was Lorn a t Kasht in Gilhn, and was a f r i e d of Dardmand."
belonged to the ddmitcidagcin, i. e.
 A love sick man is so entangled in hie grief, that even the wish of
getting rid of it does him harm.

Whatever you see is, i n some way or other, a highway robber. I

know no man that hae not been way-laid.

1. This i~ the thoroughfare of love, it is no open market; keep your lip5

closed, no talk is required.
2. I, too, have been among the heathens, but have seen no waist
worthy of the sacred thread.
3. Covetous people are, from covetouwese, each other'e enemies ; in
S e n d a h i p alone +ere are no rivale.

1. Let every thorn which people sow in thy road, bloom in the lustre
of thy miles.
2. Say nothing, and heal the wound of the heart with poisoned arrowe.

1. H y lovs makes me delay over everything, even if it were a scent in

t h e house, or a colour in the bazar.
2. Thou knowest what people call me-' mad from shame, and dejected
from bastbeas.'

Since everything which I mended has broken again, my heart hae

gone altogether from trying to patch it.

1. I suffer thy cruelties and die; perhaps I thua complete my

faithfulnees.
2. Thou canst not deprive me of the meane of union with thee, unless
thou huttest the zephyr in a box.'

This turf and this field have a tinge of madness ; insanity and drunken-
nee8 have to-day a good omen.

1. Love-grief is followed by an increase of sorrow, the desire to meet

him is followed by bloody tears.
2. Neither the one nor the other, however, is the means of attaining
love's perfection ; be sound in mind, or else, completely mad.

' Becahse the zephyr wefts the breath of the beloved boy ta the poet.

i'
 1. I a m n e i t h c r a s h i g h as t h e Pleiades, n o r a s low 8s the a b p ; I
neitllor cherish t h o oltl grief, n o r d o I poasess a n e w t h o u g h t .
2. I f I am n o t tho wailing n i g h t i n g a l e , t h e r e i s y e t this excellence left,
I a m t h e m o t h a n d a m p l e d g e d to t h o flame.'

1. I am t h e hottrt-grief of m y d a r k n i g h t s , I am t h e m i s f o r t u n e of the
d a y of m y fate.
2. P e r h a p s I m a y g o a s t e p b a c k t o m y s e l f ; it is a lolig b e that
I h a v e b e e n w a i t i n g f o r myself.

11. Shikebi' of IspahaDn.

I I e possesses t a s t e a n d w r i t e s well. H e is a c q u a i n t e d w i t h ~ h r o n o l o ~
a n d t h o o r d i n a r y sciences ; a n d t h e p u r i t y of h i s n a t u r e l e d h i m to philoso-
phical independence.'

I h a v e lived t h r o u g h night,s of lonely sorrow, a n d am still a l i v e ; I had

n o i d e a of t h e tenaciousness of m y life.

Grief, n o t m i r t h , i s my ware. W h y d o s t t h o u wish to k n o w ite price P

I know t h a t t h o u milt n o t buy it, a n d t h a t I shall n o t sell it.

The love of the moth for the candle ShirLz, aftcr which he went t o Indk and
seems to be a very ancient ideal. P ~ a l m becamc the constant attendant of the
srxiz, 11, Thou rcbilkest man and KhbnKhhnbn.
cauzc*t his delight to vnnibh w t110 moth Tho a i r - d t ul 'Alum s a p that later
~nllihhes in its delight, .t7io. the fire, he fell out with his patron, and w e n t
r e word Khutnod seems to h a w
~ ~ h e the from the Dak'hin to X rah, where M&&
I)ccnn ~ ~ u r ~ o sdlosen
e l y Lo xllude to the love bat K b h introduced f i m a t mu*. Be
of' the moth. The pnssagc in Sa'di'~prel'we asked for permission to return to r-;
tu the Gulistbn but Jahhngir would not let him o, a n d
appointed him y a d r of Dihli. 6 e died
&,Am c,xiAS ,&ib there at the age o sixty-seven in 1023, the
ta'rikh of his death belpg rsi,
jt>T j A&*
Another Chronogram &)&G
Jcla-
gives
'The lovers are killed by the beloved, only 1022. For his S k i n h n a h , 'AMur-
no voice rises from the killed ones'-is also r a l ~ i mgave him 1 8 0 , or, according ta
au RIIUY~OII to the love ot'tlle moth. the Hal? lplbn,10000 Rupees as a present.
Tllp J f u h i r i Rahirni says that H e wrote several other oems in praise of
lilulli Shitebi was the son of' Zahiruddh his patron. The Dlahir u f ~ m a rmentions
i
'Abdnllnh Ilnhrni of IqfahLn. H e studied a Nasnawi on the conquest of T'hat'hah
under Amir Taqinddin Rluhamrund of (A. H. 999-1000),for whichJdlli Beg and
ShirCz, but left when young his native 'Abdurrahfm gave him oae thousand
town for Harht, and brca~neacquainted Ashrafis. I do not know whether this
with the poetn SanCi, Dlaili, and Wali MafinLwi is the same an the Mosnnsri
Dmht Bayirzi. When he was well known writbn by Shikebi in the s b m u S k i n
as u putt, he returned for n short tilue to metre.
 On amount of the jealoua~rof the watcher I had resolved to stay away
fwm thy feast. I waa deceived by my bad luck and d e d it jealousy,
and stayed away.

0 sod, bestow upon my wares a market from the w e n world! I

.
\
would sell my heart for a single interview ; vouch.de a buyer !

Thou art werm with my love ; and in order to keep off bad omens, I sit
over the fire, and burn m p l f ae wild rue.'

I uprooted my heart from my being, but the burden of my heart did not
leave my being. I severed my head from my body, but my shouldera
did not leave my collar.

1. To-day, when the cup of union with thee is full to the brim, I see
Neglect sharpen the sword, in order to kill me.
2. Thou doat not dwell in my heart and haat girded thy loim with
hatred towards me,-ruin upon the honm which raises enemiee I

1. The plaintive song of my bird [peart] t u m e the cage to a roeebed ;

the sigh of the heart in which thou art, t m s to a rosebed.
2. When thy beauty shine6 forth, covetoueneea alao is love; straw,
when going up in flames, turne to a rosebed.

1. Happy are we if we come to thee, through thee; like blind men

we march for thee, through thee.
2. Increase thy cruelti- till the teneciousnoea of my life takes revenge
on me, and thy cold heart on thee.

1. The world ia a game, the winning of which is a loss ; playing

cleverly coneiete in being satisfied with a low throw.
2. This earthly life is like a couple of dice--you take them up,
in order to throw them down again.

Sipand. People even now-adayn put

the need. ofwild me on beakd imu plates.
73
I The amoke is mid to drive away cvil spirita.
Vd. y. 139, not. I.
 12. Ani'eil Sha'xnlnl.'
Hia rrnl name is To1 Quli. H e is a man of a happy heart and of p u r e
manners ; h e is brave a n d sincere.

n g thee, a condition is put upon u s m i ~ e r n b l elovers, viz.

I n ~ e ~ k i after
t h a t our feet remain unacquainted with the henis of our garments.'

I t is possible to trarol along this road, even when one lightning only
fluclies. l y e blind lovers a r e looking for the ray of t h y lamp.

I f I remain restless even aftor m y death, it is n o wonder; for toil

undergone during the day ~ u n k u st h e sleep of t h e night restless.

1. How cnn the thollght of thy love end with my d e a t h ? for love is
not like wine, which floaa froui t h e v c s ~ e lwhen i t is broken.
2. The lover would not snatch his life from the hand of death,
thuugh he could. W h y should t h e owner of t h e harvest take t h e grain f r o m
t i l ~(LUt ?
--
1. The rosebed of time does not contain a s o n p t e r like me, a n d yet
it is from tho corner of my cage t h a t I h a r e continually to sing.
2. In order satinfnrtorily to ~ e t t l emy fortune, 1 h~.enta life in hard
work : but with all my mastership I have not been able to draw silk f r o m
reeds.

The nature of love resembles t h a t of t h e m a g n e t ; for love first

attracts t h e shnft, in order to wound t h e heart when i t wishes to g e t rid of
tllo point.

The Nacfsir i Rahimi Rays that Tol KhLnirn, who made him his Mir 'AIz, and
QII~ Btg~ belonged to the d~stingnifihed Inter his Mir Bakhshl. He distinguished
clan of the Ehkmlii TurlilnLns. He was himself by his intrepidity in the war with
a good soldier, and nerved BR librarian to Suhail i Habshi (p. 335). His military
'Ali Qnli KhBn Shbn~lu, the Persian duties allowed him little leisure for poetry.
governor of Harkt, where he made the He died at Burhinplir in 1014. Them
accl~~nintrtnce
of' Shikebi and Mahrvi. He exists a biasnawi by him in the Khnsrao-
wrote at firqt under the takhollupol' J6hi ; Sllirin metre, also a Diwbn, and * r e d
hut the I'emian prince Sultkn IbrJhilu Qaqidahs in prnise of the KhSn Khinin.
Alirzir pave him the name of Aniai, under The Calcutta edition of the Atanh-
which he iu known in literature. When kaduh i A i a r (p. 19) calls him wrongly
Hnrit wan conquered by 'Abdullah KhBn, 'Ali Qrili Beg, and his Hanit patron 'ALL
king of TurkistLn and M6wari~-Inahr, Naqi KhSn, after whoee death he is Baid
Alliui WBR captured by an Uzbak soldier to have gone to India
and carried off to BTBwarL-lnahr. He ' I.e., our garments are a l n y s tucked
then went to India, and entered the up (Arab. tashmir), as Orientals do when
service of Mirzd ' A M u d i m B h b - walking quickly. A lover finds no rest.
 May God preserve all men from falling into my circumstances! for
my sufferings keep the rose from smiling and the nightingale from ainging.

Love haa disposed of me, but I do not yet know who the buyer i,
and what the price is.

Anisi drink8 the blood of his heart, and yet the vessel is never empty ;
i t seems as if, at the banquet of love's grief, the red wine rises from the
botto~uof the goblet.

1. I am intoxicated with love, do not bring me wine ; throw me into

the fire, do not brivg me water.
2. Whether I complain or utter reproaches, I address him alone, do
not answer me.

1. I went away, in order to walk a few steps on the path of destruction,

and to tear a few ties that biud me to existence.
2. I will spend a few days without companione, and will pass a f ~ w
nighta without a lamp till morning make ita appearance.

1. 0 heart, beware ! 0 heart, beware ! Thus should it be : the hand

of asking ought to be within the sleeve.'
2. 0 that I could but once catch a certain oljeot ! the hqnter ia for
ever in the ambush.

13. lVa?ii'ri' of Ni'aha'pu9.Q

H e possesses poetical talent, and the garden of thought has a door
open for him. Outwardly lie is a good man ; but he aho devises plans for
the architecture of the heart.

The heart should not aak, but pa- to India, he lived nt Ahmadbbbl in Gujrtit,
tiently love. where he died in 1022. The TULUE
Muhbmmad Husain Nndri of NLsh& ( . 91) says :-" I [Jahkngir] Lad called
pbr left his honie for K b h i n , where he 8 a z i r i of NishtiplL to court. H e is well
engaged in poetical contesta (mwhd'urah) known for his poerns and tical genios,
with several poet, as Fahmi, Hirti~ii,&c. and lives [end of 10191 in $rbt where be
He then went to India, where he found is merchant. H e now came arid presented
a p t r o n in M L a i 'Abdnmhim Khbn- me with an encomium in imitation of a
Khknbn. I n 101'2, he went to Makkah Qiqidah b Anwsri. I gave him one
on a pilgrimage, atter which he is said to thousand Jnloposs, a horse, and r drens of
have h o m e very piow. On his return honor." Tke dlubir i Bdirni says
 Every ylaae, whether nioe or not, apperva p l m ta me: I either
rejoioe in my eweetheart, and grieve for him.

If thou destroyeet the ware of my heart, thy kmo in for once ; wh&t to
me it would be the lose of world and faith.

If thou wilt not put my cage below the rose tree, put it in a pIace
where the meadow hears my plaint.

I t is from kindness that he [the beautiful boy] favours me, not f h m

love ; I o m distinguish between friendship and politeness.

It is a generation that I have been girding my waist in thy service,

and what am I worth ? I m u t have become a Brahman, eo often have I put
on the badge (the thread).

Thy blood is worth nothing, Nsciri, be silent ! Buffioe it that he who

dew thee, h m no olaim against thee.

I am costIy and there are no buyers ; I am a loee to myself, and am

yet the ornament of the b-.

The impression which my eorrow mskee upon him, oonaiate in depriving

hie heart of all sympathy ; and the peculiar comequence of my reminding
him of my love is that he forgets it.

that Nazirl wan a ekilful goldsmith ; The Tdn'kA of Nazfd's death lioe in
and that he died, after having seen hie the hemistich ' Bt dunyd r@ flasadn-
patron in Agrah, in 1022 a t Ahmadhb.bbd, urajam, dh !,ILthe H w S n of PerJi8 hae
where he liee buried in n moeque which gone from this world, alas !'-in allusion
he had built near his house. According to to the famous Arabian poet Hasshn. Thie
the Mir-dt ul 'A'lam, he gave what he gives 1022 A. H. ; the other tdrikh,
had b his friends and the ~ r HOW . fwn by Ybghistiui, markis i d d i m i i
esteemed he wan m a p e t may m n fn,m a m Lujd sat. where in, the centre of
a couplet b the p a t Persian poet the circle of conviviality, only gives
gbib, quoted iy D6ghlnthi- 10'21, unless we count the horn& in
1>1& u W , which in m i o u J I y done
y& tJY p.&d k % +L
,p- JrJbj CS&+ #j in t d r i k h . Dkhintirni also mentions
a poet S a w W of' O u j r t , a pious man,
qdd, ldnt dorl who waa in Naziri'n serviae. On the
thou become like Nuzir/? death of his manter, he guarded his tomb.
7
'7 6even does not approach f i a a i d a d died in A. H. 1031.
in geniw.
 Like a watchdog 1 lie at hie threshold ; but I gnaw the whole night
at my collar, and think of c h e s i him, not of watching him.

1. From carelessness of thought I transformed a heart, by the purity

of which the Ka'bah swore, into a Firingi church.
2. The b o o m of the field of love possesses so inebriating a power,
that the lame wanderer thinks it sublime transport to travel on such a road.
3. The ship of love alone ie a true resting place ; step out of it, and
thou art rurrounded by the stormy sea and ita monsters.
4. Tell me which song makes the greatest impremion on thy heart, ao
h t I may utter my plaint in the same melody.
14. Danvi'~hBahraDm.*
H e is of Turkish extraction and belongs to the Bayat tribe. The prophet
Khizr appeared to him, and a divine light filled him. He renounced tho
world and became a water-carrier.

1. I have broken the foundation of austerity, to see what would come

of it ; I have been sitting in the bazar of ignominy [love], to see what would
come of it.
2. I have wickedly spent a lifetime in the street of the hermits ;
now I am a profligate, a wine-bibber, a drunkard, to see what will come of it.
8. People have sometimes counted me among the piou, eometimea
among the licentious ; whatever they call me I am, to see what will come
of it.
16. B W ' [Sarfi'] of K ~ h m i r . ~
His name is Bhaikh Ya'qfib. He is well acquainted with all brancher
of poetry and with varioue sciences. He knows well the excellent writings
of Ibn 'Arab, h a travelled a good deal, and has thus become acquainted
with many saints. He obtained higher knowledge under Shaikh Husain
of Khwirazm, and received from him permission to guide others.
-

Bahnim's l a k l a l l q is &aqqcf, i. e. Regarding the poet himself and the

rater-carrier. This occupation is often legends conuected with him, vide my
chosen by thoee who are favored with a ' Arabic and Persian Inscri tions,' Jour-
night of the Prophet Khiar (Eliaq). nal, h i a t i c Society of ~ e n ~ a18f7., Pt. I,
Khizr ~ e n e r a l l yappeara aa an old man pp. 261 to 266.
d d in green (in allusion to the mean- 'Shaikh Hnsain ofKhw8razm,Pa'q1ib's
ing of the name in Arabia or to hie teacher, ww a pupil of Muhammad A zam
fnnctionrr as sprin Haji, and died in Syria in 956 or 958.
The Baybt trifed??!. Turkitdb tribe Shaikh Ya'qdb also studied in Makkah
wattered over AzarMijbn, Erivan, Tah- for a long time under the renowned Ibn
dn, Fbm, and Nlshaiplir. i Hajar, the great teacher of the Hadis,
Bahdm in wornhipped an a saint. H i s and then came to India, where he wan
mauuoleum is iu Ucudweu near Calcutta. held in high esteem aa a lamed man
 110st010 from niy heart all patience, and then tdok the whole mad
heart itself; my thief ~ t v l ethe house with its whole furniture.

The weak~iess of the body has brought the love-sick man into a
strango position : from \veakuuss ho can no longer bear the weight of
recovery.
18. Sabu'hi', t h e Chaghta'L'il
H e was born i11 Kibul. Once he slept in the bedroom of hmir Khusrau,
when the sllining figure of an old man with a staff in his hand awoke him
u ~ l dordcrud lliin to compose a poem. As he had no power of doing so, he
took tho wllolu for a vision, and lay down in another place ; but the same
f i g u r e woltu him up, and repeated the order. The first verse that he uttered
is the following-
JVlien I ir~nfar from thee, my tears turn gradually into a n ocean.
Come and see, enter the tihp of my eye and make a trip on the ocean.*
--
My sweetl~eartsaw the scroll of irly faith, and burnt my sad heart, eo
t l i ~ no
~ t one aftormards u i g h t read its contents.'

1. I have no need to explain him my condition; for my heart, if

really burning, will lcavo a trlice behind.
2. Yeiiknes8 has overpowered me, and my heart has sunk under its
sorrow. Who bh:rll now inform him of Iny mretclled state ?

and a poet. H e was lilied by I I u 1 n 6 ~ 6 n ' pbu'ha' means ' a man t h a t d r i n k

ant1 Ly Altbar, nud was at1 illtil~~;rte wille IU the ~l~orrliug.' The real name of
i'ricnd of the llistorinn Badiolli. l i i s tile poet is uot give11 in the Tarkirllhr to
death took place OII the 12th Zi Q:r'd;~il, wllich I have access. Badkoni rays hat
1(hYY, and U:~ditoni ~ V U I I ~ I d ~ i k hthe he lived an emy, ullreatrlrined life ; and
words Shuikh i iim~otnbtitl, ' he \ ~ i r v the the &fir-&t uJ ' A ' h , hiln a hd
Shnikh 01' 11:~tions.' A conll~lcteKhtcnl- (profligate). He died at .qgrah in 973,
auh, a tre;~tist! on the i l ~ ~ ~ ' u r n x ror c i , nud Paizi found as tdpikA the words
riddle, aud ~lulnerous $!$tistic Rubii'is y+,g~ P =p .,a ' p b l i h i , t h e wiue-
wit11 a c o m ~ n e ~ l t i ~are
r y , s;ud to l ~ u v ebee11
,,,,.ittellby ~lila,. A SllOrt tilue be,brt: his bibber.' DBgllistb~li mys, h e was from
death, he had nearly fllib-hed a large S:llnarqalld, and t h e d'fmhkaduh calls
colrllllelltary to tile ~ ~ alld ~had justd ~hi'n ' ~Uadakh~hLui,'
, but t h a t he
~ U O I V I Iirs Haruwi, o r from Harht.
received permission from Akbar to
return to li;rsl~~nir, when he died. Tide ' verse* notwit'18tandin the
above, pp. 182, 546. viaion, is stolen; vide B a d b n i , 11!,180.
Hi8 l o k h u l l ~ c is
~ variously given as 'Ahhi"
a If this verse, too, w= uttered a t the
,.ai,.uji alld ~h~ lzLtter the
correct h r m , to judge frolrl tile ,netre of ti'ne 'e ha' the vi'ion* he stole " 0 ~ "
olle of his verses preserved by Badboni XFafi~Jhllli'r pupil,
(111,148). Both words occur as iukhul- a verse-
lug; thus there was a Qdzi S.la;rafi, enco- lj d 9 ti, ,L+ bJ Jj
miast of Firb Sh6.h. Tide d e o poet
No. 21. u , a$ d i d a(?
 I w e n t to his etreet, and w h i l s t I w a s there, a t h o r n e n t e r e d d e e p int&
t h e foot o f m y h e a r t . T h a n k s b6 to G o d t h a t I h a v e n o w a r e a s o n f o r
s t a y i n g in it !

1. Hindirstiin i s a field of sugar-cane, its p a r r o t s a r e sugar-sellers.

2. Its flies a r e l i k e t h e d a r l i n g s o f t h e country, w e a r i n g t h e chlrah and
t h e #akauchiah.*

His n a m e is M u h a m m a d M i r a k . He t r a c e s h i e d e s c e n t f r o m Nizrim ul-

mulk o f T h .

M e n w i t h o u t feeling t e l l me to u s e my h a n d a n d catch h o l d o f his

g a r m e n t . I f I had a h a n d [i.e. if I had tlie opportunity], I w o u l d t e a r m y
collar t o pieces.
--
T h e r e a r e m a n y r e a s o n s w h y I s h o u l d be dead, a n d yet I a m aliva
0 g r i e f ! thy f o r b e a r a n c e has m a d e m e quite. ashamed o f myself.

Badboni (111, 328) says t h a t he was are (black) like the Mack Indian6
originall from Marw, and came twice to wearing like them a big turban (clrirah)
India. %or his QaG;&ha some called and a takauchiah.' This menns, of
him ' t h e SalmLn of the age ;' and Dbghi- courrre, that the Indians are like flies.
s u n i says that under 'Abdullah K h i n he The takawhiah was described above on
was Bulik uahhtc'ard. According to p. 88 ; the big head of a fly looks like a
the Haft Iglim, he wan born and died a t turban, and its straight wings like the
Bukhhrh. Sprenger (Catalogue, p. 508) straight Indian coat (cliapkan). It may
says, he ww born in 946, and his second be that Abulfazl substituted the words
DiwLn was collected in 983. From the nekudn i diycir, the ' dear ones of the
Aklumdmuh' (Lucknow Edition, 111, country,' with a satirical reference to t h e
p. 203) we see that Mushfiqi was pre- " learned," whom he always callsw9p Jli
a e n t d to Akbar a t P6k Patan in the end
of 985. H e died in 994 (VbmbCry's $A ' turban-wearing emity-
Bokhara, p. 301). heatled,' in which case we would have $
' This veme is a parody on the well- translate ' the simpletons of the country.
known G h a ~ a I ,w h ~ c h Hbfiz sent from The verse is better given by B a d b n i
Slliriz to Sul@u G h i L of Beugal (Metre (111, 349).
Y uziri') Badeoni calls him ' Harawi' (from
Ha&), and says that he w s employed
~ at
court as a Munsbi. He was a good pen-
man. After his return to his country, he
died. The Atashkadah says that he waa a
The parrota of Ind w~ZI learn to enjoy descendant of Khwhjah 'Abdullah Mar-
aweeta, whrid Kirmhni, and that his family had
When this Peraian augur (the poem) always been employed by kings.
reached Bengal. Sprenger (Catalogue, p. 50) calls him
Abulfazl haa meddled with Mushfiqi'e wrongly Muhummad M l r 2Ie.g. The
verse ; for the Haj2 Iglim gives inntead A'laahkadah and the MSS. have Muham-
of nekucin i di cfrthe worda h i d u d n i mad Mirak ;and thus allto his name o c c m
a i y M ;hence tie
verse is Iodia'e f l i r in the Madair iRahimi.
 684
I told him [the beatltifnl bop] my grid, he paid no h d . Oh, did yon ever
eee such mieery I I wept, he laughed--Oh, did yon ever we wch contempt!

JIy life is in his hand. I t ie quite clear, FPlih, that even the faloon Death
eita tame on his hand.

H e made poems from his early youth, and lived long in 'Eq. From
living together with good people, he acquired excellent habita.

1. I cannot understand the secret of S a h l ' e beauty ; for the more

you behold it, the greater becomes your desire.
2. What friendly look lay in Laill's eyea, that M8jnJn ehnt his eyes to
tiiends and strangere ?

I admire the looking-glesa which d e o t s my eweetheart standing on

a fliaer-bed,' although he ie inaide hie h o w .

The good fortnne of thy beauty h a c a d thy affairs to prosper ; elae

thou wonldet not have known how to manage mattera euwselully.

1. Like a tail I follow my own e e W heart. Though the road ia not

bad, I make myself footsore.
2. Though I break through a hundred screens, I cannot step out of
myeelf; I wander over a hundred atagee, and am still at the old place.

1 am a tulip of Sinai, and not like the stem-born flower. I oset flames
over the alit of my collar instead of hemming it.'

H e of whom my eye makes light, appears to heaven dull and heavy.

Dtighistiini says that in ' I r k he was The eyes of the beautiful boy are
in eompnng with Mohtashim and Wah-
ehi. After his return to India, M a z h d
was em loyed by Akbar aa Mir BahA of
is like an apple ; the black
&&in
ci;
crocus-like or almond-aha d . the chin
like *urn-
k t , his whole face reeemhles a
~ a s h n l g , which employment he held garden.
in 1004 (Badironi). H e had turned The hot team of the poet fall like
Bhi'ah, and as his father was a Sunnf, both flames on his collar ; hence he is sur-
used to abuse each other. H i s poems rounded by flames like a flower on Monnt
are said to contain several satires on his Sinai ; for Mount Sinai is surrounded
father. Mazhari died in 1018. All by God's glory.
Tazkiraha praise his poems.
 * 20. Xahwi'of Hsmsddn.=
Hie name is Mughis. R e tries to change the fouf mud walls of thie
worldly life into stone walls, and is intoxicated with the scent of freedom.

1. Once I did not know burning mrrow, I did not h o w the sighs of
8ead heart.
2. Love has now left neither name nor trace of me--I nwer thought,
Love, that thou art so.

1. Yon eaid that my condition w a ~low from love-grief. A cup!

bring me a cup ! for my heart is stagnant.
2. Be ashamed of thyself, b e ashamed ! Which ie the cup and which
is the wine that has inebriated the nightingale P

1. 0 Mahwi, beckon to a friend, and ring the bell of the carawan.

2. The stage is yet far and the night is near. 0 thou who hast
fettered thy own foot, lift up thy foot and prooeed !

1. A single lover requires hundreds of experiencee, hundreds of

wisdoms, and hundreds of understandings.
2. Thy luck is excellent, go away: love ia a place where mieery ie
required.

1. 0 Mahwi, do not sing a song of the pamion of thy heart, do not

knock at the door of a single house in the street.
2. Thou hast seen this strange world, beware of speaking of a friend,

' I f r Mughh, according to the saw him a t Kbhiin. H e visited Nqjaf

Madsir iPahimf, was born in Asad6bM and ICarbalir, and retnrned to Hama-
(Hamadzin), and went, when twelve years diin, where be died in 1016. H e lies
old, to Ardabfl, whe1.0 he studied for four buried in the Maqbarah of the 8a yids
yeam a t the Astinah i Fafawiah." From a t Asdiibiid. T h r author of the & s i r
youth, he was remarkable for his content. edited Mahwi's Bubii'is during his life-
ment and piety. He spent twenty ears time, and wrote a preface to the colleod
a t holy place^, chiefly a t Nnjd blu[hd, tion. Mahwi is but known as a B u b i . ~
Karbala,andHar&t. NaulL~~ii Shikrbl and writer : Abulfml'a extracb a h me all
AnIsl (pp. 676,678) looked upon him as Rub6'is.
their teacher and guide. The dtashkadah nays that he is often
m n t n t n (nurldoroh) %kld~1"i2 o.lld h.bh*pM he w u long
SnhLbi ($k~). H e embarked a t Ban- in th& town.
dar J h n for India, and waa patronized The Mir-dt mentions a Mahwl who^
by the KhBn KhBnBn. After recaiving name was Mir Mahmdd, and says t h a t
from him much money, he went beck to he was for twenty-five yeam Akbar'r
'khq, where the author of the Madair Mnnehl.
74
 21. 8M1' of BJw8h.l
He is poor and has few wants, and lives content with his indigence.

My dealer in roses wishes to take his roses to the bazar, but he ought
first to learn to bear the noisy crowd of the buyera.

I am shut out from the road that leads to the Ka'bah, else I would
gladly wound the sole of my feet with the thorns of its acacias

I have no eye for the world, should it even lie before my feet ; h e who
takes care of the end, looks behind himself.

That which I desire* is too high to be obtained by atooping down.

0 that I could find myself lying before my own feet !

22. Qara'ri' of GiItl'n.*

His name ie N6ruddin. H e is a man of keen understanding and of
lofty thoughts. A curious monomania seized him : he looked upon his elder
brother, the doctor Abulfath, as the personification of the world, a n d the
--

The MSS.of the A'in call him ' Fai- have found h i full name) hav Saldhud-
rafi,' but the metre of several verses din.
given in the Macivir i Ryhimi shews ' The road of love (the ideal Ka'bah)
that his talihallup is ' garfi. is as difficult as the road to t h e Ks'bah
According to the Atashkadah, his name in Alakkah. Huhammadana do n o t lie
is Salihuddin, and he was a relation of down with their feet towards Makkah,
SalmBn of SBwah. H e was a pupil of which is agninst the law; hence the
Muhtashim of K6shBn. The author of poet says that he is prevented from
Haft Iqlirn says that he was a most ami- stepping forward on the road of love.
able man, and marvellously quick in Self-knowledge.
composing tirikhs. H e lived in the * Nfiruddin Muhammad came in 983
Dnk hin, and went to LBhor, to present with his brothers Abul F a t h (p. 424) a n d
Akbar with a Qilgidah ; bnt finding no HumBm (p. 474) to India. A k b a r ap-
suitable opportu~lity,he r e t u n e d to the ointed him to a command in t h e a r m y ;
Dak'hin, and went to Mnlikah, where he g u t N6ruddi11 was awkward, a n d had n o
died. The ltliccisi,. i Birhi~nistates that idea how to handle a sword. Once, at a
be lived chiefly a t AhlnadibW, made muster, he came without arms, and w h e n
Faizi's acquaintance in the Dak'hin, and some young fellows quizzed him about it,
went with t h e K h i n i A'zprn (p. 327) to he said that military duties did n o t s u i t
Makkall. Accodir~g to Badtlioui, he people of his class (literary men) ; i t had
came with the Historian Nizbnuddin been Timur's custom t o place cnrnels,
A h m d from G u j r i t to Lbhor, and ao- oattle,and the baggage between t h e rnnke,
companied Faizi to the Dwk'hin, where and the women behind the army, a n d
be died. Sprenger (Catalogue, when T i u r had been asked where t h e
gives h i name p l d h u d d h : ~ u : lenrued ~ ~ were ~ to go, he had raid. " I n t h e
Atashkadah (the only work in which I rear of the women." (Thisresemble+ the
doctor Humlm es the man who represents the life to come, for which reason
he kept aloof from them.
--
The longer the grief of separation lasts, the gladder I am ; for like a
stranger I can again and again make his acquaintance.

I doubt Death'a power ; but an arrow from thy eye has pierced me,
and i t is this arrow alone that will kill me, even if I were to live another
hundred years.

H e [the beautiful boy] m u ~ thave been last night away from home ;
for I looked at his door and the w d s of his houe, but had no pleasure
from looking.

If in that hour, when I tear the hood of my life, I should get hold,
what God forbid, of Thy collar, I would tear it to pieces.

I envy the fate of thoae who, on the last day, enter hbII ; for they eit
patiently within the fire.'

My madness and ecatacy do not arise from nightly wine ; the burning
of divine love is to be found in no house.

1. 0 heart! when I am in love, do not vex me with the jealousy of

the watchman ; thou hast made me lose my faith [Isbm], do not speak ill
of my Brahmanical thread.'
2. To be far from the bliss of non-existence eeems death to him who
has experienced the troubles of existence. 0 Lord ! do not wake me up
on the day of resurrection from the sleep of non-existence.

story of Napoleon I., who in Egypt H u n l l m longed for the pleasures of

had often to form s uares against the paradise as the reward of virtue (fdlib-
hostile cavalry, a n 1 then invariably uldkhirat), whilst ho himself wss a ' true
gave orders to place the donkeys and the lover' (tcilib ulmauld, one who feeh after
savans in the middle). Akbar, to punish God).
him, sent him on active service to Bengal, The Xtashkndnh adds that Nlirnddin
where he erished in the disturbances, had been in GilBu in the service of K h i n
in which Bfuzaffar B h l n C. 348) lost his Ahmad KhCn, and that Ire went, after
life. B a d b n i 11,211; 111, 312. the overthrow of Gilirn, to Qazwin.
Abulfazl is sarcastic in referring to 1 Whilst the fire of love deprives me
Nbmddin's monomania. Nliruddln wish-
ed to say that Abnlfnth was a man of of patience.
iutense worldliness (!dlil uoklunyd) and Love han made the p e t a heathen.
 1. If the love of my heart should meet with a buyer, I would do
something openly.
2. I have spread the carpet of abstinence in wch a manner that every
thread of the texture ends in a thonsand Brahmanical threada.

1. The drinking of my hearbblood has enrfeited me ; like my aweet-

heart, I have become an enemy to myeelf.
2. I have killed myself and, from exceeeive love to him, have cast
the crime on my own ahoddem.'

23. 'Ita'bi' of PTejaCn

H e possessee harmony of thought ; but hie mind i~ unsettled, and he
lives a disorderly life.

I am the nightingale of thy flower-bed I swear by the pleasure of

thy eociety that the rose h a paeeed
~ away, and I do not know where the
garden is.

1. May all hearts rest peacefully in the black night of thy curb,
when I, the miserable, wander restless from thy etreet !
2. I have knocked at the door of the seventy-two sects of IsLim, and
have come to the door of despair, hopelem of getting help from heathen
and M u a d G n .
3. I had come h m the land of faithfulness :what wonder, if I vani&
from the dear memory of the [faithless] fair ?

1. I have oonsumed my eober heart on the rubbish-heap of passion ;

J have burnt the Ka'bah'e candle at the idol temple's gate.

Though in reality the beautiful boy 1 eent for ten years (or according to the
murdered me. Tabaqbt, for t a o years) to Fort Cfwklik.
' Sayyid Muhammad of Najaf had At the request of Prince Solim and sev+
ral courtiers, he was at last released, and
lived for some time in the Dak'hin, ho-
noured as a poet, when he went to ordered to come to Lbhor. But h e was
Hindfiethn, and paid his mpecta to Ak- aa bad a~ before. The emperor gave him
bar a t Allahbbhd. H e looked bold and 1000 rupees, and ordered Qulij Khhn (p.
slovenly (bebdk u trdlramwdt-). When 364) to send him from Slirat to Hij6.z ;
asked whether he had in the Dak'hin but 'Itbbi escaped, went to the Dak h ~ n ,
made sntirea on Shbh Fathullah (p. 640), and lived there as before. His Arabio
he aid, '' I n the Dak'hin I would not and Persian poems are excellent ; h e also
bave looked at a fellow like him." Akbar, was a clever kdtib aud letter-writer.
who made much of Fathullah, was an- B a d h i 111,276.
noyed, imprisoned 'Itirbi, and had his The Atashkndah says that he came
papers searched, to see whether he wrote from GulpBigbu (or &b*). Dkhistirnf
lurtires on other people. A few compro- calls him ' MLr 'Idbi.' ' I t d b i means
mising verses were iound, and 'Itibi wm 'worthy of reproach;' compare aawdi.
 2. The flower-bed of a certain beloved ha8 not wsfted to me the
fragrance of fulfilled desirea, and hopelessly do I consume myself in my
dismal corner.
3. No one haa ever said the word 'friend ' to me, not even by mistake,
though I consume myself before acquaintances and strangers.'

1. 0 heart, what portion of his wine-coloured lip dost thou keep iq

thy fiagon, that thy inside is full of sighs and thy neck full of sobs.'
2. Love has thrown me into oceana of bloody tears; go, go away,
that for once thou mayest reach the banks of the stream.

I have given thee permission to shed my blood without retaliation. I

have eaid eo, and give it thee black on white, and stamped with my seal.

8ometimea I am drowned in flooda, sometime8 burning in flames.

Let no one build a house in my street !

I n the name of God, let ua go, if you belong to my travelling compa-

nions. Thia caravan' has no bell to sound the hour of etarting.

I n a realm where the word ' faithfulnees' producea tears, the messenger
and the letter he brings' pmduce each separately tears.

1. Is the killing of a man like me worth a single sign of anger md

hatred? Is shedding my blood worth the bending of thy arm [pr. thy
eleeve] ?
2. If thou art resolved to break my heart, is it worth thy while to
illtreat thy lovers ?

l'be Taba Bt aecribee thin verse to a ' The caravan of love.

poet called lldu\~luddin, rhome tukhallwp " The meesen er, because he comer
le not given in my MS. h m the beloved%oy, and the letter, ba-
rn In allusion to the gurgling noise in c a m it declines the requeet of a rendex-
the neck of the bottle. VOUB.
 24. Xulla' M U ~ E X U I ISUI%'~,~ of Mizandarin.'
H e is in d u e n t circumstances, but from *tuous motives he mixea
little with the world. H e seeks retirement by travelling about.

Look upon me, when standing below the revolving roof of the heavens,
as a lamp concealed undir a cover.

. 1. 0 heart, thy road is not without thorns and caltrops, nor dost thou
walk on the wheel of good fortune.
2. If it be possible, poll the skin from the body, and see whether thy
burden will be a little lighter.

1. You asked me, "How are you, Muhammad, after falling i n love
with him ?-long may you.live !" '' I stand," said I, " below the heaven as
a murderer under the gibbet."
26. Juda'i'.
Hie name ia Sayyid 'Ali, and he is the son of Mir Man~br. H e was
born and educated in Tabdz, and attained, under the care of hie Majesty,
the g~eateetperfection in the art of painting.

The beauty of idols is the Ka'bah to which I travel ; love is the desert,
and the obstinacy of the worthless watchers' the acacia thorns.

I am a prey half-killed and stretched on the ground, far from the

street of my beloved. I stagger along, tumbling down and rising up again,
till I come near enough to catch a glimpse of him.

In the morning, the thorn boasta of having been together with the rose,
and drives a nail through the broken heart of the nightingale.

