Real Analysis Maths-Dna

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 BASED ON THE EXAM PATTERN
 Real Analysis (80 marks) is one of the important and scoring topic out
of all the topics in any competitive exam. So keeping that in mind we
have made notes particularly covering all the definitions, theorems
and all the possible questions with complete detailed solutions of real
analysis.
REAL ANALYSIS
Sequences
 Range of a sequence.
 Algebra of sequences.
 Bounded sequence
 Convergent sequence
 Non-convergent sequence
 Important theorems and definitions.
 Oscillatory sequences.
 Important Theorems.
 Subsequences and theorems on it.
 Limit points of a sequence
 Monotonic sequences.
 Limit inferior and limit superior.
 Cauchy sequence and its theorems.
Series of real numbers
 Test for convergence of series.
 D’Alembert ratio test.
 Cauchy’s nth root test.
 p-test for series.
 Comparison test
 Alternating series & lebnitz test for convergence.
 Absolutely convergent, Conditionally convergent or semi-convergent
series
Theory of Sets.
 Set
 Subset
 Superset
 Equality of sets
 Proper set
 Universal set
 Finite set
 Infinite set
 Power set
 Empty set
 Singleton set
 Set Operations
 Complement of a set
 Difference of set
 Symmetric difference of sets
 Important results on sets
 Cartesian product and its properties
 Relation and its properties
 Types of relation
 Function
 Properties of map
 Equivalent sets & cardinal numbers.
 Countable & Uncountable sets
 Results on countable and uncountable sets.
 Cantors set and its properties.
 Supremum and Infimum of sets.
 Important Definitions
 Frequently used theorems
Limit, Continuity, Differentiablity , Mean Value Theroems ,
Convergence , Directional derivative & Metric Space
 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (L.M.V.T.) .
 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (C.M.V.T.) .
 Taylor’s series.
 Point-wise convergence.
 Uniform convergence.
 Mn test for uniform convergence.
 Directional derivative.
 Metric Space.
Important questions including previous year questions from all the topics.
Complete detailed solutions of each and every question.
Sequences
 A sequence of real numbers for a real sequence is defined as a function f: ℕ → ℝ , here ℕ is the set of natural
numbers and ℝ is the set of real numbers.
 If f: ℕ → ℝ is a sequence , then for each n ∈ ℕ, we have f(n) as a real number and we denote sequence by
Sn.
 Also we write < s1, s2, s3 , … ,sn > or < Sn > , the real numbers s1, s2, s3 , … ,sn are called the terms of the
sequence and last term is known as nth term.
 Terms of sequence may be distinct or repeating.
 A sequence may be formed by recurrence relation.
 Fibonacci sequence sn = sn-1 + sn-2 for n > 1 and
s0 = s1 = 1
 Some sequences
 <(-1)n> = <-1,1,-1,1,…>
1 1 1
 < 𝑛 > = <1 , 2 , 3 , …>
 Range of a sequence.
 The set of all distinct elements of a sequence is called the range set of the given sequence.
 The range set of a sequence may be finite or infinite but sequence has always an infinite number of terms.
 The range of a sequence may or may not be a set at all for example, the sequence <(-1)n+1> is often called
the range set of the sequence <(-1)n+1>.
 The range set of a sequence is denoted by <vn> = {vn : n ∈ ℕ}.
 If the range of a sequence is a singleton set , it is called a constant sequence. For example S n = 2.
 Algebra of sequences.
 Let <an> & <bn> be two sequences, then the sequence having nth terms < an + bn > , < an - bn > and < an x bn
> are respectively called the sum , difference and product of the sequence <a n> & <bn>.
 If an ≠ 0 , for all n, then the sequence where nth term is <1/an> is known as the reciprocal of the sequence.
𝑎
 The sequence where nth term is < 𝑏𝑛> is called the quotient of the sequence <𝑎𝑛 > by <𝑏𝑛 >.
𝑛
 The sequence <𝑎𝑛 > is multiplied by a scalar c <c𝑎𝑛 > is called scalar multiple of <𝑎𝑛 > by c.
 Two sequences <𝑎𝑛 > , <𝑏𝑛 > are said to be equal if
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 for all n.
 Bounded sequence
 A sequence <𝑎𝑛 > is said to bounded if its range set is bounded.
 A sequence <𝑎𝑛 > is said to be bounded above if there exists a real number K such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ K, for all n . K
is called the upper bound of the sequence <𝑎𝑛 >.
 A sequence <𝑎𝑛 > is said to be bounded below if there exists a real number k such that k ≤ 𝑎𝑛 , for all n . k
is called the lower bound of the sequence <𝑎𝑛 >.
 A sequence is said to be bounded if it is both bounded above and bounded below. k ≤ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ K.
 A sequence is said to be unbounded if it is either unbounded above or unbounded below.
 The least number S , if exists of the set of upper bounds of <𝑎𝑛 > is said to be the least upper bound (lub) or
supremum (sup) of the sequence.
 The greatest number s, if exists of the set of lower bounds of <𝑎𝑛 > is said to be the greatest lower bound
(glb) or infimum (inf) of the sequence.
 Supremum and infimum of the range set is the supremum and infimum of the sequence.
 It is not necessary that a sequence is bounded above or bounded below.
 If the range of a sequence is a finite set then the sequence is always bounded.
 Convergent sequence
 A sequence <𝑎𝑛 > is said to be convergent to a real number l, if for each 𝜀 > 0, there exists a positive integer
m such that |𝑎𝑛 - l| < 𝜀 for all n ≥ m.
 Here we call l as the limit of the sequence and write is as lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙.
𝑛→∞
 Non-convergent sequence
 There are two types of non-convergent sequence

