Smullyan (2000) - Eternamente Indeciso (Trechos)
Smullyan (2000) - Eternamente Indeciso (Trechos)
Smullyan (2000) - Eternamente Indeciso (Trechos)
$/Ð*,&$'(&217$5
0(17,5$6(9(5'$'(6
"
>ATRT]bTPS^a
%2$ 3$57( GDDomRGHVWHOLYURWHUiOXJDUQD,OKDGRV&DYDOHLURVH&DYLOR
VRVRQGHFRPRYLPRVFDYDOHLURVVHPSUHID]HPDILUPDo}HVYHUGDGHLUDV
FDYLORVRVVHPSUHID]HPDILUPDo}HVIDOVDVHWRGRQDWLYRpRXXPFDYDOHLUR
RXXPFDYLORVR
8PIDWRIXQGDPHQWDOVREUHHVWDLOKDpTXHpLPSRVVtYHOSDUDTXDOTXHU
QDWLYRGHFODUDUVHXPFDYLORVRSRLVXPFDYDOHLURMDPDLVPHQWLULDDILUPDQ
GRVHUXPFDYLORVRHXPFDYLORVRQXQFDDGPLWLULDYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHVHUXP
FDYLORVR
2VTXDWURSUREOHPDVVHJXLQWHVLQWURGX]LUmRRVFRQHWLYRVOyJLFRVeou
se-então,H se-e-somente-se,GRVTXDLVWUDWDUHPRVPDLVIRUPDOPHQWHQR&D
StWXOR
$9,6,7$'(*5(*Ð5,2
6HX*UHJyULRRUHFHQVHDGRUFHUWDYH]IH]XPWUDEDOKRGHFDPSRQD,OKD
GRV&DYDOHLURVH&DYLORVRV1HVWDLOKDWDPEpPDVPXOKHUHVVmRFODVVLILFD
GDV FRPR FDYDOHLUDV H FDYLORVDV *UHJyULR GHFLGLX QHVWD YLVLWD HQWUHYLVWDU
DSHQDVSHVVRDVFDVDGDV
(
*UHJyULREDWHXHPXPDSRUWDRPDULGRDEULXDSDUFLDOPHQWHHSHUJXQWRX
D*UHJyULRRTXHHOHTXHULD´6RXXPUHFHQVHDGRUµUHVSRQGHX*UHJyULR
´HSUHFLVRGHLQIRUPDomRDFHUFDGRVHQKRUHGHVXDHVSRVD4XDOGHYRFrV
pFDYDOHLURVHpTXHKiDOJXPHQWUHYRFrVHTXDOVHKiDOJXPpFDYLORVR"µ
´6RPRVDPERVFDYLORVRVµGLVVHRPDULGRFRPUDLYDEDWHQGRDSRUWD
'HTXHWLSRpRPDULGRHGHTXHWLSRpDHVSRVD"$VROXomRVHJXHR
3UREOHPD
(7(51$0(17(,1'(&,62
2X
1DFDVDVHJXLQWH*UHJyULRSHUJXQWRXDRPDULGR´9RFrVVmRDPERVFDYL
ORVRV"µ2PDULGRUHVSRQGHX´3HORPHQRVXPGHQyVGRLVRpµ
'HTXHWLSRpFDGDXP"
6H(QWmR
$SUy[LPDYLVLWDUHDOL]DGDSRU*UHJyULRPRVWURXVHPDLVLQWULQFDGD$SRUWD
IRLDEHUWDWLPLGDPHQWHSRUXPKRPHP EDVWDQWH DFDQKDGR $SyV *UH
JyULROKHSHUJXQWDUDOJRVREUHHOHHVXDHVSRVDWXGRTXHRPDULGRGLVVH
IRL´6HHXIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRDPLQKDHVSRVDWDPEpPRVHUiµ
*UHJyULRDIDVWRXVHFRQWUDULDGR´&RPRSRVVRDILUPDURTXHTXHUTXH
VHMD VREUH DOJXP GHOHV D SDUWLU GH XPD UHVSRVWD WmR GHVFRPSURPHWLGD"µ
SHQVRXHOH(OHHVWDYDTXDVHHVFUHYHQGR´$PERVPDULGRHHVSRVDGHWLSR
GHVFRQKHFLGRµ TXDQGR VXELWDPHQWH VH OHPEURX GH XPD DQWLJD OLomR GH
OyJLFDGRVVHXVGLDVGHJUDGXDomRQD8QLFDPS´eFODURµHOHSHUFHEHX´Mi
VHLGL]HUambosRVWLSRVµ
25(&(16($'25
'HTXHWLSRpRPDULGRHGHTXHWLSRDHVSRVD"
6ROXomR 6XSRQKDTXHRPDULGRVHMDXPFDYDOHLUR(QWmRpYHUGDGHRTXH