' According to the Mir-8t ul 'Alam, The K h h k a d a h wrongly puta him

Mullb Muhammad was called ' F~ifi' from under Iqfahtin, and mentions that some
his gentle and mild character. Even a t call him the maternal uncle of Mulh
the present day, sim 17 people are often Jhi-which is impossible.
addressed ' Flin.6bbl%, a much so that J u d G had been mentioned above on
the word is often y e d as the e uivalent 107. H e had the title of ' Nkdir ul
of ' a simpleton. Mull1 =&ammad Qulk,' and had already served under
early left his home, and lived chiefly a t Humfiyh. H e left a DiwLn ; but he has
Ahmadtibid, where he was the friend and also been accused of having stolen bh-
teacher of Sayyid J a l i l i Bukhbi. The ki'e DiwBu (vide below, the 37th poet).
Mir-Bt and the Haft Iqlim praiae his ver- The A h h k a d a h and Taqi's W a h
sea, and the former quotee from a Sdpi- mentiou another Judbi of Sawah.
ndmuh of hie.
 26. Wuquai' of NisGplir.'
Hie name ie Sharif.

Love and the lover have in reality the same object in view. Do not
believe that I lose by giving thee my life.

1. I do not care for health? 0 Lord, let sorrow be my lot, a sorrow

which deprives my heart of every hope of recovery !
2. I am smitten by the eye which looks so coquettishly at me, that it
raisee, openly and secretly, a hundred wishes in my heart.

27. Khusrawi' of a n . '

He is a relation of [the poet] h i i d Qisim of Qirnibid, [or Junibid, or
J h b i d , in Khurisin]. H e writes S h i h t a h well, and is a good hand at
shooting with the bow and the matchlock.

If the dust of my body were mixed with that ofothem, youwould

recognize my sshes by their odour of love.

Thy coming has shed a lustre on the ground, and ita duet atoms
aerve ae surmh for my eyes.

' Muhammad Sharif Wuqfi'i belonged, migration of souls (tanhwkh).One day, he

amonling to the Mad&- i Rahimi, to a came to me a t Bhimbar on the Kashmir
distinguished family of Sa ids in N1- frontier, asking me whether he could
sbiprl. His mother was x e sister of accompany me to Kashmir. Seeing large
Amir Shihmir, who had been for a long blocks of rocks of several thousand mans
time assay-master under ShLh Tahmbp. lying about near my house, he exclaimed
H e died in 1002. with a sigh, " All these helpless things
B;rdbnl (111,y. 378) says that Sharif are only waiting to assume human form."
was a relation of bhihLb K h i n (p. 332). Notwithstanding his wicked belief, he
" H i s name was Muhammad Sharif. com oscd poems in praise of the I m h s ;
Alas, that so impure a man should have but pe may have done M, when he was
BO excellent a name ! His heretical opi- young. H e was au excellent kbtib and
nions are worse than the heresies of letter-writer, and was well acquainted with
those who, in this age, bear the same history. He died in 1002 A. H.
name [Sharifi A'muli, pp. 176, 452 ; and Health is the equivalent of ' indiffer-
the poet Sharif i Sarmadi, meiitioned ence to love.'
below No. 63,-two archheretics in the ' G i n lies between Yard and Harbt.
eyes of BadBoni]. Though he belongs Dighistaid calls him Sayyid Amir Khus-
neither exclusively to the Baaakhw~nle mwi, and says that he excelled in music.
[P. 454, not. 21, nor to the Fabihls, he According to Badbnl, his mother waa
holds an intermediate lace between these M i d QriYim's sister, and he came to India
mumed and damned aecte; for he stre- after having visited Makltah. H e wne
nuously fightsfor the doctrine of the trails- in the service of Prince Salim (Jrrhbngir).
 The Lions of the Haram should not atain their paws with my blood.
0 friend, give the dog8 of the Uhriatian monaetery this food ae a treat.

What do I care for comfort ! I think myself happy in my misery ; for

the word ' rest' is not used in the language of this realm pove].

28. Shaikh Raha'i'.l

H e traces hie descent from Zainuddin m. H e pretended to be a
91i't

No one hae, in thy love, been more brought up to sorrow than I ; and
that thou knoweat not my sorrow is a new sorrow.

I took to travelling in order to allay my grief, not knowing that my

road would paea over hundred mountaim of grief.
20. Wafa'i' of I~f&&n?
He poweaaee aparks of taste. H e had been for some time wandering
in the desert of retirement, but hae now put the mantle of worldliness on
hie shoulders.'

I do not call him a buyer who only wiehes to buy a Yhuf. Let a man
buy what he doee not require !*

Knock at night at the door of the heart ; for when it dawns, the doom
are opened, and the door of the heart is closed.

' His name is Maulhnb Sa'duddln, of founded withthe saint Zainuddfn TBibBdi,
W i f , or Khaw&f(p. 446). The A'tashka- mentioned above on p. 3611,note 2.
dah quotes the same verae as Abulfazl. Badioni says (111, p. 386), thst
B a d b n i says, he left a well-known dlw0n. Waf0i was for some time in Kashmlr,
I n Dtighistrini, two RPbBis are mention- went to Lbhor, and entered the service of
ed, one Maulinb RaliBf, " known in Zain KhBn (p. 344). According to the
literary circles ;" and another RahBi from Ataahkadah, he belonged to the 'ImM-
Ardistrin. S renger (Catalogue, p. 68) i ah Kurds, and was brought n a t
cells him ~ z ! d i ; and sa B that, m r d -
in to the N&iis, he d i d in 980.
i f a h b n ; his Rublls .re good.
stinl calls him a Turk, and states that
hi-
tainuddin K h M , from whom RahBi WafBi a t first waa an ultlikash (a man
traced his deacent, is a famous saint, who who irons clothes). Prom a feult in his
d i d in the beginning of Shswwil, 838, e e he was called W a f d i i kor, ' the blind
A. H. H e was first buried a t M a i n (or $t;fbi:
Bblin), then at DarwishBbkd, then a t :; His im udent h t t e r y was prover-
Hanit. His biograph is given in J h i ' s bial. ~ d ~ f k t d n i .
n;yrh& rcl usr,m d l B is not to be con- ' AB,for example, love grief.
 I am secure h r n the danger8 of life: no one deprives the street-
beggar of his bareness.

1. The dart of fate comes from the other side of tho amour;' why
should I uselessly put on an armour ?
2. Flaeh of death, strike first at me ! I am no grain that bringe an oar
to the harvest.

Joy and youth are like the fragrance of the rose that chooses the zopliyr
aa a companion.

80. Bhaikh Sa'qin.*

He belongs to the Arabians of the Jaziir. He has acquired some know-
ledge.

1. I became a cloak to ruin, Siqi, and like tho Ka'bah, a ylaco of

belief and heresy.
2. I have found no trace of love, much as I have travelled nmong the
hearts of the infidels and the faithfuL

My heart is still ardent with love, and thou art still inafforent. 0
sweetheart, speak, before I openly express myself.

81. Rafln'i' of K4shhn.'

His name is Haidar. He ie well acquainted with the are puelicu, and
ia distinguished'as a writer of riddles and tcirikha.

' I. e., a place where man is not pro- LBhor, and was well received by Alibar.
tected, because he does not expect ,an For the tcirikh, mentioned a h w e on p.
arrow from that side. 649, note 3, Fnizi p v e him 10,00011upees.
' B a d b n i also calls him Jardid, i. e. After a stay of a few years in India, he
from the islands. His father, Shaikh returned to his country, but uuflered ship-
Ibrihirn, was adiatinguished lawyer, and wreck near the Mukrbli cowt, in which he
Was looked upon by the Shl'ahs ~s a Muj- not only lost property to the amouut of
tahid. H e lived in Nashhad, where S h i two lbkhs of Rupees, but also (ns htlitoni
waa born. Siqi received some education, spitefully remarks) tho copies of Faizi'a
and is an agreeable t. EIe cnme from poetical works which he was ta have dis-
, ia a t pm-
t h e D a k l i n to H i n G ~ n and tributed in Persia. Sprenger (Catalogue,
sent [in 1004.1 in Bengal. p. 58) says thatHaidar was drowned ; but
' H i s full name, according to Ta i i t h e fact is, that he was saved, nnd re-
Aohadi. is Bnlir Rafi'uddin Haidar. h e turned to India. H i s logses created lnuch
waa a TaMtibB Payyid of' K i s h l n . The sympathy, andhe received,atAkbar's wish,
Maa'rir i Bahimi states that he left Per- valuable resents from the Arnfrs. Prom
sia in 999, on account of some wrong the ~ h ~ n ~ h h nalone, l n ho got, a t
which he had sufferod a t the hand of the various times, about a likh. Aher some
king of.Pemia, went from QujrBt i n time, he again returned, his two sojo~irnu
company with Khwitjnh Habibullah to in India having lasted about eight 1un:w
75
 My heart is sensitive, you cruel one ; what remedy is there for me?
Although a lover, I have tho temper of the beloved-what can I do ?

1. A recluse does not sin [love] and calls thee a tyrant ; I am plunged
into crime [love], and think that thou art forgiving.
2. TIe calls thee s tyrant, I call thee forgiving ; choose whatever
name pleases thee most.

His diction is good, and he knows the history of the past.

I am smitten by the eyelaah of my murderer, who has shed my blood

without letting a drop fall to the ground.'

The present age asks God for a mischief-maker like thee, who makes
the days of the wretched bitterer.'

I am free from worldliness ; for my aspirations do no longer lean

against the wall of confidence.

1 am smitten by the fearless glance of a Christian youth, for whose

sake God will pardon, on the day of resurrection, the daughter of a hundred
MusalmBns.

Even death mourns for those who are killed by the grief of separation
from thee.

The street of the sweet boy is a beautiful land ;for there even heaven's
envy is changed to love.

years. H e went to Makkah and Madl- @J, BaPql.

nab, where he s t a ~ e d folir years. In
1013, he returned to K h h i n , found favor The Ataahkadah wya that Qhairati
with Ehbh 'Abbb, and received some travelled about in 'Irbq, went to Hiudh-
rent-free lands in hin native town. Ac- st&n,andlived after his return in KCshin,
cording to the btashkdah. he died in where he fell in love with a boy of o re-
1032 A. H., the tdrikh ofhis dcatl~being spectable hrnily. Frorn fear of' tlie boy's
t h e Arabic wrrda, 'zcu kdnn zalika fi relations he went to Shirhz, where he died.
ronuh.' His son, &lir H h h i r u i Sanjar * Because the heart only was broken.
is n:e~~tionedor1 the next page; and
T i h i r i NaVrBbidi mer~tionsiu his Taz-
' That is, mp beloved boy caww the
greatest mischief among the hearts of
kirnh nl~other son of the n a ~ n e of men.
nlir Ma'clim, a friend of AIullb Auji.
NSS. often give hk nume wrongly
 I saw the heart of another full of grief, and I became jealous ; for there
is but one cruel tyrant in theae regione.'
83. Halati* of Tfir;in.'
His name is Y6dgar. H e is a selfish man.

Leave me to my grief! I find rest in my grief for him. I die, if the

thought of the possibility of a oure enters my heart.

When my eye caught a glimpse of him, my lips quivered and closed.

Oh that life remained but a moment within me !

To whatever side I turn in the night of separation, my heart feele

pierced by the thought of the arr6w of his eyelash.

84. Banjar of Kbshh:

H e is the eon of M i r Haidar, the riddle-writer. H e hea a teate for
poetry, and lives in good circumstances.

' N o boy is lovelier than the beloved not proper," Akbar imprisoned him.
of t h e poet. I f the poet, therefore, sees When again set free, he went to Ahmad-
another man love-sick, he gets jealous : his &bid ;but not thinking i t wise to remain
beloved boy must have bestowed favours there, he went t o IbrBhfm 'Adil S h i h of
on t h e other man. Bijipdr. Some time after, he received,
a B a d b n i says that his father wss a through the influence of his father, a call
t, and wrote under the name of Wdlihl. from S h i h 'AbbL of Persia to return.
&g&r traced his descent from Sulthn B u t before he could leave, he died a t
S a r i j ~ ;r but the Tabaq&t calls him a Bi'bphr, in 1021A. H. Hegarding the
Chaglitii. H e served iu Akbar's army. vafue of his poems people hold opposite
" H i s son, J a l i l K h i n , had the takhul- opinions. M u J s i r a Rahimi.
Z q of EQZ, though from his unprofit- The Khizdnah i 'A'mirah and Mr.
ableuess he styled himself Ruawd;, ' t h e T. W. Beale of Kgrah, the learned author
blackguard.' H e gave his father poison of the M i M h u h w b r i k h , give the follow-
from his mother on account of a fault," ing verse as t d r i k h of Sanjar's death
and Akbar ordered him from Kashmir (metre Murdri')-
to U h o r . where he was executed by the
KotwP. Cf+A @ I&$ & i t
T h e Akbarnhmah (Lucknow Edition, !Eke king of literature has t h ~ o u m
111, p. 486) says that YQdghr served in away the royal umbrella,
993 in K6bul.
H e is not to be confounded with X i r of which t h e words pcidishdh i sakhacn
ti of Gilin. give 1033 ; but as the pidishih throws
* Sanjar csme in 1000A. H. from Per- away the umbrella, we have to subtract a
?, or 2 : for the figure of the Arabic y
ria to I n d i i and met his father (p. 693).
For some crime, " to meution which is if inverted, l o o h like an umbp0Ila.
 I cnmo from the monastery of the Guebres, and wear, from shame on
account of improprieties, a sacred thread twisted round my waist, and a
wailing gong under my arm.'

I am jealous, and I shall die from the aggressions of fickle lovers. I

am a fresh plant, but shall die from the heap of rubbish about me.

I, too, have at lnst perished in the century of thy love. Alaa ! none is
now left of Majn6n's tribe.'

Sorrows rush from every side on my heart without first knocking a t

the door. I cannot help it : my house lies on the highway.

36. Jaabi'?
His name is Pbdishbh Quli, and he is the son of Shah QdiKhBn
NBranji of Kurdietin, near BaghdBd

See horn extremely jealous I am. My bewilderment leaves me, if any one
alludes to him [the beautiful boy] whose memory causes my bewilderment.

1. Sometimes I break my vow of repentance and sometimes the wine-

bottle ; once, twice, incessantly, I break my plaintive flute [my heart].
2. 0 Lord, deliver my heart from these bad practices ! How often
shall I repent and agnin break my vow of repentance !

30. Teshbi'hi' of IZtlshBn:

His mind, from his youth, was unsettled. H e belongs to t h e seat of
the Mahmtidis ; but I know nothing of his origin, nor of his present condi-

I. e., love has made the poet forget Badfionl (111, 213) ascribes the last
his faith, and he has become a heathen verses given by A b u h z l to PCrdishkh
or a Christian. The Christiansin many Qnli's father.
eastern countries used gongs,becuuee they The Ktashkadah calls h i m " Yfr
were not allowed bolls. 'Ali Alrbsr Tashbihi. Though a drcent
The poet on1 is a true lover. He man, he was singular in his manners, and
alone r e ~ e m
bled d i n fin. wus not widely known. Whilst in HindJ-
The Tazkirahs give no details regard- sthn he tried to improve the morals of
ing Jadd. His fkther has been men- the people, dressed aa a Faqir, and did
tioned above on p. 1180; and from the not visit kings." Dtighisthni says t h a t
Akbarnhmah (111,p. 612) we know that he was a hemtic, and lived for forty yearn
PhdishLh Qnli served in Kashmlr under in EIindhtirn a retired life. He enerally
Q h i m KhLn (p. 3M). 'Jazbl' means lived in graveyards. B a d b n i (f11, 204)
' attractive' ;a similar trrkhalluq is ' Maj- has the following notice of him. " He
nib,' ' one who is attracted by God's love.' carno twice or thee timerr to Hindbtkn,
tion. The Mnenawi entitled Zarrah o Khurshid,' ' the Atom and the Sun,'
is written by him.

Dust of the grave-yard, riee for once to joy ! Thou enclosest a corpse
like mine, slain by his hand and his dagger.

Dress in whatever colour thou wilt : I recognize thee when thy figure
shines forth.

Pass some day by the bazar of the victims of thy love, and behold the
retTibution that awaita thee ; for there they buy up every one of thy crimes
at the price of a hundred meritorious actions.'

and returned home. J u s t now (A. H. [the text is unintelligible]. H e knows

1004) he has come back again, and calls Himself ; but we do not know ourselves,
the people to heresies, advising them to nor Him. H e is an existence not exist-
follow the fate of the lh&khwtinis (vide ing except through Himself, and a place
above, p. 453). H e told Shaikh Abulfazl of existenceindependent of othe13; and EIe
that he was a Mujtahid, or infallible ia the most merciful. Question,--What is
authority on religious matters, and asked meant by ' nature ?' Answer,-what peo-
him to introduce him to the emperor, to
w h o ~ epraise he had composed an ode,
the end point of which was the question
9'.e call creation or nature, is God, &c., &c.
~ r upon
t his moutli, for daring to write
such stuff! The grand point of all this
why the emperor did not direct his policy lying is, ofcourse ' the four nuqfuhs.' A t
to the overthrow of the so-called or- the end of the pamphlet, I saw the follow-
thodox, in order that truth might assume ing-' This has several times been writ-
itu central position, and pure mono- ten on the a r t of the Persian AIujtahid
theism might remain. H e also wrote Y , i , r , ' A , f l , A , k , b , a , r , T,a,sh,b, i,
a pamphlet in honor of Abulfazl, aa- h, i, the Amini, the last, the representa-
cording to the manner of the Nuq@wf tive.' And the reat was like this-may
sect and their manner of writing the God reserve ua from such unbelief !"
letters [sin ly, not joined, as i t appears "&e Atom and the Sun' is a mystical
Lom the fc!loloringl, all which is hjpocri- subject. The atoms of dust dance in the
dissimulation, (tazra'q) and agreement sunray and love it, and are emblematical
:p the numerical value of the letters.
Hakim 'Ail1 ul Mulk (vide above p. 480)
of man's love to God. But as Akbar
worshipped the sun, the poem, no doubt,
discovered that ' Tnshbihi ' has the same referred to the .peculiar views of the
numerical value [727] aa ' Tanriqi,' ' the emperor.
h~jpqcrite.' Tmlibihl has composed a This verse is an example of a well-
D~wan. Wheu I wrote my history, he know11 rhetorical figure. The word ' re-
once gave me, in Abulfazl's presence, a tribution' leads the reader to expect the
parn hlet on Xahmbd of BaaBkhwin, opposite of what Tashbihi says. The
!
and looked a t it. The preface wan as lovely boy has, of course, broken many
follows-' 0 God ! who art praiseworthy hearts and shed the blood of believers ;
(Nulcan6d) i n all Thy doings, I call nevertheless, a11 are ready to trans-
upon Thee. There is no other God but fer the rewards of their meritorious
Allah. Praise be to God, whose mercies actions to him, and thua buy up hie
are visible in all his works, who has crimee.
shewn the existence of all hia wor lie......
 0 thou that takest the loaf of the sun from this warm oven, thou hast
not given Tashbfhi a breakfast, and he asks thee for an evening meal.'

1. I am that Tashbihi who, from foresight, chooses to dwell in a

grave-yard.
2. I like to dwell in a grave-yard, because dwelling in a grave-yard
lies before o& sight. '

The hands of this world and of the world to come are empty. With
me is the ring !-all other hands are empty."
37. Aahki' of Qum.'
H e is a Tabitibi Sayyid, and is a poet of some talent.

Those who are slain by thee lie everywhere inebriated on the ground :
perhaps the water of thy steel was wine.

My body melts in the fire of my madness, when he [the lovely boy] is

away; and if you should hang an iron chain to my neck, i t would flow
(molten) to my feet.

Whenever I have to bear the pang of separation from my beloved, n o

one bears with me but death.

The sun looks round like a loaf; the Sbwah alludes to this in t h e following
warm oven is the heat of the day. epigram-
* I n allusion t o a game, in which the
players secretly pass rr ring from one to
-= blIy6 & A 1
4Jii u,iwb=&
another, and another party has to find
where the ring is. 'The ring is with
Tashbihl', i. e., he has chosen truth, he is
I,&..
&LI*J )L*ibl,
bi6J 3 iJjLo))
,+
*
the elect.
* We know from the Haft Iqlim t h a t
Mir Ashki ww the son of Mir Sayyid Thou hast killed poor Ashki,
'Ali, Muhtnsib (public censor) of Qum in And I wonder at thy crime being hidden.
Persia. Ashki'a elder brother Mir Huz6- With thee f o u r Diwdns of hi8 remained,
r i also is known as a poet. GhazLli's And cohut remains of thy poems, is his.
fame and success (vide . 668) attracted
Ashkf to India, but he i d not meet Oha- DLghistBni says t h a t Ashki died in
zkli. The number of his verses exceeded Mir JudLi's house, and he ascribes t h e
ten thousand; but when on his death- epigram to Ghazbli ; but as he only
bed, he gave his several Diwbns to Mir quotes a hemistich, the statement of the
Judbi (vide p. 690) to arrange. Mir contemporary Haft Iqlim is prefetable.
JudQI, however, published whatever he B a d b n i says that Ashki's poems are
thought good in his own name, and threw full of thought, and thnt he imibted (to-
t h e remainder into water. Tariqi of tabla') the poet A@. H e died at dgrah.
 Aehki, I think, my tears have turned watchers ; for whenever I think
of him, they rush into my face.'

88. Aei'ri* of Rai.P

His name i~ Amir U z i . H e is a man of education.

The meseenger was a watcher in dieguise, and I did not see his cunning.
The cruel wretch succeeded in putting his contrivance between us.

I have pardoned my murderer, because he did not take his hand away
from me ; for as long as life was left within me, his murderow hands were
properly employed.

His love has so completely Wed my breast, that you can hear him
breathe in my breath.
80. Fahmi*of Rai [Tahrrin].'
Give him no wine who feels no higher pleasure in the juice of grapes ;
do not even give him water when he lies as duet before the door of the
tavern.
--
I have no patience when in love, and have lost in reputation. Tell
reputation to go, I cannot be patient.
40. Qaidi' of Shldz.*
H e spent some time in the acquisition of such sciences as are usually
etudied ; but he thinks much of himself.

S o do the watchers of the beloved itfadsir i RaAimi mentions a Fahmi of

boy rush up against Anhki, when he Hurtnuz (Orrnuz), well known in Lkr
declares his love. and liurniuz, who came to India, preseut-
Asiri wna, accorrling to B a d b n l , an
educated man,and the best pupil of'Hakim
nl-Mulk (p. 542). But the climate of
. ed an ode to the KhinKhanLn, got a
present, and returned. 1)ighistAni lneu-
tions a fifth Fahnli froru KiwLLlr, and a
India did not agree with him, aud he did sixth, of whom he gives no particulars.
not find much fhvor with the emperor. As the Tabaqtit and DJRhint611irrscribe
He, theretbre, returned to Rai, his home, the same verse to Fahmi i Tahrini, which
where he died (i.e., before 1004,A. H). Abulfazl gives to Fabrni of h i , the
' H d b n i gives three poets of the identity ot both is appsretlt. I n fact, i t
name of Fahmi-1, Fahmi of TahrBn, looks as if Abulfazl had made a mistake
r h o travelled much, and was for some in calling him 'of h i,' because no Taz-
til~lein India; 2, Fahml of Salnarqand, kirah follows him.
eon of XMiri, an able riddle-writer, who Qaidi came from Makkah to India,
e in India ; 3, Fahmi
am also for ~ o m time and waa well received by Akbar. Once,
of' Astr&bid, who died at Dihli. The at a court wnembly, he spoke of the iojus-
 As thou hnat ;ever gone from my heart, I wonder how thou couldst
have found a place in the hearts of all others.

1. Thou drovest me away, and I came back, not from jealousy, but
because I wish to confess that I feel ashamed of my love having had jealousy
as a companion.
2. My tears derive a lustre &om the laughter of cruel wretches ; eise
a woimd inflicted by thee could never produce such bloody tears.

A lover may have many reasons to complain ; but i t ia better not to

unburden the heart before the day of judgment.

If I desire to accuse thee of shedding, in every look, hundred torronta

of lover's blood, my lot, though hostile enough, would be ready to be
my witness.

I am gone, my reason is gone ! I want a flash of madness to strike my

eoul, so as to keep it burning [with lovo] till the day of judgment.
-- -

1. Last night union [with the sweet boy] raised her lovely form
before me, and the gloomy desert of my heart shone forth in raptures.
2. But the bat had no power to gaze at tho sun ; else the sun would
have revealed what is now behind the screen.
41. Pairawi* of SSwah.'
His name is Amir Beg. H e was a good painter.

Where is the wine of love given to wretches without feoling ? Lovillg

idols ia a drunkenness ; let men be careful whom to give it !

0 God! I cannot reach the world of the ideal; forgive me if I

worship form.'
-

tice of the Ddgh o iUahallCLaw, on of 'Urfi, and died in A. H. 992.

which Akbar had set his heart (uide p. Pairawi imitated the poet A'qafi. He
2&), and fell into disgrace. H e wander- wrote a poem on ' Form and Ideal,' of
ed about for some time as F q i r in Uiiinah which Abulfazl has given the first verse,
District, and returned to Fathp6r Slkri, and completed a Diwin of Ghazals.
suffering from piles. A quack, whom he This verse, the beginning of Pairawl's
wnsultecl, cut open the veins of the anns, 'Form and Ideal,' contains the rhetorical
and Q i d i died. H o wui an excellent figure ietihldl, because i t gives the title
poet. Buddoni. of the poem.
I)&hiitirni says that ho wsll a friend
 42. KaDmi',of Sabzwtir.'
His mind is somewhat unsettled.

If I knew that tears could make an impression, I would altogether

turn to blood and trickle from the eye.

Whether I see him [the beautiful boy] or not, my heart is in raptures.

Have you ever seen such a sight ?

I wished I could like a breeze pass away from this base world. This
ia not the street of tho sweetheart, from which one cannot pass away.

My blood dances from mirth in my vein Like a flame : tho look he

gave me commences to work, and my heart is effectually wounded.
43. Pa~a'mi'.~
His name is 'Abdussaltim. H e is of Arabian extraction, and h m
acquired some knowledge ; but he is not clear to himself.

Fortune cheata in play, loses, and takea back what she paid. One
cannot play with a companion that is up to such tricks.

1. How long do you file down your words and polish them; how long
do you shoot random arrows at the target?
2. I f you would take one lesson in the science of silence, you would
laugh loud at your silly conversation.

1. I keep a thousand thunderbolts concealed below my lip. Go away,

go away, take care not to put your finger on my lip.

Kbmi's father, Bhwiijah TahyC, was are good, but t h a t he was irascible and
a grocxr (ba qcil), and lived in the Nai- narrow-minded.
dhn lKahalla% of Sabzwir, in K h u r b b n . ' Uadboni also mentions h i m ; but he
Occasionally he wrote poems. Wilen t h e wrongly calls Q U I I L' from ~ , the town of
U z h k n took SabzwBr, J l i r Yahgir went Quin.' l i e says, l i i r n ~ iix e young 1113n
to India, and left Kbmi, then twelve y c y s and has just collie t o l u d i a (100.1); h L
old, with one of his relations in Sabzwar. tliougl~trare bold.
At t h e request of his fntlier, I l i m i came Yagirnii, according t o DklristiLni,
to India, arid wos frequently x i t h t h e was a pupil of t h e renowned 'Allinii
P h i n K h i n a n . H e wont afterwards Dawwiui. H e wau for n long time Vlczir
back t o l i h n r b i r n , and the author of the to S h l h 'Ala ul-biulk ibu i NLirul-d;rhr of
M&ir i W i m i saw him, ill 101.4,in J h r . lIis bervicea were afterwards dis-
H n r i t . I11 travelling from M a r i t to his pensed witli, and a J e w of tho name of
houne, he waR liilled by robbers, who Yn'clJb wos appointed illstend. B u t tllis
carried OK the property which he h i d change wnn not wise; for noon after, Shill
acylrired in tlie hhbnlihbnir~i'aservice. 'AbbL sent a n army under I l i h ITirdi
r h e Hall Iqlinr nays that his poems U i n to LLr, who concjucrod the coulltry.
76
 2. I have cdne to the public square of the world, but I think it
were better if my Ylisuf were yet in the pit than in the bazar.'

Patience, in order to console me, has again put me off with new
subterfuges, and hae stitched up the book of my happiness the wrong way.

1. My heart haa overcome the grief of separation, and haa gone from
this land ; it has tucked the hem up to the waist and haa gone.
2. My heart saw among the companions no trace of faithfulness;
hence it smiled hundred times by way of friendship and went away.
44. Sayyid Yuhammad Fikri].'
H e is a cloth-weaver from Hanit. H e generally composes Rubi'is.

1. On the day when the lover kindled the fire of love, he learnt from
his beloved what burning grief is.
2. This burning and melting has its origin in the beloved ; for the
moth does not burn till it reaches the candle.

1. On the day of judgment, when nothing remaim of the world but

the tale, the first sign of Eternity's spring will appear :
2. The beloved will raise like plant8 their heads from the dust, and
I, too, shall raise my head in courtship.'
46. Qudsi' of Karbalh, Mir Hueain.*
I am utterly ashamed of the dogs of thy street ; for they have made
friendship with a man like me.

I am in misery ; and you would know the sadness of my lot, if yon

were in stead of me to suffer for one night the grief of being separated from
him [the beautiful boy].

' Y h u f means here life',; pit, ' non-

eristence' ; bazar, ' existence. Ead man, on 1Ae day o f r ~ r r e c t i o n ,
Say id Muhammad's poetical name
is id the pensive.' R e came, accord-
ing to the Haft Iqlim, in 969 to India;
wi11 seize a book [the book of deeds].
I, too, ohall be prwent, with my oweet
and his excellent rubb'is induced people kart's picture under my arm.
to call him the ' Khayy8m of the age,' or D&hist&ni sa 8 that Mir Husain'e
' Mir RubS'i.' H e died on his way to father left ~ a r b a l d f o Sabrwhr.
r Qudsi
Jaunphr, in 973, the tddkh of hi death was a great friend of Muhammad Pltb.
bein M i r Rubd'i safar narna. governor of Harht. B a d b n i (111, 376)
' %his verse reminds me of a verse says that Mir Muhammad Sharif NawS.
by Kalim, I think, (metre Bajas)- Qudai's brother, also oame to India, and
" died a ahort time ago," i,e. before 1004,
&ti J
J &
A
, L;.+ L~J A. H.
 W h o am I that t h o u shouldst b e m y enemy, a n d &ouldst care for m y
being o r n o t b e i n g ?

46. Haidari', of Tabriz.'

He is a m e r c h a n t and a p o e t ; he works hard a n d spends his g a i n s
liberally.

S h e w n o o n e my b l a c k book of aorrowe; l e t n o o n e k n o w m y crime8

[love].

0 Haidari, try, like the v i r t u o w , to a t t a i n s o m e perfection i n thie

world of sorrow; for to leave this world deficient in anything, ie l i k e
leaving the b a t h i n a dirty state.

Haidari was three times in India. falcon flew away, and eat down on the
The fvet timehe-e, he was young, and house of a darwish, who, notwithstand-
found a atron in Muhammad Q b i m ing that the king had gone personally
P
Kh6n of hishhp;pbr (vidc above, p. 353). to his house, refused to open the door.
Hie company, says the Haft Iqlim, was "The foaming ocean of the king's wrath
more agreeable than his poems. The rose in high waves," and he ordered a
l a s n a w i which he wrote in imitation of general massacre of the people of the place,
Sa'di'a Bosthn, is insipid, and remained which was happily revented through
unknown. Thongh he made money in Haidarlh influence. ~ { same e Llmn wan
hdia, he mid- killed on the ssme day by an eagle on a
steep hill, about a h a n g from ;hj ;
r3L0 '&u and the king, out of love for the animal,
r+ r$ C J ~ J Jb k'l had a lar e house built on the top of the
hill,whit% h u now hecome a place of re-
J1P! rJ>~
+a A*+ 2 4 sort for the surrounding country. B u t an
r,k p T p j J r* pf the hill is inaccessible for beasts of burden,
the building muat have c a t a great deal
his second return to India, he found
0x1 of motley and labour. Haidari died there,
a patron in the KhPn i A'zam (p. 3251, beloved b all, in A. H. 1002.
who gave him one thousand rupees for an H e h d also written a book entitled
ode. Muhammad J ( h b (P. 321) Llsdn-ul- L i b in praise of his teacher,
btmduced him at court For an On the pat fisirnl, who had been attscked
t h e elephant, Akbar presented him with in a pamphlet entitled &hw-ul-Lisdn,
two thowand rupees and a horse. The sthe Sli of the Tongne,' which wu
third time he came to India, he attached
himself to the KhbnKhhnirn, whom he
% his bsaa pupil ifr
Tabriu'. The xa&ir
lhuif i
i BaAimig i v e j e
occowpanied on his ex ition to Gujrbt few passages from the book,
p"
(p. 336),and received iberal presents for Daghistirni says that the poet Darwfsh
an ode on the victory of Sarkich. H e Haidar of Yazd, mentioned it1 Tazkiraha,
returned to KhshLn, the governor of is very likely the same as Manlbnb Hai-
which town, Aghh Khizr Nabiwandi darf of Tabriz, who is sometimes called
(brother of the author of the Madsir i 6 Ymdi ' from his friendship with W&hf
BuAimi) befriended him. As Tabriz had Yazd.
'set been destroyed by the Turks of Rlim, Sirmri, Haidari'e son, came to India
eattled in ' I r q , a t a p l m called in the after his father's death, and was made by
MSS. which for ite exeellent climate the Khhnrn&n&nMlr Sdmdn of his
and f i u j b had no equal in 'I
a n . About that time S h h 'AbbQ "n
a m e to the, plaoe to hunt pheasants
or Khur- household. He was also a good o5cer,
and waa killed during the Dak'hin wars,
when with Shahnawkz Khtln, the son of
(Eubg). It happened that the king's own his patron.
 47. Sdmri'.
Ho is the son of the preceding. His versification is good.

My disgrace has made me famous, and my shame Dove] has rendered

me well-known ; perplexed I ask myself why I remain concealed.

The farmers have committed their seeds to the field, and now hope to
receive aid from the flood of my tears.
48. Farebi', of Rai ( 9 ).'
His name is Shiphr. H e is a good man, but is in bad circumstances. If
he is diligent, he may become a good poet.

1. I go and heat my brain with the love of a certain sweetheart; I sit

in the midst of the flame, and breathe a hot sigh.
2. I t is not my intention to be in ardours for myself, Shiplir ; my
object is to bring a certain sweetheart before the world.

I am the thorny shrub without leavea in the desert; no bird takes

shelter with me from fear of accidents.

I . If the martyr of thy love-grief is to have a tomb, let it be t h e

gulleta of crows and kites, or the stomachs of wild animals.
2. Until I pass along the torrent of restlessness [love], I cannot
plunge into the shoreloss ocean.

His name is Mahmlid Beg. H e is an excellent accountant, and knows

also astronomy well.

The second verse shews that the ta- usual form of the adjective derived from
khnllup of the poet is ShJplir. Farebi h i , ' the well-known town in Khurisin.
is scarcely known. With the exception of Abulf'azl flays that Fus6ni was from
Dhghistdni'u work, which merely men- Shirirz; Badironi and Taqi call him Yaz-
tions that Farebi lived during the reign of di ; and Ddghistani and the A'tashkadah
Akbar, I have not found his name in the eay t h a t he came fioni Tabriz. B r d h n i
Tazkirahs. Sprenger (Catalogue, p. 62) says that Fus6ni came over Tattah and,
mentions a Furebi of Bukhhri ;but as he entered the service of the emperor, and
is said to have died in 944 A. H., he must DAghisthni adds tbat be also served under
be another oet. The name of'hia birthplace Jahbngir and ShdhjahBn as Mnstaufi.
is doubtfu!; the MSS. of the A'in have The Nir-bt ul 'Xlam mentions a F u s 6 n i
Rai, Rahi, and Dihi, or leave out the word, who was an Amlr under ,JaLlngir and
as Dtighiatini has done. ' Hbzi' is t h o had the title of f i n 1 Khhn.
 When the eye has once leaned to see [to lore], it loses its peaceful
deep ; when the heart has once learned to throb, it loses its rest.

The passion which I feel for other lovely ones, has made my heart like
a bud which has been forced open by blowing upon it.

When I wish to kiss his foot, I first wipe it with my wet eye ; for the
eye feels, more than lip, the sweet sorrow of kissing his foot.

Woe me, if my blood is not shed for the crime of my love ! To pardon
my fnulta were worse than to take revenge on me.

Sole friend of my chamber! I feel jealous of those who stand outside

disappointed. Sweet companion of my feast! I feel jealoas of the ape*
tatom.

1. I f I flee from thy cruelties, tell me what dust I am to scatter on

my head when far from thee.
2. If I sit in the duet of the earth on which I wander, whose victim
shall I be when I arise 1'

60. Na'diri', of Turshfi.'

I am as if blind and err about seeking for something. I pant aftor
this mirage pove], though I hold a cooling drink in my hand.

NBdiri, I complain of no one: I have myself set &e to this heap of

thorns.

The original contains a pun on LAM Dtighisthni mentions three poets ofthe
+-d, and gard, which I cannot imitate. narne of Nhliri-(1) Xridiri of Sa~nnr-
The author of the Haft Iqlim says qand, who came to IIumiry6u in India,
that Nidiri went two years before the (2! a Nirdiri froin Shustar; and (3) a
completion of the Haft Iqlim, i . e. in Nruliri from Sirilkot.
1000,to Indk ; but he does not know Turshiz, or Turagsh, lies near NishL
wht h o of him. plir .
 61. xau'i*, of Mashhad.'
E e is a poet of talent ; if sharply spoken to, h e writee very well.

I am dead, and yet t h e blisters of m y wandering foot d o not dry n p :

neither death nor t h e life to come can bring t h e journey towards this stage
[love] to a close.

N o eye is fit to behold m y glory ; m y figure i n t h e looking-glasa even

appears veiled.

If t h a t b e ManqGr's love, d o not grieve, 0 heart. N o t every we&-

minded man is fit to love.'

Intrinsic beauty cannot b e seen ; a n d he who l o o h into t h e looking-

glase eeea, indeed, his figure, b u t f o m n o part of t h e glass itself.'