 One by oscillation
 Another by divergence.
 A sequence may oscillate finitely or infinitely.
 A sequence may diverge to +∞ or -∞.
 Important theorems and definitions.
 Let <𝑎𝑛 > be the sequence of real numbers then it is said to diverge to +∞ if for any real number N > 0,
however large there exists a positive integer m ∈ N, such that 𝑎𝑛 > N, for all n ≥ m , written as lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞
 Let <𝑎𝑛 > be the sequence of real numbers then it is said to diverge to -∞ if for any real number N > 0,
however small there exists a positive integer m ∈ N, such that 𝑎𝑛 < N, for all n ≥ m , written as lim 𝑎𝑛 = −∞.
𝑛→∞
 A sequence which diverges to −∞ or ∞ is said to be divergent sequence.

 A sequence which doesn’t diverges to −∞ or ∞ is said to be non-divergent sequence.
 A sequence cannot converge to more than one limit.
 Every sequence has a unique limit.
 If <𝑎𝑛 > is a sequence of non-negative terms such that lim𝑎𝑛 = l , then l ≥ 0.
 Every convergent sequence is bounded but converse is not true.
 The limit of sum of two convergent sequence is the sum of their limit.
 The limit of difference of two convergent sequence is the difference of their limit.
 The limit of product of two convergent sequences is product of their limits.
 If <𝑎𝑛 > and <𝑏𝑛 > be two convergent sequences such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 for all n ∈ N , then lim𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim𝑏𝑛 ..
 If lim𝑎𝑛 = 0 , and the sequence <𝑏𝑛 > is bounded then lim<𝑎𝑛 . 𝑏𝑛 > = 0
 If the sequence <𝑎𝑛 > converges to infinity and the sequence <𝑏𝑛 > is bounded then <𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 > diverges to
infinity.
 If the sequence <𝑎𝑛 > converges to l then |𝑎𝑛 | converges to |l|.
 If the sequence lim𝑎𝑛 = l, then lim(c𝑎𝑛 ) = cl.
 Oscillatory sequences.
 A sequence is said to oscillate finitely, if