HOHDILUPRX³RXVHMDTXHVHHOHIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRDVXDHVSRVDWDP
EpP R VHUi³H SRUWDQWR VXD HVSRVD WDPEpP WHP TXH VHU XPD FDYDOHLUD
,VWRGHPRQVWUDTXH seRPDULGRIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRDVXDHVSRVDWDP
EpP R VHUi %HP LVWR IRL H[DWDPHQWH R TXH R PDULGR DILUPRX HOH GLVVH
TXH seHOHIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRVXDHVSRVDWDPEpPRVHUi&RQVHTXHQ
WHPHQWHHOHIH]XPDDILUPDomRYHUGDGHLUDHSRUWDQWRHOHWHPTXHVHUXP
FDYDOHLUR6DEHPRVDJRUDTXHHOHpXPFDYDOHLURHQyVMi GHPRQVWUDPRV
TXH VH HOH IRU XP FDYDOHLUR HQWmRD VXD HVSRVD WDPEpP R VHUi 3RUWDQWR
WDQWRRPDULGRTXDQWRVXDHVSRVDVmRFDYDOHLURV
$ LGpLD SRU WUiV GR ~OWLPR SUREOHPD SRGH WHU UDPLILFDo}HV PDLV SUR
IXQGDVGRTXHROHLWRULPDJLQD&RQVLGHUHPRVDVHJXLQWHYDULDomRGRSUR
EOHPD6XSRQKDTXHYRFrYLVLWHDLOKDSURVSHFWDQGRRXUR$QWHVGHFRPH
oDUDFDYDUYRFrTXHUGHVFREULUVHKiUHDOPHQWHDOJXPRXURQDLOKD'HYH
VHDVVXPLUTXHFDGDQDWLYRVDEHVHKiRXURRXQmRQDLOKD6XSRQKDTXH
XP QDWLYR GLJD D YRFr ´6H HX IRU XP FDYDOHLUR HQWmR Ki RXUR QD LOKDµ
9RFrHVWDUiHQWmRMXVWLILFDGRDRFRQFOXLUTXHRQDWLYRWHPTXHVHUXPFD
YDOHLURHTXHWHPTXHH[LVWLURXURQDLOKD2UDFLRFtQLRpRPHVPRTXHQD
VROXomRGR3UREOHPD6XSRQKDTXHRQDWLYRVHMDXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRp
UHDOPHQWHYHUGDGHTXHKiRXURQDLOKD,VWRGHPRQVWUDTXHVHHOHIRUXP
FDYDOHLURHQWmRKiRXURQDLOKD-iTXHHOHDILUPRXH[DWDPHQWHLVWRHOHp
XPFDYDOHLUR3RUWDQWRKiRXURQDLOKD
$VROXomRDR3UREOHPDHVXDYDULDQWHVmRFDVRVHVSHFLDLVGRVHJXLQWH
IDWR TXH p VXILFLHQWHPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH SDUD TXH R DVVLQDOHPRV FRPR
7HRUHPD,
7HRUHPD , 'DGDXPDSURSRVLomRSTXDOTXHUVXSRQKDTXHXPQDWLYRGD
,OKD GRV &DYDOHLURV H &DYLORVRV GLJD ´6H HX IRU XP FDYDOHLUR HQWmR Sµ
(QWmRRQDWLYRWHPTXHVHUXPFDYDOHLURHSKiGHVHUYHUGDGHLUD
$VROXomRDR3UREOHPDpXPFDVRHVSHFLDOGR7HRUHPD,WRPDQGRS
FRPRDSURSRVLomRGHTXHDHVSRVDGRQDWLYRpXPDFDYDOHLUD$YDULDQWH
GR3UREOHPDRSUREOHPDVREUHRRXURWDPEpPpXPFDVRHVSHFLDOGR
7HRUHPD,WRPDQGRSFRPRDSURSRVLomRGHTXHKDYHULDRXURQDLOKD
(7(51$0(17(,1'(&,62
7DPEpPpFRQVHTXrQFLDGR7HRUHPD,TXHQHQKXPQDWLYRGD,OKDGRV
&DYDOHLURVH&DYLORVRVSRVVDDILUPDU´6HHXIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmR3DSDL
1RHOH[LVWHµDPHQRVpFODURTXH3DSDL1RHOUHDOPHQWHH[LVWD
6HH6RPHQWH6H
4XDQGRRUHFHQVHDGRUHQWUHYLVWRXRTXDUWRFDVDORPDULGRGLVVH´0LQKD