Make thyself a heart aa large as t h e o r b of heavens, and then aek for

an atom. Do not b e satisfied, Nau'i, with a r a y of t h e aun ; cherish t h e
lofty aspirations of t h e little mote.*

Mull& Muhammad RizB comes from zals in form of a dfw&n, when he died
Khablishdn near Meshhad. On his ar- in 1019, at Burhbnpdr.
rival in India, says the M&ir i RahImf, Badbni says that he claims descent
he found a patron in Mink Ylisuf from Hazrat Shaikh Hbji Muhammad of
Khbn of Mashhad (p. 346); hut won Khalbhbn ;but hisdoings belie his claim.
'after, he entered the service of the KhBn- He is very bold, and is now (in 1m)
KhbnBn (p. 334). and stayed with him with the youngeat prince.
and Prince DbnyP at Burhbn 6r. For ' Manpiu attained a high degree of
his ,vd+dl.h, the ~ h & ~ h i n b o pantheistic love ; he saw God in every;
gave him an ele hant and a present of thing, and at last proclaimed ' Anb alha
10,W Rupee& b e also composed several I am God,'-tbr ahich he was liille8'.
odes in praise of the prince. Some peo- The poet here a c c w Manqfir of weak-
ple IS that hie poems are like the ehutur ness, because he proclaimed his love ; he
0 yuriah, i. 6 . you find c h d and grains should have kept i t to himself, as is proper
together ; but most r p l e praise hia for true lovers (vide 656, note 1).
poems. The K h i z h I 'Amirah says he poet meansty the l a r ~ n g - g l u
that his Masnawf entitled S o p o Quddm the beautiful face of the beloved boy. He
is quite sufficient to establish his fame seen in it hie woful figure ; bnt does not
ee a great poet. This poem, of which the become one with him.
b i a t i c Society of Bengal he8 a oopy, Properly, half a mote. The dust
wntaina the story of a Suttee. Nau'i had atoms that play in the sunray sre in love
not yet arranged his (2aCidahn and Gha- with the sun.
 62. Be'be' Talib, of Iqfah6n.'
H e ia a thoughtful poet, and is experienced in political matters.

I would not exchange my lonely corner for a whole world, and I am

glad that my intercourse with the people of the world ha8 left me thie
impression.

It is no wonder that my little heart expanda into a wide plain, when

it is filled with thy love.

I cannot raise, from weakness, my hands to my collar, and I am sorry

that the rent in my collar reaches so late the hem of my garment."

1. I n being separated from me thou givest me poison to taste and yet

aekest what does it matter ?' Thou shoddest my blood, thou drivest me
[

away, and yet aekest 'What does it matter 7'

2. Thou dost not care for the havoc which the sword of separation has
made ; sift the dust of my grave and thou wilt know what it matters.'

63. Sarmadi', of Isfahb.'

His name is Sharif. H e possesses some knowledge, is upright, and .
zealone in the performance of his duties. Hia rhyme is excellent. H e
tmderetande arithmetic.
--
' According to the Haft Iqlfm, Blbb ' P i 660, nota 1.
T a b had been for nearly thirty years in ' This %nbi.i pleased J a h b g i r 80
Kashmlr, atronized by the rulers of that much, that he entered it with hls own
country. k e n Akbar annexed the pro- hand in the Court album. IqbdlndmaA,
vince, he came to Hinddsthn, where he I loc. cit.
mu^ much liked, The M&ir i Rahhf Muhammad Sharlf was mentioned
s y s that he was often in the wmpan of above on .616, No. 344, aa a commander
Hakim Abulfath (p. 4U(, Zain din
Kokah (3441, Abulf'azl, and Shaikh Faizl ;
of h o &ndred. B a d b n i says that he
wan at first Chaukinawis, and is at pre-
st present, i.a. in 1026, he is Cadr of Guj- sent (i.e., 1004) with Sharif i A'muli
At. B a d b n i says that he was nearly (p..PSA) in Bengal. H e used a t first to
eight (twenty P) years in Kashmir, was w r ~ t eunder the takAallug of ' Faizi ;' but
at first a dervish, but took afterwards an in order to avoid oppoaition to Faizi.
employment, and entered Akbar's service. Abnlfazl'a brother, he chow that of Sar-
The em ror once sent him as ambaasador madi. B a d b n i looked upon him as a
&
to ' ~ l i i, ruler of Little Tibbat. On
his return, he gave Abulfazl a treatise on
heretic, and often abuses him (Bad. 11.
336). From the Akbarnlmah we see that
t h e wonders of that land, which was Sharif served in the 31st year in Kash-
inmrted into thc Akbarn6mah. His mir, and in the end of the 32nd in GujrBt.
are good, and breathe fine feeling. I n 1000, he was sent to Bengal with
h e IqbdhdnurA (Bibl. Indica Edition, Sharif i A'muli, and in the beginning of
p. 133) confirms these remarks. and adds 1001,we find him fighting in O r i ~ against
h
t h a t %b6 T P i b died in the end of J a - Rhm Chandr, U j a h of Khurdah. D L
h h g i r ' s reign, more than a hundred yeam ghistSni says, he died in the Dak'hin.
old.
 Fortune has been faithful in my time ; I am the memorial tablet of
Fate's faithfulfulness.

I was at home, and thou camest to me with drunken eyes and with
roses under the arm; the very duet of this house of grief budded forth to see
the sight of thy arrival.

1. What have I not done to myself in the heat of transgression!

m a t crimes have I not committed whilst trusting to Providence !
2. I and my heart have soared u p to a rose bed, and we are jealous
of the zephyr's going and coming.
3. A lover has hundreds of wishes besides union with him [the beau-
tiful boy] ; I still want thee, Fortune, for many things.

I have in contempt set my foot upon both worlds ; neither joy nor
sorrow have overpowered my heart.

1. I cherish a love which will be talked of on the day of resurrec-

tion ; I cherish a grief which no tale can relate.
2. A grief which can coquet with the grief of others, which no thought
can comprehend and no pen can describe.

H e is a man without selfishness, and of reserved character. Though

he says but little, he is a man of worth.

The Mahsir i Rahimi is the only work retired life in the village. Some time after,
in which I have found a notice of this he presented a poem to Tahrnhp, wllich
poet. His name is Malik Ahmad, and he procured him a I n this poem,
war the son of Malik ul Muldk Maqqild which the Y a L i r has partly preserved.the
'Ali, proprietor of Werkoptii, twelve village is called KuIip&yah. I n his re-
farsakhs irom Iqfahbn. (The MS. be- tirement, he used to write under the nom
longing to the Society had originally & p l u m e of Amri, and employed Uakhli
I)erkop&i; but the author appeara to t o arrange Ilk poems. This occupation
have corrected t h e d to am). His mother's gave Dakhli a taste for poetry, and he
father was thqgrr;rt Shaikh Abul Q h i m , received from Abul Q h i m the t a k h a l l u ~
who had such influence with TahmCp of ' Dakhli.' After having atteuded on
t h a t several legacies ( a u q d f ) in Persia his maternal uncle for some time, Bfalik
belonging to Mskkah were transferred Ahmad went to Iqf~htin,where he gaiued
to him, and of other foundations he was a reputation as n poet.
appointed Mutawalli. His circumutances I u 997, he came to Tndis, and was fir
thus became affluent, and no many der- five years in Akbar's service. 111 1003.
viuhes, ~ u p i l s ,learned men, travellers, he went t o the Dsk'liin, and forlud n
poeta, &c., collected arouud him, that patron in the KhLnIihlntin, in whose
pcople pernu;~ded Tahmisp that Abul service lie wns in 1025, when the >fakir
Qhsim was bent on rebellion or heresy. i Rahimi wm writtan. l i e also W M a
l i e was, therefore, bliuded, and lived a good soldier.
 1. I have burnt the furniture of my strong and wise heart ; I have
set fire to the house of my aspirations and burnt it.
2. I have given up heresy and faith, and, half way between the
Ka'bah and the idol temple, I have burnt the sacred thread and the rosary.

1. I know of no plaint that has made impression ; I know of no

evening that was followed by a cheerful morn.
2. They say that grief is followed by joy, but this is an error: I know
but of sorrows being followed by sorrows.

66. Qa'sim Arela'n, of Mashhad.'

H e possesses some talent. H e works hard in order to collect wealth,
and spends it in a genial way.

I am intoxicated with tho pleasures of the society of wits : for there

the subtleties of expression vanish at a hint.

Word and thought weep over my circumstances, when without thee I

look into the blook (of my poems).

My life is half gone--what am I worth now when a single look from

thee is valued a hundred lives ?

Thou hast the brilliancy of the rose and the colour of wine. How
wonderful, what a freshness !
66. Ghayu'ri', of Hiq6r.l
Manliness shines on his forehead, and simplicity is the ornament of
his Life.
-
1 AralLn is Qbim's nom-de-plume. BIullil Ghayilri, and DJghistitni calla him
H e chose this name, because his fiither Gh:~yilriof' K i ~ l ) u l . This :hews that he
clnin~eddescent from Arsliu Jilzib, a n canie horn Hiyir in KAbnl, and not from
Amir of Mnlimild of Crliazni. The fiim~ly I i i q i r Firilzal~. The Haft Iqlim tells oa
came fro~nTils, and Qhsin~was brought that Ghayilri mns a t first in the service
up in Tmnsoxaoia. H e wna a good poet, of Mina Muhammrul IIakim, Akbar's
and excelled in ttin'kha. Bitdhni quotes brother and kiug of Kibul. On the death
an ode written by Arslin on thexountain of his patron, lie entered Akbar's service,
of Ajmir. H e died in 996, robably in and was a YJzbLhi, or Commander of
I r i h n . Dkghistini says, he lied a t Ah- One Hundred. H e wnu killed, in 994, with
loadib~u. . 103. Bir B s l in the Kkaibar Pass catastrophe
(&alGri? inzzd
the Akbarn&mah (p. 346).
77
 Whnn longing directa itu may to that door Clove], it overthrows all
possibility of returning.

1. The door of Sh&h Akbar, the victerioue, is a paradise of rest ;

2. And if I shave my board, I do so not to beautify myself,
3. But because beards, like crimes, are of a deop black dye, and'can
therefore, have no place in a paradise.'
67. Qa'simi', of Mbzandnntn.'
H e lives as a Faqir and wanders bare-footed and bare-headed through
the world.

I do not compare thee in beauty with Y6suf; Yusuf was not so, I do
not flattor.

1. My sickness has increased to-night in consequence of the pain of

separation, and my wretched condition arises f r o u the hundred excesses
of yesterday.
2. The wine of desire flows every night freer. What shall I to-night
do w i t h my unsteady heart 7
68. Sheri':
H e belongs to a Panjabi family of Shaikhs. Under the patronage of
his Mrrjosty he has beco~nea good poet.

The beloved [boy] came, and blotted out my name ; nay, he made me
quite beside mjsolf.

The beloved has SO clofioly surroundod himself with an array of

coquetry, that even Desire found access impossible in this dense crowd.

0 Zephyr, tho beloved has entirely filled the mould of my desire. I

am thy devoted servant, but thou art rather too devotod to his street.

Akbnr, in 1000, forced his conrtiera born in KokdmH1 in the Panjhb (BM
to hare off tlreir benrtls ; ride 1). 2u7. Uuirb). His firtlier'n name was Maulink
I a 1)hgl~iathlii xne~~t~criu a Ci.iairn of Yahj.4. 1Ie belonged to a tribe called in
BIQzand~riu. Qiiailni seems to be an Batiiulii ' AIh.ji.'
unkrrown poct. Slleri mas killed with Bir Bay, in 99.1,
N u l l i ~ Sl~eri l ~ n s been rncr~tiot~t.d in the lihaibrr Pass.
above, pp. luti, l u i , dU.2, 2U1. He w.w
 1. My heart has polluted itself with revealing its condition. Though
1 am silent, the language of my looks has betrayed me.
2. A little thing [love] offers thousands of difficulties; an object
apparently within reach offers hundreds of impossibilities.

60. Rahi', of Nishiipfir.

His name is Khwajah Jin. He is a good man.

1. 0 Rahi, do no longer cunningly twist this thread [thy roligior~s

belief] ; give up ideas of future life, beginning, and tho purgatory.
2. Put the thread into the fire of love, so that tho offensive smell of
the water of the corpse may not go to hell ( 1 ) .
+ # # + # +
The above (59) poets were presented at Court. There are, liowerer,
many othere who were not presented, but who sent from distant places to his
'
Majesty encomiums composed by them, as for examplo, Qisim of Qi~nLbird;
Zamir of Iqfahin ; Wahshi of Bifah ; Muhtasl~im of KQsllln ; Mnlik of
Qum ; Zuhriri of Shi& ; Wali Dasht BayAzi ; Nelii ; Cabri ;Figlri ; Rrlzliri ;
Qizi NJd of Iqfahln; 98fi of Bam ; Tuufi of Tabriz; and ltltsi~ki of
Hamadin.
AIN 30 /co~tclz~&d/.
T H E INPERIAL MUSICIANS.'
I cannot sufficiently describe the wonderful power of this talisman of
knowledge [music]. I t sometimes causes the beautiful creatures of tho
harem of the heart to shine forth on the tongue, and sometimcs appoars
in solemn strains by means of the hand and the chord. The melotlies then
enter through the window of the oar and return to their former sent, tho
heart, bringing with them thousands of presents. The hearers, according
to their insight, are moved to sorrow or to joy. Music is thus of use to those
who have renounced the world and to such as still cling to it.
--
We have to distinguish gqyandah, of TRnsen. Bnkhnlid also livcd a t t h o
aioprs, from khwdnandahs, chanters, and court of Rlijah Bikramt'~,jit, Man's 5011 ;
s&nda&, players. The priucipal singers but when his patroil lokt 11is throne, lie
and musicians come from Gwaliir, Mash- went to Rhjah Kirat of Killinjar. Not
had, Tabriz, and Knshlllir. A few come long nfterwr~rds, h e accepted :t call t o
from Transoxania. The schools in Kash- G~ijrtit,where he r e m ~ i l ~ e talt the court
m i r had been founded by rrQni and T6- of Sultan Hell&dur (1521; to 15:i(;, A. L)).
&ni musicians patronized by Zaio ul I d e m Slitill also an4 a patron of mllsio.
'#bidin, king of Kashmir. The fnme of H i s two great singcrs were IIAiirn Dus and
Gwiilicir h r i t wchools of music dabs f r o ~ n Mahiptiter. Both c ~ ~ t c r c~dl ~ l s e q u e n t l y
the t i m e of Ri,jnh MLn Tnnnar. During Althar's service. Nnhiptik,r rnm once
his reign lived the famous N i i k BaklisLJ, scnt no amlassadur to f i l u l t u ~ ~Deo d
whoee aelodiea are o11lq. drwud to those of OriuJ.
 His Majesty pays much attention to music, and is the patron of all
who practise this enchanting art. There are numerom musicians at court,
Hind&, Thnk, W n b , Kashmiris, both men and women. The court
musicians are arranged in seven divisions, one for each day in the week.
When his Majesty gives the order, they let the wine of harmony flow, and
thus increase intoxication in some, and sobriety in others.
A detailed description of this class of people would be too di5cult;
but I shall mention the principal musicians.
1. Miyin Tiinsen,' of Gwiilih. A singer Like him has not been in
India for the last thousand years.

. 2. B i b i Rimdisla of Qwiliir, a singer.

3. Subhin Kh6n, of OnfJitir, a singer.
4. Srigyin Khin, of OwUiir, a singer.
5 . Miyen Chand, of Qwiliar, a singer.
6. Bichitr Khin, brother of Subhiin Khiin, a singer.
7. Muhammad Khin phtiyi, sings.'
8. Bir Mandal Khan, of OwriliBr, plays on the earmandal.
9. Biz Bahidur, ruler of lfilmah, a singer without rival [p. 4281.
10. Shih4b Khkn, of Owtilitir, performs on the bin.
11. DiGd D h i ~ r sings.
,
12. Sarod Khiin, of Gwaliiir, sings.
13. Mi yin inl,' of Owilih, sings.
14. Tintarang Khin, son of Miy-in TBnsen, sings.
15. Mdlh Is-Gq singe.
16. UstB Dost, of Maahhad, plays on the flute (nag.
17. Ninak JarjJ, of QwiliBr, a singer.
18. Purbin Khan, his son, p l ~ y son the bin.
19. Stir Die, son of BIbG %m Dis, a singer.
20. Chind KhPn, of Owbliir, sings.
21. Rangsen, of Agrah, sings.

' Ilegarding Tbnsen, or Tbnsain, or treasure chest was. H e was first a t the
Thnsin, cide p. 406. Urn Chand is said court of Islem ShLh, and he is looked upon
to have once given him one kror of thnkahs as necond only to Tinsen. IIia son S&
as a prehent. Ibrihim SGr in vainpersuaded D6s is mentiosed below.
Tdrlsen to come to Agrah. Abulfazl Inen- l,lhPri means ' a singer,' ' a musician.'
tions below his son TBntarang Khbn ; ' J a h i n g i r says in the Tuzuk t h a t L d
and the PBdibhihnimah (11, 6-an in- KaliL\vant (or Kuldntcat, i. e. t h e s i n ~ e r )
teresting passage) mentions another son died in the 3rd year of his reign, " sixty
of the name of Bilis. or rather seventy years old. H e had been
a Ijaddoni (11,421 says,RPm D L came from his youth in my father's service.
from Lak'hnau. H e ap earn to have Oue of his concubines, on his death, poi-
been with Bairbm Khbn g r i n g his re- soned herself with opium. I have rarely
bellion, and Lo received once from him seen such an attachment among Muham-
one lkkh of tbnkahs, empty as Bairhm'e mudm women."
 22. Shaikh Diwan Dhhfi, performs on the karand.
23. Rnhmat ullah, brother of Mulli Is-hiq (No. 15), a singer.
24. Mlr Sayyid 'AH, of Mashhad, plays on the ghichak.
25. Usti YGsuf, of HarBt, plays on the {ambu'rah.
26. Qhsim, surnamed Koh-bar.' H e has invented an instrument,
intermediate between the qiibiis and the ruboib.
27. Tish Beg, of Qipchiq, plays on the pabug.
28. Sultin Hifiz Husain, of Mashhad, chants.
29. Bahrim Quli, of Hariit, playa on the ghiclrak.
30. Sulgn Hishim, of Mashhad, plays on the {ambBrah.
31. Usti Shiih Muhammad, plays on the aurnd.
32. Usti Muhammad Amh, plays on the tarnbitrah.
33. Hifiz Khwijah 'Ali, of Mashhad, chants.
34. Mir 'Abdullah, brother of Mir 'Abdul Hai, plays the QdnGn.
35. Pirhdah,' nephew of Mir Daw&m,of K h u r i d n , sings and chanta.
36. Usti Muhammad Husain, plays the #ernbtirah.*

Koh-bar, as we know from the P & During Shbhjahbn's reign we find

dishbhnbmah (I, b., p. 336) is the name of Jagnbt'h, who received from Slibl~jahiin
a Chaghtiri tribe. The ~VufciMul Mucisir the title of Kabrdi; Dirang KhBn ; and
mentions a poet of the name of Muham- LBl KhiLn, who got the title of (fun-
mad Q b i m Kohbar, whose nom-de-plume samundar (ocean of excellence). L i l
was Fabri. Vide Sprenger's Catalo ue, Khbn waa son-in-law to BilBs, son of

Lr.* Pirzkdah, according to B a d b n i (111,

50 ,(where we have to r e d ~ o h % r ,
GU~FZ).
Tbnxen. JagnU1h and Dirang Khbn were
both weighed in silver, and received each
4600 Rupees.
318) was from Sabxwbr. H e wrote poems Aurangzib abolished the singers and
under the takhalkp of Liwii. H e waa musicians, just as he abolished the court-
killed in 995 a t Liihor, by a wall falling historians. Music is q a i n s t the Nuham-
on him. madan law. Khbfi Khbn (11, 213) telh
The M a h i r i Rahimi mentions the a curious incident which took lace after
following musicians in the service of the the order had been given. &be C O U ~
KhinRhbnBn-AghB Nohammad NQI, musicians brought a bier in front of the
son ot' Hitji IamL'11, of Tabriz; NaulbnB Jharok'hah (the window where the empe-
Aqwiti, of Tabriz ; Ustid Mirzb 'Ali rors used t o shew thenlselves daily to the
FatLagi ; ntaulLub S11nraf of NiuhbpJr, people), and wailed so loud as to attract
a brother of the poet Naziri ( . 579), Aurangzib'n nttention. H e carne to the
Muhammad B I h n ~ n , olio8 ~ d z a k ,a window. and asked whom they had on the
Mmbdnh-player ; and Hitfiz N u r , from bier. They said, " Melody is dead, and
T n n ~ o x a n i a a, good singer. we are going to the graveyard." "Very
The Tuauk and the IqbLlnimah men- well," said the emperor, " make the grave
tion the following singers of JahLngir's deep, so that !either voice nor echo may
reign-,Jahingirdid; Cllatr Khbn; Plu- issue from it. A ahort time aftor, the
w i d k l ; P h u r r a m d l l ;Mbk'h6; Hamwh. Jharok'hah also was nboliahed.
 ADDITIONAL NOTES.

Page 32, note 1.

TODABMALL. For correcter and fuller biographical notee, vide p. 361.

Page 34, note 2.

Q ~ I =A%.
J The correct year of his death is given on p. 364.

Page 36, line 24.

BA'B'BIQHU'SI'. This word is not in the Dictionaries ; but there is no doubt that i t
means White Agate.' The word is also mentioned in the 4th Book (my Text Edi-
tion, 11, 60),where it is said that all the weighta used at court for weighing jewels
were made of 'transparent B&bLgbhri.' Tihir NagrAbirdi, in his Tazkirah,
under Jalll, has the following. "When the caee came on, he said to M h b Taqf,
" I have often counted with the point of my penknife the BBbkhiui threads (the
veine) of your eye--there are seventeen."
bLspt+w+CA~ ? i J j L ( & j + ~ ~ 6 4 . & t ~ bu k > j 9 j , a
11 y t ~ J b j1*.60 rt

Page 44, last line.

SAL~SIBB
OP TW BEOEMB. Under Shbjahbn and Anran&, the queens and
princessea drew much higher salaries. Thus Mum& Mahall had 10 l&'hs per
annnm, and her eldest daughters 6 likhs, half in cash and half in lands. Aurang-
zlb gave the " Begum (!&ib" 12 16khs per annum.
Regarding N h Jahin's pension, vide p. 610, note 4.

Page 48, note 1.

GELBADAN BEOW. From Badbni 11, 14, we see that she was Akbari paternal
aunt, i. e. she wm Humbyh's sister. She was married to Khizr Khwhjah;
vide pp. 198,365.

Page 65, line 9, fmm below.

SOBON. Soroc is the correct name of a town and Parganah in SirkBr Kol. It lies east
of the town of Kol ('Alignyh), noar the Gyges.
 Pnqc 56, line 10.
I'.is~ra',v. Tliis I believe to 11c :L niist;~ltc,ti'r ' P;lthSu,' or 'Pathbukot.' The US.
11:~veJ&or & bllt i ,initial sit^ in 3188. is often writteu with t h r w dots
as tlir
The spelling J&,
bt.lo\r it, i t is oftc.11 intcrch:~ngcilwit11 ?.J, and reversely.
Pnitlrtiiz, fur Ptrtirtin, is common in AIul~amniadanhistorians. JIy conjecture is
co~itirrnedby t l ~ rdistance meritio~lcdin tlic tcst.

I~I'LA's.JIr. F. S. O~.o~v>c. (.. P., infi~rnls mc that giltis is to the present day the
1i:luliiniri tt>l.mfor chc rric,~.

Page 70, line 44.

IIarrrwa'. T l ~ i spartly confirms Elliot's note under Gtr71i(Beames' Edition, ' B ~ Y
of tlie N. \V. Provinces,' 11, 1). 3%) ;tnd corrects Shaltespeare'a Dictionary.

Page 73, line 1.

Pa's LEATES. I n the 3rd Book of tlic .Yin (Test, p. 416, 1. 20) Abulfazl mentions
anotlicr kiird ofycin, called ilfi~k'lri
or J f ~ ~ k h igrorrn
, in Bihir.

Page 78, last line.

Q A I C ~ ' R ~ ' .('01. Pule tell^ In(. t11:~ttlic correct nanic is Faa~u'rc~'. According to iUam
Polo, FanpGr I V ~ Sa ht.~tcin Smilitra, probably the modern Barlis.

P'cge 81, note.

ZI'U~A'D. This should be Z E ~ ~ A ' for D , zer i bdd, i. e. 'under t h e wind,' leeward, the
I'ersian translation as Col. Tulc informs me, of the Malay Bdcah augia, 'below
t h e wind,' by which the 3Ialays designate t h e couutries and islands to the east of
Suuicitra.
lilihfi 1iL:in (I,p. 11)couples ZcrbAd with KhnG, over both of which T6li
P h i n , son of Cl~ingizKhirn, ruled.

Page 87, note 2.

cjvg. I h a r e since seen the spelling dG> which brings us a step nearer to
c t ~ ~ n o l o ~ lavciq
y. means ' supcllcx ;' and kicrk means ' fur.'

P a g e 88, line 1.
AEM~DA'UA'D.'I'he comma after A h n ~ n d J b i d]nay be wrong. Ahmadtibid is o h
called Ahniadilblid i Gujritt.

Page 88, line 10.

GEIA'S r NAQ~IKBAND. W e know from tho Tazkirah of Tdhir Nqrbbirdl that Ghib
was born in Yazd. " The world ha.3 not since seen a weaver like him. Iksidides,
h e was u. g o d poet. Once he bought a piece of musbjap. brocade, on which
 them was among other figures that of a bear between some trees, to Shhh 'Abbb
(1586 to 1629), when a courtier after praising the stnff admired the bear. Ghies
raid on the spur of the moment.
+&?&'&9 *&!&+)A+'+
"Tbe gentleman lookr chiefy at the bear. Each l o o h at his own Zikenear."
Bern in the Esst are looked upon as stupid animala. A proverb eays, .
%!I~JJJ
up
' A bear on the hi1 is an Avicanns,' i.e. a fool among bigger fools is a philoeopher.
N q r h b M quotes some of Qhih's verses.

Page 94, middle.

COTTON
CLOTH^. Of the varions cotton cloths mentioned by Abulfazl-
Cbauthr was woven in Haweli Sahhnplir.
Siri Ftif and Bhiraup, in DharangBon, Khindesh.
Qanghjal, in Sirkhr G'hodg'hht, Bengal.
Mihrkul, in Alllbhtid,
and Pnnchhtoliah wse mentioned on p. 610, in connexion with N6rJabh.

Page 99, note 2.

ADAM I H A ~ A Z A RI Ifind
~ . that this expression is much older than Abulfazl'a
time. Thus Zihuddin Barani in his preface to the Tcirikh iFirriahdhd (p. 5,
L 6), staka that the Khalifah 'Umar lived seven thousand years after Adam.

Page 101, note 6.

A e a l u ~Ram. A correoter and fuller biography of thin grandee was given on p. 389.
He died in 983, not 973.

Page 102, note 1.

KHABDA'I. The collection of Delhi MSS. belonging to the Government of India has
a copy of the Tazkirat U Z Aulid written by Khandhn in 920 A. H., and yet the
Mir-ht ul '#lam gives 916 as the year of his death.

Page 104, sote 2, line 7.

B ~ c a u ~Though
. Bechd is a common Hindlisthi name, there is littls doubt thatthe
correct name of the saint is Panchi4 or Panjli, vide p. 638. Badbni (11, 64)
given as fdrlkh of his death the words& and tells thereader to s u b t d
the middle letter (-y ), i. e. 971-2d69. Vide also my Essay on ' BadBoni
m d his Works,'Journal, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1869, p. 118.

Page 116, line 24.

SANOBA'M,
Akbar's favonrite gun. We know from the Tuzuk (p. 20) that A L h r kiUd
with it Jotmall, the champion of Chitor.
78
 Page 12'4, liner 44 to 29.
Tile reader is requested to substitute the following-- '
E l e p h a n t s a r e found in t h e following places. I n t h e CLbah of &-tab,
i n t h e j u n g l e s of BayBwLn a n d N a r w a r , aa f d r as Bar& ; in t h e 9 6 b a h of
Iliihhbhd, i n t h e confines of P a n n a h , ( B h a t l h ) Ohorli, R a t a n p h r , N r m d a n p h ,
S i r g 4 a 1 a n d Baatar ; i n t h e Q 6 b a h of M i l a a h , in H a n d i a h , Uchhod, Chan-
deri, Santwhs, Bijigayh, Riiein, H o s h a n g a b a d , Oarha, a n d HariPgayh ; i n
t h e ( X b a h of Bihhr, a b o u t R o h t h s a n d i n J h b r k ' h a n d ; a n d i n t h e ghbbah
of Bengal, in O w and in SBtgiron. T h e elephant0 from Pannah are the
best.
Page 171, note 1.
Sulaimin Kararini reigned in Bengal from 971 to 980.
Page 182, note 6.
Prince N u r i d wee born on the 3rd Mubarram, 978. Baddoni 11, 132. 7Gda
hrlorv.
Page 193, line 2 from below, and note 3.
In the Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for May, 1870, (p. 1%) 1 have
nhcwtr that the unclear words in BadLoni's text are,--
~ W CJL&~
I nG+ af &liZ
' the cunabula which is their time of mirth.'
By ' cur~abula' the Jesuits meant the representations of the birth of Christ, in
wax, &c., which they used to exhibit in A'grah and Lihor.
Page 270, line 5 from below.
The P d r read the khutbah in the name of the new king, and thus the julu'r
became a fact. KhdP Khdn, I, p. 62, 1. 2, from below.
Page 272, line 13.
MAULA'NA''ABDULBA'QI'. v& p. 528, note 4.
Page 309.
A K B A B ' ~WIVFS. For Ragiyah the diminutive form Ruqayyah is to be substituted.
Regarding Jodh Bhi vide next note.
Sultdn Sulimah Begum. She ia the daughter of Gulrukh Begum, n daughter of
%bar. Mirzh Nilruddin Muhammad, Gulrukh's husband, was a Nnqshbandf Khwhjah.
Gulrukh Begum must not be confounded with another Gulrukh Begum, who was
the daughter of Mirzk Kbmr6n and wife of Ibrhhfm Kusain Min.h (vide p. 464).
Of other women in Akbar's harem, I may mention, (1) the daughter of Q,hd 'I.&
(P.449); (2) an Armenian woman, Tuxuk, p. 324. Vide also Keane's Agra Guide,
p. 38. (3) Qismiyuh Binfi, married by Akbar in the 19th year (Akbarn. 111, 94) ;
4) a daughter of Shamsuddin Chak (Akbart~.111, 689).
SULTA* MURA'D. H e was married to a daughter of Mirzi 'Aziz Kokah (p. 326f
Their child, S u l g n Ruetam, did not live long (Akbarn. 111, 539, 552).
S~LTA'N DA'NYA'L. The correct date of his birth seems to be the 2nd J u m l d a I,
979, not the 10th; but the MSS. continually confound and ,.ad, His first
wife was a daughter of Sul@in Khwkjah (p. 423), by whom he had a daughter of
the name of Sa'idat %nG Begum, who was born in 1000 (Akbam. 111, 643).

JAHA'NOI'R's WIVES. An additional lid, was given on p. 477, note 2. Besides them,
I may mention, (1) a daughter of Mubdrak Chak of Kashmir ; ( 2 ) a daughter
of Husnin Chak of Kashlnir (Akbam. 111, 639) ; ( 3 ) another Kashmiri lady,
mentioned in Akbam. 111, 639.
I stated on p. 309, that Jah4ngir1s mother was called Jodh BBi. This is wrong.
Jodh B i i was the wife of Jahbngir and dnughtrr of Mot'h Rijah of Jodhplir. There
is little doubt that Jabbngir's mother (the Maryam umamdnf) k the daughter of
U j a h B i i r i Mall and sister to U j a h Bhagwbn M s .
Page 314, laat line.
DEATHOF MI'EZA' RUSTAM. Thus the date is given in the bfa&r ul Omard;
but from the Pcidishdhndmah (II, 302) we see that M i r d Rustam died on, or a
few days before, the 1st Rabi' I., 1052. The author adds a remarks that ' I the
manners (auzd') of the M i n i did not correspond to his noble birth, which wae
p e r h a p due to the absence of nobility in h k mother."
Page 316, line 11.
Q ~ A ' Q ~ I L ~%BKS. The c o r r d name is Qarhqoinlii. Tbe Calcutta Chaghtbi Dic-
tionary gives Q:idq6nilii. Vambdry (History of BokhPrb, p. 265, note) mentions
the Ustajlii, Shbml:i, Nikallii, BaI~Brlii, Zolqadr, Kbjar, and Afuhbr, ss the
principal Turkish tribes that were livirlg in Transcaucasia, on the southern shore
of the Caspian and in thb west of KhuAsbn. Qartiqoinlii means 'the black
sheep tribe.'
Page 317, note 1.
The correct name of the place where Bairam was defeated is ~ J n b c h J r , ~ $ & f ,
which lies S. E. of Jilindhar. The word +, which the Bibl. Indica Edition
of BadPoni gives, contains ' Phillaur,' which lies S. W. of Glidchllr.
Page 324, note 1.
I do not think that P i r Muhammad came from the Sharwbn mentioned in
note. It ia more likely that he was a Shirwbni Afgb6n.
Page 326, note.
This note has been corrected on p. a,
line 10, and p. 416, note 1.
Page 329, line 8 from below.
ZULQADR,ir the name of a Turkmin tribe ; vide above.
* Page 339, laat line.
GOOANDAH.Regarding the correct date of the battle aids p. 418, n o b 3,
 Page 351.
TODABM A L ~ .The Ma& nl Urnarb saya that Todar Mall was born a t Lbhor. But
it in now certain that Todar Mall was born at L&arpb, in Audh ; v& Proceed-
ings, Asiatic Society, Bengal, September 1871, p. 178.

Page 372, note.

&YA* KA'L. The note is to be cancelled. M i y h KB1 has been explained on
p. 645, note.
Page 373, line 22.
YU%UPKHA'N. Regarding his death vide Tuzuk, p. 328. His son 'Izzat Khhn is
wrongly cnlled in the Bibl. Indica Edition of the Prididhrihndrnuh (I, b., p. 302)
&a&. His name waa ' A h ullah ; hence his title 'Imzt.

. Page 37Q, last line.

QA~IXKHA'N. I dare say, the phrase ' ChamanBr6i Khuribhn' merely meann that
he waa Governor of Kbbul.
Ptige 381, line 14.
'Q
IB
A
' KHA'N. He in often called ' K h i b Bhqi Khbn.'
Page 389, line 1.
Mi'rr BA'BU's. The spelling ' Uigur' is now common ; but ia India the word ia pro-
nounced ' lghur.' The query may be cancelled ; vide p. 441, note.
Page 398, line 10.
DASTAMKHA'X. VamMry s p e b ' Dostum.'
Page 413.
SHMKE E"~BI%I BUKHA'EI? That the name of Farid's father was Sayyid Ahmad
i Bukhhri, may be seen from the short inscription on the ' Bukhhri Mosque' in
the town of BihC, which was built by Shaikh LBd, at the coat of Farid i Bukhbf,
and bears the dato 16th Rajab, 1017. .
Mr. J. G. Delmerick has sent me the following inscription from Farid's Jbmi'
Maajid in FaridbbBd,-
&-=-I, JIJ J d3?,&W &4+ y' sG w
cr @ l;;4 &La,- +!2 Jby J+ &i
, ~ > p a L G &I chli G , ~ , J . &S>, , jq
,
4
.
! dl ~~6
U J ~ J j y &A
j t t%'l+ ?5j
1. In the reign of Shdh N t i r d i n , a king who ia pious, juet, and liberal,
2. Murtazd Khdn, the undpue one (farid) of the age and faith, erected thw
religiow building.
3. He M honored, OW^^ generm.9, and liberal, a worthy deacemlant of the
king of men ['Ali].
4. AJ Tdrikh of 1hG lasting structure, the w d a Khair ul Biqii k e d from
the pen.
This given 1014, A. H.
 Page 424,line 24.
KEWA'JAHTA'HIR MUHAMMAD.He is mentioned aa a Sijistlni on p. 628, among
the Bakhshb.

Page 431, note 1.

&A'$u'M KHA'N KaLsu~l'. This rebel, who gave Akbar no end of trouble, had the
audacity to assume royal prerogatives in Bengal. The following inscription I
received, through Blbu Rijendrlla Mitra, from Ri?jah Pramatha Nlth, G j a h of
Dighaputi, Gjshlhl. I t was found in a ruined mosque at a village, called
Chatmohor, not very far from Dighaputi.
& rp-a @'lrt olrUl id& ylhL &'jjj,~ set', e l
-
w j u ? ~ d C ) ~ u ~ w ~ $ J u ~ ~ > ( 4)vJ,)113)l
i ! . j 4
II~&~A,&S?IJ;+L j ~ l t i l i ~ l i &
T h b lofly mosque was built during the time of thegreut Sulfdn, the chief of
Bayyida, Abul Path M u h m m a d M a ' ~ t i nKkcin-May
~ God perpetuate his kingdom
for ever, 0 L w d , 0 Thou who remaine~t!by the high and exulted Xhcin, Khdn
Yuhammad, aon of %cii Muhammad Khdn Qciqahdl, in the year 989.
This was, therefore, nearly two yearn after the outbreak of the Bengal Military
Revolt (9th Zi Hajjah, 987) ; vide p. 439.

Page 438, line 13.

SAYYIDMEHAMMAD.Regarding the correct date of his death, & p. 490.

Page 460, line 14.

BL~MT. There is every probability that Somt'h, and not Sfirat, is intended.

Page 466.
THE Q A K K ' H ~ .Pidc pp. 486,487.
The places Pharwllah and Ding& (&la, not Danglli) mentioned in the note
aa the principal places in the Cfakk'har District, are noticed in E. Terry's ' Voyage to
East India' (London, 1666, p. 88). " Kakarea, the principal Cities are called Dekulse
" and Pzirhola; it is a large Province, but exceeding mountainous ; divided it is from
" Tartaria by the Mountain Caucasus ; it is the extremest part North under the dlogol'r
I' subjection ."

De LaGt alao gives the same passage.

Page 460, line 2.

