2COSH Crane Safety

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
CRANE SAFETY – RULE 1415

Crane
• Definition: A crane is a machine with a boom, primarily
designed to raise and lower heavy loads.
Crane Accident
Crane Accident
Crane Accident
Crane Accident
Crane Accident
Crane Accident
Crane Accident Statistics
• A total of 323 construction worker deaths involving 307 crane incidents
were identified from 1992-2006
• an average of 22 construction worker deaths per year.
• There were 12 multiple-death incidents in this time period, resulting in a
total of 28 deaths.
• Four main types of cranes have been associated with crane-related
fatalities.
• Of the 307 fatal crane incidents, 216 (71%) involved mobile or truck cranes.
• Sixteen of the fatal incidents involved tower cranes (5%)
• 13 involved floating or barge cranes (4%)
• involved overhead cranes (4%).
• The remaining 66 reports were not sufficiently detailed to determine the
type of crane involved or do not meet BLS publication requirements.
Cause of Deaths
• Of the total 323 crane-related deaths, 102 were caused by overhead
power line
• electrocutions (32%), 68 deaths were associated with crane collapses
(21%)
• 59 deaths involved a construction worker being struck by a crane boom/jib
(18%).
Half of all electrocutions, the leading cause of death, were associated with
the crane boom or a crane cable contacting an overhead power line. The
rest involved contact of an overhead power line with unspecified parts of
the crane. Mobile cranes were involved in 80 of the 95 overhead power
line fatal incidents. Table 3 describes worker activities leading to
electrocutions. Those activities involved workers on foot touching or
guiding
OSHA Office of Training & Education 11
Major Causes of Crane Accidents
• Contact with power lines
• Overturns
• Falls
• Mechanical failures
How Do Accidents Occur?
• Instability – unsecured load, load capacity
exceeded, or ground not level or too soft
• Lack of communication - the point of
operation is a distance from the crane
operator or not in full view of the operator
• Human Factor
• Inadequate maintenance or inspection
Cranes In Constructions
Crane Parts and Functions
Crane Parts and Their Functions
BOOM ANGLE INDICATOR

STEEL CABLES
Grooves or Sheaves
ANTI TWO BLOCK SYSTEMF

PADS
CAB
CARRIER
Who is at Risk
• Operator
• Riggers
• Supervisors
• Other work Force
• Other Establishments
• General Public
Crane Hazards
• Improper load rating • Working too close to
• Excessive speeds power lines
• No hand signals • Improper exhaust
• Inadequate inspection system
and maintenance • Shattered windows
• Unguarded parts • No steps/guardrails
• Unguarded swing radius walkways
• Operator By Passing of • No boom angle
Safety Alarms indicator
• Not using outriggers
Planning Before Start-Up
• Level the crane and ensure support surface is firm and able to
support the load
• Contact power line owners and determine precautions. Know
the location and voltage of overhead power lines.
• Know the basic crane capacities, limitations, and job site
restrictions, such as the location of power lines, unstable soil, or
high winds.
• Make other personnel aware of hoisting activities.
• Barricade areas within swing radius.
• Ensure proper maintenance and inspections.
• Determine safe areas to store materials and place machinery.
Competent Person
The competent person must
inspect all machinery and
equipment prior to each use,
and during use, to make sure
it is in safe operating
condition.
If it needs fixing, take it out of Broken

service and don’t use it until it Track
is fixed

SELECTION OF COMPETENT RIGGERS
Load Capacity - Speed - Warnings
• Make sure the crane
operator can see the:
– Rated Load
Capacities
– Operating Speeds
– Special Hazard
Warning or
Instruction Load Chart

LOAD CHART
Load Limiting Factors
• Not level
• Wind Speed (14 meter/ sec or 30 miles/hr)
• Side loads
• On its wheels
• Lifting over the side
• Use of extensions, jibs and other attachments
• Limits of wire rope, slings and lifting devices
Power Lines
Stay clear from

power lines at
least 10 feet

Hand Signals
An illustration of
the signals must
be posted at the
job site

Guard Moving Parts
Unguarded
Chain Drive
Guard moving parts such as gears or belts