HVSRVDHHXVRPRVGRPHVPRWLSRVRPRVDPERVFDYDOHLURVRXDPERVFD
YLORVRVµ
2PDULGRSRGHULDDOWHUQDWLYDPHQWHWHUGLWR´(XVRXXPFDYDOHLURVHH
VRPHQWHVHPLQKDHVSRVDIRUXPDFDYDOHLUDµ'iQRPHVPR
2 TXH SRGH VHU GHGX]LGR VREUH R PDULGR H R TXH SRGH VHU GHGX]LGR
VREUHDHVSRVD"
6ROXomR 1mRVHSRGHGHWHUPLQDUVHRPDULGRVHULDXPFDYDOHLURRXXPFD
YLORVRPDVRWLSRGDHVSRVDSRGHVHUGHWHUPLQDGRDVVLPVHDHVSRVDIRVVH
XPD FDYLORVD R PDULGR QXQFD SRGHULD DILUPDU TXH HOH p GR PHVPR WLSR
TXHVXDHVSRVDSRUTXHLVVRVHULDRPHVPRTXHDILUPDUTXHHOHpXPFDYL
ORVRRTXHHOHQmRSRGHID]HU
8PDPDQHLUDDOWHUQDWLYDGHYHURSUREOHPDpDVHJXLQWH2PDULGRpRX
XPFDYDOHLURRXXPFDYLORVR6HHOHIRUXPFDYDOHLURVXDDILUPDomRpYHU
GDGHLUDSRUWDQWRHOHHVXDHVSRVDVmRGRPHVPRWLSRGRQGHGHFRUUHTXH
VXDHVSRVDWDPEpPpXPDFDYDOHLUD3RURXWURODGRVHHOHIRUXPFDYLORVR
HQWmRVXDDILUPDomRpIDOVDSRUWDQWRHOHHVXDHVSRVDVmRGHWLSRVGLIHUHQ
WHVGRQGHGHFRUUHTXHVXDHVSRVDGLIHUHQWHPHQWHGR PDULGR p XPD FD
YDOHLUD ( SRUWDQWR QmR LPSRUWDQGR VH R PDULGR p XP FDYDOHLUR RX XP
FDYLORVR D HVSRVD WHP TXH VHU XPD FDYDOHLUD 2 WLSR GR PDULGR DTXL p
´LQGHWHUPLQDGRµHOHSRGHULDVHUXPFDYDOHLURTXHDILUPRXYHUGDGHLUDPHQWH
VHUWDOTXDOVXDHVSRVDRXHOHSRGHULDVHUXPFDYLORVRTXHDILUPRXIDOVD
PHQWHVHUWDOTXDOVXDHVSRVD
(VVHSUREOHPDpXPFDVRHVSHFLDOGRVHJXLQWH'DGDXPDSURSRVLomRS
VXSRQKDTXHXPQDWLYRGDLOKDGLJD´(XVRXXPFDYDOHLURVHHVRPHQWHVH
SIRUYHUGDGHLUDµ2TXHVHSRGHGHGX]LUGDt"
'XDVSURSRVLo}HVVmRGLWDV equivalentesVHHODVIRUHPDPEDVYHUGDGHL
UDVRXDPEDVIDOVDV³HPRXWUDVSDODYUDVVHWRGDYH]TXHTXDOTXHUXPDGDV
25(&(16($'25
GXDVIRUYHUGDGHLUDHQWmRDRXWUDWDPEpPRVHUi'XDVSURSRVLo}HVVmRGL
WDV inequivalentes VH HODV QmR IRUHP HTXLYDOHQWHV³HP RXWUDV SDODYUDV VH
XPDGHODVIRUYHUGDGHLUDHDRXWUDIDOVD2UDRQDWLYRGLVVH´(XVRXXP
FDYDOHLURVHHVRPHQWHVHSIRUYHUGDGHLUDµ6HGHQRPLQDUPRVGDDILUPD
omRGRQDWLYRGHTXHHOHpXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRRQDWLYRHVWiDILUPDQGRTXH
GpHTXLYDOHQWHDS6HHOHIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRVXDDILUPDomRpYHUGD
GHLUDORJRGUHDOPHQWHpHTXLYDOHQWHDSHMiTXHGpYHUGDGHLUDHOHpXP
FDYDOHLURHQWmRSWDPEpPpYHUGDGHLUD3RURXWURODGRVHHOHIRUXPFD
YLORVRHQWmRVXDDILUPDomRpIDOVDDVVLPGpLQHTXLYDOHQWHDSPDVMi
TXHGpIDOVDHOHQmRpXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRQRYDPHQWHSWHPTXHVHUYHU
GDGHLUDSRUTXH TXDOTXHU SURSRVLomR LQHTXLYDOHQWH D XPD IDOVD SURSRVL