YA~A'QKHA'N. The correct name is, I believe, Borbq Khln. Vide Vambt?rylr
' Bokhara', p. 163.
Page 493, line 10.
.KU'CH EII'Jo. Regarding KGch Hhjo and Kfich Bihlr and Mukarram KhBn, vide
my article on these countriee in Journal, Bsiatic Booiety, Bengal, for 18T2,p. 64,
 Page 493, line 21.
Grrnzx~'a KEA'N, of Jblor.
" The Pahlunplir family ia of Afghbn origin, belonging to the Lohlni tribe, and,

i t is said, occupied Rihbr in the reign of H a m i f i n . They subsequently took service

with the king of Dihli; and from Akbar Shlh, iu A. D. 1597, Qhaznin KhLn, the
chief, obtained the title of DiwLn, for having successfully repulsed an invasion of
Afghin tribes; for his services on this occasion, he was also rewarded with the govern-
ment of Lbhor. I n A. D. 1682,Path H h l n Diwlrl received the province of Jllor,
Sbnchor, Pahlunpbr, and Disah from Auralrgzib. Fnth Khbn died in 1688, leaving
an only son, P i r Khbn, who was supplanted in his righta by his uncle Kamll Khbn,
who, subsequently, being unable to withstand the increasing power of the Rirt'hors of
hfiywicr, was compelled, in A. D. 1698, to quit the country [Jllor], and retire with
his fntnily and depelidanta to Pahlunpdr, where the family has remained ever since.-
Selections, Bombay ffooernment Records, No. XXV.-hkw S e r b , p. 16.
Page 608, line 13 from below.
WA~LI'. This is wrong, and should be Hijri. Khabjah Muhammad Shan'f, an
correctly stated in the genealogical tree on p. 612, had two sons. The eldest is
A'ghi Muhammad Thhir, whose nom-de-plume is Wagli, and Ghibs Beg.
Page 524, line 20.
ALI' QULI' BEG IBTAJLW'.
Vambery spells Ustajlli, which is the name of a Turkish
tribe ; vide p. 619.
 INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME

[The nambem refer to the pagee ; n. means ' footnote.' When names occur twice
or several times on a page, they have been entered only once in the Index.
The geographical names form a separate Index.]

'Abdul Hai, Mlr 'Adl, 468, 471, 480

Am &kr, mn of & h a o r Kh6n
Qushbegl, 495.
(No. 230).
'Abdul Haq, of SabzwLr, a kitib, 101.
'AbbL Cafawi, ShQh, converts people 'Abdul Karim, a kbtib, 102.
I
Shi'ium, 446 ; 453, 603n. 'Abdul Knrirn Si~idhiAmir Khirn, 472.
Abdils, the forty, 197, 197n. 'Abdul Khbliq Khawifi, 447.
Abdil Chak, 478. 'Abdullah Lehpaz, 100.
Abdirkhinah, 66. 'Abdullah qairafi, Khwbjah, 100.
'Abdi, of Nishbpiu, a kitib, 102. 'Abdullah Khln Bhrha, 392.
'Abdi Kor, 482. 'Abdullah Khin Firfizjang, 492, 496,
'Abdul 'Ali Tarkhbn, MirzB, 361. 603, 606, 613n., 614..
'Abdul 'Azirn, vide Sultln Khw6jah. . 'Abdullnh Khin Mughul, 309,396 (No.
'Abdul 'Aziz, of Dihli, 538. 76).
'Abdul 'Azia, a kitib, 103. 'Abdullah Khln, Sajyid, 29771. 466
'Abdul Bbqi, qsdr, 276, 628, 641. (No. 189).
'Abdnl G r i , KhwLjah, 607, 612. 'Abdullah Khin Uzbak, 320 (No. 14),
'Abduqprnad, Khwbjah, Shirinqalam, 371.
of Shiriz, 107, 495 (No. 266). 'Abdullah Khbn Uzbak, king of Bukh61.S.
'Abduyqamad, Khwijah, of K L h h , 518, 411, 468.
(No. 363). 'Abdullah, Khmbjah, son of Khwbjah
'Abduqqamad, a kbtib, 102. 'Abdullatif, 423 (No. 109).
'Abdul Ghaffir, of Dihli, 413. 'Abdullah, Khmljah, Khwt5jagbn Khwir-
Abdul Ghaffir, M i d , 327. jah, 423.
'Abdul Ghafiu,~Shaikh, ,538. 'Abdullah Marmirid, Khwirjnh, 628,
'Abdul Ghani, Shaikh, 647. 683n. [(i13.
'Abdul Hai, name of several ktitibs, 100, 'Abdullah, Mir, a kLtib, 103 ; a singer,
101, 103. 'Abdullah, IUirz$ vide Sardbr Khin.
 Abdullah Sarfarb W h n , 492 (No. 267). 'Abdnesrlbm Paybmf, 601.
Abdullah, son of Nizbm Mnrtezb K h b , 'Abdussami', Qhzi, 545.
49. 'Abdushshahid, Khwbjah, 423,639.
'Abdullah, Shaikh, son of Muhammad 'Abdushshukdr, Mullb, 189.
Ghaus, 467. 'Abdussnbhbu Duldai, 617 (No. 349).
'Abdullah, son of Sa'id Khb, 466. 'Abdussubh&n, Mink, 614.
Abdullah, SulGnof KLhghar,322,469. 'Abdul WahhLb Bukbbri, Sayyid, 397.
'Abdullah Sultbnpliri, 644 ;vide Makh- 'Abdul WahhBb, Shaikh, 646.
ddmul Mulk. 'Abdul Wahid, Sayyid, 619 (No. 364).
'Abdullatif, Mir, of Qazwin, 447, 646. 'Abdul Wbhid, Shaikh, 647.
'Abdullatif, M i A , 327. 'Abdul Wasi', 309.
'Abdullatif, son of Naqib Rhkn, 469. Abhang Khin, 33%
'Abdul Majid, vide Aqaf Khbn. Aboriginal races, 231, 262 ; vide Tribes.
'Abdul Malik ibn Marwbn, 36. Abli Is-h&q Firakg, Shaikh, 639.
'Abdul Matlab Khin, 403 (No. 83). Abd Is-hbq, Sayyid, 439, 623 (No. 384).
'Abdul Mlimin, Mir, 622 (No. 374). Abul Baqb, 466.
'Abdul Muqtadir, 469. Abul Baqb, Amir Khbn, 472.
'Abdunnabi, Tadr, 169, 173, 177, 186, Ahul Faiz Faizi, 490 ; vi& Faizf.
187, 268,272, 273, 490, 491, 648, Abul Farah, Sayyid, of Wasit, 390, 393.
647. Abul Fath Beg, 318, 492.
'Abdul Q a i r Akhdnd, 486,646. Abul Path Gujrbti, Shaikh, 646.
'Abdul QCdir Badbni, vide Badbnl. Abul Fath, Hekim, 176, 205,206, 344,
'Abdul Q a i r Jilini, 402. 402,424(No. 112), 642, 669, 67b.,
'Abdul Qidir, Maulirni, 6414. 686.
'Abdul Qidir Sarhindi, 644. Abul Fath Khbn, son of Shiistah Khln,
'Abdul Quddb, of Qango, 638, 646. 611, 612.
'Abdurrahim Khalfili, a kbtib, 100. A b d Fath, son of Fazil Beg, 318, 446,
'Abdurrahim Khar, 414, 454,466n. 1186,486n.
'Abdurratiim,of Khwbrazm, akdtib, 102. Abul Fath, son of Muzafar Mughull
'Abdurrahim, of Lak'hnau, Shaikh, 838, 512 (No. 323).
470 (No. 197). Abul FattLh Ahiliq, 601 (No. i394).
'Abdurrahim, Maulbnb, a kbtib, 103. Abul Fazl, author of the A'in, 168, 174,
'Abdurrahim Mirzb KhbuKhbnbn, w i d c 187, 194, 203, 209, 210, 338, 388,
KhanKhbnin. 441,442,403n.
'Abdurrahim, son of Qbim Khin, 371. Abul Fazl of K6zadn, Khatib, 490.
'Abdurrahmbn Duldai, 466 (No. 186). Abul Pazl, son of the Mir 'Adl, 490.
'Abdurmhmin, Mirzb, 464 (No. 183). Abul Haaan, Khwijah, 327 ; vids #Faf
'Abdurrahmbn Sdr, 366 n., 383%. Khin.
'Abdurrashid, king of Kbhghar, 460, Abul Hasan, Sayyid, son of the Fdk
&on. 'Adl, 619 (No. 363).
'Abdurrasziq ~im~kmuddaulah, 446n. Abul Husain, 376.
'Abdurrazdq, Mir, of Gilbn, 424, 412. Abul Khair Khin, 472, 475.
'Abdussalbm, son of Mu'azzam Khbn, Abul Ma'bli, son of the Mir 'Adl, 601,
621%. (No. 297) ; a& Shbh Abul M a ' U
'Abdussalirm, MaulBnb, 6%. , A b d Muhammad, 606.
 Abul Mnzaffar, Mir, 389- Aqwbti, Maulinti, 613n.
Abul Muzaffar, son of Ashraf Khbn, 484 Adam, the first man, called 'hafthadri',
(No. 241)). 99n.,617.
Abul Wsim Namakin, 414 r.,470 (No. Kdam N r h a , Sayyid, 392, 621n. [486.
199i Xdam, Sulgn, Gakk'har, 322, 456, 467,
Abnl Qisim, brother of Abdnl Wdir Adham Khdu, son of Mahum Ansgah,
Akhrind, 486 (No. 242). . 263, 323 (No. 19).
Abul Qisim, Saygid, son of the Mir 'Ad], Adham, Mir, 439.
489 (No. 261). Adhan, Shaikh, 638.
Abul QCim, Mir, of NiehBph, 626 adhelah, a win, 31.
(No. 398). 'A'dil KliPn, son of ShPh Muhammad
Abul W i m , Governor of Gwilidr, 316. Qaliti, 432 (No. 125).
Abul QLim, of Werkoph, 60th. 'Kdil Shirh, 46th.
Abnl WaB, Mfr, 472. ' d l grtkah, a win, 30.
Abli Nayr, of Farih, 41n. admiralty, 279.
Abli Rdbbn, quoted, 42. adm,ission to court, 166.
Abb Sa'id $%wail M i d , son of Snlgn advances to officers, 265.
Husain M i d , 313, 314, 496 (No. Adwand, of Oyisb, 626 (NO. 413).
271). Afghins, their last stand under 'Usmin
'AbG Sa'id MinL, S n l ~ n 316,
, 322. LobPni, 620, 621 ; their character,
Abb Sa'id, Sulthn of KBsLghar, 460,461. 399 ; 617.
Abb TLlib, son of M6nis KhPn, 417. AflP@in M i n i , 347. ' [kim, 377.
Abb Tdlib Shdistah Khin, 511. Afrisiiib, son of Mirzd Muhammad Ha-
Ab6 Tilib, son of ShPietah KhPn, 611, Afridis, 614.
612. S h i r r , a tribe, 619.
Abb Turdb, Mir, Gujrdti, 406, 506. dfldi~i,a coin, 29, 30.
abtadb ulmdl, revenue acconnta, 260. dfldbgir, a royal ensign, 60.
A'qafi, a poet, 684n., 698 n.,6OLh. Afzal KhLn, KhwPjah Sulgn 'Ali, 376
A'yafjbh, 610. (No. 66).
A'pf Khdn, A'qafuddaulah, d'pf Jdh, Afzal Kbin, 60h.
titles; 368. agar, w i d 8 Ahxi.
Xqaf Khbn, (I.), Abdul Majid, 241,330, agate, aide bib4gh6ri.
348, 366 (No. 49). Kgb'd Khizr NaUwandi, 603n.
A'pf KhPn (11.1, Ohibnddin 'Ali, 411, #ghi Mnhammad Nlf,613n.
433 (No. 1261, 611. xgh&Huhammad TihirWqli, 612,622.
A'caf KhLn (III.), Ja'far Beg, 209, 411 #ghi Mull& 369, 497, 608, 508n.
(No. 98), 310, 311, 466, 618, 572. .qghi Mull4 Dawitdir, 369,411.
xpfKhPn(IV.), Yaminuddanlah, M i n i Mull& Qazwini, 523 (NO. 376).
Abul Hesan, 610, 612. agingir, or firepot, $9.
AqPlat Khan Lodi, 506. Ahadis, 20, 161,231, 246, 248 ; under
Achhe, Shaikh, 621n. Jahingir, 5%.
a w n n b , how kept, 14; how divided, d h n c h i d , a metal, 4 ).
260. \ Ahdiid, 508.
a d i jama' !dm&, 362. ahl i jamd'at, 18%. 191).
'agmut i anbiyd, title of a book, 6 ~ . u r n a d &ha, Sa~jid,289, 407 (No.
79
Al~lii;iill3t.g Klirin, brotl~eroSSilr J a l ~ i l i , ; nn act of worship, 11 ; enters into ~ l e -
511, 512. 1
tails, 243 ; is a good physiognomist,
Ahmad Beg Ktibuli, ,151. 465 ( 8 0 . 191), 238 ; believes in lucky days, 91sr. ;
I is ' lucky,' 243 ; is musical, 51 ; t
522.
I
Ahlnad Brg, N i r s i , 369. witty, 427 ; shews himself to t h e
Ahmad Ruk11:il.i. Siryyid, 416, 620. people, 1 5 6 ; how he dines, 6 8 ;
Allmad Ftil'i, 208, 20!1. invents new names, 45, 59, 65, 90,
Alnl~adiFnYj-:iz, Shail;h, 5.16. 103, 127, 129, 139n. ; is fond of
Ahnl:iJ K l ~ i nNiyazi, ,1R4. fruit, 6.1 ; dislikes meat, 61 ; a b
Aliuiad KIi:itt6, Shaikh, 507. stains from it, 166 ; wears woollen
Ahmad Locli, 501;. stuffs like qlifk, 90 ; likes only
Atinlad, JIir, PIIulishi, 439. certain books, 103 ; is fond of paint-
Ahmad, hIulla, of Tattnh, 106, 206. ing, 107, 108 ; of elephants and
Alimad Qdsim Iiolcal~,502 (So. 307). trained leopards, 131, 288 ;likes to
Ahrnacl, Snyyid, 605. see spiders fight, 296 ;does not hunt
Ahmad Shlh, Razi ul 31ulk, of G ~ i j r i t , OIL Fridays, 290 ; invents r carriage,

385. 275 ;and a wheel for cleaning guns,

Ahmad, Shailth, a kiitib, 100. 115 ;his favorite gun Sangrim, 116,
Ahmnd, Shnikh, 6.11. 6 1 i ; invents elephant gcar, 137;
1
improves his army, 232 ;introduces
Ahmad, Shnikh, son of Salim Chisti Si-
kriwbl, 4 i 5 (So. 510).
1 the brand, or the ddgh o mukalli-
I
Ahmad, Shaikh, son of 'BUu1 Quddlis, lnw, 232, 233, 326, 600~. ; im-
546.
Ahmad, Sultan of Gujrit, 506.
! proves guns, 113 ;his forced march
from A'grah to Gujrit, 434 n., 325,
Ahrar kl~wdjah,423, 639. 416, 416n.; his religion, 49; is
ai~lrahtenures, 272, 27.1. the spiritual guide of his people.
aimriy, vide u , y r ~ ~ d q . 162 ;performs miracles, 164, '284
'Ain K l ~ i nDak'hil~i,482. 2236, 287 ; is the representative of
'A'ishalr, hIuhammsd's wife, 196, 203n. God, 188 ;is king by Divine Right,
'Aislli, & I a ~ ~ l i 102.
~ii, Preface, iii. ; abolishes the jazyd,
'ajdibi, a tent, 54. 189 ; interdicts beef, 1 9 3 ;orders the
cikusdinh, 47, 50. courtiers to shave off their beards,
Akbar, Emperor, ?hen born, 62n., his 193, 610n. ; looks upon dw and
miraculous birth, 210, 382 ; his full pigs as clean, 194 ; abolishes the
name, 186 ; his mother, 332, 333, Hijrah, 196 ; hatea every thing
334; his nurses, a& Mahum Arabic, 196, 198, 206 ; dislikes the
Anegah, Pichah J i n Anngsll, Ji Ji nnmes ' Muhammad' and ' b e d , '
A n a ~ a h; his attachment to rela- 356n. ; makee the Mullis drink
tives, 324, 325 ; his children, 308 ; wine, 197, 468 ; calls a Zoro~strian
his wires, 173, 309, 618 ; his bro- priest from Persia, 210 ;keeps P d
thers, vide Nubammad IIRkim Nir- feasts, 276; discourages circumcision
26, and Mirzl Ibrirhim, 526; his and the rite of Suttee, 207 ; M W
character, 154, 155 ; how he spends a Suttee, 628; hates the learned
his time, 154 ;abhors cruelty, 133n. ; and drives them from c o d , l l 3 ,
regards the performance of his duty 190, 191 ; resumea their g r d s of
 land, 268, 269, 270 ; his views on 'Ali Ahmad, the engrnver, 22.27,62, 53.
mnrriage.277, andon education,278 ; 'Ali Akbar, Xir, 382 (No. 62).
fixes the age for marriage, 196 ; wor- ~ A l Akbar
i Taahbihi, Mir, 6969r.
ships fire and the sun, 4 , 2 0 0 , 202 ; 'Ali Beg Akbarshdhi, Mirzb, 482.
founds a new sect, 165; adrnita 'Ali Beg 'Alamshblii, 482 (No. 237).
pupils to it by ceremony, 203 (vide 'Ali Chaman, a kbtib, 103.
Divine Faith) ; ia opposed for hie 'Ali Doet Khdn, 633.
religious opinions, 401, especially by Ali ibn Hilil, a cslligraphist, 100.
'Abdullah of mrfin, 468; is called 'Ali KhPn, RBjnh, ofKhbndesh, 327,335.
a God, 661 ; forces courtiers to pro- 'Ali Khin Cbak, 478.
strate themselvm before him, vide 'Ali Mardan Babbdur, 496 (No. 273).
sijdah ; his last illness, 467; day 'Ali, Mir, a khtib, 101, 102, 103.
of his death, 212n. ; ia buried at 'Ali, Mir, Sayyid Judii, of Tabriz, a
Sikandrah, 211. painter and poet, 107, 690;-, a
~lkbarnimah,LncknowEdition of, 436n. musician, 613 ;-, of Qum, 698.
Akbar Quli Sultan, 486,487. 'Ali Muhammad Asp, 492 (No. 268).
Lkhtah, meaning of, 4.3291. 'Ali, Qazf, 346.
Akhtaehi, an officer over homes, 138. 'Ali Quli, vide Khin Zamrin.
A'1 i Muzaffar, a dynasty, 445. 'Ali Quli Beg IstajM, Sher Afkan P h i n ,
aldchah, a st&, vide alchah. 624 (No. 3944, 623.
A'2d Eanrat, a title, 337n. 'Ali Quli KbLn Indaribi, 432 (No. 124).
A'ld Khdqdn, a title, 337n. 'Ali Rii, of Little Tibbat,310, 474, 607n.
' d a m , a royal standard, 60. 'Ali Sher, Mir, 101, 338.
'Alam BBrha, Sayyid, 392, 396n. 'Ali Shnlir Beg, 316.
'A'lam Kbbuli, Mulli, 169n., 546. 'Ali Tbr, 408.
'A'lam L d i , 606. Alif Khbn Gujdti, 386.
'A1buddaullah Kbmf, 447, 447n. ' a l W e r i , a melon, 66.
'Albuddaulah, Mimi, 608. Allah Bakhsh g d r , 436.
'Albnddln Harati, a kltib, 102. Allah Quli, 486,487.
'Alliuddin Islam K b h , 493, 619, 620. Allah Yirr Khan, 499.
'Alliuddin Khawbfi, Khwijah, 446. alms, paid a t court, 14, 266, 267.
'Albuddin Khiljf, his coins, 18 ; his does, wood of aloes, 80.
axmy reforms, 242 ; interferes with alonl, 26.
grants of land, 271, 367n., 460n., alphabets, 98.
49ln. Alqis Jlirza Fafawi, 314.
'Ahuddin Lbri, 640. Altbn Qulij, 600 (NO.290).
'Aliuddin Majzbb, 639. Ambuullah, son of Saif Kokah, 618,
'AlBuddin M i d , 622. . (No. 366).
'Ah ul Hulk, of G r , 60101. Ambnh Khbn Chak Kashmiri, 474,474n.
'Ali ul Mulk, Mir, of Timiz, 3'22. 497.
alchah, a melon, 66 ; a stuff, 91, 91n. 'arnbar, 77.
Alexander the Great (Sikandar), 343, 'Ambar, Malik, 337, 338, 339, 412.
663. Amiu Khbn GhoA 616.
'Ali, the Khalifah, 99. Amin U z i , Khwijah, 608, 612.
'Ali Aqghar, l i r z a , 413. Aminuddin Injb, Mir, 451.
 T d a r Moll, 362 ; 430 ;of Ki~qhtl~ir, Bbbi Hasan Abdbl, a saint, 515.
346, 411 ; of Afghinisthn. 377. Birbir Khbn Qkqahbl, 360, 3691r.,370 ;
atblip, an office, 316, 317, 327, 331, dies, 361.
333, 334, 336, 347, 366, 357 a., Bbbh Kiplir, 639.
361, 383,400, 412. Bitbh QJchin, 445.
dtbegt, master of the home, 137,438n. bdbd ahaikhi, a kind of melon, 65,523.
Atgah Khbn, ~hamsuddinMuhammad, BbbL Sher Qnlandar, a saint, 514.
263, 321 (No. 16). Bbbh Tblib, a poet, 607.
at'harban, a Sanskrit work, 106. Btibi Zambbr, 334,360.
at'hkhantbah, a tent, 51. %bar, Emperor, introduces gnrdening,
'Atiq, 626. 87 ; his Memoirs, 106, 335 ; 311,
afkat, 219. 362, 420, 460, 618.
Atkli Timiu, 361. Bbbh Mankli, 350, 473 (No. 202).
blmah, a coin, 29. balttil wood, 82, 26, 69.
' u p , rose water, 610. Btibds, Mir, 389, (No. 73), M l n . , 610.
Auji, Mullb, 69Sn. Badakhshis, their character, 454.
Aulhd Husain, 479. Badan Singh Bhadauriah, 489.
aurang, or throne, 60. Badbni, the historiau, 104 n., 168, 261,
Aurungzib, 337n., abolishes music, 372, 435, 438, 476, 647, 582n.
613n. ; 616. brfdinjdn, 69.
aviary, the imperial, 298. badi 'ul laydn, title of a book. 647.
Awius, a tribe, 456n. Badi' uzzambn, son of M f i Shtihrnkh
awdrahnuwis, 261. Badakhshi, 313.
'Awdrful Y a ' d n x title of a book, 933n. B d i ' uzzambn M i n i , son of Sultin
'Aydr Ddnish, n book by Abulfazl, 106. Husain M i n i , 362. [472 n.
A'yat u2 X u r d , name of a verse in the Badi 'uzzamhn, Xirzh, Shahnawhz Khin,
Qorhn, 168. Badi 'uzzamfm, Minir, eon of A'gh6
Aybz, slave of Mahmbd of Ghaznf, 66th. MullL, 369.
Azaduddaulah, Mir Jambluddin Husain, Badi 'urzamhn, Qazwini, 411.
451. bMlah (brocade), 510.
A'zam Khin, vide Khbn i A'zam. Badr, Snyyid, 416.
axfdr uttib, a perfume, 82. Badr i 'A'lam, Mir, 469.
Bzhar, Maulin&, a khtib, 101, 102. Bad Singh Bhadaurinh, 489n.
Azhdar Khin Dak'hini, 482. baghli, a dirham, 36.
'Aziz Koknh, vide K h i n i A'zam. Bahddur, conferred as title, 339.
'Aziz Kbbuli, MirzL, 431n. Bahidur Gohlot, 502 (No. 308).
'Aziz, son of KhLn JahLn Lodi, 606. Bahhdnr U b n , Muhammad Sn'id Shai-
'Azizullah, Mir, 373. birni, 328,329, 366, 368, 381, 388.
'Azizullah Turbati, 627. Bahhdur Khbn Qurdk, 496 (NO. 269).
'Azmat Lodi, 605. h h 4 d u r Dantliri, 624.
BahBdur Khhn Gilhni, 496.
Bahidur, Sulthn, of Gujrbt, 348, 611n.
BahBr &gum,daughter of Jahbltgir, 130.
Bbbh Beg, 410. h h i r Khbn, (No. 87) ;vide &Iuhammad
bciltdgh.ii14,or agate, 36, 615. A ~ g h a r aad
, Pahbr Iihbu.
 Bahirlii tribe 316, 359, 619. bunwdri, 18.
Bahbuddin ISambri, 497. Baqiil, a poet, 696%.
Bahiuddin Majzlib, of Badion, 409. Bhqf Be Uzbak, 619 (No. 368).
Bahiuddin Mufti, 646. Bhqi Billah, M1.
Bahiuddfn ZakarigB, of Multin, 399. B k i Khbn, 381 (No. 60), 620.
bahlah, 16. B k i Khbn, son of T&hir Khhn, 408.
Bahmanybr, 511, 612. B k i Safarchi, 534.
Bahrim, son of Shamsi, 450. Biqi Sultbn Uzbak, 313.
Bahrbm M i r d gafawi, 3 1 4 Bdqi Tarkhhn, Mirzi,.420.
Babram Quli, a musicinn, 613. B6qir Anpbri, 601 (No. 298).
Bahrirm SaqqB, a poet, 651, 681%. q i r Bukhiri, SLcggid, 398.
Baiubm Beg, father of Mun'im Khh, Bbqir, Maulinti, a kbtib, 103.
317. bdrah, or a community of twelve vil-
W m KhBn, KhfinKhBnhn, 309, 315, lages, 393.
(No. lo), 332, 348 ; his aswsment, bardt, or cheque, 262.
349 ; 363, 366,374,375, 436, 437, Burdwardi soldiers, 231.
612n., 619. burg i nai, a kind of melon, 65.
BairLm Oghlbn, 434. Idrgdh, audience tent, 63.
Bainim Qu!ij, 601. bdrgir, a kind of home, 133, 136, 139,
Bairi SB1, brother of Gajpati, of BihBr, 216, 863.
498s. BBrha Sayyids, 390 to 396.
baitkr, or home doctor, 138. B M of Harit, a kbtib, 101.
Baizdd, a Qorin commentator, 6%. BarkhurdLr Mirz6, Kh6n 'Alam, 61.2
Bakhshis, of Akbar's reign, 628. (No. 328).
Bakhshi BBnli Begum, 322. Barkhurdir, KhwBjah, 6 1 4
Bakhshfi, a singer, 611n. DarlL, a clan, 341, 365.
Bakhtybr, a clan of Jalesar, 426. Basikhwhis, a sect, 697n.
Bakhtybr Beg Gurd, 474 (No. 204). Baaiwan, the painter, 108.
Bakhyah Anagah, 398. Bbli, Rhjah of Mau, 3 4 , 4 4 7 , 457.
Balsnd Akhtar, 310. Batanis, an M g h b tribe, 476n.
Balbhadr, Mjah of Lak'hinpdr, 345. Bbyasanghur, lon of P ~ o eDBngirl,
Balbhadr Rbt'hor, 601 (No. 296). 310.
Balinb, the philosopher, 663n. Bbyasanghur M i n i , 311.
Biljd Qulij, 601. Bayit, a Turkish tribe, 681.
Bdochiu, 338, 360, 397. Btiyazid BLha, 392, 601 (No. 296).
Baltfi KhLn, 476 (No. 237). BLyazid Beg Turkmin, 601 (No. 299).
bamboo, price of, 224. B L y d d Mu'azzam Khbu, 492(No. 260).
bdn, 19. Biyazid, son of Sulaimbn of Bengal, 366.
bandita, 263. Biz Bahkdur of MMwah, 321, 324, 428
Bandah 'Ali Maidhi, 499 (No. 284). (No. 120), 612.
Bandnh '811 Qurbegi, 499. Biz Bahkdur, son of SWlf Khhn, 383,
bandigchi, vids match-lock-bearers. 466 (No. 188).
a n k h Kachhwhah, 495 (No. 270). bdellium, 82.
banklilis, 253. Be, a title, for Beg, 455.
B h l i .4'ghh, 333. bear, a stupid animal, 017.
Beohd, Shaikh, 538. Bihdd, the painter, 107.
Bedhr Bakht, Prince, 472n. Bijli Khdn Afghbn, 369.
beef interdicted by Akhar, 193. Bikram6jit 469 ; u& Patr Din,
beer, manufacture of, 602. Bikramhjit, of GwMiir, 611n.
Beg BBbb Kolhbi, 441. Bikrarniijit Baghelah, 407.
Beg Muhammad Toqb&i, 612 (NO.324). Bikramhjit Bhadauriah, 489.
Beg Muhammad Uighnr, 618 (NO.360). Bikramhjit Bundelb, 488.
Beg N k i n Khbn Qrichin, 476 (No. 212). BiIL, son of TBnaen, 613n.
Beg Oghlri, 421. bfn, a musical instrument, 612.
Beglar Begi, a title, 333. Bini, Shaikh, 643.
Beglar Khbn, 450. binaat, a coin, 29.
Begums, their salaries, 615. bk, meaning of, 494n.
Begum Cihib, 616. Bir Bry, Riijah, 176, 183, 188, 192,198,
Bengal Military Revolt, 621. 199,2Q4,206, 209, 330, 344, 404
Beni DDL Bnndelir, 488. (No. 86), 426.
betel leaf, cultivation of, 72. Bir Bhadr Bagbelah, 406.
betel nnt, 71. Bir Mandal Khin, a mnaician, 612.
betting, at court, 218, 289. Bir St%, of Gondwinah, 367.
Bttadauriah clan, 324, 488. Bir Singh Deo Bandel&, 458, 469, 487,
Bhagwbn DDL Kachhwiihah, (Bhagwant 488.
DL), 198, 310, 333 (No. 27), 619. biydn, a dish, 60.
Bhagwhn D b BnndelB, 488. Biswb Rbo, 449.
Bhakkar, Sayyid, 416. B h n (Bizhan), 608.
bhang&, a metallic composition, 41. blood of enemies drunk, 427.
Bhdo Singh Kachhwbhah, 341,486,486. BorSq Khirn, 621.
B h h t Chand Bundelzi, 488. borax, 26.
bheld, a nut, 62n. boy's love, 319, 349, 360, 666n., 567n..
Bhik, or Bhikan, Shaikh, 646. 66% ; t&k immorality.
Bhil Khbn Sallmsh&i, 343. branding horses, 139, 140n. ; introduced
Bhim S i g h Kachhwbhah, 418,486. by Akbar, 233,255.
Bhim,Riiwul of Jaisalmir, 477(No. 226). brass, how made, 41.
Bhim, Njah, Daulatshdhi, 337. bread, how prepared, 61.
bhfrauo, a stuff, 94,617. bricks, price of, 223.
Bhoj Bhadauriah, 489. Bud Singh Bhadauriah, 489n.
Bhoj Hhab, 409. Budi (Bdhi) Chand of Nagark@, 330,
Bhoj N j , Shaikhbwat, 419. 345,404.
bholaira', a fruit, 70. buffalo hunts, 293.
Bhrigibls, a Gakk'har tribe, 1187. bughrd, a diah, 60.
Bibi Fafiyah, 441. bugrdmati, 26.
Bibi Sarw i Sahi, 441. Buhllil Khbn Mihah, 606.
Bichitr Khbn, a singer, 612. buhllili, a coin, 31.
Bfgarah, meaning bf, 60&n. building, 222 ; estimates of, 226.
Bihivi Mall Kachhwirhah, 309, 328 bukhd~(gas), 39, 41.
(No. 23), 619. Bnlhqi (Dbwar Bakhsh), 310.
Bihniz, Mjah, 446n. Buliqi Begum, 310.
Ul~ndclh Ii&jpiiLs, of ll ntjchah, genea- calnclu, the imperial, 143 ;different kinds
logy, 488. of, 143 ; their food, 144 ; harness,
Clrrd, or drawti (a game), 298. 145; nre shorn, 146 ; have oil in-
Bnrhhn, Shaikh, 639. jected into the nose, 146 ; how
Burlibni, &fir, 389. trained, 147 ; how mustered, 216.
Burj 'Ali, 319. cnlnphor, 78, 79 ; muses impotence, %.
Euzurg, DIir, of Bhakkar, 515. carnps, 45.
canals, 333, 491.
f(~ntluli,306, 337n.
cannons, 112, 113, 116.
cards, 303, 304. [686.
9 tbd, a pact, 613. Farfi (Fairafi), a poet, 581n. ;of Siwrh,
p d i q , RIsulntli, 561. carpets, 65.
P d i q Muhammad Khbn, 356 (NO. 43). carriages, or bahals, 275 ; English car-
v,drs, of Akbar's reign, 268, 270, 271, . riages, 375n. ; for trained leopnnla,
528, 618 ; 9.ldr of women, 510. 288; kinds 05 150.
C ~ d ir 'Irhqi, a khtib, 1CO. cash-payments, 134n.
Yadr Jahbn Mufti, 270, 272, 468 (NO. cattle, 148 ; good in Bengal and the
19$), 185, 208, 209, 212n. Dak'hin, bad in Dihli, 149 ; their
9 ~druddin,Qizi, 545. food, 149; how mustered, 216.
9 rt'hi, Sayyid, 514, 615. cereals, prices of, t;'L.
9 ,far A'+& Khudkwand Khkn Glijrhti, chibuk-suwir, au officer over,homes, 138,
354. chahdrgushah, a coin. 29a., 30.
9 lfclar Beg, son of Haidar Bluhammnd ChaI~krnahri, a canal, 491n.
K h i n , 512 (No. 326). Chaks, a Kashmir family, 478.
9 tfdar Khin, 512. Ch~lrnahBeg, vide Kh6n 'Klam.
9,ltilar Khkn Khw6jah Khail, 552. Chaman, title of a historical work, 347.
9 tfbhikan M i r ~ aCafawi, 315. Champat Bundel6, 488.
9,rfshikan Khbn, hlirdt Lashkari, 347, Chind Bibi, 336n.
(fonneily Cafdar Kl~an). Chaud K h l n and Chand MiyBn, two
Cdbib i Zurndn, 189 ;wide Imhm Mahdi. aingers, 612.
Cahib Qirin, a title, 337% Chandi Rb, Fisodiah, 418.
P b , a poet, 680n. chandal mandul, a play, 303.
P r a f i , a mint officer, 18. Chandr Man Bundelir, 488.
Fa;rafi, 3 poet, 582% ; vide garfi. Chandr Sen, son of N&ldeo, of Jodhprir
9 ~ l L b a Khhn,
t W n . (hIirpvky), 330, 357, 419, 476.
g.~liLbatKhbn Bbrha, 392, 407. Chandrhwat, 417.
C,11hbat Rh6n Chirgis, 4-42. chandrk~cint,a stone.
p l i b a t Khkn Lodi, 503. character, of Kashmiris, 399 ; of the
Calhbat Khbn N i z k m ~ h i h i 499.
, Gakk'hara, 487 ; of Gujrhtis, 387;
c a l i p p h i s t s of fame, 100. of Badakhshis, 454 ; of the women
caligraphy, 99. of Persia, Tirho, Khurbhn, and
p l i h DiwBnah, 479. India, 327 ; of Afghbns, 399 ; of
p i h a h BBnd, 371. Kambfis, 399 ; of Dak'hiuL, 443;
VJlihi, a poet, 683. of Turks, 540.
 charkh, 300. civet, vide zabid.
d a r n , a coin, 31. cocoanut, 71.
Chbhnfgir, a mint officer, 23. coins, list of Akbar's coins, 27 ; vide
ChatbanGris, a clan, 391, 394. currency.
chutr, or umbrella, 60. collectors of revenue, their salary, 251.
Chatr Bhoj, 332. colours, nature of, 96.
Chatr KhBn, a musician. 6 13n. mntingenta of the Manpabdhrs, 261,
Chatr Sbl KachhwBhah, 418. 244, 248.
Chhtranris, a clan, 391, 394. conversions, to Christianity, 499 ; to
chatrmandat, s method of hunting, in- Islam, 237n., 407, 418, W n . , 458,
vented by Akbar, 289. 460, 41n., 513n. ; to Shl'ism, 44.5,
chatrtoq, a royal standard, 60. 6847s.
chaubin, a kind of tent, 46. copper, 40.
chaubfn rdoti, a kind of tent, 46,63. carnelian, its exhilarating properties,
chaugdn, or hockey, 291. 610n.
d a d f , or guard, 267. cotton stuffs, 94, 617.
chaupar, a game, 303,340. ~ ~ hceremonies,
rt 45, 166,167,168,160,
c h r t d r , s stuff, 94, 617. 266,267 ;vide Chingiz KLBn's law.
che&L, or slaves, 263, 263~., 264 ; d e COWS, the imperial, 148 ; cowdung, how

finition of the term 'slave.' 2 5 4 used, 21.