Swing Radius
Stay out of the swing radius of the crane – Make sure there are
barrier guards showing swing radius
Operator Visibility
Broken Window
Make sure broken windows or other obstructions do not

prevent the operator from seeing
Ladders
Ladder
Use ladders to get to the upper portion of the cab

Guardrails
Runways and steps need to have guardrails,

handholds and slip resistant surfaces
Suspended Loads
Don’t stand under suspended loads

Boom Angle Indicator
A boom angle indicator must be on the crane

Supporting Surface
Cranes must be on a firm supporting

surface and level within 1 percent

Sheaves
The grooves must be smooth and free from surface

defects which could cause rope damage
Rigging Equipment Slings
Types of slings include alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope, and
synthetic web.
Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

Monthly Inspections and Certifications
Inspection of the hoisting
machinery must be made
by a competent person
The employer must
maintain a record of
these inspections
Crane wasn’t inspected

and tipped over

What to Inspect
• Correct air pressure and no leaks
• Tires properly inflated
• Clearance for tail swing
• Wire rope wear
• Physical damage to crane
• Loose or missing hardware, nuts, or bolts
• Fluid leaks
CHECKLISTS
Remove From Service
Immediately remove damaged or

defective slings from service

Damaged wire rope
Crushed Rope
Broken Strands
Damaged wire rope must be taken out of service

Worn Part

Load Moment Indicator
Step#1: Lift up
Step#2: Audial and
visual warning at
90% of the limit
Step#3: Movement
termination at
100% of the limit
Step#4: Lift down

Summary
• Cranes must be operated only by qualified and trained personnel.
• The crane and crane controls must be inspected by a designated competent person before
use.
• Cranes must be on a firm, stable surface and must be level.
• Fully extend outriggers. Barricade all accessible areas inside the crane’s swing radius.
• Watch for overhead electric power lines. Maintain at least a 10-foot safe working clearance
from all power lines.
• Inspect all rigging prior to use. Do not wrap hoist lines around the load.
• Be sure to use the correct load chart for the crane’s configuration and setup, the load
weight, and the lift path.
• Do not exceed the load chart capacity while making lifts.
• Raise a load a few inches, hold, verify capacity and balance, and test the brake system before
delivering load.
• Do not move loads over workers, offices, equipment and others
• Be sure to follow signals, safety alarms and the manufacturer instructions, while operating a
crane.

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

CRANE SAFETY – RULE 1415

BOOM ANGLE INDICATOR

ANTI TWO BLOCK SYSTEMF

If it needs fixing, take it out of Broken

OSHA Office of Training & Education 33

OSHA Office of Training & Education 35

Stay clear from

OSHA Office of Training & Education 38

OSHA Office of Training & Education 40

Guard moving parts such as gears or belts

OSHA Office of Training & Education 41

Make sure broken windows or other obstructions do not

Use ladders to get to the upper portion of the cab

OSHA Office of Training & Education 44

Runways and steps need to have guardrails,

Don’t stand under suspended loads

OSHA Office of Training & Education 46

A boom angle indicator must be on the crane

OSHA Office of Training & Education 47

Cranes must be on a firm supporting

OSHA Office of Training & Education 48

The grooves must be smooth and free from surface

Chain Wire rope Metal mesh Synthetic

OSHA Office of Training & Education 50

Crane wasn’t inspected

OSHA Office of Training & Education 51

Immediately remove damaged or

OSHA Office of Training & Education 54

Damaged wire rope must be taken out of service

OSHA Office of Training & Education 55

OSHA Office of Training & Education 56

OSHA Office of Training & Education 57

OSHA Office of Training & Education 58

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