omRpREYLDPHQWHYHUGDGHLUD9HPRVDVVLPTXHSWHPTXHVHUYHUGDGHLUD
PDVGpLQGHWHUPLQDGD9DPRVDVVLQDODUHVWHIDWRFRPR7HRUHPD,,
27HRUHPD,,pDEDVHGHXPIDPRVRSUREOHPDLQYHQWDGRSHORILOyVRIR
1HOVRQ*RRGPDQ2 SUREOHPD SRGH VHU FRORFDGR QRV VHJXLQWHV WHUPRV
VXSRQKDTXHYRFrYij,OKDGRV&DYDOHLURVH&DYLORVRVHTXHLUDGHVFREULU
VHKiRXQmRRXURQDLOKD9RFrHQFRQWUDXPQDWLYRHpFRQVHQWLGRTXHYRFr
IDoDDHOHXPD~QLFDSHUJXQWDDTXDOGHYHSRGHUVHUUHVSRQGLGDSRUVLP
RXQmR4XHSHUJXQWDYRFrIDULD"
(7(51$0(17(,1'(&,62
8PDSHUJXQWDTXHIXQFLRQDp´eYHUGDGHTXHYRFrpXPFDYDOHLURVHH
VRPHQWHVHKRXYHURXURQDLOKD"µ6HHOHUHVSRQGHUTXHVLPHQWmRGHDFRUGR
FRPR7HRUHPD,,KiRXURQDLOKD6HHOHUHVSRQGHUTXHQmRHQWmRQmRKi
RXURQDLOKDSRUTXHHOHHVWiQHJDQGRTXHRIDWRGHHOHVHUXPFDYDOHLUR
VHMDHTXLYDOHQWHjH[LVWrQFLDGHRXURQDLOKDRTXHGiQRPHVPRTXHDILUPDU
TXHRIDWRGHHOHVHUXPFDYDOHLURpHTXLYDOHQWHD nãoH[LVWLURXURQDLOKD
SRUWDQWRQRYDPHQWHGHDFRUGRFRPR7HRUHPD,,QmRKiRXURQDLOKD
$/*816352%/(0$65(/$&,21$'26
4XHDILUPDomRSRGHULDVHUIHLWDSRUXPQDWLYRDSDUWLUGDTXDOYRFrGHGX
]LULDTXHVHHOHIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRKiRXURQDLOKDPDVVHHOHIRUXP
FDYLORVRHQWmRSRGHKDYHURXURQDLOKDRXQmR"
4XHDILUPDomRSRGHULDVHUIHLWDSRUXPQDWLYRGHPRGRTXHYRFrGHGX]LVVH
TXHVHKRXYHURXURQDLOKDHQWmRHOHWHULDTXHVHUXPFDYDOHLURPDVVHQmR
KRXYHURXURQDLOKDHQWmRHOHSRGHULDVHUXPFDYDOHLURRXXPFDYLORVR"
(XFHUWDYH]YLVLWHLHVWDLOKDHSHUJXQWHLDXPQDWLYR´+iRXURQHVWDLOKD"µ
7XGRTXHHOHPHGLVVHHPUHVSRVWDIRL´(XQXQFDDILUPHLTXHKRXYHVVH
RXURQHVWDLOKDµ0DLVWDUGHHXGHVFREULTXH de fatoKiRXURQDLOKD$IL
QDORQDWLYRHUDXPFDYDOHLURRXXPFDYLORVR"
62/8d¯(6
+iPXLWDVDILUPDo}HVTXHIXQFLRQDULDP8PDWDODILUPDomRp´(XVRX
XPFDYDOHLURHKiRXURQDLOKDµ2XWUDp´+iRXURQDLOKDHKiSUDWDQD
LOKDµ6HRQDWLYRIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRpFODURTXHKiRXUR³EHPFRPR
SUDWD³PDV VH KRXYHU RXUR R QDWLYR QmR SUHFLVD VHU XP FDYDOHLUR SRLV
EHPSRGHULDVHUTXHOiQmRKRXYHVVHSUDWDDOJXPD
#
4\1dbRPSTD]P
+É 72'2 XPDUTXLSpODJRGHLOKDVGHFDYDOHLURVHFDYLORVRVQR3DFtILFR6XO
QDVTXDLVDOJXQVGRVQDWLYRVVmRPHWDGHKXPDQRVHPHWDGHSiVVDURV(VWD
JHQWHSiVVDURYRDDVVLPFRPRRVSiVVDURVHIDODWmRIOXHQWHPHQWHTXDQWR
RVKXPDQRV
(VWDpDHVWyULDGHXPILOyVRIR³GHIDWRXPOyJLFR³TXHYLVLWRX HVWH
DUTXLSpODJRHVHDSDL[RQRXSRUXPDJDURWDSiVVDURFKDPDGD8QD(OHVVH
FDVDUDP6HXFDVDPHQWRIRLIHOL]PDVDVXDHVSRVDHUDPXLWRDYRDGD3RU