cheque, or k r d t , 262. crews, of ships, 280.
cherry tree, 228. #baL, two o5cers appointed to each,
chkdchhyd, 25. 423.
Chhajhd Bhrha, 477 (No. 221). GZifi Cdha, meaning of, 690s.
Chibhs, a tribe, 466%. M d n a b , fast days at conrt, 69, 61.
chik'hi, s dieh, 69. ~ u l hikul, or toleration, M n .
Chin Qulij, 600 (No. 293), 601, 34n. cunabul% 618; vide C ~ ~ ~
(where wrong Husain Qulij). F r a t o Ma'ni, title of a Maanawi, 6 0 0 ~ .
Chingiz KhBn, his descendants, 361, clurencY* in, 32-
469 ; his law (torah), 464
Chingiz KhBn Gujrati, 321, 323, 386,
462. D m I s T m UI Madhib. a wori on
Chingiz W 6 n Nidmshihf, 442. religious sects, 209,113, 452, 4 3 .
Chirkis Rilrni, 383. Daftar, of the empire, 160.
dituwzh, 262. ddgh o mahalli system, 242, 242, 255,
Chrietians exhibit croesee and reprcsen- 266, 370, 4&2, 411, 600n.; vide
tations in wax of the birth of Christ, brandiog.
193, 19311. ; oide cunabula. ddgri, a warm mantle, 333.
Christianity, taughtthe Imperial princes, dahseri 276.
1B2. D& DilJdrn, 610.
chugal, s coin, 29. Dairim, of Chahga;h, 401.
dJwaL, a scent, 81. dikhili soldiers, 231, 254,266.
gim&muddaulah, son of mr ~~~a~ Dak'hinis, noted for atnpidity, 443.
Injh, 451. Dok hini, M i n i , 478n.
*#muddaulah, 44Sn. dakhl, a kind of poetry, 102n., 364.
I)aklili, a poet, 608. Daulat K h i n , son of AmIn Kh6n Ghori
Dak-Mewyah~,252n. 326.
Dalap DPs Kachhwahah, 483. Daulat Nish Begum, 477n.
Dalpat, son of R i i Rai Singh, 359, 465, Daulat Shbd Bibi, 309.
490 (No. 282). Dauri, a katib and poet, 103.
Dalpat Ujjainiah, 513, 613n. DnwL Khan, a n .
ddm,a coin, 31. Dawbi, 481, 543.
damdmah, a musical instrument, 60. DawLm, Mir, of K h u r b i n , 613.
clama'nuk, a kind of gun, 113. Dawan, Sllaikh, a musician, 613.
dnmnpukht, a dish, 61. darcdrr, a class of letters, 103n.
damri, a coin, 31. Dbwar Bakhrh, Prince, 310, 327.
Jdng, a weight, 36. Dawwini, 481, 601%.
Danjil, Sultin, Akbar's son, born and days of fwt, a t court, 61.
died, 309, 434n.; his children, 310, Deb Chand Rhjah Manjholah, 175.
34n.,48, 336, 423,450, 619. Debi Singh, 488.
Danybl i Chiuhti, Shaikh, 309. deer, 291 ; deer fights, 218.
Dirh Shikoh, Prince, 314 478. De La&, 621,636,621.
Dhrab K G n , N i n a DbrLb, 337, 338, Devi D L , of Mairtha, 322,4?6.
339. dhdn, a coin, 30.
rlarb, a coin, 31. dhiri, ' a singer,' 61%.
durbdn, or porters, 262. Dharnidhar Ujjainiah, 613%.
Darbir Khan, 464 (No. 186). Dhdrd, son of Todar Mall, 362,486 (No.
darsan, 157 ; dursaniyah, 207. 190).
Darwisl~,&laulirni, 101. Dhola Rbi, founder of Amber, 389.
Darwish, Sayjid, 0onof Shams Bukhari, DhGnds, a tribe, 466n.
623 (No. 382). dialect, of Qandahar, 408.
Darwish Bahrhm SaqqQ, 681. diamonds, 480n.;-powder, a poison,
Darwish Khusrau Qszwilii, 453. 6101s.
Darwiuh &Inhammad, of Mzuhhad, 528. diary,kept at court, 268, 269.
Darwish Muhammad Uzbak, 418 (No. Dilahzaks, a tribe, 487n., 622, 622..
81). Dilir Khan BArba, 392.
Daryb Khan Rohilah, 604,605. Dilras Band Begum, 472s.
dasd, a coin, 31. dindr, 36.
Dastam Khan, 398 (No. 79), 620. Din Muhammad Sult6n, 313.
Daswant'h, a painter, 108. Dimng Khbn, a singer, 613s.
Didd, king of Bengal, 318, 330, 331, dirham, 36.
374,356, 379. distilling, mode of, 69.
Dhdd, a ~ i n g e r612.
, Divine Era, established, 196.
Dbdd JhanniwBI, Shaikh, 639. Divine Faith, Akbar's religion, 166 ; ad-
DaudQ Hiah, 400,409,410. mission of novices, 166, 168 ; o&-
Daudh Sisodiah, 418. nances of, 166,167ff.; wide A k h .
Daulat, Sayyid, 4-45. ~ i n i l i a, Hindfi festival, kept at co&
Daulat BskhtyBr, Shaikh, 601 (NO.300). 216.
Daulat Khbu Lodi, 612 (No. 309!, 335, dirodnisa'ddot, an officer, 262,263,268.
336. Diwine, their insignia, 4128.
Doctom, of Akbar's reign, 642. Hindrie, 122; their cunning, 123;
dogs, esteemed at court, 194 ; importsd, Akbar's classification, 124 ; food of,
290 ; Akbar's, 464 ; 66%. 124 ;servante in charge of, 125 ;har-
donations, 265. ness, 128; fights, 131, 467 ; how
dongar. meaning of, 494a. mustered, 213 ;divided into seven
Dost, Mir, of Kibul, an engraver, 63. classes, 236 ; how hunted, 284,879 ;
Doet Khin, 634. elepbant stables, 606.
Dost M i d , 380. emigration, forcible, 522.
Dost Nuhammad, 386. encampments, 4.
h t Muhammad, son of &bi Dost, 624 engravers, 22.27.
(No. 391). epidemic, 376.
Dmt luhammad, son of qidiq Khin, Era of the Hijrah, abolished, 196 ; vids
499 (No. 287). Divine Era.
Dost Muhammad Ubnli, 424, 477n. eunuchs, 332, 332%
dress, different articles of, 88, 89. expenses of the Imperial Household, 12.
drinking, excessive, at court and among export of homes, forbidden, 234.
the grandees, 323, 339, 3 4 , 363, eyes, blue, are hostile to the Prophet,
364 378, 407, 412, 426, 447,464, 176.
468, 470, 486,492, 618, 6%.
du&hydnah mamil, a tent, 6 4
dumpah s i h p a h , 241.
dudtuhuA, or brandy, 70.
Fmm. MiyAn, 338.
Fahmi,name of several poets, 699,699n.
OWi chirdgh, a melon, 65. Faizi, Shaikh Abul Faiz, 28, 29, 33n.,
duddmi, a s t s , 610. lOS,l06,209, 490 (No. 263), 648,
duhul, a drum, 51. Faizi, of Sarhind, 316n.
dukhdn (vapour), 39, 41. fa khriyah, a term applied to poems, 663n.
Dddai, name of -a Barlis tribe, 388. Fakhr Jahin Begum, 322.
dumydddr, a title, 41%. Fakhmnnid Begum, 322.
dripidzah, a dish, 60. fal, a weight, 36.
DnrgAwati,' queen of Gondwbnah, 367, falcons, 293,294
429. famine. 207.
Dujan Sbl, of Kokrah, 48h. Fanii, a poet, 426.
Du jodhan, of Bbndhh, 407. fan& (wrongly called qaigX)),a kind
d u d birydn, a dish, 60. of camphor, 78.
DwirkI Db Bekhahi, 416. fancy bazam, 204, 476.
F d g h a t , Mlr, vide Tdhir =In.
Farebl, a poet, 604
fargrl, a kind of coat from Europe, 89.
201, 276. Farhang iJahdngiri, a Persian diction-
edncotion, Akbar's rules, 278. ary, 41, %la.
elephsnte, where numerous in India, 618 ; Farhang KbOn, 400.441, 616.
imperial, 117 ;prices of, 118 ; kinds Farhat KhOn Mihtar Sakii, 4rX), 441
of, 118 ; gestation, 118 ; whits el* (No. l a ) , 616.
phant, 118n. ; marku of, 1'20; when Farid i BukhOri, . MurtPzA Khin, 396,
cacut, 120; clamiiccrtion made by 413 (No. 99), 436, 620.
 Farid Lodi, 606. Fazil Beg,brother of Mnn'in Khin, 317,
Farid Qamwul, 619. 318, 446,486n.
Fand i Shakkarganj, the saint, 3 1 , 639. Fbzil Khbn, 322, 443 (No. 166).
Faridlin Barlbs, Mimi, 342. F b i l K h i n Diwbn, 604.
Faridfin Khan, 431. Fazlulhaq, of Qizwin, a kbtib, 101.
Faridlin M i r d , 478 (No. 227). feaeta, kept a t court, 276.
Fhrisi, a poet, 618. fees, customary a t court, 142, 143.
farmdn,260 ;-baydzi,264 ;-aabti,260. Felis cllracal, 290.
frr1.m tinchuh, 260. ferries, 281.
Farrbhkhinrh. 53. fever, a t Gaur, 376.
Farrukh Husain Klibn, 434 (NO. 127). Fidli, a poet, 315.
Farrukh Khbn, 480 (No. 232), 322. fighta of animals, at court, 218, 467.
farah i chandani, 610. Fikri, a poet, 602.
furtund, or son, a title, 313, 339, 363. fireordeal, between Christians and MU-
Fath Daulat, 403. hammaclans, 191.
Fath Khan, son of Yalik 'Ambar, 604. fire-worship, 49, 184.
Fath Khan, of Jilor, 622. Firingis, 326, 364.
Fath Khhn Afghhn, 602. Firishtah, the hiatorb, 460.
Fath Khbn, son of Amlr Khbn Ghori, Finiziof JPor, 494.
616. Fir& Khbn, servant of the K h h K h L
Fath K h i n Bahhdnr, 623. nin, 338.
Fath Khbn Batni, 422. Finiz Shih Khilji, 291, 333, 607,582~.
Fath Khbn Chitahbiin, 523 (No. 385). Firlizah, 626 (No. 403).
Fath Khbn Filbbn, 623, 631. flavours, nature of, 73.
Flcth K h i n Tughluq, 466. fleet, the imperial, 279.
Fathullah, son of Hakim Abulfath, 425. flowers, of India, 76, 82.
Fathullah, Khwbjagi, of KLhbn, 369, frauds in the army, 242,266 ;in grants
499 (No. 285). of land, 268.
Fathullah Khwbjah, 464 frogs, trained to catch sparrows, 296.
Fathullah, Mir, (ShihJ, of Shiriz, 33, fruits, 64.
104 199,269,272,274,360, 640. F6lird Beg Barlbs, 206.
Fathullah, J l i r d , 364. Fusfioi, a poet, 604,604n.
Fathullah, son of Muhammad Wda,
494 (No. 264).
Fathullah, son of Naqrullali, 407. G A m r Kambli, Shaikh, a p d r , 172.
Fathullah, mn of Sa'id Khau, 466. 325, 528.
Fath Zib, 426. Gadai, Mir, 606.
fatil, a weight, 36. gaini, a kind of oxen, 149.
Fattfi IChilqah Khail, 396. gajndls, a kind of gun, 113.
Fattfi Khan Afghin, 367, 602, 531. Gajpati, of Bihir, 399, 400, 422, 408,
faufah, worn by repellti~~g Amire., 369. 616.
Butcdlih ulwiltiyut, title of a book, 646. Gakk'hers, a tribe, 318, 322, 456, 458,
Fayyiizi, vide Faizi. 486, 621.
Fauiil Beg, vide Fazil Beg. Gakk'har Shbh, 456n.
Fiizil, of Khujand, 36. games, 297, 303.
Qaugidhar, a Sanskrit work, 104. Gh&uddin Jimi, Q h i , 382.
gangdjal, a kind of cloth, 94, 617. GhiLuddin, Malik, 366.
gawrah, a perfume, 80. Ghibuddin Manpdr, of ShirPz, 199.
Genealogies, of the B h of B m p b r Qhibuddin TarkhPn, Mir, 465.
(Isl6mpk-Chitor), 418 ;of the Gak- ghichak, a musical instrument, 71, 613.
k'hars, 486 ;of the UgdchahBunde- Qhoris, an Afgh6n tribe, 3%.
1L,488; of N k Jahhn's family, 612 ; ghubdr, a kind of writing, 99.
ofAbul Qbim Namakin ofBhakkar, ghungchi, 16n.
474; of the kings of K l h g h a r , gilde, vide kilb.
469; of the rebellious Mi&,461; of gird, a coin, 29, 30.
the Sayyids of BLrha, 392. Girdhar, U j a h , son of Read D b , 502.
Gesi, Mu,Baktiwal Begl, a21. Qirdhar, son of RAi SU Shaikhtiwat, 419.
Ghairat KhLn, 481. gladiatom, 262,263.
Ghairat Khbn BBrha, 392. glass, price of, 224.
Ghairati, of ShirL, a poet, 694. gold, fineness of, 18, 1 9 , M ;importation
Qhanl KhBn, son of Mun'im KhBn, 318, of, 37 ; gold washings, 37.
444,486. Gopa, Rijah, 436,632.
Gharbah Khail tribes, 397. Gop4l Jbdon, %ah, 602, 626.
Ghajahs, a Badakhshi tribe, 381n. Gopi1 Singh Kachhwtihah, 388.
Qhayiui, Mull& a poet, 609. Gopbl Singh Shodiah, 418.
Qhazbli, a poet, 668. Goshlah, Shaikhzbdah, of Banbras, 208,
Ghazanfar Hokah, 348. 209.
GhBd Beg Tarkhin, MinP, 363,364 Grandees, 239, 308 ; their contingents,
QhPzi KhBn, of Badakhshun, 186, 440 378 ; their wealth, 611 ; their flat-
(No. 144), 460, 6'26, 640. teries, 648n. ; their duplicity, 338,
Gthbzi Khbn Chak, 84,461. 603 ; have Hind6 Vakils, 332 ; o p
GhPd Khin S&, 384. pose Akbar for his religions innova-
Gh67.i Khan Tannliri, 367. tions, 401 ; their property lapses to
Ghizi Khbn WajLiyah, 360. the state, 360, 410 ; hatred among
Qhaznawi, a poet, 3'22. them, 377, 384, 384; Chaghtki
Gthaznawi KhPn, vide Ghaznin Khin. grandees hated at court, 319,320,
Gthaznin [Ghazni] Khtin, of Jilor, 493, 332 ; how puniehed, 382,383, 407,
622. 438,4M, 483,485 ;when repenting,
Ghaznin Kkbn, M i d Sh& Muham- 369 ; their wickedness, 600 ; tide
mad, 378. immorality.
Ghih, Sultiin of Bengal, 683n. grants, oids sariads.
Ghias i Naqehbaud, the weaver, 88,616, grapes, 66.
617. guards, monnting, 267.
QhibsB, 496. Ghjar KhBn, 334.
Ghias Beg, I'timBd nddanlah, 508 (No. G~ijarKhBn, son of Qntbuddin Atgah,
319), 612. 468 (No. 193).
Ghibsnddin, the gilder, 102. Gdjar Kbin Afghin. 379.
Ghiiauddfn 'Ali Khan A ~ a Khan
f (II.), Gujnir A'gb&, a wife of %bar, 441.
433 (No. 126). Gnjdtia, their character, 387.
Ghibuddin '814 Mir, Naqib KhPn, 447. Gul, Mimi, 618.
gul-qfrhdr, title of a poem, 666n. HLji KLBn SherShhi, 319, 328, 363,
guldlbdr, a wooden scrwn, 46, 64. 36%.
Gul'azbr Begum, 441. H i j i Muhammad B i n , of Sistin, 368.,
Gulbrrdan Begum, 48, 198, 366n., 441, 368, 374 (No. 66).
616. Hbji Y h u f K h h , 477 (No. 224).
Gulrukh Begum (name of two princeases), HqjjBj, 36.
309,463,464, 618. HBjo, the Koch leader, 403s.
gumbhi, a fruit, 71. Hakim 'Abdul Wahhbb, 468.
guns, 112, 113, 116. Hakim 'Abdurrahim, 643.
gun-samuadar, a title, 613n. Hakim Abulfnth, of G'dBn, vide Abul
gurgdn, meaning of, &On. Fath.
Gurjia (Georgians), favored by same Per- Hakim 'Bin ul Mulli, 321,406,k80 (No.
sian kings, 211. 234), 643.
gdt, or g&t, a kind of pony, 133. Hakim '811, of GilPn, 902, 466 (No.
192), 648.
Hakim Ariatli, 642.
H A m m . a weight, 36. Hhkilu Beg Jahbngiri, 611.
Habi BihzLdl, Maulin4 638. Hakim Dswii, 643.
Habi Yaafiwul, 623 (No. 3S9). Hakim Fakhruddin 'Ali, 643.
Habib 'Ali Khbn, 436 (No. 133). Hakim Fathullah, 642.
Habib 'Ali Khbn, 4'22. Hakiln Shaikh Hasan, 642,643.
HB* RLjpdta, 138,409. Hakim Hiziq, 474.
Hhfiz Kumaki, 640. Hakim Hurukm, 474 (No. 206), 474
Hhfiz of Tirshkand. 640. 643,686n.,687.
Hbfiz Khwhjah 'Ali, 613. Hakim Is-hhq, 643.
Hrifizali, a musician, 613n. Hakim Khush-ha, 476.
HBfiz Nazr, a musician, 613n. Hakim Lutfullnh, 618 (No. 364), 643.
Hufl Iqltm, a work, 608,518. Hakiln Masib ul Mulk, 643.
haft jooeh, a metallic composition, 4l. Hakim Migri, 491 (No. 264), 540, 642.
Haidar, son of Shaikh Yhqlit, 479. Hakim M u z d a r Ardkthni, 516 (No.
Haidar 'Ali 'Arab, 497, (No. 279). 348),643.
Haidar Dost, 624 (No. 390). Haliim ul Mulk, Shsmsuddln, of GiGn,
Haidar Gandahnawis, a kitib, 100. 4Q8,467n., 642, 599n.
Haidar Gurgini, MirzB, 460, 48On. Hakim Ni'matullah, 643.
Haidar M i n i P t b w i , 314. Hakim Rizqullah, W.
Haidar Mu'ammhi, 649n. Hakim Rlihullah, 643.
Haidar Muhammad KhPn Akhtah Begl, Hakim Saif ul Mulk Leng, 643.
384 (No. 66),485. Hakim Shifbi, 643.
Haidar Qhim Kohbar, 318. Hokim Talab 'Ali, 643.
Hnidar SultLn Uzbak, 319. Hakim Zambil Beg, 4-42(No. lW), 5@,
Hnidar, of KLhbn, 693. Hakim ZiBuddin, of Kiwhbn. 497.
Haidari, of Tabriz, a poet, 603. huldlkhur, or sweeper, 139.
Hairatl, a poet, 187. Hilati, of TlirLn, a poet, 595.
H i j i Begum, 420,441, 465. halim, a dish, 60.
Hhji H d r Parwar Begum, 611. Halimi, a poet, 363.
halwd, 69. Hasa6, Shaikh, [A?.
HalwBi, 541. HLhim Bdrha, Sayyid, 376, 392. 407,
Hahdam Kokah, 378. 419, 440 (No. 145).
Hamdami, a poet, 379. HLhim Beg, son of Qjisim KbBn, 477
Himid BukhLri, Sayyid, 397 (NO. 78), (No. 226).
418. I Hdshim Khdn, eon of Mir Mnrfid, 498.
Hamid Khbn Habshi:604 Hbshim, Khwijah, 469.
HBmid Qairf, Shaikh, 644. Hbshim, Mir, of Nishfiprir, 426.
hamzah, 98,98n. HLhim i Sanjar, Mir, 494n.
Hamzah, a musician, 613n. HLhiml, of Kirmhn, a poet, 566n.
Hamzah Beg Zul Qadr, 313,314. Hbtim, son of B6b6 Mankli, 473.
H~mzahBeg Ghatr&ghali,497 (No.277), I HBtim Sambhall, 644.
474. Hatti S i n g Siadiah, 418.
Haqiqat i Hindtiatdn, title a work, 491n. hauz, or subterranean reservoir, of Ira-
HBrB, or Hbab, Rbjpdts, train horaw, kim '811, 466.
138 ; 409. [361. hawks, 293, 294.
Harem, the Imperial, 4+&; private do., Haybt W i n , 469.
Haribnns, a Sanskrit work, 106. Hayltl, of Giiin, a poet, 574.
Haridi Rbm KachhwBhah, 496. Hazbrahs, a tribe, 408, 462.
harbah, a dish, 33n., 60. Hbziq, a poet, 476.
harness, of elephants, 126 ; of horses, I Hemd, 319 ; his birth place, 369,369n. ;
136 ; of camela. 146 ; of mulea, 153. 366.
Hasan, son of Mirzh Rustam $!afowi, heresies, 176, 591n.
314. heretics, how treated, 453.
Haean, MirzB, 420. Hidiyatnllah, 469.
Hasan, sou of M i n i Shhrnkh Badokh- Hijbz Khbn, 34Q.
shi, 313. Hijrbni, ManlBn&, 102.
Hasan, QBzi, 174, 498, 646. Hijri, a poet, 622.
Hasan, Shaikh, a doctor, 543. Hilil Khwtijabsarb, 334.
Hanan 'Ali Khan BBrha, 392. Himmat Khbn Bfirha, 398.
Hesan 'Ali Kotwbl, 436. Himmat Singh, son of Mbn Singh, 340,
H m n 'Ali, of Mashhad, a kbtib, 102. 485, 486, 420.
Hwan 'Ali Turkmbn, 493. HindBl Mirzb, 309, 408 ; dies, 476.
Hasan 'Arab, 411. Hindds, 88n. ; are good painters, 107 ;
H a a n Beg Shaikh 'Umari, 346, 454 their months, 206; are influential
(No. 167). at court, 204, 206 ; their customs
Hasan Khbn Bbrha, 392. adopted by Akbar, 184; build
Hasan Khbn Batani, 204,476 (No. 220). moirquee, 333 ; learn Peraian, 362 ;
Hasan Khbn, son of Khbn Jnhbn Lodi, are employed by Muhammadans as
605. vakils, '332 ; are o h n ill-treated,
Hasan Khiin Khizinchi, 429. 372, 601 (videjazyah) ; hold offices
Hasan Kbin, of Mewbt, 334n. under Akbar, 628; aluo under Shbh-
Hanan Kl~dnMiinah, 606 (No. 311). jahiin, 536, 537 ; list of learned
Hasan Khan Sdr, father of Sher Shih, Hindb, 638, 539, 542, 647 ; their
419. doctors, 644, 64401. ; their mytholo-
 gj, poetically treated by Nuham- Husain K h l n BLrha, 392.
madan poets, 544. Husain K h i n Mimi, 439,442(No. 149).
IIistorv of Kuhrnir, by S h i h Nuham- Hrlsain K h i n Qazwini, 616 (No. 337).
mad, 106. Husain Kulanki, a katib, 103.
Hi.zahr l i h i n B&rha, 392, 395n. Hurnio Lodi, 605.
hockey, 297. Husain, &fir Sayyid, Wing-suwir, SJB.
HocJal R i o Bnndela, 488. Husain hIirzi, Sultin, 362, 434,46'2.
Lon,, a sncrifice, 181. Husain >fir&, son of Shahrukh Mimi
Hoyal Dee, 356. Badakhshi, 313, 380n.
horses, imperial, 132 ; imported into Husnin b1 i t z i p f n w i , 313.
India, 13'2, 133 ; favorable laws for Husain Psli'hliwdl, 454,601 (No. 301).
horse-dealers, 133 ; ranks, 134 ; Husain Qudsi, Mir, 6U2.
fodder, 134, 135 ; get boiled grain, Husain Quli Beg (Khan) ; vidc Khin
glii, and sugar, 13.4,135 ; hsroess, Jahiu.
136 ; shod twice a year, 137; offi- Husnin K h i n Shirmlii, of Ha& 363,
cers and s c r v a n l in charge of, 137 ; 3i7.
how branded, 139 ; how niustered, Husain KhLn Tukriyah, 372 (No. 63b
216 ;are tirxed when imported, 215 ; 348.
various classes of horses, 233 ;when Husain Sankf, a poet, 663.
dead, how replaced, 250 ;how brand- Husaini, blir, 389.
ed, 133,255. H u s n o ndz, a Masnawi, 6 1 4
horticulture, 87, 412 ; vide BLbar. Huzui, of Iqfahbn, a poet, 665.
Hoslrang. son of Prince Dh11ya1,310. Huziui, a poet, 698n.
Hoshxng, son of Ialim I<hBu,493n.,6'21. hydrostatic balance, 42.
Hoshmnnd BQnG Begum, 310.
Household, Imperial, expenses of, 12.
I l u n ~ d ~ Halcim,
n, 175 ; ride Hakim.
HumdyGn, Emperor, his flight from I n - 'Ibklntmand, 48.
dia, 318, 319, 328 ; 334, 417, 420, Ibn Bamwbb, a kitib, 100.
441, 44ln.; his tomb, 465, 641 ; Ibn Hajar, 640, 57h., 581n.
615. I b n Muqlah, 99.
Humiy6n Farmili, 351. Ibrdhim Afghbn, 331.
HumhyGn Quli, 474. I b r i l ~ i mof AstrObkd, a kktib, 101.
hun, a Dnk'hin coin, 18,37. Ibtihiln Badakhshi, Khwijah, 435.
hunting, 28'2, 29'2, 296. IbrOl~imBeg JLbdq, 331.
Husrimuddin, son of Abul Qdsim Nama- Ibrahirn, Hiji, of Smhiud, 106,1B,174
1ci11,
472, 4i3. 189, 647.
Husa~liuddinBadakhshi, 440. I b t l h i m Husltin Mirzi, 330, 333, 353,
Hushmuddin IrijG, Mir, 461. 373, 461, 462, 618.
Husimuddin ShBh, 317. Ibrihim Kh6u Balochi, 360.
HusLmuddin Surkh, 638. Ibrihim KhBn Fath-jang, eon of I ' t i d -
Husaiu, Shaikh, of Khwlrazm, 940, 581. nddaulah, 451,480n., 611,512.
Husain Khwhjah, of M R ~ w674.
, Ibrihim Kh6n S h l b i n i , 383 (NO.
64).
Husain 'Ali BBrha, 392. I b r i h i m KLBn Sbr, 384.
Husain Beg, 439, 476 (No. 219). lbrshim Lohini, 620.
 I b r P i m Minb, Akbrrr's brother, 626. 'haul Mulk, 516 (No. 343).
Ibhhim, M i d , 311 (No. 6). Imam Mahdi, lo&., 169, 189 ; vide
Ibhhim, M i 4 of Igfahh, 102. Qtihib i Zarnfin.
I b r b i m , son of Mimi Ruetam ~ k a w i , Im4m Quli Shighirli, 612 (No. 3-26).
314. I I m M . a poet, 650..
IbrBhim FathpGri, Shaikh, 402. immorality, of the Grandees, 192, 319,
Ibrlhim, Qirzi, 647. 349,364, W n . , 476, 5 9 h .
IbrLhlm Quli, son of Iemb'fl Quli Khbn, importation of horses, 216, 234.
612 (No. 322). in'dm grants, 271.
Ibrbhim, Sultbn, aon of M i d Sh&- 'Iniyat Khbn, 44th.
rnkh, 101. Iniyatullah, DarMr Khin, 466.
I b r a i m of Yazd, an engraver, 63. 'Infiyatnllah Khbn, 499.
Iqbmuddln Ibrhhim, ManlBni, 440,674a. 'Iniyatullah, MinB,364n.
ice, used at wort, 66. Indarman Bundeb, 488.
iqldh, a caligraphical term, 103n. infantry, 261,254.
ideas peculiar to the East, 610n., 66%., inventions, 41 ; oids Akbnr.
Sh., 666n., 666n., 669n., 676r., insignia, of Diwbns, 412n.
677n., 586n. ; oids eyes (blue), Ipbdlndmah iJ d d n g i r i , author of, 413.
Pharao, Adam, ripend, bear, moon. 'irw,a kind of home, 140.
Idris, a kitib, 99, 101. lrij [lrioh], Shahnawh Khbn, 491,611.
'I5at Bbn6 Begum, 477n. itmdu-money, 260.
Iftikhir Beg, 616 (No. 335). iron, 40,113.
Iftikhiv Khbn, 466. Iruhdd i Qdti, title of a work, 647.
Iftikhbr Khln, 621,621n. 'Is& Khail Afghbne, 467.
lghur [Uigu], a Chaghthi tribe, 389, 'Tab Khin, of @id,362, oids 'I'aB Za-
620. mindbr, and Miyln ' l a h
lbtimhm Khbn, 621,621~. 're4 Khbn Main, 626.
Ikhlhp Khbn I'tibb, the Eunuch, 4Q6 ' l e i , Qbd, 449, 618.
(No. 86). 'Id Tarkhbn, M i n i , 363, 36dn., 420,
Ikhl69 Khin, 506. 422. 1400.
IkhtiqBp Khin Bbrhe, 392 (twice). 'lsa Zamindlr, 331, 340, 342, 342n.,
IkhtiyBr, Khwljah, 101. Isfandilr Khin, 466.
Ikhtijairul Mulk G~y'dti,325, 463,607. Is-hiq Fbrhqi, ShaikL, of Bhakksr, 614.
Ilbhdird Faizf, of Sarhind, 316n. Is-hiq Mryhribi, Shaikh, 607n.
Ilihdad, of Amrohah, 202. Ia-htiq, Haulbnh, 646.
Ilirhdiah, son of Kishwar Khin, 497. Is-hLq, Mulli, a singer, 612.
Ilhhdiah, Shaikh, 638. 'Mhq-bdzi, viak pigeon flying.
ildhi, a coin, 30. Iahqi, JbaulinB, 628.
I16h Virdi KbLn, 601n. Iskandar Beg Badnkhabi, 476 (No. 211).
I l h h n l l a h Kamb6, 402. Iakandar Khln, Khlri ' A l m , 366 (No.
illuminations at court, 48. 48),382.
nmit w m , 316. Iskandar Khan Uzbak, 341.
I l y b Khin Langbh, 376. Islsm Khin Chishti, 493, 619, 620.
'Imsd, a kitib, 102n. Ialem Shbh, 611n, 61'h. ; wide Sallm
'ImM, of W i t i n , 490. ShBh.
 64 2
Is~lli'il,Fliilr of Persia, 17s. j:! I. ' I jagir*, 242, 261.
Isn~d'il,.?Iulld a1111JIun:li~$i. 53s. d 7 . ' J : L ~ I I342.
I~~,
15111i'ill i : i r r l l ~ G , l I i j i , 393. I Jwgmal Kachhwabah, 436 (No. 134).
I s u ~ i ' i lKllin, [Quli 1 < , . ~ .
I buld:~i, 388 J a g ~ n i lPunwar, 476 (No. 218).
(So. 72). Jagnht'h, a singer, 613n.
Ismi'il KIILII Sh:iiL~i~~i, 3Si. Jagneris, n clan, 395.
Isn~h'il31irz:i $;~lhs.i, 914. I J a n r J j Bikramajit, 605.
I s 1 1I I , t i (So ) 1 I Jahhnafroz, Prince, &2.
407, ,125. I Jalliuird &,gum, 350.
Istajlii (Cstajlii), a tribc, 619. I J a h k ~ ~ d iSultin,
r, 311.
' i s / i h l < i / n, rhetorical tignrre, 6WJn. I Jahdngir, Emperor, [Prince Salim], ht
ItilJi, ul'S:ijaf, 3 poet, 53s. birth nod death, 309 ; his mother,
!
I'tibGr I ~ ~ I { Lthe I I , Eti1111c11. .IU;1. I 619 ; his wives and children, 310,
I'tiL6r Klliil~, a eunucl~ of J:~Itingi~., 1 (kiin.,619 ; his weight, 267n. ;day
.13:1. of' arccssion, 213n. ; makej vows.
I'tirr~idIiirin, t11c E ~ I I I I I C42s ~ I , (So. 390 ; his love to N6r J a h i n , 509s.,
ll!)). 510 ; W , 333, 345, 368, 401, 457,
l'ti111G11lil1511Gr~,jr:iti,13. l!lS, :?%, : ; S 5 468, 4'33, 560u., 6 7 h .
(Xi). ( i i ) , 507. Jahirngir Barha, Sayyid, 3%.
t i 11d;1ll1i s , 5 So. Jahangirdad, n musician, 61331.
319), 512. , g i r Beg Humhy~ini,331.
J a l ~ i ~ ~Quli
l ' t i ~ ~ UI
~ iJIull<
d (;~n.j~.iti,
:{%;. 1 Jnhingir Quli Khan L6lah %, W ,
'Itva7. Ii;~l~;'uli~r,.1:3:). 501.
'I\\.;tz Jlirzi'i, 347. ' Jabnngir Quli K h i n , Mirzi Shauui,
'1~z:itl i b i n , sou of YGsul' lilrin, 37S, ' 327, 348, 450 (No. 16s).
c;?I). J a i CLurld, of Sagarkot, 330, 404.
'Izz:it, Nirzi, 4-1,Sn. Jai nlall, of JIairtha, 368 ; vide Jatrnall.
'Izzatullah, 500 ( S o . 28!1). Jai Mall, son of R i p s 4 427, 428, WL).
Juliir, a tribe, 410.
JAE.XR~ w. Q A ~ ~ S 3I I~~1I:370,
J:\I)Lir Quli Galili'har, 407.
, J a l i i Birha, 414.
JalJl i Bukhari, Sayyid, a saint, 601.
jacl<t'rt~it,70. 1 Jalal Rashmiri, 437.
Jn'fttr, a poet, ST?, 57371. jirldl~cli,n rupee, 33 ;its meaning, 2 % ~ .
Jzi'fiir liokllil.i, Sayyid, 416. Ja1al:lh Tariki, or H a d h i , 346, 361,
J;r'~hr,of Tnbriz, n b-tilib, 1 0 , 101. Y!G, 903, 411.
Ja'far U I . A'yat'~ I<hhn, 1UG ; vitlc SL.;if jaln'[t', :r coin, 29.
I i l l i n (111). Ja161 I<l16n Baqii, 5951s.
Jn'fnr lil~iinT:~lilh,426 (No. 11.1). J n l i l Khau Gakk'har, 456, 457, m.
Ja'lir, Jlirzi, 3 poet, 412. J a l i l Kfiho, vide Salim ShPh.
Jag;lnrrith, son of l i i h h i 51;~11,387 (No. J a l i l K l ~ i nQurcbi, 475 (No. 213).
69).
J a g a t (ioshini, mother of SLahjahOn,
310.
1 Jaliluddiu Mahm6d Bujliq, 384 (No.
65).
Juliluddin Nas'dd, 384, 384m.
J a g a t S i ~ i g l ~Ii:~chhwihah,
, 310, 3.10, JQlHluddin Multh~~i,Q:~zi, 175, 185,546.
4Li (Xo. leu), 4Lt3. Jaliluddin, of SbtPn, 314.
 Jalbluddin, Sllaikh, 638.
Jalhluddiu Sdr, 370.
jali, a kind of writing, 100.
/ jealonsy, of the Grandees, 3%.
jetal, a win, 31.
jewele, 16.
I
J a m of Kachb, 326, 419. jhandd, the Indian flag, 60.
J b m Nand& 362. 1 Jhbriah, a caste in GujrLt, 285n.
j a m ' hdgil i hdl, vide assessment. 1 jharok'hah, or inspection window, 64,
jama' raqmi, vide asseusment.
J m i l Bakhtylr, Shaikh, of dal~,nar,
1 337n., 613n. ; vida darsan.
Jhujhbr K h b Afghbn, 436.
191. 486 (No. 113), 470. JhpjhLr Singh Bundeli, 4.88, 489, 606.
Jainil, ?ilullS and Jlaulink. 646. J h u j h k Khbn GujrLti, 386, 462.
Jamhi Ka1nb6, Shaikh, 628. Ji Ji Anagah, Akbar's nurse, 321, 325;
JumLl KhLn Afghan, 436. dies, 327.
Jamb1 Khdn Kambfi, 644. j jilauddrs, or runnern, 138, 142n.
Jamil Khin, of Mewlt, 331. ' jilawcinoh, 142.
JamPl Khan, son of Qutlfi, 620. Jodll Bai, 309, 619.
JamLluddin, a khtib, 101. I Jodrahs, a tribe, 466n.
Jambluddin Bbrha, 408, 476 (No. 217). Jotik Bdi, or court astrologer, 4041r.
I
Jambluddin Husain Injh, Mir, 460 (No. Judhi, a poet, 107, 590, 690n., 598n.
164).
Jamlloddin Husain, a Utib, 101.
J L d , the poet, 666n.
Jamil Beg, eon of Tbj Khhn, 547.
iI J6jak Begum, 492.
Jumlat ul Nulk, a title, 3i9.
Junaid i KararLni, 330, 396, 400, ,128.
Junaid Yurul, 623 (No. 383).
J a m h e d , MaulhnB, 102.
Jan, Khwijah, 611.
Jdnan Begum, 309.
J a n Bbbh, Mirzi, 362,363,364.a. Xab Rdi, or Poet Laureate, &)I., G13n.
janghh, a kind of horne, 233. kahdb, a dish, 60.
J b n i Beg, M i d , of Sindh, 194, 209, Kabir Chiellti, Shnikh, 519 (No. SiO),
336, 361, 676n. 620, 631, 622.
J f nish Babbdur, 346,481 (No. 236). Kabir, Shaikh, son of Shaikh JIunsw-
J a n Jabtin Lodi, 606. war, 547.
Janjli'ahs, a tribe, 45Gn. Kabir, Shaikh, 619n.
J b n Nisbr KhLn, 504. Kaahhwahab U j a h s , madness in their
J 6 n Qnlij, 500 (No. 291). 501. family, 310, 333 ; 398, GSn., 459 ;
Jdrnllah Y i r ~ i 618.
, vide Bahari Mall, Bhag\vin Db,
just, a metal, 4Q. Man Singh ; U j a w a t aud Shnikh-
Jaewant Singh, 478. $\vat, 419.
Jaewant Singh Bundela, 488. Kd$yah, titleof anA~abicgraminnr,36h.
J a t Mall, of Mairtbrr, 5UB ; of Cl~itor, Kbhi, a poet, 566.
617 ;vide Jaimall. kail, 26.
jau, a aeight, 36. Kai Qubld, son of M i d AIul~ammad
Jauhar, Shaikh, 647. Hakim, 377.
Jazbi, a poet, 480, 696. Khjar, a Turkish tribe, 619.
jacyah (properly ji-yah) or tax on infidels, KLkars, a tribe. 377.
abolished by Akbar, 180 ; 237n. Kbkar 'Ali Kh6u Chiahti, 408 (No. 92).
Kbkd, Shaikh, 646. k h k , a dish, 60.
kald, a coin, 30, 31. Kmhmiri, M i d , 472,473.
KBIB Pahbr, 370. Kashmiris, their character, 380, 399.
Kalbn Beg, Khwbjah, 461. KBthls, a tribe in Sonrt'h, 334.
kaliwanl, or kald~wat,a singer, 612n. kbtibs, or caligraphista, 100.
Kalilah Damnah, an Arabio work, 106. Kbtis, a tribe, 417.
Kalim, a poet, 602n. Kankab Qazwini, 485.
Kalimdlrcs&hu'arcf, a work on Persian kaukabah, a royal ensign, 63.
literature, 263n. kaulpatr, a metallic composition, 41.
K d B , son of Bbi Bbm, of Jodhpb, Ken6 DBs, son of Jai Mall, 602 (No. 3(%).
399, 476. Kenfi D L M b d , 602.
KallB Kachhwhah, 623 (No. 381). Kes6 D b Rithor, 310, 626 (No. kOS).
Kalybn, of Jaisalmir, 477. Kewal RBm, U n .
Kalybn Mall Rdthor, of Bikhir, 316, Khabitah, a rebel, 366, 36&., 437.
367, 408 (No. 93). Khadijah Begum, 611, 612.
Kalybn Singh, son of MBn Singh, 486. khaff, a kind of writing, 100.
KamBl, Mullb, 646. KhBfi KhBn, the historian, 343n., 445n.
Kambl Bukhbri, Ssyyid, 397. khdk i khaldc, 21,23, 37.
Kambl KhBn Gakk'har, 3.22, 410, 4 6 , khdkshoa, 27.
456,486. Khhlid ibn 'Abdullah Qa~ri,36.
K a m a KhBn, of Jdlor, 622. Khalil ibn Ahmad, 99.
Kambluddin K h a w m 44Sn. Khalil Qnli, 618 (No. 368).
Kambluddln, father of Mir Abd Tnrib, KhaN ullah, Shaikh (ShBh), 376, 626
606. (No. 397).
KamBluddin Hnsain, MaulBnB, 610. K h d l ullah Y d i , Mir, 626.
Kamb6, a tribe, 399,402. Khbn 'Alam, Chalmah Beg, 378 (No. 68).
K h i , author of the Nafdw u l M a h i r , K h h '#lam Iekandar KhBn, 365.
448n. Khbn 'Alam, M i d Barkhurdsil., 612
KBml, of SabzwG, a poet, 601. (No. 328).
Kiimil Khbn '#lamgin', 489. KhBn i A'zam, MinB 'Aziz Kokah, 169,
Kbmil KhBn, M i d Khumun, 397,328, 208, 209, 299, 310, 325 (No. 21).
459. 397, 451, 603%.
K h r b n , M f d , 311,312,378,379, 380, Khdn Bdld, a title, 316.
388, 463, 618. Khin Daurbn, Shhhbeg Khbn Arghdn,
Kangbr Kachhwihah, 436,437,631. 377 (No. 57).
k d ~ ~aimetallic
, composition, 41. Khhn Daurbn Shbhjahbnf, 413.
Karam 'Ali, 619. Ehdn Jahdn, a title, 330.
Karam Beg, son of Sher Beg, 616. KhBn J a h h Bbrha, 392,394,
K m ullah, eon of '811:Mnrdhn Bahh- KhLn Jahbn, Husain Quli, 172,204,329.
dur, 496. KhBn JahBn Lodi, 336, 427 ; vide next
Karam ullah Kambfi, 402, 432. name.
Karan Rfithor, 369, 483. Khbn JahLn L d , governor of Oyi&
karand, a trumpet, 61. 366n.
Karlm Did Afghbn, 331. Khdn J a h h Lodi, Pi&, son of Daolet
Karm Chand Kachhw8hah. 387n. Khan Lodi, 603.
Khhn i KalBn, Mfr Muhammad, 322 Khnrram, Mirzi, & KBmil Khbn.
(No. 16). Khnrramdbd, a musician, 61%.
KhdnKhdndn, a title, 316 ; ineignie, khushkah, a dish, 69.
316 ; 312 ; aids Bairbm Khin, khurhrriz. 276.
Mnn'im Khbn, and next name. Khusran, Prince, son of Jahingit, 310,
KhPn KhBnBn, Mind 'Abdnrrahim, son 327, 414, 414n., 433, 464, 465, 467.
of Bairhm KhBn, 206,309,315,334 Khosmu, of Dihli, the poet, 102n, 640,
(No. 29), 362,461,603,669n.. 674n., 682.
676n., 678n., 679n., 686n., 693n., Khuerau Khbn Chirgis, 363, 364, 3 6 h .
699n.. 601n., 603n., 606n., 608n.V Khusrawi, of w i n , a poet, 691.
6131s. Ehutbah, read by princes, 186.
K h h M i d , 311, 311n. KhwkjagLn Khwkjah, 423, 639 ; uidc
Khin Muhammad Qhqehil, 621. Khwijah Kalin.
KhBn Zamin 'Ali Quli Shaihini, 319 Khw6jagi Khwijah Tahrhni, 608,612.
(No. 13). 366, 462. 489, 668. Khwbjagi Muhammad Hussin, 478.
WBnahzM Khin, 466, 472,493. KhwBjah Ahrbr, a saint, 3'22.
KhanGn, a kbtib, 102, 617. Khwkjah 'Arab, 204.
EhangBr, of Kachh, 419. Khwkjah B k i Khin, 459.
Khanjar Beg ChaghtAi, 633. Khwijah Beg Xrztr, 619 (No. 366).
Khanji, Malik, of JMor, 493. Khwijah Hasan, uncle of Zain Khbn
Khinzirdahs, of Mewbt, 334,391. Kokah, 310, 394.
k'haral, 23, 26, 26. Khwbjah Hsean Naqshbandi, 322.
khdrchini, a kind of gold, 40, 41. Khwtijah Jahbn, Amin6 of Harlrt, 424
khardnl, a weight, 36. (No. 110).
khargdh, a tent, 64. Khwkjah Jahin Dost Mnhammad,477n.
K'hatars, a tribe, 466n.,487n., 622,622n. Khwtijah Ka16n (Khwijaghn Khwhjah),
KMwand Dost, 423. 322.
k'hiehri, 69. Khwitjah Sulaimtiu Afghh, 340.
Khidmatiyah, a c h of servants at court, Khwijah 'Usmbn AfghBn, d e 'Usmkn.
262,282 ; their chief, ghidmat BBi, Khwtinandali, Mir, 465.
262, 431. Khwkwand Mahmlid, 322.
Khing Suwir, 448. Kijak Begum, 322.
Khizr, (Eli)the Prophet, 666n., 567n., Kijak Khwhjah. 494 (No. 262).
681. K'iP Rirni ( U n b Parthb), 339, 418,
Khiw Khwkjah Khin, 366, 366n., 3 7 4 443n.
388,441, 443, 629, 616. k i l h Cgilh], cherries, &., 616.
W i z r SulGn Gakk'har, 487. killinq of animals forbidden, 200, 268.
K'hokara, a tribe. 466n. kindri (lace), 610.
Khfihfi, Shaikh, 496 (No. 276). Kirat, Rijah of KOlinjw, 611n.
Khudawand Khbn Dak'hini, 442 (No. Kishi~D L Tunwar, 606 (No. 313).
161), 449. Kishn Singh Bhadanriah, 489.
Ghudi Ybr Khbn Lati. 363n. Kinhnjwhi, a Sanskrit work, 104.
Khnrram Begum, 312. Kishwar Khbn, 497.
Khurram KhBn, 633. kitchen, tho imperial, 66,
Khurram, Prince, 337 ; Dide Shbhjahb. Kohbar, a tribe, 613.
kokah, or kokulthh, or fosterbrother, Lashkar Khin Bbrha, 392.
323. Lashkar Khbn, Muhammad Husain,
kokndr, 613. 407 (No. 90).
Kor Hamzah, 313. Luhkari, Minb, son of M i d Ydauf
korniah, a kind of salutation, 168. Khin, 374,605,618,622 (No. 375) ;
Kroris, 13. vide Pfehikan Khbn.
Kichak 'Ali Khbn Kolhbi, 438 (No. 138). Lashkari Qakk'har, 457.
Kufic letters, 99. Lashkarshian Khbn, 339.
kuhdrs, or pilki bearers, 254. Latif KhwSjah, 196.
kuhnah, 23. lend, 40.
Kijnk [KJchak] YssBwul, 482. Learned men, exchanged for horses, 191 ;
kukrah, 23,24. banished, 187,189, 190, 191; l i t
kumaki', a clnss of troops, 231. of them during Akbar's reign, 637 ;
KundliwMs, a clan, 391, 395. where placed in battle, 687n.
kusltah, prepared quicksilver, 663n. leopards, for hunting, 285, 287, 288,
kuwargah, a musical instrument, 50. 623 ;leopard carriages, 160.
letters, 98.
Library, the imperial, 103.
L A C , 226. Lilawati, title of a Sanskrit work, 105.
Lachhmi NSriin, of Klich BihL, 340 ; lime. price of, 223.
vide Lakhmi. L u d n u l Glaib, title of a book, 603n.
Lachhmf Nddin Shafiq, a Persian wri- Lisbni, a poet, 603n.
ter, 49ln. Liwii, a poet, 613n.
LB?, Shaikh, 620. Lodi Khbn, son of QutlJ, 520.
Lhc! Bbrha, Sayyid, 626 (No. 41)9). Lohbni Afghins, 622.
Zddan, a perfume. Lohar Chak, 479.
LbPli Begum, 311,610. Lon Karan, U, 404,494,531.
Ltihsuri, Mirzk, 600. luldn, a perfume, 82.
Laili, 560n. LuZ~wttawdrikh, title of a historical
Lakhmi Rii, of Kokrah, 480n. ; Pride work, 4479s.
Lachhmi. Lutfullnh, son of Khnsrau Khin, 364.
lakrdit, 262. Lutfullah, eon of Sa'id Khbn, 466.
la'l i Jaldli', a coin, 29.
Lbl Kalbmsnt [Rliyln UI],612, 61%,
LiLl Khhn, a singer, 613n.
Lk1 Khin Kolbbi, 475 (No. 209).
MUSIR I BAHIMG a historical
work, 338, 603n.
Lblah, son of Bir Bar, 4Q6, 523 (No. Ma'qfim Beg P f a w i , 426.
387). Ma'qim Khku FaraukhJdi, 351, 400.
lalluh, meaning of, 426n. 410, 443 (No. 167).
Lamaa of Tihhat, 201. Ma'qiun Khiu Kibuli, 189, 342, 343,
Land revenue, 13. 351,400, 431n., 946,448n., 621.
Langbhs, n clan, 362. Ma'qfim, Mir, of Bhakkar, 614 (No. 614).
Lbrdli Begum, vide LCdli. M a ' g b , Mir, of Gbul, 323.
ldri, a kind of silver, 23, 37. M a ' p h , Mir, of K b h i n , 6Mn.
Lashkar Kblrn Abul Hasan, 211. madad iia'a'ctsh, vide sayurghbl.
Ma'dan ul afkdr, a Masnawi, 614. Mahmlid Shah (II.),S r ~ l g nof Gujriit,
madddt, a class of letters, 103n. 385.
M U h d Singh, of Kokrah, 431,480n. Mahmdd Sultin Mirzh, 461, 462.
Mbdhd Singh, 605. Mahmddie, a sect, %2.
Midhd Singh Kachhwhhah, 418 (No. nrahtdbl, 46.
104). Mihum Anagah, 316, 323, 324, 328,
Hadhd Singh Shaikhiwat, 419. 332, 381.
Hadhukar Bundeli, of Uhachah, 366, mahuwd tree, 70, 616.
389, 390, 430,462,458, 487,488. Mahwi Hamadini, a poet, 686.
Madmahs, 279 ; Humby6n1s at Dihli, Maidbni Afghbns, 499.
638. Maili, of HarLt, 671.
maghribi, a dirham, 36. Main, or Munj, a B j p t t clan, 526.
Maghribiyah, a dass of saints, 607. Mhjji, a tribe, 610n.
Ybh B i n 6 Begum, 328,334,336. Majma' ul Abkdr, a work, 669n.
M i h JCjak Begum, 318, 322. MajnCn Khtin Ugqshitl, 326. 368, 369
Mahh Singh, gtandson of Min S i g h , No. 50).
Kachhwhhah, 340,447. Mbk'han B b h 4 392.
&hi Singh Bhadauriah, 489. Makhpdp Khin, 388 (No. 70).
Mahbbat Khin, 337,338,339,347,371, M a k h d h ul Mulk, 'Abdullah of Sultan.
414. pdr, 169, 172, 173, 175, 177, 185,
Mahabat KhBn '~lamgiri,622. 187, 189,374, 6 4 4
Mahdbhdrat, 104, 105n., 210. Mukh$, the nom-de-plume of two Imp=
NahLpiter, the singer, Glln. rial princesses, 309, 610.
Nahdawi Sect, 490. [480. Mhk'hfi, a musician, 613n.
Nahdi Qbim K h b , 348 (No. 36), 372, dfakhzun i Afghcinl, a history, 606.
Mahdi Khwtijah, 420. mal. or Gujrht wrestlers, 219, 263.
Mahes D h Rhthor, 369; muldgir, a perfume, 82.
Xahmands, an Afghbn tribe, 355, 397. Malays, 616.
Mahmdd, son of BPbC Mankli, 473. Mbldeo, Rijah, of Jodhpdr, 315, 316,
Mahmdd of Birha, Sayyid, 389 (No. 76). 429, 430.
Mahmbd, of Baaakhwin, 177,452. malghzibah, a dish, 61.
Nahmfid Bigarah, S u l ~ of n Gujrit, 606. malik, a title, 369n.
Mahmdd, son of Dadat KhLn Lodi, 603. Malik Ahmad Dakhli, a poet, 608.
Yahmdd, of Ghazni, 466n. Malik 'Ali, Khwajah, 616 (No. 330).
Nahmbd Is-hiq, a ktitib, 102. Malik 'Ambar, 491, 603, 604.
Mahmtd KhLn, son of Khan Jahbn Lodi, Malik Bir, 456.
605. h I ~ l i kKalhn, 456.
Mal~mdd,Malik, of Sistiin, 314. Ualik Kid, 456.
Mahmdd, Alir, Muhwi, a poet, 68j1t. Malili Ma'sbd, 609.
Mahmdd, Mir Munshi, 449. Malik, Maulhub, a kbtib, 102.
Mahmdd, Minb, GnrgLni, 460. Afalik l'ilk, &fin.
Mahmfid Pak'hliwbl, 601. Nalikushshua'rd, 491, 6481s.
Mahmdd Siybbh, a kbtib, 101. AIulkli Shin, of Kfich BihBr, 331.
Mahmitd, S u l ~ of
n Bbskkar, 362,420, Malld (QMir Khhn), 428. [620.
421, 422. Mamrez Khiin, son of 'Usmkn LohBni,
 man, n coin, 30. hfat'Lu1.a D L K'hatri, 523 (KO. 379).
Man Tunwar, of GwUiBr, 611n. AIaulir~rBzidahShukr, 641.
Manqabdhrs, 231, 236, 238; muster Mawa'r.id ul kilana, title of abook, 64%
one-fourth, or one-fifth, of their con- 3ILwiu, an aboriginal race, employed by
tingents, 244 ; salaries, 2 U , 245, Akbar, 252.
2-48 ;below the rank of commanders Nazhari, of Kashmir, a poet, 584.
of Two Hundred, 627; - under measures, 88n., 226, 226, 929 ;of &ah-
Jahitngir and ShLhjahhn. 635 vide mir, 346.
grandees. Medni %i ChauhBn, 470 (No. 198).
Nanpbr, Mir, 590. melons, different kinds of, 65, 623.
mandal, a tent, 54, 78. metals, origin of, 38 ; compositions, 41.
Mangarirls, a tribe, 456n. Mewphs, runners, 262.
mangoes, 67,68,514. Miqri Begum, 618,
Nanijah Begum 499, 511,612, mid, a perfume, 80.
mankli, menning of, 370, 370n., 473. Mihr 'Ali BarlLs, 342.
Manohar, son of Lonkaran,49qNo.265). Mihr 'Ali Kh6n Sildoz, 435 (No. 130).
Mnnnip K a c h h ~ ~ h h a 388.
h, Mihr 'Ali Kolibi, 351, 363, 354,463.
MQn Singh Darbiri, 606. mihrdhi, n coin, 33.
MBn Singh Kachhwiihah, Rtljah, 206, mihrkul, a liind of cloth, 96, 617.
339 (No. 30), 418, 41%. Mihrunnii, a& Nlir Jahan.
Mbn Singh Kachhwhhah, 506 (No. 314). AIihtru-Jauhar, 441n.
ma'qali, a kind of writing, 99. Mihtar Khan Anisuddin, 417 (No. 102).
Maqplid, Khwhjah, of Harbt, the engra- Mihtar Sa'bdat, 497.
ver, 27, 52, 53. Nihtar Sakai, 441.
Maqqbd, son of Makhpdp K h h , 388. m i l , vide aayurghP.
Maqpid 'Ali, of \Verkopbi, ti08n. millennium, 106n., 169n., 191,198,463.
Maqpbd 'Ali Kor, 437 (No. 136). minerals, 39.
markiz, a caligraphical term, 103n. Niut, Imperial, 16, 18, 495 ; Akbu'a
Xarkkaladwci,; title of o work, 549n. mint-towns, 31.
marriage, laws of different sects, 174 ; Mir 'Adl, 268.
Akbar's laws regarding, 277 ; taxes Mir 'An, an officer, 267,259, 334
on, 278 ; age fixed for, 195, 203. Mir Atash, a titIe, 470.
Ma'nif Maullnl, a katib, 100. Mir Baklwal, or master of the Kitchen,
Ma'rlif vadr, Shaikh, 471. 67.
M a yam-makdni, title of Akbar's mo- Mir Kakn, Manlln6, 640.
ther, 309, 48,62, 466. Mir Khalifah, 4'20.
M a yam-zama'ni, title of Jahangir's M h Khan, 416,472.
mother, 309, 619. Mir R h l n YYesbwul, 518 (No. 961).
Mmhdriq ulanwcir, a work, 547. Mir KhowG, Khw6jal-1, M r .
Nasih (BIes~iah),656n. Mir Khwhjah, son of S d H n KhwGsh,
Masih6 Kairhnawi, a poet, 544. 423.
Mawad i 'A'ii, 602, 663. dlir dlanzil, or quarter-maater, 47.
Maa'fid Husain Mirzli, 330, 461, 462. diir Bubcf'i,a title, 602s.
Matcili', an Arabic work, 362n. M i r Sdmcln, a title, 384.
match-locks, 113 ;-bearers, 116,261;264. a i r Shab, 515.
miraculoue events, 366 ;vids Akbar. Mohan Db,U i , 470.
Mirak BahPdur A r g h b , 476 (No. 208). Mohan KaohhmBhah, 398. [104.
Mirak Jaliir, 621. Mohesh Mahdnand, a Sanskrit work,
Mirak KhPn, 439. money, Persian, HindiratBni, and T h b u i
Mirak KhBn B~hAdur,632. equivalents, 486.
Mirak Khwajah, 526. monopolies, imperial, 479.
Mirak Khabjah, Chingiz Khin, 442. moon, in dream signifies luck, 321.
Mirak, M i d , Razawi Khin, 438. moth, its love to the candle, 676n.
MiAn BukhLri, Sayyid, 397. Mot'h R b j ~ hvide
, Udai Singh.
Miran Cadr JahLn, 468. mu'allaq, 300.
Miran M u b h k , of KhLndesh, 309. Muarrikh Kbhn, 618.
Miran Muhammad S h h , of Khhndeeh, nzu'dtab, meaning of, 433.
326. Mu'azzam Khiu, 492, 5'Lln.
Mir-dt ul kdindt, title of a book, Yu'azznm KhwLjah, 366n., 408,6'28.
568n. Mubirak i Bulihiri, of Gujdt, 386,397.
wirdahah, a non-commissioned oficel?, MubPrak Kashmiri, Sayyid, 479.
116n., 262, 264. MubPrak Khbu Gakk'har, 466, 467, 486.
M h & , tho, their genealogy and revolt, MuMrak Khtin, wazir of Sulgn Mah-
461 ;w i d e rebellion. mlid of Bhakkar, 421.
M i d Ahmad, Khwijah, 608,612. Mubhrak, Mull$, 195.
AIirzti Beg Shahri, 424. MubLrak Shbh, a kbtib, 100,
M i d Khiu Nishipiui. 602 (NO.303). MubPrak of NBgor, Shaikh, father of
M i d Khdn, or M i d KhPnKhinin, Abulfazl, 169,186,187, 198, 209,
W& K h i n K h b i n Mirz&'AMurra- 400,637, 669n.
him. MubPrak, Shaikh. of Blwar, 637.
MirJ Khwtijah, sou of Y i r d Asadullah, Mubarak, Shaikh, of C+w4Lihr, 637.
622 (No. 371). Mubirir KhPn 'Adli, 456.
MirzB Quli IiLPo, 376, 385, 630. Mug'ab ihn Zubair, 36.
Mink Quli Mailj 671. Muqbhib Khtin, 5 3 3 ~ .
M i n i Rbjah, aide M h Singh. MugtafL Ghilzi, 486 (No. 246).
M i d Shihi, 413. Mugt.fd Khan, 445n., 501.
M i d Sul$n, Bon of M i d Shhhrnkh Mu@&, Mulli, of Jaunplir, 600.
Badakhehi, 313. Muflis, Minb, 641.
MirJdah 'Ali KhPn, 443 (No. 152). Mufriddt i Ma'&mi, title of a book,
ntisqdl, a weight, 36. 614.
misfat; of copyists. 52n. Mughfs, Mir, Mahwi, 686, 685n.
M i y h Chand, a singer, 612. Mughuls, look upon ' nine' as a sacred
Miybn 'Is6 KhLn Lohbni, father of number, 364n.
'Uem&n, 620. Mugl~ulKhLn, eon of Zain Khan, 346.
MiyPn Joh, 371. Mughul, M u d , Badakhshi, 313.
hliybn Khbn Ghori, 326. Muhammad, vide Prophet.
31iyiu U l , vide L61 Kalawant. Muhammad, eon of Daulat Khin L d ,
Miyin Tineen, uide Tbneen. 503.
Miyan Wajihuddin, 638. Muham~nadArdiaUni, Htiji, 625 (No.
Bliyirnd Afghins, 456,506. 399).
Muhammad Bukhki, Shaikh, 306 (No. M o h a m ~ n dHakim Mind, Akbar'a bro-
77). ther, king of Kbbul, 312 ;his dangh-
Muhammad, Hdji, of KhabGsh6n, 606r. tar, 312 ; his sister, 449 ;hie mother,
Muhammad, HBji, a Mtib, 100. 318, 320, p22; 317, 344, 377,
Muhammad, Mnu16n&, 641. 466,469,470, U n .
Muhammad, Mnlld, of Aubah, a kbtib, Muhamtnad Husain, of Kaahmfr, a
101. khtib, 102,
Muhammad, Mu114 of Kingri, 614. Xuhammad Hwain, of Tahrfz, a kbtib,
Muhammad, NullP, of Tattab, 3'78,800. lW2.
Muhnmrnd, AIullB, of YazQ 176, 182, Muhammad Husain, Khwtijah, a kitib,
189. 101.
3luhammad, M i d , 492 (No. 269). Muhnmmad Hmain, Khwbjagi, 478,
Muhammad, of Quwiu, a kitib, 101. 1S5 (No. 241).
Muhammad, Mlr Sayyid, the Mahdawi, Muhammad Hueain Laahkar B i n ,
643. 401 (No. 90).
Muhammad, Sayyid, 422. Muhammad Husain M~M, 336, 461,
Muhammad, Sayyid, Wr'Adl, 438 (No. 46%
l a ) , 490. Muhammad Husnin M i d Qafawi, 313.
Muhammad, Sayyid, of a h * (Bihhr), Muhammad Husain Xazfri, 679,679~.
400. Muhammad ' I d Tarkhan, 362.
Muhammad, Shaikh, of Bahmqch, 645; Mnhammad 'Ithbi, 688, 688n.
-, a kbtib, 102. Muhammad K h b , 625 (No. 400).
, Ashraf Khan.
Muhammad A ~ h a r mde Muhammnd Khbn Dhdrl, a eingcr, 612.
Muhammad Aqghitr, W 4 r Khbn, 406 Mul~ammadKhin Gakk'har ,466, 486.
(No. 87). Muhammad Khbn Jallir, 411.
Muhammad A k b r , Prinoe, 487. Muhammad K h i n Nipizi, 483 (NO.
Muhammad 'Ali. of J6tn, 623 (NO. 377). 239).
Muhammad Amiu, a kdtib, 103. Muhrunmnd Khin Sharnfuddin OgbM
Muhammad Amin D i w h d , 534. Takl6, 426, Mb8.
Muhammad Amln, Hdfia, 186. Muhammud Kh&t Turkmbn. 616 (No.
Xuhammad A'vam Hbji, 681n. 340).
Muhammad Bakhtyfir, of Jdcsnr, 426. Muhanimnd Mw'ird, son of Ahmad Beg
Muhammad Illqi Khbu Koknh, aide Kabuli, 466.
I k q i Khbn. Muhammad BIimk g.ilihi, 683.
Muhammad Bdqir Harnwi, 365. Muhatn~ildBfir~AV , ~ f s w i ,Sul$i~n, 4%.
Muhammad Baqi Tnrkhh~,3@2. Bluhnrnr~~adAlGtni~ll i d z a k , 6 1 3 ~ .
Muhammad Falih, 413. Muhammad Pipandah, wide Payandah
Muhammad Cblih, qadr, 278. KhBn.
Muhammad qblih, KhwGjagi. 658. Muhammad Qhqshirl, Mfrza, 370.
Muhammad $%till,MirzB, 3G.I.n. ' Muhammad Q h i m Khiru, of Nbhbphr,
Muhammad Filfi, of' .llax~ndar&u,690. 363 (No. 40), 603n.
Mut~ammadh'ikri, Sayyitl, 602. 3luhammad @aim K h i n E r Xtieh,
Muhammad Ghaus, Shaikh, of Grr~iliir, 478.
367,457, 458, 639. Muhammad Q G m Kohhar, 618n.
Nuhammad Hakim H P b , a kbtib, 101. Muhammad @aim Shadi &ah, 108.
Mnhammad Quli Afshbr, 411. Mu'inuddfo, author of Tafdr i Ma'&€,
Muhammad Quli Khhn Barlis, 341, 523.
(No. 31), 866. Mu'innddin, of Fardh, a kdtib, 100.
Muhammad Quli Khdn Turkmdn, 474 Mu'inuddfn Ahmad Khdn Farankhfidf,
(No. 203). 434 (No. 128). 641.
Muhammad Quli ToqbAi, 434 (No. 129). Mu'inuddin C h i h t i Sigiif, of Ajmir,
Muhammad Biz6 Nau'i, 606% 401,640.
Muhammad Sa'id, 416, 481. Mu'inuddin T a n b l , a Ithtib, 100.
Muhammad Shih, of Dihli, 396. Mu'izz, Mir, of Khhbn, a kdtib, 102.
Mnhammad Sharif, son of I'tim6dud. Mu'izznl B$ulk, Mir, 189, 381 (No. 61).
daulah, 433,609,611n,6LA. Mu.jbtid Khdn, 383, 421,494,633.
Muhammad Shadf, Khwijah, 608, 612. Mu'jnmul BuMdr, a work on geogra-
Mnhammad Sharif, Mir, 449. phy, 106.
Muhammad Sharif Naws. 60%. mujannas, a kind of horse, 140,233.
Muhammad Shad€ Sarmadi 616,607~. Mujtuhid, 186.
Muhammad Sharif WuqG'i, 601. Mukammal Khdn, 106, 61%.
Muhammad SulMn M i n k 461,462. Mukarrem K h h , 489,493, 621.
Muhammad Tabib, M i n i , of SabzwLr, Mukarram M i d Fafawi, 315.
442. Mukaman Bhadauriah, 488 (No. 24Q).
Muhammad Tilib, son of ShGstah Khbn, Mukhlip Khdn, 606.
611. Mulihlipuhh Khln, 4.66.
Muhammad Waf& 494 Mukhteu Beg, eon of &ghB Mu116,
Muhammad Ydr Uzbak, 382. 4Q7 (No. 278).
Mnhammad Zihid, of Balkh, 176. mukhi, a phnleaf, 616.
Muhammad Znmdn, 608.633. Mukund, zamiudk of F a t h u d (Ben-
Muhammad ZamBn, MirzB, Badakhshi, d), 374.
313. Mukund Deo, of OyiYA, 611n.
Yuhammadans, intermarry with Hin- Molli Mir, 649.
d&, 469,470. mules, imperial, 152; where bred, 487 ;
muhaqqaq, a kind of writing, 99, 100. imported, 152; their food, 152;
muhi, of Shirlz, a b-8th 100. harness, 163 ; how mustered, 216.
Muhibb 'Alf Klldn, son of Mir Kbalifah, Mulbfit Kbdn, 472.
4ZO (No. 101). M6min Khawdff, KhwGah, 447.
Mubibb 'Ali Khbn Robgui, 422,630. AfGmin Blarwtirid, 101.
Xuhibb 'Ali Khawifi, Khwijah, 610 Mum& Mahall, 369,601n..612,616.
(No. 347). Munawwar, Shaikh, a n author, 106,
Mubibbullah, Mir, 607. 189, 647.
Muhkam SingL Siaodiah, 418. ' Muu'im Khbn, Kbln K116n&n,263. 317
Bfuhsin KhLn, 376. (No. ll), 334,371,384 427,440.
Muhtarim Beg, 443. Mlinis Khbn, 417.
Muhtarim Begum, 312. BIu~lj,a RdjpGt clan, 620.
Muhteehim K h h , 493. mtinj, a kind of grass, 396.
m r h r r , a coin, 30. Munkir and Nakir, two angels, 600.
Mu'in, QAd, 645. munshiydt, or letwrs, of .Abd .
Fath
mu'fni, a coin, 30, 63. Qildni, m u .
 Munpif K L h , 477 (No. '222). Mu'tnmid Khbn, 478, 62ln.
rnuq6.d, 263. Mu'tamid Khbn Bakhshi, 413.
Muqarrab KhBn (Akbarshlhi), 373. Nu'tamid Khln Muhammad qalih, 446a.
Muqarrab Khbn, 643. mutanjah, a dish, 61.
Muqbil KhBn, 408. Muzaffar, brother of Kh6n 'Alam, 602
Muqim 'Arab, vide Shnjl'at Khln. (No. 304).
Muqim i Harawi, 420,421. Muzaffar, king of Gujrbt, 326, 332,
3luqim Khdn, 371. 334, 336, 383, 386, 618; oids
N u q i ~ n KhLn, son of Shuj6'at Khbn, Nat'hri.
623 (No. 386). Muzaffer Husain M i d , 363, 461 (No.
Muqim, Khmtijah, son of Khwdjah NO), 463.
Mirnk, 626 (No. 4Ql). 1420. Mnzaffar Husuin, MirzB, gafawi, 313
Muqim, Minb, son of Mina Zul-n6n, (No. 8), 314.
Muqim Nnqshbandi, 433. MuzaITar Khbn Bbrha, 392, 3 9 4 MIS.
Muqim Shtihjahlni, 413. M d a r K h h Turbati, Khwtijah Mu-
muqli', or jdgfgirdcfr, 256. d a r 'Ali, 332,348 (No. 37), 368,
Murad, Prince, Akbar's son, born and 439.
died, 309, 618 ; his complexion, Mnzaffar Wtin Me'mM, 50.6.
309 ;48.14ln. ;called PahByi, 182n ; Y d a r Lodi, 606.
is instructed in Christianity, 182, Muzaffar, Mi&, son of Sul* Husain
183 ; 335, 383, 548,574n., 618. Minb, 362.
M u d d Bakhah, Prince, 472, 478. Muzaffar Mughul, 612.
Mur4d Fahwf, eon of Mink Rustam,
314, 315.
Mursrd Khln, 373 (No. 64). AgrB Shtib, a n of QutlC 620.
MnrBd, Mir, of Juwain, 498 (No. 282). Naqir Yain, 526 (No. 410).
Murld, Xir, Kolkbi, 523 (No. 380). Navid, 383.
Murdd Quli SulMn, 486, 487. Ntigir Khusrau, a poet, 190, 198.
Murhzk Khln, vide Farld i Bukhlrl. Naqiruddin Pak'hliwdl, SulMn, 466.
l u r t a z g KhBn, H u s h a d d i u Injli, 461 Naqirulmulk, vids Pir X u h a u
472. Khtin.
Mu* Khtin, Mir, 449 (No. 16B). Nwrullah, son of M u k b t h Beg, 497.
Hurtad, 327. Naqrullah, 9&8,100.
3lurtaz.h K i d m Shtih, 336,449. Nadi 'Ali Arllt, 608.
Murtazir Sharif, Mir, 449,640. Nldi 'Ali, Hifiz, 508.
Mlisl, Shaikh, Fathp6Ti, 40!2, 403. Nidi 'Ali Yaidini, 507 (No. 817).
M u , Shaikh, Lihori, 689. N a i r Shlh, 363.
Y&$ Shaikh, 644. Nbdiri, name of several poets, 605,606s.
musci'adut, or advances to officers, 266. Nadir ulmulk, 690n.
mwanzaran, a dish, 60. N(tfdi8 ulmahir, a work on literature,
Mlisawi Saygids, 381,482. 448%
Mushfiqi of Bukhlrb, a poet, 683. naflr, a trumpet, $1.
music, at court, 61, 611 ; schoole of, Nihid Begum, 420.
611% j aboliehed by Aurangzib, Ndik Bakhshfi, a singer, 611. [313.
613n. Najirbat Khin, ShqjB' Mina Badokhshi,
Najdt Khin, Mirzi, 374, 439 (No. 142). nilnuh suwdrdn, 254.
Najibah Anagah, 398. Ni'mntullah Bawrvab, a khtib, 101.
Najmuddin 'Ali Khbn Birha, 392. nine, a favorite number of the Nnghuls,
Najmuddin Muhammad Kihi, 566n. 364rn.
ndkhudd,or shipcaptain, 281. Niylbat Khln, the rebel, a00, 403,
NalDaman, a poem, 106, 648, 650. 426, 437.
Naman DL Kachhwihah, 483. NiyLi Afghins, 484.
name of grandfather given to a child, Nizirrn, of Jilor, 494. .
497. Nizim, Qiizi, vide Ghbzi Khin Ba-
namgirah, or awning, 46. dakhshi.
Nbmi, a poet, 614. Nizbm, Shaikh, 638.
Ninak JBjG, a singer, 612. NiGmi, of Qnzwin, 103.
naphtha, 40. N i d m Murtazl Rhin, Sayyid, 469.
Napoleon I., 687n. Nizirnuddin Ahmad, the historian,
Naqhbat KMn, 406. &On., 436, 614, 628.
Naqib Khln, 104, lMn, 106, 4 7 (No. Nizitmuddin Ahmad, son of Shbh NU-
161). hamrnnd Khin, 516 (No. 341).
ncrpir, a weight, 36. Nizhmuddin Auliir, W .
mqqdrah, a drum, 61 ;--khdnah, 47. Nizimuddin. Jbm, 362.
naqshbanda', ita meaning, 423n. Nizirmulmulk, Khwijah, 496.
Nhrkn DPs Rbthor. of Idar, 433. Nizimulmulk w i , 683.
n a d l , a kind of gun, 113. Nupat Y k Khdn Bbrha, 392, 395.
nhhpcitt, a melon, 65. ntcqtaha, 453.
ruaskh, a kind of writing, 99, 100. Nuqtawis, a sect, 452, 597n.
~ o t a ' l i qa, kind of writing, 101, 102. N h m , 626 (No. 416).
Nat'hG, of Gujrit, Muzaffar ShBh, 386, Niui, a poet, 642.
386 ; vide MuzafTar Sh&. Niu Jahhn, [Nhr Mahall] 309, 310,311,
Nau'f, a poet, 606. 337,338,369, 509 to 511.
Nanrang KhLn, 334,463,531,572n. iV6rndmah, title of a poem, 412.
nau&, or New Year's day, 183, 276. Niu Qulij, 480 (No. 239).
Nauruz Beg Q6qshh1, 437. Niuvddin M i n i , son of A'qaf Khin 11..
Nawii, 602n. 369,433.
Nawhzish W b n Sa'dnllah, 363.363~. N h d d i n Muhammad Naqshbandi,
Nazar Bahbdur, 374. M i d , 309, 618.
Naurr Be Uzbak, 466 (No. 169). Ndrnddin QarLri, e, poet, 686, 686n.
Nazar Khin Gakk'har, 486 (No. 247). Niuvddin Tarkhh, 424, 684, 641.
Nazar Yuhammad Khin, of Balkh, 481. NSlrullah, a kitib, 103.
Naziri, the poet, 679, 679n., 613n. NGrullah Injfi, 461.
neaswritere, 258, 338. Nhmllah, Mir, 646.
New Year's day, 183,476. NGruIlah, Qbd, 346.
nidriyai, 23. NCrunnisB Begum, a wife of Jahhngfr,
Niqdbq&dn, a Persian primer, 41%. 464, 477n.
nichoiwdlah, 26. NudattllorwM, a tic book, 181,
N i i i , a Turkish tribe, 619. 647.
Nil Kant'h, of O M , 608 (No. 318).
 pdras stone, 4.02.
O D A T Sil~~.li El~xilaurioh,489. Papi-pirat, a mawawi, 614.
Otficcix ol' tlic Mint, 18,19, '20, 22. Parichhat Zomindbr, 893.
opiu~u e : r t i ~ ~ zexcessive,
, 378, 384n. ; P d i r b Bundcli, 988.
vitlc. drinking. PartiLb, RLi of Nirnkot, 395.
oraugc-.;,G9. PartBb X n i (R6nd Kikh), 387, 4rW),
Ordnt Iinchhwihah, 483. 91311., 619.
ordeals, 205. PartAh Singh Kachhwrihah, 616 (NO.
336).
PartBb Ujjainiyah. 613n.
P d C H l V A R I A B , a kind of hone, parwdnchaha, 263,
133. Parwcincht, an officer, 269.
PGclishih IChmitjah, 459. Parwiz, Prince, 310, 311, 314, 336,337,
P:idiqhih Qdi, 4-80, 596. 344, 477n.
pndre, n Portuguese priest, 182. Parmizda, a musician, 6 1 3 ~ .
pcigoshf, one of Alibnr's regulations, 217. Patr D L , BLi Bikramkjit, 439, 469
Pahiir, of JGlor, 491. (No. 19G).
PaLilr Khin Baloch, 351,526 (NO.407). pciulah, a coin, 31.
Pahi: Singh Dundelb, 407, 488. pay, of soldiers, 247, 251, 262, 254,
Plihirri, nickna~neof Prince Xurbd, 309. 504 ;of m a n p b d b , 248 ;of Ahadis,
pahit, 69. 250.
pahluwcin, or wrestler, 263. Payimi, a poet, 601. [S 18.
p6iks, or runners, 138 ; vide postrunnem. PiLyandah Khirn hfughnl, 387 (No. 68),
paikdr, 26. Piyandah Nuhammad Tarkhirn, W2.
painting, art of, 96, 107 ; discouraged payments, how made, 262,263, 264.
by Ishim, 108 ; painters of Europe, pensions, 474, 510.
96 ; vide Akbar. perfumes, 73, 74, 76, 77.
Pairawi, of SBwah, a poet, 600. Peshrau Khin, 497 (No. 280).
paisah, a coin, 31. phardit, 253.
palcis, a wood, 298. Pharso, proverbial in the East,16On.,
p&lki bearers, 254. 169, 170, 181.
pdn, 72, 73, 616. Pichah Jbn Anagg, 344.
pdnchtoliah, a stuff, 610. pickles, 64
PanchC, Shaikh, 538,617. pigeon flying, 298.
pandau, a coin, 30,31. piles, prevent s man from joining in
panidlah, n fruit, 70. public worship, 177.
paniwcir, 26. pineapples, 68.
panj, a aoin, 30. pimjar, 26.
Pdpd, the Pope, 183. Pir 'A11Beg, 315.
paper, variegated, invention of, 101. Pir Khbn [Pi&], son of Dadat Khin
Parhez BBnd Regum, 314. Lodi, 603.
P a r i s r h , Rijah of Jnmmfi, 3 4 . Pic Khkn, of Jblor, 62%.
Perminand K'hatri, 476 (No. 214). Pir Muhnmmsd, a kiitib, 101.
Pirrai feasts, kept by Akbnr, 276 ; vide Pir Muhammad Kh&n ShirwBd (YdU),
Akbar, Zoroastrians. '324 (No.N),3 6h,641, 619.
W d a h , Liwii, a poet and mnsicia., post, post-runners. 252n. .
613, 613n. Praauttnm Singh Kachhwbhah, 458.
pital, vids brasa. Pratab, aide Partlb.
piydr, a fruit, 71. precious stones, 15, 461, 510n ; ride
plantain tree, 70. dimond, ydqtit.
play, at court, 203, 297, 303, 349. prices of articles, 62 ; of ice, 56 ; of
Poete, of Akbar's reign, 648ff; poeta building materials, 223 ; +
laureate bf India, 491, 648n., 611 ; wages.
vide Kabi Riii, Malik ushshu'arh. Printing, art of, in India, 9%.
T i also the following Poets, men- prisoners, how treated, 330.
tioned in the Kin,-Kqmfi, Amri, Piit'hf Chand Kachhwalah, 495.
Anisi, Arslhn. Ashki, Asiri, A'tishi ; P ~ i t ' h Singh
i Bundek, 488.
Bhbb Tblib ;Fabri, Ftrrfi (Firafi) Prophet, the, abused at court, 196.
Kaehmiri, *Ti Slwaji, P b d h i , prostitutes, segregated, 192.
giiib, gblihi, Fdfi ; Dakhli, Daun', prostration, or s i j d d , 169, 169n., 181,
Damhi; Faizi (Fayjizi), Faizi 192.
Sarhindi, Fahmi, Fan$, FarebI, Public Works, 222.
FBrisi, Fikri, Busdni ; Gllairati, punhar, 2J,d6.
Qhayiuf, G h d l l , Ghaznawi, Hai- Pivan Mall, of Qidhor, 340. 480n.
dar Mu'ammBi, Haidarl, Hairati, Pdran Mall Kachhwbhah, 329.
Hblati, Halimi, Hamdami, H C Purbin KhBn, a musician, 612.
shimi, Hayiiti, Hbziq, Husain Puruk'hotam, Riri, a Brlhman, 180,628.
Marwi, Hnzni, Huzliri; ImBmi,
'It&bi ;J h i , Jazbi, JudG ; Khhi,
Kalim, K h i , K h i Sabzwki, & J BIL son of 'Atiq, 626 (No. 412).
Qabdl Khiin, 457 (No. 137), 616.
Khusrau, Khusrawf ; LisQsi, Li-
. wbl ;Mahwi, Maili, MakhU, Ma- qdzili, a dish, GO.
sh&, Mazhari, Mushfiqi; Nbcir &adurn Zazil,or @dam M d d r a k , or
Khnsran, NUiri, Niimi, Nau'i, foot print of the prophet, 198, 607.
Nawiif, Nazin', Ndri ; Pairawi, a d i r Khbn Malld, 428.
Payhmi; Qaidi, Qadri, Qhim Qidir Quli, 625 (No. 402).
Arslbn, Qbim Jdnbbidi, Qhsimf, qai&d, a kind of camphor ;v&
Qudsi ; Rafi'i, RshPi, Rahi, RazBi, fanq~iri,78.
Ruswiri; S d d , Sanfi, Shailih Qaidi, of Shiriiz, a poet, 599.
Siqi, SaqqB, Sarkhuah, Sarmadf, Qbim Khbn, 371.
SawLdi, Shafiq, Shahri, Shbpdr, qalandarf, a kind of tent, 46,64
Sheri, Shifhi, Shikebi, Shuj6'1, qalyah, a dish, 61.
SirbjP, SdMn ; Taqiyii, Turiqi, Qamar Khbn, 448, 485 (No. 243).
Tnshbihi ; Ulfati, 'Urfi ; Wngli, qumarghah, a kind of hunting, 284.
Wafii, Wali Dasht BnyLi, W U L Qandahiiri Mahall, 3 14.
Waqiiri, Wuqd'i Qanbar Be, 466.
portem, vide DrrrbAn. Qdnzin, a medical work, 467.
Portuguese, their missionnries at Ak- QkqshU, a clnn, 369, 3G3n.
bar'n court, 168, 182, 191, 618; Qnrb BaLBdnr, 460 (No. 179).
take pilgrims to Makknh, 172, QlrA Wri, 616 (No. 346).
440,499.
&arb Beg Fadshbegi, 313. gkrdq, a mare, 135.
Qarh Khan Turkmd~i,356. qipair, a weight, 36.
Qarhoinlii Tarks, 316, 619. Qiyd Khdn, 437.
Q~rbtdqKhbn, 400,516. Qiyi Khbn, son of p h i b Khbn, 464
Qarb Turks, 371n. (No. 184).
Qarb Ylisuf, 315. Qydm Khhn, son of Shiih Muhammad
Qarbhah Khdn, 388. Qalhti, 433.
qardrndmah, 263. qiibiia, n musical instmmont, 613.
Qaniri, Nliruddin of Gflbn, a poet, Qlich Beg Humdylini, 455.
175, 586. Qudsi, of Karbalh, a poet, 602.
qarrfwals, or hunters, 282, 289. quicksilver, 39 ; habitually eaten, 801 ;
Qblyghs, a tribe. 454,601. when called kt~shtah,663n.
QBsim, Mullb and Mauldnd, 645. pule, meaning of, 356n., 600.
QJaim 'Ali Khbn, 466 (No. 187). Qulij Khdn, 34, 309, 354.
Q L i Arsldn, a poet, 103, 609. Qulijullah, 501.
QLim Badnkhshi, Mir, 499 (No. 283). qulhtain, 202.
Qbim [Khin] Biuha, Sayyid, 336,392, Qunduq Khdn, 464 (No. 181).
407, 908 419, (No. 105). Qundfiz Khdn, 376,464.
Qhim Beg, 106,617 (No. 350), 641. qur, or collection of weapons, royal
Qhim Beg Khbn, 378. flags, kc., 50, 109, 110,283.
QLim Jdntibhdi, Mind, 691. Quraish SulHn, of Khhghar, 459.
Qiisim Kbhi, a poet, 209, 666. qurpkrib, 23.
Q b i i Khirn KLs6, 443. qutdb, a dish, 60.
Qisim K h h Mir Bnhr, 379 (NO. 691, Qutbuddin, Sultdn of Uujrbt, 606.
620. Qutbuddin, of Jalesar, 191.
QCim Khbn, son of Mir Mu14,498. Qutbuddin Khbn, 188,241,333 (No. 28).
Qiisim Khin Sisthni, 439. Qutbuddin Khdn, Shaikh, 496 (No. 276).
Qbim IU~m&jali, 507 (NO. 316). QutlG Khbn Lolilni, 326, 343, 364,
Qhim Kohbar, a musician, 613. 356, 366n., 440 ; his sons, 520.
Qhsim Kokah, 420. Qutlugh, meaning of, 432.
Qbim, Shaikh, Muhtashim Khbn, 493. Qutlugh Qadam Khin, 432 (No. 123).
Qbimi, of Mbzandarhn, a poet, 610.
Qawim Khdn, 371.
Qaziq Khin Taklli, 426, 508. Ra, a min,
WYi. [Rafi'nddin Haidar] of Kb-
~ d ~268 i ,; general chru.acter of
269. ahdn, a poet, 693, 693n.
Qbzi 'Ali, 411, 628. Rafiqi, 594n.
Q h i Khbn Badakhshi, 383. Rafi'uddiu $'&wi, Mirzti, 523.
Q b i Khdn Bakhshi, 477 (No. 223). Rahii, a poet, 592n.
Qiizi Hasan, of Qazwin, 498 (NO.281). rahas, a coin, 28.
qimah paldo, a dish, 60 ; limah shu'rbd, Rahi, a poet, 611.
60. &him Quli, 616 (No. 333).
qirdl, a weight, 36. W m b n Dld, M i d , 339.
qit.buk, n title, 393n. Rahmnt Khbn, son Masnad 'b'li, 497,
Qisnliyah Bbnil, 618. 602 (NO. 306).
Rahmatdlah, a singer, 613. Rangsen of Agrah, a musician, 612.
%i Bhoj HB?& 468 (No. 174). Rashahdt ulhaydt, title of a book, 668n.
k i i Durgti Sisodiah, 417 (No. 103). d, an ncid, 24.
Ui Mall Skikhbwat, 4 9 . Ratan Rithor, 369.
B$i Mtin, 26%. Batsn Singh Sisodieh, 418.
U i Singh, 310,367 (No. 44, 463, Illrthors, 367, %9, 622.
526. mti, a weight, 16n.
RBi SU DarMri, 419 (No. 106). hushtinis, 34n., W , 345, 356.
Raibsri, a class of H i n d b who train Razb Quli, 496 (No. 274).
camels, 147. &6i, a poet, 466.
vaihdni, a kind of writing, 99, 100. B-d, 482 ; - Seyyids, 381; -
U j a h 'AUof Khhdesh, 463 ; ti& 'Ali K h b , a title, 439 ; vide Mhrwi.
Khbn. fZazawf ghh M i r d Mirak, 438 (No.
Ujbwat, 4 9 . 141).
Rbjpbta, Janaah, 334 ; K a c h h w b h , m u 1 Mnlk, 385.
vide B i h M Mall; Htitjis, 409; rebellion of the M i d , 323, 330, %a,
Ranghars, 626 ; %thorn, 367,469 ; 333,373,375,386,396, 397, 404 ;
vide Xain, Munj. datea, 434n.
Rbjeingh, Ujah, Kachhwhhd, 468 (No. refining of gold, 20 ;of silver, 22.
174). religious views of the Emperor &bar ;
Rkjli Bhrha, Sayyid, 462. vide Akbar.
rcik'hi, a Hindli custom, 184,216s. reporters, 268 ; vide wirqi'ahnawie. ,

RBm Chand Baghehi, 368, 367, 369, I revenue, how paid, 13.
406,61%. revolt, military, in Bengal, 323, 36%
I t s m Chand Bundeb, 477s, 487 (No, 351,431.
248). Bi'byat, son of Peahran K h h , 498.
nQm Chand Chanhln, 436. +4, a metal, 40.
aiun Chand Kachhwlhah, son of Jagan- rice, beat kinds, 67.
nbt'h, 387. *iqct', a kind of writing, 99, 100.
Urn Chand Kachhwiihah, 496 (No. rbdlahddr, an officer, 269.
268). river tolls, 281.
&Bm Chandr, B j a h of Wnrdah, 489 Biydzusaald#in,title of a historical work,
(NO.260), 607n. 427.
u rn D h , son of Bbjsingh, Kaohh- Bizqullah K h b , rride Hekfm Bizqullah.
wbhah, 463. Bozafzlin, Ujah, 446n.
B m D C Kachhwiihah, [Bbjah Karan] d d b , a moeical instrument, 613.
483. ruby, a large one, 414.
&h~ Dls Diwbn, RBi, 616 (No. 331). A h i tlitiyd, a metel, 40.
s m D 1 , the singer, 611n.. 612, 612s. nilhi, a kind of writing, 99.
Rtirnsih, Rdjah of GwClih, 339, 343. Rhhullah (I),611.
RBm S8h Bundelai, 356,487. r&i,a metallic composition, 41.
BQnh of Maiwhr, 387; Bide P d b ruined towns, 494.
Singh, Udai Singh. Buknnddin Mahmdd Kamingar, 639.
h b h z Khsn Kambh, 402. Ruknuddln, Bhaikh, 638.
Ranghar BBjpbte, 626. Buknuddin, a poet, 689n.
83
Rlinli K l ~ i n , LT~tid Jalabi, 441 (No. Sa'id Khhn Rabidur Zafajang, 466.
146). Sa'id Khhn ChaghGi, 331, 340n.. 363,
runners, 138. 363n., 463.
Iiilp, a servant of Akbar, 425. Sa'id Khbn Gakk'har, 466,457, 47iu..
rupee, raised from 35 to dhms, 233 ; 632.
counted 40 dams in salaries, 31 ;- Sa'id, Mauland, of Turkistirn, 640.
of Sher ShJh, 31 ; of Akbar, 31,33. Sa'id Toqbii, 439.
Ripmati, the beautiful dancing girl, Saif 'Ali Beg, 315.
429. Saif KhLn BQrha, 398, 414.
Rilp AIukund Si~otliah,418. Saif Kheu Koltab, 350.
Rilp Singli Pi~odiah,418. Saifuddin Cafawi, 315.
RJpsi Bairhgi Kaclihwihah, 427. Saifudtliu Husain 'Ali Khkn Bhrha,
Ruqayyah Begum, daughter of MirzL 3YS.
IIindll. Akbar's wife, 309, 509. Saifullah, Mink, aon of Qnlij BlrLn.
Rnstam Khin Dalr'hini, 478. 500 (No. 292). 34m.
Rustam P f a a i , Nirz6, 314 (No. 9), Saifulmulitk, 473.
364n., 5 13, 619. sailors, 250.
Rustam, Prince, 618. Sajkwal KhLn SGr, 488.
Rustam i Zamin, Sliaikh Kabir, 519, Sakat Singh, 986 (No. 266).
620. Sakat Singh, son of Udai Singh, 619.
Ruswai, 595n. Sctkat Siugh Kachhwihah, 616 (No.
+at, 196. 342).
Sakinah B4n6 Begum, 435,449.
SakrL, of MaiwLr, 619 (NO. 366).
Syl;mT Bind Begum, 619. Salibuddin Carfi, 686n.
Sa'bdat Iihbn, 478, 4i8n. SaliLmullah, 211.
Sa'idat Khbu, son of Zafar KhLn, 522. salaries, of women, 44, 46, 616; of
Sa'bdat Khin Badakhshi, 4'27 ((No. 117). ~ensieners,4-61 ; of shipcaptains.
Sa'bdat AIirzi, son of Khizr Khwijal~, 281 ; how s aid, 262, 263, 264;
443 (No. 158). 24Q, 245,248,250,251, 610, 511.
Sabal Singh, 485 (No. 2.15). Salim Chishti, of E'athplir Sikri, 169,
oalbdk, 22. 267n., 309, 402, 476, 492, W .
Sabdal Khiin, 438 (No. 139). 516, 639, 646.
Sa'duddin, of Khif, 59an. Sslfm KhLn AfghPn, 416.
Sa'dullah hlasihil, 544. Salim Khbn U k a r , 436 (No. 132).
Sa'dullnh, Maulhnh, 545. Salim Khin Sirm6r Afghh, 436.
Sa'dullah Nawbzish K h b , 363, 363s. Salim, Prince, vide Jahingir.
satfron (za'fi~ritn),84, 411,479. Salim Quli, 518 (No. 367).
aajidrti, a ruetallic compo~ition,40. Salim Shdh, 331, 317, 466 ; vidc L-
8 4 , 59. lem Sh6h.
saliaah, a money bag, 14. Salimah Wbnum, 4-41,
%hb Bhonhlah, 4Y9. Salimah Sulgn Begum, 198, 309, 314
sahw ullisdn, title of a book, 603n. 327, 441, 618.
ociibdn, a royal ensign, 60. salimi, a win, 30.
Sa'id Badakhshi, 410. S a l m b of Sirwah, a poet, 100s.
r a h f , 21, 26, 37. 9ardbr a n , M i l d 'Abdullah, 327,
dt,mannfactnre of, 470 ; an antidote 328.
against drnnkenneea, 656n. Sardtir Khbn, 328,469, 492.
dtpetre, 65,66. Barf& Khbn, 492.
Saltdin Deodah, of k o h i , 357, 368n., uarkhat, 260,261, 263.
419. Sarkhush, the poet, 263n.
salutations, at court, 168. Barmadi Afghbn;341.
Gambnji Khin, 416 (No. 100). Sarmadf, of Ipfahbn. 607.
W u j i Khbn Qurghliji, 41 (No. 147). sarmandol, a musical instrument, 612.
Spmarqandl, Mir, 622. b a s t Khbn, 619 (No. 362).
Sgmi'ah Begum, 421. Sarod Khbn, a singer, 612.
S b d , a poet, 603n., 604. Satr 981 Bundeli, 4-88.
Sancfbil, title of a book, 547. Satr S4l b h h w b h a h , 418.
aanadr, or grants, 269 ;how sealed, 263. Satr Sgl Bdthor, 369.
a poet, 660n., 663. Sat&, a tribe, 466r.
a a d u a h , a dish, 60. Saturn, or Zuhal, 201n.
nand for strewing on paper, 101. SawBdi, e poet, 680n.
sandalwood, 81. Sawdnih, a historical work, 316n.,
Sandahas, a family of Amarkot, 339. 418n.
Sdngah Pnnwar, 626 (No. 411). h & i ' ul ilhdvn, title of a book, 549.
Sen+, of K'harakph, W, 446,446n., mynrgh81, or rent-free land, 261, 268,
4th. 269,270.
q d m , Akbar's favorite gun, 116, Sayyidn, of Amrohah, 381 ; h b a h b h f ,
617. 389 ;of BPrha, 336, 390 ; of Bn-
S P d K h h Harawi, 476. k h M , ' 413, 416 ; of Gulishinah,
ranj, or cymbal, 51. 666n. ; of Injli, 460; of Ithwah,
Sanjar, of KashPn, a poet, 696. 459 ; of Mhnikpiu; 391 ; M h w i ,
&jar Qafawi, M i d , son of SulHn 381 ;Razawi, 381, 482 ;W m i . of
Hnsain M i d , 313, 496 (NO. 272). Bhirbz, 606, 607 ; Tab4ibB, 593n. ;
Seqjar Mird, eon of ILhiw H h h Haz&- of Tirmiz, 6 14
cah, 477n. sciences, how divided, 279n.
Stink4 BBn6.430. waling-wax, how made, 264.
Sanskrit, translations from, 104, 108, seals, Imperial, 46, 62, 263.
199 ; namen of the sun, 200,302. seote, vide KhwBjahs ; Maghribiyah ;
mmj'f (aahiji), a kind of horse, 133. Mahdawl ;Mahmridia ;Nuqtawis ;
h p v s l W s Jidog, 626 (No. 396). BaushBnis ; Sumanis ; Umani ;
Sagwsl Singh Bundel4,488. WBhidia.
raqa!nbnsah, 860. Shid Khin, 481.
&i, Shaikh, a poet, 693. ShM Khbn, M i d ShBddn, 327, 328,
eiqinimahs, a claw of poems, by Sanbi, 480 (No. 233).
663n. ; by Shikebi, 676n. ; by Mu- Shidi Be Uzbak, 619 (No. 367).
hammad Qlifi 6%. ShBdi Beg, .%ti.
Saqqb, a poet, 681n. Shbdi Beg Shujb'at Khbn, 481.
~ r d p a r d u h ,64. Shidi Khin Afghan, 319.
SPTbahd KhBn, 606. Shadi KhBn Shidi Be, 4 6 .
Siihdi ShAIl, l(p2 SL6h Muhammad, son of Qnmish
Shad~nin,JTII.L~, vide Shid Kliin. Sultbn, 606 (No. 310).
Shidmbn Pak'hliwbl, 602. S h i h Muhammad, of KLhghar, 4j9.
Shlfi, Nirzit, 412. Shah Muhammad, of ShkhLGd, lW.
fih:1firl, name of a writcr, L91n. Shah Muhammad K h i n Qakti, 408
ShJh, n title, 337, 33772. (No. 95).
Shdh, Jfaulhna, of Xashhad, a klitib, Shih Quli Khbn NPranji, 480 (No.
100. 231), 596.
ShCh Abul Feth, 686n. Shah Quli Qdabat ghh, 4-49.
Sh6h ALul Na'ili, Jlir, 312,312, 366n., Shah Quli Mahram Bahhlii, 369 (Na
ail. 4).
Sliih ALfi Tul.Cb, 198. ShEh SultSn, M i d , 441n.
Sh&h 'Slam Ahtnndibjai, 517. +.
shdh-dld (cherries), 65 f aide
Shah 'Ali Nizirn Slilih, 336. Shiham A'ghi, 441.
Shhh Beg Argl~iln(under Bhbnr), 311. Shiham Beg, 319.
Shhh Beg Arghfin, son of Zul-n6n Shaham Khan Jaliir, 410 (No. 91).
Brgliiln, 3@2. Shahamat Khan BArha, 392.
ShCh Ucg Kh6n Arghfin, 313. Shahbiz Khbn Kambli, 188,242,336,
S h i h Beg Iiliiri, vide Kh6n Daurin. 388, 342, 366,399 (No. go), 4%2.
Shill Beg KhCn B;dakhslli, 442 (No. Shahbiz Khbn, son of Sharif Amirol-
148). Umari, 618.
Shih Budbgh Khln, 371 (No. 62), s l d h l , a kiud of silver, 23, 37.
382. ShahjahBn [Prince Khnrram], 310, 311,
S h i h Fanii, Eon of Mir Nnjafi, 436 314, 337, 337n; abolishes the
(No. 115). prostration, 213n.
S h l h Fekhruddin Blfisawi, NaqCbat Shahnawiz Khan gafawi, 339, 4T2,
Khdn, 4.06 (No. 88). 478n.
Shall G h i z i Khan, 443 (No. 165), 4.1.0. Shahnawiz Khhn, M i d rrich, 339,
ShCh IIusain Arghiin, NinEI, 362, $22. 611.
Shih Jablngir, vide Hishimi. Shahri, a poet, 424.
ShCh Khnlil, 376. Shahrukh Dant6ri. 524 (No. 392).
S h i h Mahmbd, of Nishbpfir, a kitib, Shahrukh, hIirzP, son of M M Ibrdhim
102. Badakhshl, 309 ; 312 (No. 7) ; Lir
ShLh Malik, Nir, 466. children, 313 ;380, 380n. ; 5%.
Sh& Manqfir, Khwajah, 430 (No. 122), Sh&rukh, son of Mimi Rustom QPfsvf
34n., 334. 314.
ShCh Alirza, 325,461, 462. ShahryBr, Prince, 311, 610.
S h i h Biuhnmmad Gakk'har, 616 (No. Shah6 K b l Afghbns, 602.
332). S h a h d n h Khbnuni, Akbar'r daughter,
Sh& Muhammad, son of Masnad i 'Xli, 308.
525 (No. 395). [541. Shaibani, a tribe, 319, 328.
Shih Muhammad, JfaulLnfi, 106, 640, ShaibQni KhPn Uzbak, 361, 362.
Shbh Muhammad, aIulla, 208. Shaikh Husain, an engraver, 63.
S h i h Muhammad, Minb, vide Qhaznin Shaikh Husain, ManMn4 580.
Khan, 378. Shaikh Mir, M r .
 Waikhfiwat Kachh&ahs, 494. shawls, 90. 91.
Shaikhddah i Snhnoardt 100. Sher Afkan W h Istajlii, first husband
Sh6iitah Khbn, M i d bbfi T6lib, 611, of Nfir Jahin, 496,624.
61% Sher Afkan, eon of Saif Kokah, 618
Shajbwal Khbn S6r, 428. (No. 365).
8hamdil unna%, title of a work, 644 Sher Afkm Khbn Hamiyini, %6.
Shbmlii, a tribe of Tnrkmirns, 678n., Sher 'Ali Kbmrani, 388.
619. Sher Beg Ya~bwulMshi.616 (No. 334).
S h a m BnkMri, 623. Sher Khhn, son of I'timbd Khlln Qujr6tf,
ahamsah, an ensign, 50. 387.
shamsirerbdz, 262,263. Sher Khbn KlMI, 326, 386, 396, 407,
Shamel, Mimi, v& Jahfingir Quli 463.
Wbn. Sher K h h Mnghul, 494 (No. 263).
Shamsnddin Syasenghur, a kstib, Sher Khwbjah, 459 (No. 176).
100. Sher Muhammad, 624 (No. 393).
Wamsnddin Chak, 618. Sher Muhammad Diwanah, 316, 317,
Shamsnddin Hakfmnl l u l k , 643. 348,402,624.
Shamsuddin Khbfi, Khwbjah, 445 (No. Sher Shih S b , called by Mughul hb-
169), 411, 425,491. toriane Sher Khhn, 328n. ; hie
Shamsuddin Khatbi, a khtib, 100. army reforms, 241 ; confers lands.
Shamsoddin Kirm6ni, a k6tib, 103. 256, 271; 340, 422, 428, 466,
a h d n y d ~ han
, awning, 64. 609, 604.
Shankal Beg, 361. Sher Shih, eon of 'Adfi Mub6riz K h h ,
r'lnaah, 27. 410.
Shhp6r Khwhjah, 608, 619. Sherzird, 403.
Sharaf, of NishPpfir, a musician, 61%. S h e d Khbn Bahhdur, 514.
Sharaf, of Yazd, an engraver, 63. Sher 5 b n BBrha, 392,39?L.
Sharaf Beg, of S h i r k 612 (No. 321). Sheri, a poet, 106, 197, 202, 204,
Bharafuddin, of Munair, a saint, 48. 610.
Sharafuddin, Mir, 607. Sheroyah K h h , 465 (No. 168).
Bharafuddin Hnsain, M i d , 322 (No. Sherollah, 6'22.
17), 329,350, 361. ShiVahs, 338; how treated by Snnnis.
sharif Xmnli, &fir, 462 (No. 166), 401 ; may abuse their religion, vide
176, aO9, 691n. taqiyah.
Sharif, Amir ul Urn&, eon of Khwbjah Shift%, a writer, 543.
'Abdoqqamad, 617 (No. 361). Shihib Badakhshi, 4%.
Bharlf Khbn, 383 (No. 63). SbihPb Khin, a singer, 612.
Sharif, Mir, of Kolbb, 626 (No. 406). Shihbb Kbbn, Hiji, 371.
Gharif, Mlr, eon of Sh& Pathullah, 640. Shihibnddin Ahmad Khirn, or ShihPb
Sharif, M i d , eon of 'Alboddin, 522 Khin, 332 (No. 26), 591n.
. (No. 372). ShihPbuddin Suhrawardl, 433.
S h d Sarmadi, 616 (No. 344), 691n., Shikebi, Mullb, a poet, 335n., 676.
607,607n. Shimil Khin Chelah, 443 !No. 154),
Sharif WuqCi, a poet, 691. 476.
ahatal, 203. ships, 280.
 shlrbirinj, 69. sitting, modee of, la.
ShirwBni Afghina, 619. Sivrkt, e Hindd festival, 201.
ahshah, a caligraphical term, 103n. SiwB EUm, 481.
Shujb Beg Arghdn, vids Shih Beg. siydhgoah, 290.
Sbujti' Kibuli A d Khin, 43110. Sojb Kachhwbhah, 329.
Shuji', MirG, NajBbat Khbn Badakh- soldiers, their pay, 247, 261, 262, 349n. ;
shi, 313. fined, 286.
Shuji'at Khbn, v& 'Abdnllah Kh6n sonnde, nature of. 98.
Uzbak. Soa o giuEB5, a Mesnawi, 606n.
'
Shujb'at Khhn Mnqim Arab, 371 (No. specifio gravity, 41 ; of woods, 227.
61). spioes, 64. 1422.
ShujL'at K h h Shbdi Beg, 481. Sri Urn, son of @pati of Bih&, 400,
Shujl'at KhPn, ~ h a i k h Kabir, 619, Stewart's History of Bengal, 323,3681~.
520,621,522. 370n., 399n.
Shnjl'at Kh6n Siu, 428, rL28n. stitch, different kin& of, 89n.
Shuja'i, a poet, 643. a t o m , 81.
ShujLwal Khin Afgh6n. 447. at&, diierent kin& of, 90, 91, 017.
Shukrullah Zafar Kh6n, son of Zein SubhBn KhBn, e singer, 612.
KhLn, 346, 622 (No. 373). Subh6n Quli KhLn, of Bokhhra, 6i22.
Shnkmnnis6 Begnm, Akbar's daughter, S n b b Quli Turk, 383.
308. Subh6n Singh BnndolL, 488.
shrllah, a dish, 60. aggandh &ald (bdellinm), 8-1.
aijdah, or prostration, 169, 181, 192, sugarcane, cultivation of, 69.
460;continued by JahBngir, 212n. ; Suhail Khin Habahi, 336.
abolished by Shhhjahin, 213n. Suhriib KhBn, 413.
a&{, 2 4 Suhriib Turkmin, 463.
rikkachi, 22. Suk'h Deo Bundeb, 488.
S i i d a r DntBnl, 604. miki, e coin, 31.
Siandar Kh6n S&, 319, 365, 36th. Suleiman (Solomon), king of the Jews,
Sikandar Mird, 461,462. 306,664, 664n., bti?rn.
sildras (storex), 81. Snlaimhn Kantrhni, king of Bengal.
Sildoz, a ChaghtSi clan, 435. 171, 318, 337, 366,427, 602 ;hie
Silhadi Kachhwhhah, 496 (NO. 267). death, 427%. , 618.
silver, 22, 26, 31, 36, 38, 40. Sulaimb, Khwajah, 457.
aim. i rlkthtah, a metallio composition, Sulaimbn Lohhni, Khwhjah, 620.
a. Sulaimkn Mankli, 370.
sing, a b m horn, 51. Sulaimhn, N i d , son of K h b M i d
SingrA~n,vide S a n g r h . 311 (No. 6), 322.
Sipahdbr Khirn, 604. SulaimLn Shh7izi, Khwajeh, 366, 467,
sipand, wild rue, 139n., 6?7n. 612 (No. 327).
Sirhji, e poet, 669n. SuIrr'i6n. Sul*n, of Badakhshdn, 440.
S i B n KhLn, a singer, 612. sulphur, 26,39.
Siri 98, a kind of cloth, 94, 617. uub, a kiud of writing, 99, 100.
Birr tree, used in medicine, 421. SulMn, nors de plume of several poets,
sitcii, al. 320.
Sol$4n Shaikh, of Thineawar, 104.
Sultbn &dam Gakk'har, vide &dam.
Sult&n 'Ali, of Qdyin, a k&tib, 102.
S d M n 'Ali, Khwdjah, aids Afzal
Khbn.
Sul*n '811, of Maahhad, a kfitib, 101,
102.
, Tw.
ABdNCHAH, a k h t i n g elephant,