H[HPSORHOHYLQKDSDUDFDVDjQRLWHSDUDMDQWDUPDVVHDTXHODIRVVHXPD
QRLWHSDUWLFXODUPHQWHDJUDGiYHO8QDWHULDYRDGRSDUDRXWUDLOKD(OHWLQKD
HQWmRTXHUHPDUFRPVXDFDQRDGHLOKDHPLOKDDWpHQFRQWUDU8QDHWUD]r
ODGHYROWDSDUDFDVD7RGDYH]TXH8QDSRXVDYDQXPDLOKDWRGRVRVQDWL
YRV D YLDP QR DU H VDELDP TXH HOD HVWDYD SRXVDQGR 8PD YH] TXH HOD Mi
HVWLYHVVH QR VROR FRQWXGR HUD GLItFLO HQFRQWUiOD HQWmR D SULPHLUD FRLVD
TXHRPDULGRID]LDTXDQGRHOHFKHJDYDDXPDLOKDHUDWHQWDUGHVFREULUGRV
QDWLYRVVH8QDWLQKDDOLSRXVDGR2TXHGLILFXOWDYDDVFRLVDVpFODURpTXH
DOJXQVGRVQDWLYRVHUDPFDYLORVRVHQmRGLULDPDYHUGDGH$TXLHVWmRDOJXQV
GRVLQFLGHQWHVTXHVHDEDWHUDPVREUHHOH
&HUWDRFDVLmRRPDULGRFKHJRXDXPDLOKDHPEXVFDGH8QDHHQFRQWURX
GRLVQDWLYRV$H%(OHSHUJXQWRXDRVQDWLYRVVH8QDKDYLDSRXVDGRQD
LOKD(OHUHFHEHXDVVHJXLQWHVUHVSRVWDV
$6H%HHXIRUPRVDPERVFDYDOHLURVHQWmR8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD
%6H$HHXIRUPRVDPERVFDYDOHLURVHQWmR8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD
6HUiTXH8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD"
(0%86&$'(81$
(PRXWUDRFDVLmRGRLVQDWLYRV$H%IL]HUDPDVVHJXLQWHVDILUPDo}HV
$6HDOJXPGHQyVIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmR8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD
%,VWRpYHUGDGH
(VWDUi8QDQHVWDLOKD"
(XQmRPHOHPEURGRVGHWDOKHVGRSUy[LPRLQFLGHQWHPXLWRFODUDPHQWH
(XVHLTXHROyJLFRHQFRQWURXGRLVQDWLYRV$H%HTXH$GLVVH´%pXP
FDYDOHLURH8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKDµ0DVHXQmRPHOHPEURH[DWDPHQWHGRTXH%
GLVVH(OHWHULDGLWR´$pXPFDYLORVRH8QDQmRHVWiQHVWDLOKDµ2XHQ
WmR´$pXPFDYLORVRH8QDestáQHVWDLOKDµ&RPRHXJRVWDULDGHOHPEUDU
GRTXHHOHGLVVH'HTXDOTXHUIRUPDHXPHOHPEURTXHROyJLFRFRQVHJXLX
GHWHUPLQDUVH8QDHVWDYDRXQmRQDLOKD(HVWDYD"
1R SUy[LPR LQFLGHQWH R OyJLFR FKHJRX D XPD LOKD PXLWR SHTXHQD FRP
DSHQDVVHLVQDWLYRV(OHSHUJXQWRXDFDGDXPGHOHVHFXULRVDPHQWHWRGRV
GLVVHUDP R PHVPR ´3HOR PHQRV XP FDYLORVR QHVWD LOKD YLX 8QD SRXVDU
DTXLHVWDQRLWHµ
7HULDDOJXPQDWLYRGHVVDLOKDYLVWR8QDSRXVDUOiQDTXHODQRLWH"
(PRXWURLQFLGHQWHFXULRVRTXDQGRRPDULGRFKHJRXDXPDLOKDHPEXVFD
GH8QDHOHHQFRQWURXFLQFRQDWLYRV$%&'H(RVTXDLVDGLYLQKDUDP
R VHX SURSyVLWR H HVFDUQHFHUDP GHOH DR HQFRQWUiOR (OHV IL]HUDP DV VH
JXLQWHVDILUPDo}HV
$8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD
%8QDnãoHVWiQHVWDLOKD
&8QDHVWHYHDTXLRQWHP
'8QDQmRHVWiDTXLKRMHHHODQmRHVWHYHDTXLRQWHP