Dbaqdt i dkbad, chronology of, 41h.

tdbindt, 242.
fabri, a dirham, 36.
iagirihab, 250.
Sul* Begnm, 441. Tafdbtll 'Imdrat, title of a work,
S u l t h Deorah, e i h SaltBn Deodah. 363.
S d t h HXIZ Hueain, a musician, 613. Tufas/* i Xa'dnl, 623.
SulMn Hhhim, a musician, 613. T&ir Beg, son of K h h i Kaldn, 506
S d $ b Husain, of Khujand, 102. (No. 312).
Sult6n Husain JaliLir, 317, 384, 411. I T&ir WAn, Mir Parkhat, 408 (No.
SdMn Husain M i d , 299. 94), 634. [62l.
Snl@inIbrbhim, of Anbah, 436,633. T a u Muhammad, Khwijah, 4%&
S d g n Khbnnm, Akbar'e daughter, Tdhir Mbawi, Mlr, 482 (No. 236).
484. Tahir, son of Saifulmulbk, 473 (No.
Sul$n Khwbjah, 'Abdul 'Azim, 204, m l ) , 626.
209,210, 269, 272,273, a23 (No. Tahmh Xi& P f a w i , 314.
108), 619. Tahmbp, Shbh, of Persia, 408, 409,
Sol@in Mahmlid Badakhshf, 628. 424, 456 ;dies 178.
Snltgn Mahmlid Mird, 311. Tahmlinrs, eon of Prince Ddnyirl, 310.
Sult$n Ynhammad Wandkn, 102. Tahwflddr, an o5cer, 46.
Snl@inMuhammad Mnnsif Khbn, 477. ta'ini 242.
S d g n Muhammad Nth,a kbtib, 102. Tkj Bibi, u& Mumtdz Mahall.
Sulwn %rang Gakk'har, 456, 486. Tdj Khkn, 467.
Sulthu Tatirr Gakk'har, 456. Tdj Khan Ghori, 326.
Sul*unnisb Begnm, 310. Tkj Khdn K'hatriah, 626 (No. 404).
Snmanb, a sect in Sindh, 179n. T i j i idmini, a kbtib, 101.
sumni, a coin. 30. T(tjak, a work on Astronomy, 106.
sun, worshipped by Akbar, 200,202 ; Tbjuddin, of Dihli, 181.
honored by Jahangir, 212n. Takaltb Khbn, 464.
Snndar, of 0&k, 626 (No. 414). takaucbkzh, a kind of coat, 88, 683n.
Siu Dbs Kachhwbhah. 498. Takhtuh Beg Kirbuli, 4 9 (No. 195).
Siu D h , a singer, 612, 612n. takl13 196.
Siu Singh Uthor, 359. Takld, a Qizilllsh tribe, 426.
n i r a j h d n t , a stone, 48. tcrkwin, 196.
S u j a n H+i %i, 409,436. takyahnamada, 65.
rurkb, a weight, l6n. ta'liq, a kind of writing, 101.
Surmab i &&imdni, a Persian ta'liqah, 249,265, 259, 261.
dictionary, 618. tdliqdn, a metnllic composition, 41.
rccrnd, a trumpet, 61. tamghd, 189.
euttpee, 341, 606n., 612n. Tamkin, an engraver, 52,63 ;-a wrong
swhlling, a disease pecnliar to Bhakknr, reading for N a m a h , oide Abul
421. Qhsim Namakin.
tungdr, 26. T i t i r Sultin, of Persia, 508.
tu'trg'hczn, a pony, 133. Tuuhid i Ikihi,name of A k W s reli-
?ink, a weight, 16n. gion, 201.
Tansen, the singer, [Tansain, Tansin] tatGih, m y accounts, 260.
406, 475, 615, 613n. tau+', a kind of writing, 99, 100.
Tirntarang Khan, a singer, 612. taxes, 275, 430; on marriages, 278 ;
Taqi, or Taqiy6, NullB, of Shustar, 208, on horses imported, 215.
209, 518 (No. 352). tdri, a kind of horse, 140,233.
Tdqi i\Iull,tmmad, 618. Tuzkiratul Umard, a historical work,
Taqi, Dlir, son of Shah Fnthullah, 4Mn.
540. ten ser tax, 275.
Taqiyb, of Balbbn, 618. Terry's Voyage to East India,621.
tayiyah, practised by Ghi'ahs, 338. t'ha'ttah, meaning of, W n .
tarctfddr, 280. thi;/t', 59.

Tarbigat Khin, 371. tiger huntiug, 283.

Tardi Beg Kl~bn,318 (No. 12), 371. Tihanp~l~ia, a clan, 391,393.
Tardi KhAn, sou of Q ~ x aKhan, Y a , 416 Tiluksi Kschhwahah, 398.
(No. 101). tilrocrh, 258.
tdri, or toddy, 70. timber, kinds of, 223, 227.
Fdrikh i AIJi, 106, 4 i D . Tiinur, 361, 366,460:
TLrikh i IIJhi, or Akbar's Divine Era, Tiinur and Napoleon I., 587n.
105. Tiinur B,dukhshi, 476.
TL~ikh i Khdn Juhdn Lodi, 606. Ti~nurKhan Yakkah, 476 (No. 216.)
TciriX-h i ilfu'~iirt~i, &11i., 490. Timurides, 461.
liirikh i .h?u~hi(fi, a historical work, tin, 40.
459, c I . t i O ~ r . , 4 6 l n . titles, 240, 241, 253, 313, 330, 333,
TLirikh i Si~rdh(AI&cphni), 614. 337, 337n., 339, 364, 368, 36%,
Tirikix, a tribe, 469. 388, 41'2n., 446n., W , .60.3-
Tnriqi, a ~ I O C ~608n. , 643; of Afghhs, 6@2; vide Tar-
turkhcin, a title, 364 ; conferred by khin, ShLh, Sultbn, Fanand, Mh
Altbar, 542. S&m&n,Mir Shab, BIir Yanzil,
Tarkhbn Diwirnah, 351. Mir RubUi.
tarkul tree, 70. Todar Midl Khaki, Riijah. 33. 333,
tarri, a fruit, 71. 351, 341, 348, 376, 382, 382n..
Tarson Khan, 342 (No. 32), 42!!. 432 ; hi birth 620.
Tarson, Xulla, of Undakhshau, 810. toddy, ~iu'eGri.
Tabh Beg, of Qipchbk, a musician, (313. Tolak Khin Qrichin, 444 (No. 168).
T b h Beg Khin Mughul, 467 (No. toleration, W n .
178). tolls, rivertolls, 281.
Tashbihi, of KhbPn, a poet, 476, 696. ToqbPi, a ChaghtAi clan, 434.
halint, a kiud of salutation, 138. torah i Clcingixi, 464 .
tusszij, a weight, 3G. translations from Sanskrit into Persian
T&&, worship the sun, 210. 104, 199.
TntAr Gakk'har, Sulgn, 466. transmigration of souls, 179.
Tatir Khhn, 42-1 (No. 111). Treasuries, 12, 14.
 TriLlea, aids Afrldt, bsehsr, A r g h b , 'Umar ibn Hubairah, 36.
ArlAt, AwBn, Bahirlii, Bakhty41, 'Umar Shaikh M i d , eon of T i u r ,
Bales, BatanC - a s , 299,461, 646.
BbdgiBil Gskk'har, Chibh, Dhnndq umarct i kibdr, 239, 240.
Dilahdk, Dnldei, Gakk'har, Q h m Umm Knlahn Begum, 4411.
bah Khail, Ghajah, Bojf, Ha- uplah, or oowdung, 21.
Sah, rghnr (Uigur), JalBir, Urd6 language, 362.
Janjgah, Jh&hh, Jodrah, Kijar, Urdbbegia, armed women, 46.
Kkkar, Uh't,i Kh4ns8dah, K'ha- 'UA of Shi* the poet, 426, 669,
tars, K'hotsr& Kohbar, LohBni, 680~.
Rbhmand, Mbji, Maidid, Mah, 'Usmbn, eon of Bahidur Khbn Qur-
?dmgdl, MBwi, Miyhah, Ni- beg$,45.
kallii, Niyhzf, Qubqe'iii, Qwlygh, ' U d n Lohhl, Khwkah, 340, 341,
Sandaha, Satti, Sh4hd Khail, 477,620, 621.
Shaibini, Shhlii, 8hirwBnf S i l d g Usth Doet, a singer, 6U.
T&l& Ti&& T4&, Toqbij UsU Muhammad Amin, 613.
Tnrbeti, Turk, Ustajlii, Uebak, Usth Muhammad Hnsain, 613.
Ybnfiai, Znlqadr ;zride Bbjpfitr Usth Shkh Mnh~mmad,613.
!Hi Muhammad QiqsMll, 621. Usti Yhnf, 613.
hi&&, an o t h , 278. U s U Jalabi, aids B b i W h .
Tnlei DLe JMOIJ, 602 (No. 306). Ust4d M i d 'AU Fatha& a singer,
tnmantoq, a royal h d a r d . 60. 61%.
tuplss or nine, a favorite numbs cE Ustt+jlii, a tribe, 619.
the Mnghuls, 364n. Uwais SnltQn, 311.
Tnrbati, name of a tribe, 34% Uymdq (aim&), 371n, 381n.
W, a kind of horse., 233. Uzbakn, 313.
Truka, their rharseter, 64D. wuk, an imperial ee$, 62.