('pXPFDYLORVRRX&pXPFDYDOHLUR
(7(51$0(17(,1'(&,62
2OyJLFRSHQVRXVREUHLVVRXPSRXFRPDVQmRFKHJRXDSDUWHDOJXPD
´6HUiTXHDOJXPGHYRFrVSRGHULDSRUIDYRUID]HUSHORPHQRVPDLVXPD
DILUPDomR"µURJRXROyJLFR1HVWHSRQWR$GLVVH´(pXPFDYLORVRRX&p
XPFDYDOHLURµ
6HUiTXH8QDHVWiQHVWDLOKD"
62/8d¯(6
9RXPHFRQWHQWDUDTXLFRPVROXo}HVPDLVEUHYHVGRTXHDVTXHGHL
DQWHV
6XSRQKDTXH$H%VHMDPDPERVFDYDOHLURV(QWmRDDILUPDomRFRPXP
TXHHOHVIL]HUDPpYHUGDGHLUDDSDUWLUGRTXHSRUVXDYH]VHFRQFOXLTXH
8QDHVWiQDLOKD$VVLPVHDPERVVmRFDYDOHLURVHQWmR8QDHVWiQDLOKD
,VWRpRTXHHOHVDILUPDUDPORJRHOHVVmRDPERVFDYDOHLURV3RUWDQWR8QD
HVWiQDLOKD
6HDOJXPGHOHVIRUXPFDYDOHLURHQWmRDDILUPDomRTXHHOHIH]pYHUGD
GHLUDDSDUWLUGRTXHVHFRQFOXLTXH8QDHVWiQDLOKD3RUWDQWRVHDOJXP
GHOHVIRUXPFDYDOHLUR8QDHVWiQDLOKD'HVVHPRGRDDILUPDomRTXHDP
ERVIL]HUDPpYHUGDGHLUDSRUWDQWRDPERVVmRFDYDOHLURVGRQGHpFODURTXH
SHORPHQRVXPGHOHVpFDYDOHLUR'LVWRHGDYHUGDGHGDDILUPDomRTXHHOHV
IL]HUDPFRQFOXLVHTXH8QDHVWiQDLOKD
(VWHpXPH[HPSORGDTXLORTXHHXGHQRPLQRmeta-enigma.9RFrQmRp
LQIRUPDGRGRTXH%GLVVHPDVYRFr éLQIRUPDGRTXHDSDUWLUGRTXH$H
%GLVVHUDPROyJLFRIRLFDSD]GHGHWHUPLQDUVH8QDHVWDYDQDLOKD6HHX
QmROKHWLYHVVHGLWRLVWRHQWmRYRFrQmRFRQVHJXLULDUHVROYHURSUREOHPD
9RXSULPHLURPRVWUDUTXHVH%WLYHVVHGLWR´$pXPFDYLORVRH 8QD
QmR HVWi QHVWD LOKDµ HQWmR R OyJLFR QmR WHULD FRQVHJXLGR UHVROYHU R SUR
EOHPD6XSRQKDDVVLPTXH%WHQKDGLWRLVVR2UD$QmRSRGHULDVHUXP
FDYDOHLURSRLVVHHOHRIRVVHHQWmR%VHULDXPFDYDOHLURFRPRDILUPRX$
RTXHIDULDGH$XPFDYLORVRFRPRDILUPRX%3RUWDQWR$pGHILQLWLYD
PHQWHXPFDYLORVR0DVDJRUDWDQWRSRGHULDVHUTXH%IRVVHXPFDYDOHLUR
H8QDQmRHVWLYHVVHQDLOKDTXDQWRSRGHULDVHUTXH%IRVVHXPFDYLORVRH
8QDGHIDWRHVWLYHVVHQDLOKDHQmRKiFRPRUHVROYHUHVWHGLOHPD/RJRVH
%WLYHVVHGLWRDTXHODIUDVHROyJLFRQmRWHULDVDELGRVH8QDHVWDYDQDLOKD
$
D\4\PaP]WPS^
8]cTa_[P]TcuaX^
(0 *$1,0('(6³XP VDWpOLWH GH -~SLWHU³Ki XP FOXEH FRQKHFLGR FRPR
&OXEH0DUFLiWLFR9HQXVLDQR7RGRVRVVHXVVyFLRVVmRGH0DUWHRXGH
9rQXVHPERUDVHSHUPLWDPYH]SRURXWUDYLVLWDQWHV8PWHUUiTXHRpLQFD
SD]GHGLVWLQJXLUPDUFLDQRVGHYHQXVLDQRVSHODDSDUrQFLD$OpPGLVVRRV
WHUUiTXHRVQmRVmRFDSD]HVGHGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHGDPDVHFDYDOKHLURVPDUFLD
QRVRX YHQXVLDQRV Mi TXH HOHV VH YHVWHP GD PHVPD PDQHLUD 2VOyJLFRV
FRQWXGRWrPXPDYDQWDJHPMiTXHDVGDPDVYHQXVLDQDVVHPSUHGL]HPD
YHUGDGHHRVFDYDOKHLURVYHQXVLDQRVVHPSUHPHQWHP2VPDUFLDQRVVmRR
RSRVWR RV FDYDOKHLURV PDUFLDQRV GL]HP D YHUGDGH H DV GDPDV VHPSUH
PHQWHP
8PGLD8QDHVHXPDULGROyJLFRYLVLWDUDP*DQLPHGHVHILFDUDPVDEHQGR
GHVWHFOXEH´(XDSRVWRFRPYRFrTXH euVRXFDSD]GHGLVWLQJXLURVFDYD
OKHLURVGDVGDPDVHRVPDUFLDQRVGRVYHQXVLDQRVµDILUPRXFRPRUJXOKRR
PDULGRjVXDHVSRVD
´&RPR"µSHUJXQWRX8QD
´9DPRVYLVLWDURFOXEHHVWDQRLWHTXHpDQRLWHGHYLVLWDVHHXOKH
PRVWUDUHLµGLVVHRPDULGRFXMRQRPHDOLiVHUD-XFD
(OHVYLVLWDUDPRFOXEHQDTXHODQRLWH´9HMDPRVDJRUDGRTXHYRFrpFDSD]µ
GLVVH8QDGXYLGDQGRXPSRXTXLQKR´$TXHOHVyFLROi9RFrVDEHULDGL]HUVH
HOHRXHODpXPFDYDOKHLURRXXPDGDPD"µ-XFDVHDSUR[LPRXHQWmRGRVyFLR
HOKHSHUJXQWRXXPD~QLFDTXHVWmRUHVSRQGtYHOSRUVLPRXQmR2VyFLR
UHVSRQGHXH-XFDHQWmRGHWHUPLQRXVHHOHHUDXPFDYDOKHLURRXXPDGDPD
HPERUDQmRVRXEHVVHGL]HUVHRVyFLRHUDGH0DUWHRXGH9rQXV
80(0$5$1+$'2,17(53/$1(7É5,2
4XHSHUJXQWDSRGHULDWHUVLGRHVVD"
´0XLWR HVSHUWLQKRµ GLVVH 8QD DSyV -XFD WHUOKH H[SOLFDGR D VROXomR
´6XSRQKDDJRUDTXHHPYH]GHTXHUHUGHVFREULUVHRVyFLRpXPFDYDOKHL
URRXXPDGDPDYRFrTXLVHVVHGHVFREULUVHHOHRXHODpGH0DUWHRXGH
9rQXV9RFrFRQVHJXLULDGHVFREULULVVR ID]HQGR DSHQDV XPD SHUJXQWD GH
VLPRXQmR"µ
´eFODURµGLVVH-XFD´9RFrQmRYrFRPR"µ
8QDSHQVRXVREUHLVVRXPSRXTXLQKRHGHUHSHQWHYLXFRPR&RPR"
´6HYRFrprealmenteHVSHUWRµGLVVH8QD´YRFrWHPTXHVHUFDSD]GHGHV
FREULU FRP DSHQDV XPD SHUJXQWD VH XP GDGR VyFLR p XP FDYDOKHLUR RX
XPDGDPD eGHRQGHpRVyFLR9HMDPRVVHYRFrFRQVHJXHGHVFREULUDP
EDVDVFRLVDVGHXPDVyYH]ID]HQGRDSHQDVXPDSHUJXQWDGHVLPRXQmRµ
´1LQJXpPptãoHVSHUWRDVVLPµUHSOLFRX-XFD3RUTXH-XFDGLVVHLVVR"
)RLHQWmRTXHXPVyFLRSDVVRXHIH]XPDDILUPDomRDSDUWLUGDTXDO-XFDH
8QD TXH Mi HVWDYD SHJDQGR R MHLWR GD FRLVD FRQVHJXLUDP GHFLGLU TXH
HVWHVyFLRFHUWDPHQWHVHULDXPDGDPDPDUFLDQD4XHDILUPDomRSRGHULD
WHUVLGRHVVD"
2SUy[LPRVyFLRTXHSDVVRXIH]XPDDILUPDomRDSDUWLUGDTXDO-XFDH8QD
FRQVHJXLUDPGHGX]LUTXHHVWHVyFLRFHUWDPHQWHVHULDXPDGDPDYHQXVLDQD
4XHDILUPDomRSRGHULDWHUVLGRHVVD"
4XHDILUPDomRSRGHULDVHUIHLWDWDQWRSRUXPFDYDOKHLURPDUFLDQRTXDQWR
SRUXPDGDPDPDUFLDQDRXSRUXPFDYDOKHLURYHQXVLDQRRXSRUXPDGDPD
YHQXVLDQD"
(7(51$0(17(,1'(&,62
$QRWtFLDGDVDJDFLGDGHGH-XFDH8QDTXHDSOLFDYDPDOyJLFDSDUDGH
WHUPLQDURVH[RHRXDUDoDGHYiULRVVyFLRVVHHVSDOKRXUDSLGDPHQWHSHOR
FOXEH2GRQRGRFOXEHXPHPSUHHQGHGRUEUDVLOHLURGHQRPH&RUUHLDFKH
JRXVHjPHVDGH-XFDH8QDSDUDSDUDEHQL]iORV´(XJRVWDULDGHWHVWiORV
HPDOJXQVRXWURVVyFLRVµGLVVH&RUUHLD´HYHURTXHYRFrVVmRFDSD]HVGH
ID]HUµ