'rid, wide Aloea. Vaklle, of Akbar's reign,

- 527.
U'dai Singh, wn of Jnimall, 428. Vezirs, of Akbar's reign, 627; oi&
Udai Singh, Mot'h Ujah, of JodhpG, Wszfr.
310,429 (No. 121), 610. Vezir Khin Harawi, 363 (No. 41), 366.
Udai Singh, -15 of MewPr, 330, 353, vegetnhlee, 63, 71.
368,619. voracity, 471.
Ugar Sen Kaohhw&ah, 418. vowel-signs of the Arabic laognege, 99.
Uignr, oids rghur.
Ujjainiah &jab, of Biik, 6 1 3 s
UlEeth a poet, 34-n., 366% I W A C L I , a poet, 622,608,512.
Lllogh Beg,son of MIna Sd+, 319.
Ulwh KhBn Habebi, 437 (No. 136). wages of laborers, 225 ;of sailom, 281,
Ulugh 31W, 461,462. Wahdat 'Ali h u s h h i , 411.
UmenB, a sect, 462, 462n. Wihidis, a sect, 462.
'Umar, the KhaWh, 36. W&i Khwijah Didq, 433, 464.
84
Wnjihuddin, Shaikh, of Gujdt, 416, YtidgBr, Khwbjah, kS2.
499, 467,638. Ytklgbr 'Ali S u l g n T u s h , 613.
Wakil, vide VakA. E'bdgAr HUati, a poet, 695.
WQlb Jbh, Prince, 472n. YUgLr Husain, 437,616 (No. 338).
Wali Beg, 618 (No. 369). Yldgbr Razawi. 346.
Wali Beg'zulqadr, 329. YahjB, of K h h b , a poet, 661n.
Wali Dasht Bayhzi, a poet, 67&. YrbyI, Khwbjah, of Sabzwiir, 601n.
Wali K b i n LohAni, 520, 621. Yahyb, Mir, a kbtib, 100.
Wali Mini, 310. Yahyii Qazwini, X r , 467.
Wblihi, a poet, 695n. yak-hdt'h, 262.
WaqLri, vide Vaqlrl. yakhd, a dish, 60.
wdqi'alr9~au&,or news writer, 258. yamant, a dirham, 36.
Wdqi'dt i B i b a d , History of Bebar's Yalninuddaulah XFaf JLh, 611 ; vide
reign, 336. Aqaf KhAn (IT).
wardrobe, the imperial, 87,91. Ya'qlib Beg Chaghthi, 331.
water, drunk a t Conrt, 66 ; - of life, Ya'q6b Beg, son of S W Beg KhPn-
656n. Daurbn, 378
waterfowl, 295,296. Yayqlib Bnkhbri, Sayyid, 398.
war representations of the birth of Ya'qlib Chak, 479.
Christ, 193,618. Ya'qfib pfi, Shaikh, of Kashmfr,
wazifah, or allowances, 268. 182, 479,646,681.
Wazir Beg Jamil, 473 (No. 200) ; vide Ya'qlib, Qbai, 174.
Vazir. Y b q ~ t invents
, the noskh-writing, 99.
weapons, list of, 110. ycfqlit, a stone, 6100.
weavers, 55,88. Ybr Beg, 6D2.
weighing of the king, &c., 266 ;- of Y d q K h l n [Bodq Kh&?J 480,
distinguished men, 61%. 621.
weights, 16n., 36; vide M b k h l i r i ; Ydr Muhammad, son of gidiq K h h ,
87 ;-of Kashmir, 8 4 346. 499 (No. 288).
wine, drunk a t court, 197 ;vide drink- Ybr Muhammad, Mir, of Ghami, 321.
ing. yaual, 160.
wood,price of, 223. Yatim Bnhldur, 470.
wrestlers, 263. Yazid, 36.
writing, art of, 96. Yo1 Quli Anisi, a poet, 478.
women, how many a Muhammadan may yulmah, a dish, 60.
marry, 173 ; 44 ; armed, 46 (vide . YlinCu Beg, 619 (No. 369).
Urdlibegis) ; perfect, 48 ; of Persia Y b u f (Joseph), 558n.,57Sn.
India and Transoxania, compared, Ylisuf, son of 'Umar, 36.
321; how treated in the Ilkem, Y h u f Beg ChaghtB, 331.
361 ; - literary, uids Makhfi. Y b u f Hnrkun, Sbaikh, 639.
Wuqb'i, of NishSpb, a poet, 691. Y b u f Kashmirl, 623 (No. 388).
YiLsuf Xhln, son of H u a i n a n
Tukriyah, 373,620.
Y A # B a horse. 233. Y h u f Rhhn Razawi, Mirzb, of Mash-
y d d d ~ h t249,
, 269. had, 346 (No. 35), 449,606n.
Pliauf W i n Chak, of Kashmir, 478 Zainul 'A'bidin, Snlt6n of Kaehmir, 456,
(No. 228). 611n.
Yliauf Mitti, 422. Zakaiyd, Shaikh, of Ajodhan, 181.
Ylienf Muhammad Khhn, son of Atgah ZaU, Mir, 482.
Khhn, 323 (No. 18). Znlikhi, wife of Potiphar, 6 6 t h
P l i e d Shtih, of Mashhad, a kbtib, 100. ZamBn, Shaikh, of Phipat, 181.
Y&ufiais, 204,333,344.- eam{ndoz, a tent, 6 4
earah [zarrah], a coin, 30 ; n weight,
36.
card 6irinj, a dish, 69.
Zafar Khhn, ShnkruUah, 522. Zawdb, 21.
=hid, son of Q&q Khbn, 499 (NO. Zarrah o Khurahed, a Maanawi, 697..
286), 600. Zam'n-qalam, title of b;Ptibs, 100, 102,
Zdhid Khin Kokh, 412. 103.
Zahirnddin 'Abdullah Imimi, 6%. edt, ' brevet,',241.
Zahiruddin, Khwdjnh, 626 (No. 397). Zebnnnid Begnm, danghter of Amng-
Zahirnddin Ywdi, Wr, 326. zeb, 309.
Zkidullah. Mir, 472, 473. Zibnddin, Shaikh, 646.
Zain K h h Kokah, 205, 328, 344 (NO. Ziduddin Y b n f Klrdn, 472.
341,410, 477n., 692n. ZSullah, son of Muhammad Ghans,
Zain SLdh Gakk'har, 46611. 457.
Zainuddin, a kitib, 102. ZSul Mdk, of Kbhtin, 497 (No. 296).
Zainnddin AbG Bakr, of TGWd, 8 Zoroestrians, 184, 210.
saint, 366. Znbair, 36.
Zainnddin '811,628 (No. 405). Zuhal, or Sntnm, 201n.
Zainuddiu KhCl, 692, 692n. Zulf 'Ali Yazdi, 439.
Zainuddin Yahmlid Kam6ngw. 639n. ZulfaqC Khhn Nuqratjang, 611.
Zainul '#bidin, M i d , son of A'@ Znl-ndn Beg Arghlin, 361,362.
Kh6n (HI.), 412, 673. Zulqadr, a Turkish tribe, 610.
 I N D E X
OF

GCEOGCRAPHICAL N A M E S
IN TIIE FIRST VOLUME
OF TIIE

&"N I AKBARf.

Amber, 328, 329n., 339.

A B i Ghorband, 445. Amet'hi, 611, 638, 646,
Abcgayh, 358. Amner, 484n.
#b6, Mount, mde A b ~ a y h . Amrohah, 202, 438.
Kchin, 79, 81,281. AmrsarnByin, 286.
#grab, 31, 3 h . , 65, 88, 289n., 297n., A'mul, 176, 462.
298, 314, 318, 311, 343, 350, 360, Andajhn (Farghirnah), 354,380.
336, 403, 413, 414,434, 447, 451, Anwlnh, 395.
458, 474,481, 483,490, 499, 600, 'AqabIn Mount, 380.
604, 506, 610, 611, 513, 614, 623, Arnh (BihLr), 382, 400,$41, 45a.
640,641, 6G7n., 676n., 582n.,698n., Arail, 426.
612 (Fort of), 380, 614. Arakan, 396n.
Kg Nahall, 330, 410, 465. Arbadir Achal, 368n.
AhmadLbLd, 31, 88, 322, 326, 327, Ardistin, 516.
332, 334,348,361, 364, 385, 386, Arhang, in B a d a k b h h , 6 5
416, 415n., 463, 506, 607, 607n., Arwi, 484-n.
638, 647, 668n., 579% 6 8 4 Asad6bHd (Ramad6n), 5861.
68Gn., 690n., 609n.,616. Ashti, 335,484.
Ahmadnagar, 336, 336, 337, 401, 4 9 , btrhbkd, 699n.
491, 604. A@, or A@k Baniraa, 31, 3 7 h .
Ahroi, 622. 446,UGn., 522.
Ajmir, 31, 143, 187, 289n., 309, 323, At'hgarh, 3'24~.
327,329, 330,340,353, 357, 396, Aubah (near H d t ) , 101,436.
398, 400, 401, 419, 4ii.8, 449, 462, Audh, (province) 341, 364, 366, 389,
466, 464, 482, 540, 609n. 465 ;-(town), 31, 366, 400, 44Q
Ajodhan, vide Pbk Patan. 444, 647.
Akbarnagnr (Rbjmahall), 340,611. Anrangdbdd (or K'harki), 491%
'AIBpfir, 286. Awinkdri, 646n.
'Ali Masjid, 418, 465n. A'zampb, 462, 638.
All&hBbSd, or Ilihbbs, or ndh&biid, Azarb4ijirn, 316.
31, 280, 310, 314, 368, 4Q7, 412,
413,614,617 ; vide Piykg, 617.
Alwar, 31, 359n., 371, 637, 646.
Amarkot, 318, 321, 339.
Badakhahhn, 132, 311, 312, 313, 315, Bardwcin, 366,496,497, 526, 681n.
330, 380,380n., 381n., 388, 438, Bareli, 396, 481.
440, 612. Bbrha, 390.
Badalgarh, 380n. Bbd, 283, 286, 619.
BedBon, 31,409, 46,497, 647. Barodah (Gujdt), 334 386.
B g h i Qd66 Ulln. Badhwbn, 177,462,4621~.
B6gh i Dahrah, 499. Basantprir, Kamhw, 373.
B@h i M i d Urn& (Uhor), W, Baskwar, 261.
414n., 464 4 6 . Bastar, 122.
Bdgh i Niu-Manzil, 499. ' Bangli, 398n., 483.
Bdgh i S a n k Khh, 469. Bayhnwbn, 122.
Baghdsd, 100. Baz6hh 6%.
Beglibah, 323,402, 600. Bengal, 31, 68, 122, 149, 194 W ,
Behat DnBb, 626. 271, 279, 326, 330, 331, 932,
Bahat River, 346. 33% 339, 540, 341, 348, 360,
Bahirah, 31,223, 356, 470. 361, 364, 366, 366, 417, 424
Bahrkich, 67, 410, 444, 461. 427, 430, 436, 439,469, 481, 493,
Bahrain, 82. 493n., 496, 498, 499, 612,
BehrkmpGrah, 460. 620.
Behronch, 333, 334, 335, 383, 386, BhadBwar. 488,489.
46%. 6%. Bhadrak, 341, 374, 376,447.
Baihsq, 498. Bhfignlpdr, 330.
%or, 3M (where wrong Waijiu), 356, Bhaimi (Bhasi), 396.
361,404, 425, 471. BhhnwBl, on the Bidh, 394*., 398,
Bajwhh, 183. 413, 414, 41h, 464; near the
W e a r , 476. Chnnib, 4 S k
B e w p i u , 343,400. Bhakkar, 31, 190,191, 271, 332, 3-43,
BbIbg'h&t,336, 337, 412,603, 604. 362, 363, 363n., 420, 431, 428.
BalanM, or Girewah Balandrf, 344. 428, 438, 471,481,490,614, 616,
Bnlsndehehr, 393. 546.
W p & ,339,367, 506. BhakrBlah, 486.
BaKwal, 326, 327. Bhander, 606.
BnlMn, 618. Bhaai, aio?t3 Bhaiqaf.
Bblin, 69%. Bkat'h Q'horB, 123, 565, 367, 406,
Bnlkh, 176, 311, 316, 384. 618.
Balmhietiin, 360. Bhbti, 331,340,342, 34%n., 556, 400,
BsmiyBn, 444. 401, 431n., 436.
BanBras, 31,72,500, 687n. Bhatindah, 143, 286.
BenL Ever, 398n. Bhatner, 143, 286.
Bandel, 499%. Bhilss, 335.
Undhd, 368,367, 401, 489. Bhibar, 437, 591n.
Bangash, 313, 4Q2.466, 483,528. Bhojpiu (BiiBr), 613~.
Banpiu (Runpdr), 483. BhowM, 343.
%nrhmblah, 335,479. Biinah, 326, 384, 462,646.
Barir, 337,367,442, 449,4&hr., 491. Biirh River, 317.
Bic.huli, 391,393, 396. Chaw&,349, 366, 410, 427, 466.
Bigrhm, 397, 44ln. Chhach Valley, 487n.
Bihbr, 83, 314, 326, 327, 332, 333, China, 81.
340, 349, 350,361,354,356,366n., Chinese Tartary, 93.
900, 412, 422, 423,443,416, W n . , Chios Island, 79.
450, 461, 462, 466, 4439, 496, 498, Chitar, 330,368, 408,: 409, 436, 989,
611, 613, 613n., 622, 643, 616, 619, 617.
620. Chitto&, 316.
BihAri (Iduzaffarnagar), 394. Chothn~h,618.
Bihishtaibbd, vide Sikandrah. QihhatpGr, 331.
Bijhgalh, 112, 326, 429. F i n , 197.
BijOpdr, 306, 309,466, 69611. C n m , 18.
Bijnor, 396.
Biklnir, 143, 310, 316, 357, 358, 408.
BilLpGr (Muzaffarnagar), 394. Dmxsmr (Tennasserim), 81,
Bilgrhm, 316n., 390, 647. 281.
Bir, 347, 459, 472. DaigGr Fort, 399.
Birbhfim, 396,49451. Daink, 315.
Broach, vide Bahropch. Dak'hin, 82, 95, 149, 254,336.
Dalaman, 469.
Bukhbrl, 361, 423n., 683, 683n., 604.
Bdndi, 410,427, 468. Dlman i Koh, 436.
Damlwand, 643.
BurhPnhEd, 401.
Dhndes, vide Khbndosh.
BnrhbnpCr, 316 (where wrong Bar-
bandoqah, 397.
hbmpCr), 325, 336, 337, 347, 363,
412, 429, 491, 492, 603, 604, 606, Dbngali, 466n., &7n., 621.
613, 618,674n., 578n., 606n. Dantb, vide Dhanth.
Darwfshlbird, 6F2n.
Bbhanj, 446.
Bust, 481. Dasthbrh, 356.
Daulatbb6d, or Dhbrbgnrh, or Deogir,
482,489, 491n.. 603, 606.
Dbwar, (Zamin Dbwar) 313, 314, 319,
ChamBri. 423, 539. 1606, 606n. 328, 388, 408,409.
ChlmpSnir (Gujrbt), 80, 318, 386, M2, Deogarh, vide Vntgir.
Charnylri (Panjhb), 300n. Deogir, vide Daulatbkd.
Chanbr, Fort, 367, 396, 409,436. Deoli Sbjbri, 369n.
Chanbb River, 66, 4191., 464. Deoeah, 329.
Chandauri Chandanrah, 395. Dhbkb, 611,620, 621.
Chanderi, 112,484. Dhameri, 487.
Chbndor Fort, 335. DhamGni, 413.
ChandpCr, 395. DhantCr (Dhantswar), 601, 6 2 4
Chbrikbn, 388. DhanGri. 624
Chatbankb, 393. DhayngClon, 617.
Chatorah, 394. DhOrkayh, vi& Daulat&b&d.
Chatmohor, 621. Dh&nh, 348.
Chaurkqh, 367, 407. Dhhri, 393.
Dholpiu, 357,47%. Garha, (Gadha) or Glayhs-Katsugnh
Dholqah. 351, 397. (Jabalpfir), 122, 326, 348, 356,
Dig'hapati, 621. 367, 368, 372, 381, 408, 409,410,
Dii GziyPn, 494. 428, 460, 480, 497, 633n.
Dili, 31,149,181,306,319,324, 330, Garhi (Bengal), 326, 330, 333, 339,
332,338, 339,366, 367, 397,. 404, 349,370n.
413,415, 416n., 42'2, 42% 465,493, Garmsir, 313, 384.
538,640,641,644,676n., 69%. Gaur, 176, 318, 376, 376, 410.
Dik'hdPr, 317n. Gkwil Fort, 449.
Di@lpfir (MBlwah), 176, 453 ;(Panjhb), Gajb, 44th.
326. Ghandqk River, 379.
%ah, 622. I G'hariwali, 297n.
DiG, 326, 348. GhnrjistAn, 342,38ln., 473.
Dongarpfir, 386,404,428, 494, 4 9 h . Ghatraghal, 497.
Dor River, 624n. GhLiplir, 208, 313, 410, 443, 466,
W d r a h , 399, 399n. 636.
DwCkP,326. Ghaznin (Ghezni), 321, 333,377, 383,
384,43ln., 466.
G'hor6g9hQt,340, 342, 370, 370n., 387,
400,436, 473, 626, 617.
GhujduwOn, 500.
Gidhor, 480n.

1 GilBn, 176, 177, 424 542, 674.

Gob, 331.
Gogandah, 339, 4-00;battle of, when
Faiz Nahr Canal, 333.
Fang& (in SumPtra), 78, 616. fought, 4l8, 418n.
Fa&, in Sijisthn, 41n., 314. Golah, vide a n t o Golah.
Farankad, near Samarqand, 434. GondwBnah, 367,606.
Farldhb.bM, near Dihli, 415, 620. GorBk'hpGr, 32,366,369,370.
FathtibOd SirkLr (Bengal), 374. GoshkSn, or JoshaqOn, 66, 287n.
FathOb2 (Panjib), 4\14 ; (K'harki),
'
GGjOn, 498.
491n. Gfijar Khbn, 456n.
Fathplir, a village near Kaph, 320. GujrQt, town in the PanjBb, 88, 414n.,
Fathpfir Hanswah, 354, 390n., 456. 471.
Fathphr Jhinjhog, 286. Q u j d t (province), 34n., 68, 75, 82, 92,
FatLp6r Sikri, 65, 88, 223, 309, 373, 93, 143, 253, 285n., 316, 325, 326,
U 2 , 403, 423, 4 8 , 492, 493, 495, 327, 332,333, 334, 347, 361, 363,
496, 497, 614,616, 600n. 354, 361, 383, 385, 386, 387, 412,
4\14, 416, 416n., 419, 433, ah.,
F W W d , 319.
460, 463, 470, 478, 604,406, 507,
614543,607n., 611n.
G A R . . HAB District, (87, 621. GulpBighn, 688n.
Ganges, 37, 65. Qfinschh, near JQliidhar, 317n., 619.
Gango, 538,646. Glinhbird (Junhbid), 691.
Ganjabh Port (Gonjkwah), 421. (flirh, or Kupy, 487n.
 Ilichpdr, 326,449,608.
Tnch (Kashmir), 483.
I n M b , 432.
Indus, 37.
Xdn, 64,13a,46th
'Mq, LeS, 3% 132,162,315.
rrich, 468.
Ishtaghnr, 344
I a l h p i u (&imp&), 417,418.
htblif, 38th.
Itowah, 328,362,459.
I'tirnBdplir, near Agreh, 428, 428%

HamidpG, 644.
Handiah, 122, 481, 619.
JahBnibzU, 376%.
H d t , 92, 94,101, 108, 365, 363, 366,
426,671,592n, 602,613. Jeipdr, 329n.,419,41%.
Hardwbr, or Haridwir, 31,66, 562 JBis, 611.
Haribgayh, 1 s . Jaiedmfr, 145,286, 477.
Haripiir, 376. J a i t k m , 389, S89m.
Hasan Abdtil, 426,616. Jnkdarah, 344.
H&ehiipdr,396. JalilBbM, Sl8.
HatiB, 486. Jalilibis, 425.
Hatibpul, 606,506n. Jalap&, vide K'harwah.
Hatkht'h, 323, 389,488. Jdflpdr, 410.
Hazdrah, 290. Jaleaar i(@S) 374, 976 ; near Dihh
Higir (ikbul), 369, 436,809. 425.
HiqBr FirGzah, 31, 67,521. Jblindhar, 31, 817, Slln., 545.
HiltildMd, 332. Jalnhp6r, in B d r , 809, 347.
Hiltin, or Hi], (aids Hailbn) on the Jblor, 40, 557, 493, 494,622.
Jhelam, 467, 6 7 s . Jhm, 319, 366n., 623, 541.
Hinddkush, 312. Jamnah River (Jarnunti), 55.
HirLpdr, 346. Jammd, 945, 456., 466.
Errnand =ver, 313. Jlnsath, 391, 394.
Hosha&bird, 112. Jarlin Bendar, 58%.,
Hkli, 876n., 440, 4 k , 499. Jesar (Jeeeore), 915,341.
Hurmna (Ormnz), 6%. Jannpiu, 31,189,t~18, 319, 320, 321,
S35,342,S47, 955,368, 385, 400,
410, 411, 424, 458, 444, 450, 500,
601,638, 646, 668n., 60%.
Jar&, 693,6938.
Jhanni, 639.
Jhdrkeod, 122, 340, am.
Jhinjhog, vida Fsthpiir.
Jhosi, 314, 426. Kari, in Gujrht, 386.
Jhujhar, 316,393. K b b i u , 92n., 93,102,18?,593n., 594n,,
Jodhpbr, 143,286,330, 367, 399, 429. 696, 696.
Joli Jinsath, 394, 396. Khhghar, 322, 366n., 469, 460.
Jon (Sindh), 316. Kashmir, 31, 58, 65,74, 76, 84,93,102,
Joshagfin, v d a Qoshkin. 106, 132, 279,280, 294,295,297n.,
Jnnibid, b a n , 691 ;w i h Qbnhb4d. 309, 346, 347, 352 ; .conquest of,
Jtin+rh, 326, 328, 334, 361, 397, 460, 380 ; 437,4U, 464,456, 461, 466,
463, 606n. 466, 474,478,479, 482, 483, 486,
Juner, 604. 681, 607n., 611n.
Jurbkdn, 588n. Katak, 374n., 375, 376.
Juwain, 498. Katangi, 367n. ;aids *ha
Ut'hiwiu, 388.
K b a d n , 490.
K*%uL,31,34n., 66,93, 312; 317, Wablishdn, 60th.
318,333, 340, 376, 377, 378, 380, K'hachrod, 478.
432,440, 444446,452, 467, 469, KhG, or Khawif, 445,44n., 692.
477, 481, 622. Khaibar Pass, 204,40Sn., 609n.,610n.
Eachh, 133, 143, 326, 419, 431, 431n. KhairBMd (Panjbb) 333 (Audh), 366,
Kihan River, 486. 381, 582, 390n., 465,469, 638.
Kahirmbtri River, 471. K'halgbn, 331n., 370n.
Kailbodah, 396. Khallukh, 92n.
Kairbnah, 643, 644. K'handfir (P), 419n.
K i k i p h , 483. I Khbndesh (DBndesh), 68, 325, 327,
Kikor, 646.. 336, 336, 336n., 337,463.
Kakranli, 394. Wfinpbr, 440 ;(Panjhb) 456n.
Kalfilf, 329. K'harakpk (Bihdr), 446, &On.
Kalindr, 32, 315, 416, 613. Kbarbuzah, 487.
Kilaptini, 487. K1har(,395.
Kblinjar, 369, 406,4Q6, 605, 611n. Kharjard, 445.
Kblpf, 32,321, 336, 361, 4Q3, 404 465, K'harki, vide Aurangbbtid.
487, 639. K'harwah Jalilpbr, 394.
Kalybnpbr, 410. K'hatauli, 394,396.
KamQn, 373,436,633s. K'hatorah, 394.
Kambhiyat (Cambay), 281, 323, 326, K'baM, 607n.
445, 463. Khawbf, vide Khif.
Kamrij, in Kashmir, 86, 346. Khizrbbhd, 333.
K i n d , 339, 414,416,6(19. Khizrpdr, 343.
Kantit, 426. KhurLdn, 23,313, 314,327, 366, 361,
K4nt o Golah, 373. 362.
Karah (Kayah-Mbnikph), 193, 320, Wurdah (Orlsd), 489, 493,607n.
367, 367n., 468. Khushib, 381, 377, 378, 470.
Karanja, 4 8 h . KhbistAn, 65.
Karbalti, 602, 602n. Khwhjah Awbh, 444.
Karhari Fort, 366. Khwijah Sayyfirbn, 4-44.
85
Khwkrszm, ita music, 61 ; 102,681.
Kingri, 614 (where wrong Kimg6).
Kirmdn, 66,683n. Madbran, 375.
Koch, aids Kdch. Mahindra River, 326, 462.
Koh i SnlaimLn, 423. Mabkar, 449.
Kokrh, 401, 479,479n., 480n. Mahmddtibh3 (Chhpbnir), 507,608.
KolBb, 438. Maiman, 395.
Kol JalU, 343, 612. Mairt'ha (Mirt'ha), 286, 322, 368, 427,
Komalnair, or Konbhalmir, 4 0 , 6 3 3 ~ . 436, 476, 49%.
Korrah, 441. Maisluah. 486.
Kot'ha, 409. Maiwbr (Mewbr), 353, 387, 417.
Rot K'hschwah, 431,431n. Majhaph (Majherah), 391, 396,477.
Kdch Bihbr, 133, 316, 331, 340, 343, Makkah (Mecca), 93, 172, 273, 586n..
370,436, 493n. 608n.
Kfich HBjo, 493, 493n., 621. Malacca, 281.
Kuhptiyah, 608n. Mller, 624.
Knhlita, 4S6n. Malibtir (Malabar), 280.
Kundlf, 393. Mtilig~h,498.
Kural, 487. Mblin, 692n.
Knrdisthn, 316. Milwah, 68, 83,312,321,324,326,332,
333,334, 341, 361, 371, 372, 373,
383, 402n., 428, 461, 462, 478,
606.
G h s r i Bander, 281,363 ; u d e Lohari. Manghah, 422.
U h a r p G (Audh), 620.
LBhor, 31, 66, 88, 92, 93, 95, 280, 311,
Manglirpfir, 394.
Mandalgayh, 452.
.
312, 316, 333, 334, 347, 348, 362, Mandlh, 367n.
366, 366n., 372, 414, 414n., 416, Mandltiir, 380n.
441, 441n., 446,464, 462, 490, 498, Mandb, or Mtindii, 32, 337, 371, 372,
601, 610, 611, 522, 633n., 638,639, 373, 376, 494 604, 516.
641, 644, 646, 646, 647, 569n., Mangalkot, 440.
609n., 613n., 620. Mbnikphr, 320, 369,3832.
Lak'hi Fort, 336, 484. Manipfir ( h i m ) , 297.
Lak'hinplir, 346. MLnkot, 316, 319, 323, 3&,366n., 390.
Lak'hnau, 32, 348,366, 373, 396, 424, Manoharplir, 494s.
469, 470, 518, 612n. Mararij, 84, 345.
Lak'hnor (Sambhal), 316. Mbrgalah, 486, 487, 4 8 7 ~ .
Lalang Fort, 464. Marw, 674.
Lunghinit, 344. Mi5rwtirt 476.
LbriatBn, 490, 640,699n., 601n. Mashhad, 100, 101, 102, 317, 346, 347,
Lohari, 421, 422, 471.; d e L U d . 381, 382n., 640, 663, 668, 693n.,
Lohgayh, 482. 606, 609, 611n., 612, 613.
Lidhibnah, 318, 426. Mbt'hilah Fort, 421.
Luhbwar, 323n. Mat'hurq 264, 284, 478, 488.
Ldni (BauG P), 398,483. Man (Ndrp6r State), 346, 619.
Mbwaralnahr, 187,327. Nbrnanl, 319, 329, 360, 369, 638.
Mbzandarin, 690, 610. Narwar, 122, 484
Medinipdr, 342, 376, 376n., 376. Nisik, 368.
Mewbr, vide Maiwir. Nauairi, in Cfujrit,. 184.
Mewit, 133, 262,319,334 3%., 391, Nauahid, in Turkisan, 92n.
493. Naushahrah (Kashruir), 437.
Mihsi (Champiran), 444. Nawbbganj (Singror), 320.
Midnpiu; 394, 396. Nazar, 603r.
Miyinkbl (Samarqand), 372n., 646, Nazrbir, 334,463.
64Sn., 666, 667n. Nek Ujgdl (?I, 620.
Mohbn (Andh), 462. Niyhbpdr, 102, 332,363, 691, 611.
Mohani, 372, 383. Nimlah, 67.
Mol Xanoharnagar, 494. Nizbmbb&d, 267n.
Mornah, 396.
Mughulmid, 576,376n.
Nuhammadtibid, 410,444. O D G I R , in the Dak'hin, 346, 496.
Muhibb 'AlipSlr, 423. Oorchn, vide U'ndchah.
Yulher, 500. Orfsi, 122, 306, 326, 340, 342, 323,
Mulkbprir, 603. 351, 354, 366, 366, 366n., 370n.,
Multbn, 31, 186, 314, 327, 931, 332, ~ ~ 41,478, 489, 493,
374, 3 7 4 1 376,
336, 341, 353, 356, 362, 363, 399, 608, 620, 526.
422, 472, 495, 603, 611, 616, 644. Ormnz, V& Hurmoz.
Munair, in Bihb, 48.
Mungarwbl (P), 320. P A J KORILB River, 346.
Munger, 361. Pahlunprir, 622.
MurMbbbd, 478. Pak'hlf, 152,454, 479, 501,602.
M d a r n a g a r , 390,391 ; built, 3 9 4 Pakkah, 487.
Pbk Patan (or Patan i Panjhb, or Ajo-
dhan), 31,181,286, 326,683n.
PampGr (Kashmir), 483 ;vide Bamplir,
Nadinah. and Panpb.
Nbdot, 335, 367. Panhbn (P) 66, 616.
Nagarchin, 298n. Pbnipat, 181, 319,643.
Nagarkot, 330, 3%, 404, 463. Panjbb, 3 h . , 65,68, 133,160,381,322,
Naginah, 396 ; vide Nadinah. 330, 331, 333, 368, 360, 365, 372,
NBgor, 32, 95, 143, 286, 3T2, 330, 341, 410, 414, 446, 466n., 467, 466.
363, 367, 369, 376,387,463, 490, Pannah, 122, 426, 618.
493n. Panpfir (Pampfir), in Kashmir, 84 ;uids
Nahr i Shihbb Canal, 333. Pamprir.
Nahrwblah, d e P a p n (Gujrht). PampSlr, in Kaehmir, 86.
Najaf, 569. Parendah, 413. -
NamelrsBr, 470. Parsaror, 348.
Nandanplir, 122. Paahtiwar, 346, 354,377, 397,466,469.
Narbadah River, 326. Pawn or P a b u i Panjtib, oidd PBk
Narhan, 410. Pat an.
Patan (GujrLt), 313, 317, 342, 325,329,
331, 3 U,372, 386, 387 ; battle of,
397 ;406,407, 416,41Gn., 419,4L2, Rai (KhunisLn), 699.
450, 463. RAi Bareti, 320.
Patan (on the Godiwari), e4-59, 483. Raibio, 112, 314, 326, 450.
Pat'hCn (Pait'hitn), 314, 414, 457, 616. Rhjitwnt, 328.
Pat'hri, 335, 496. Rt'ijnlahall, vide Akbnmagar.
l'atialb (I'anjLb), 393. Rtijor, in Kashmir, 309, 461.
Patiali, 372. ltijori, 57.
Pati Haibatpbr, 133. I<ijpipli, 335.
Patnah, 31, 318, 351, 356, 3i9, 408, Hajbhkhi, @21.
427, 465. Rhmplir (IsIhmpbr), 417,418.
PaunLr, 481n. Rlimuir, 510.
Phwangayh, 318. Ratikattah, 339.
Pegli, 281. hntanbhbr, 32, 189, 330,358,387,398,
Persia, 178. 398n., 399, 409, 417, 436,466, 483.
Phar\vhlah, &6n., F'21. Rasl~t,574n.
Phillaur, 317n., G19. R.wirlp~ir,on the Jhelam, 360.
l'ihioi, 468, 469. Ratanpbr, 122, 407.
Pind Dadan lihbn, 456n. Rliwal Pindi, &56n., 487.
Pindi Gheb, 456n. Rcd Sea, 82.
Pinjar, 459. Rcml, M7.
Pigig (viile Allahibld), 368. Itohn~~k'herah, 4tY.
l'ortug;il, 96, 281. Rohttis (in DihJr), 122, 341, 349, 400,
Pot'hwcir, 486,487n. 422, 427, 427n., 497, 602 ; (in the
Pbr JIaudal, 400. PaujLb) 451, 456, 486.
P h i , 340, 36dn., 3iOn. IlLdkhiuah i Naaheb, 322.
l'drniah, or P6rauniah, 396, '136.

(2 S I N (Persia), 591.
y,~lat,314, 4U8, 4-55.
tiOf~t.,613n.
Safid611,' 333, 642.
Qandahbr, G5, 313, 314, 315, 337, 3 4 4 SaLaranplir, 34.
3Ci2, 3ti5n., 3i7, 3i8, cW8, 409, 461, SaLrind, vide Sarhind.
503, 509, 614, 516, 545. Sahwin, 335,336n. ; vide Siwistin.
Qdnnauj, 32, 321, 336, 464, 468, 477. Saj&walplir,428.
QdribLgh, 344. Saliit, 320, 324n., 436.
Q.rzw~n,101, 1U2, 447, 572. Sakrawal [?), 3.20.
Qihrus, aide Cyprus. Salimabbd, 4-40.
QiphiLk, 613. S a h g a ~ h4, 5 .
Qirgh~z,132. Salimnagar, 3.10.
Qirgit BhudL\vsnd Khan, ~ick2n. Salt Iiange, 466n., 470.
Qjsils, or Qistbs, vide Chios. Stuninah, 524.
Qum, 698. Samarqand, 66, 187, 423, 639, 541,
(du~~duz, 315. 6U5n.
 Slirat, 31,34n., 360,364, 358, 386, 462, Timane, 396 (where wrong Tang).
466,649. Todsh,283.
Surkhbb River, 384. Tons River (Banbras), 339.
Tukarof, in @is&,376, 379, PO?.
Tulsiplir, 396.
W r b , 23, 64, 66,132.
Tabrlz, 100, 101, 263, 497, 690, 609, Turkey, 112, 132,279.
611n. Turshiz, 606.
Tahhn (Tehenan), 608,699. w1609.
TbibM, 366, 366n.
T6iq6nl 312.
TBjplir (Bengal), 342,436.
Takaroi, wide Tukarof. Udaiph, 361, 368,400,478,619.
Takht i Sulaimirn, 3%. Ujjain, 31, 312,333,373,436, 429, 470,
Talambah, 330. 494, 613n.
TBligbn, 48h. U'gchhod, 122, 618.
, Talinghah, 442n. Undchah, 356, 468, 468n., 487, 408.
T&+h (in Bengal), 31, 318, 330, 331, U'gtgu (Ootgir),or Dmgqb, 380.
341, 360, 310, 436. U'rchah, v& U'ndchah.
Tanderah, 396.
Tarfiin, 460.
Thhkand, 640.
Tattah (Thathah), 106, 143, 194, 206, Vhalnah, 394.
279, 314, 317, 332, 336, 361,362,
363n., 364, 378,420,422,451, 467,
459, 472, 481, 611,676n.
Tensseerim, oids DahnLari.
T e d Mount, 366,361,471.
Thdner, 603.
T h h a h Langar, 418.
Thbneswar, 104,638.
Thori, 39%
Tibbat, or Tibet, 37, 90,133, 149,201,
297n., 310,456,474,607n.
Tikanplir, 393.
TihPrah, 133, 396. 360.
Tilah, 4%. Zafarnagar, 603.
Tilpat, 416. Zah4k (Zahkk-Biimiybn),444,466.
Tilwsrah, or the B U , 31'1. ZamBniB, founded, 320 ; 382, 427.
Tiranbak, 478. Zanzibar, (Zangbh) 279.
Timiz, 322. ZirbM [Zerbid], east of Sum- 8l,
me-hah, 386. 616.
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