)RLHQWmRTXHGRLVVyFLRVSDVVDUDP´9HQKDPVHMXQWDUDQyVµFKDPRX
&RUUHLDTXHRVDSUHVHQWRXFRPR2UNH%RJ-XFDSHUJXQWRXOKHVDOJR
VREUHVLDRTXHHOHVUHVSRQGHUDP
25.%RJpGH9rQXV
%2*2UNpGH0DUWH
25.%RJpXPFDYDOKHLUR
%2*2UNpXPDGDPD
$SDUWLUGHVWDVLQIRUPDo}HV-XFDH8QDFRQVHJXLUDPVXFHVVLYDPHQWHLGHQWLIL
FDUDPERVRVH[RHDUDoDGHFDGDXPGHOHV2TXHp2UNHRTXHp%RJ"
´1RWHPYRFrVµGLVVH&RUUHLDDSyV2UNH%RJWHUHPVDtGR´TXHPDUFLD
QRVHYHQXVLDQRVIUHTXHQWHPHQWHFDVDPHQWUHVLHQyVWHPRVPXLWRVFDVDLV
PLVWRVQHVWHFOXEH$tHVWiXPFDVDOVHDSUR[LPDQGRGDJHQWHDJRUD9HMD
PRVVHYRFrVVmRFDSD]HVGHGL]HUVHHVVHpXPFDVDOPLVWRRXQmRµ
(XQmRPHOHPEURGRVSULPHLURVQRPHVGRFDVDOHQWmRYRXGHQRPLQi
ORVVLPSOHVPHQWH$H%
´'HRQGHYRFrVVmR"µ8QDSHUJXQWRXD$
´'H0DUWHµIRLDUHVSRVWD
´,VVRQmRpYHUGDGHµGLVVH%
(VVHpXPFDVDOPLVWRRXQmR"
´$tYHPRXWURFDVDOµGLVVH&RUUHLD´1RYDPHQWHQmRYRXOKHVFRQWDUVH
HVVHp XP FDVDO PLVWR RX QmR 9DPRV YHU VH YRFrV FRQVHJXHP GHVFREULU
TXDOGHOHVpRPDULGRµ
80(0$5$1+$'2,17(53/$1(7É5,2
'HQRPLQHPRVRVF{QMXJHV$H%-XFDSHUJXQWRX´9RFrVVmRDPERV
GRPHVPRSODQHWD"µ(VWDVIRUDPVXDVUHVSRVWDV
$6RPRVDPERVGH9rQXV
%,VVRQmRpYHUGDGH
4XDOGHOHVpRPDULGR"
´/iHVWiRXWURFDVDOµGLVVH&RUUHLD´0DLVXPDYH]QmRGLUHLDYRFrV VH
HVVHpXPFDVDOPLVWRRXQmR9HMDPRVRTXHDFRQWHFHµ
'HVWDYH]HXFRQVLJROHPEUDUOKHVRVSULPHLURVQRPHV³HUDPHOHV-DOH
7RUN
´'HRQGHVmRFDGDXPGHYRFrV"µSHUJXQWRX-XFD
´0LQKDHVSRVDpGH0DUWHµUHGDUJXLX7RUN
´6RPRVDPERVGH0DUWHµGLVVH-DO
,VWRSRVVLELOLWRXD-XFDH8QDFODVVLILFiORVFRPSOHWDPHQWH4XDOGHOHVp
RPDULGRHTXDODHVSRVDHGHTXDOSODQHWDpFDGDXPGHOHV"
62/8d¯(6
$TXHVWmRPDLVVLPSOHVTXHIXQFLRQDDTXLp´9RFrp PDUFLDQR"µ 6X
SRQKDTXHYRFrUHFHEDDUHVSRVWDDILUPDWLYD2IDODQWHRXHVWiGL]HQGRD
YHUGDGHRXHVWiPHQWLQGR1RSULPHLURFDVRRIDODQWHpUHDOPHQWHPDUFL
DQRHVHQGRXPPDUFLDQRTXHGL]DYHUGDGHHOHKiGHVHUXPFDYDOKHLUR
6HRIDODQWHHVWiPHQWLQGRHQWmRHOHpUHDOPHQWHYHQXVLDQRSRUWDQWRXP
YHQXVLDQRPHQWLURVRSRUWDQWRPDLVXPDYH]HOHpXPFDYDOKHLUR(QWmR
HPDPERVRVFDVRVXPDUHVSRVWDDILUPDWLYDLQGLFDTXHRIDODQWHVHULDXP
FDYDOKHLUR8PDDQiOLVHVLPLODUTXHGHL[RSDUDROHLWRUPRVWUDTXH XPD
UHVSRVWDQHJDWLYDLQGLFDTXHRIDODQWHVHULDXPDGDPD
eFODURTXHDTXHVWmR´9RFrpYHQXVLDQR"µWDPEpPIXQFLRQDXPDUHV
SRVWDDILUPDWLYDHQWmRLQGLFDTXHRIDODQWHVHULDXPDGDPDHXPDUHVSRVWD
QHJDWLYDLQGLFDTXHHOHVHULDXPFDYDOKHLUR
$TXHVWmR´9RFrpXPFDYDOKHLUR"µIXQFLRQD'HL[RDYHULILFDomRSDUD
ROHLWRU$OWHUQDWLYDPHQWHDTXHVWmR´9RFrpXPDGDPD"µWDPEpPIXQFL
RQD