 It is bounded
 It neither converges nor diverges.
 A sequence is said to oscillate infinitely , if
 It is not bounded
 It neither converges nor diverges.
 A bounded sequence either converges or oscillates finitely.
 An unbounded sequence either diverges to +∞ to -∞.
 Important Theorems.
 If <𝑎𝑛 > , <𝑏𝑛 > and <𝑐𝑛 > be three sequences such that
 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 for all n.
 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑐𝑛 , then lim𝑏𝑛 = l.
𝑎1 +𝑎2 +⋯+𝑎𝑛
 If lim𝑎𝑛 = l, then lim( ) = l.
𝑛
 If <𝑎𝑛 > is a sequence such that 𝑎𝑛 > 0, for all n and lim𝑎𝑛 = l, then lim(𝑎1 𝑎2 … 𝑎𝑛 )1/n = l
𝑎𝑛+1
 If <𝑎𝑛 > is a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim = l (l > 0) , then lim(𝑎𝑛 )1/n = l.
𝑎𝑛
𝑎1 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑎2 𝑏𝑛−1 +⋯+𝑎𝑛 𝑏1
 If lim𝑎𝑛 = a and lim𝑏𝑛 = b, then lim( )=ab.
𝑛
𝑎𝑛+1
 Let <𝑎𝑛 > be a sequence , such that 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, for all n and lim = a , if |a| < 1, then lim𝑎𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛+1
 Let <𝑎𝑛 > be a sequence , such that 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, for all n and lim = a , if |a| > 1, then lim𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
 Subsequences and theorems on it.
 Let <𝑎𝑛 > = < 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 > be a sequence in R. A subsequence of a sequence is a sequence whose terms
are chosen from the original sequence in the same order as in the original sequence.
 All subsequences of a convergent sequence converge to the same limit.
 If a sequence <𝑎𝑛 > converges to a , then every subsequence of <𝑎𝑛 > converges to a.
 If subsequences even <𝑎2𝑛 >, and odd <𝑎2𝑛−1 > converge to the same limit a then the sequence <𝑎𝑛 >
converges to a.
 Limit points of a sequence.
 A real number P is said to be a limit point or a cluster point of a sequence if every neighbourhood of P
contains an infinite number of elements of the given sequence.
 A real number p is a limit point of a sequence <an> if for any 𝜀 > 0, an belongs to ( p - 𝜀 , p + 𝜀 ) for infinitely
many values of n.
 A real number p is not a limit point if there exists atleast one neighbourhood of p which contains only finite
number of terms of <an>.
 Limit point of the sequence need not be a member of the sequence.
 A limit point of a sequence may or may not be a limit point of the range of the sequence but the limit point
of the range of a sequence is always a limit point of the sequence.
 Monotonic sequences.
 Let <an> be a sequence of real numbers <an> is monotonic if either an ≤ an+1 for all n ∈ N. , or an ≥ an+1 for
all n ∈ N. an ≤ an+1 is called monotonically increasing and a n ≥ an+1 is called monotonically decreasing.
 A sequence is said to be strictly monotonically increasing if an < an+1 for all n ∈ N.
 A sequence is said to be strictly monotonically decreasing if a n > an+1 for all n ∈ N.
 The sequence <(-1)n+1> = <1 , -1 , 1 , -1 , … > is neither increasing nor decreasing so it is not monotonic.
 A monotonic increasing sequence which is bounded above is convergent and convergence to its least upper
bound.
 A monotonic decreasing sequence which is bounded below is convergent and converges to its greatest lower
bound.
 A monotonic sequence converges iff it is bounded.
 A monotonic decreasing sequence which is not bounded below diverges to -∞.
 A monotonic increasing sequence which is not bounded above diverges to +∞.
 Limit inferior and limit superior.
 Every bounded real sequence must have a limit point.

 An unbounded sequence may or may not have a limit point.
 The greatest limit point of a bounded sequence <an> is called the limit superior of <an> and is denoted as
lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛 .
𝑛→∞
 The smallest limit point of a bounded sequence <an> is called the limit inferior of <an> and is denoted as
lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑛 .
𝑛→∞
 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛 .

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
 Cauchy sequence and its theorems.
 A sequence <an> is said to be Cauchy’s sequence if for every 𝜀 > 0, there exists a positive integer m such
that | an – am | < 𝜀, where n ≥ m.
 Every Cauchy sequence is bounded but converse is not true for example <(-1)n+1> is bounded but not
convergent.
 A sequence of real numbers converges iff it is Cauchy sequence.
Series of real numbers.
 A series of n terms is denoted by the expression

a1 + a2 + a3 +…+ an. = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 .
 If a series has no last terms we call it as infinite series.
 ∑∞
𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 = a1 + a2 + a3 +…+ an +… infinite sum of the terms of sequence is called series of real numbers and
denoted by ∑ 𝑎𝑛 .
 Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be an infinite series then define a sequence <𝑆𝑛 > as
 𝑆1 = 𝑎1 , 𝑆2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 , … 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 .
 A series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is said to be convergent if the sequence <𝑆𝑛 > of partial sums of ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and if lim
𝑆𝑛 = S, then S is called the sum of the series and written as S = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 .
 The convergence of series remains the same if each term is multiplied by a non-zero constant.
 The addition , elimination and replacement of finite number of terms of a series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 does not have any
effect on its convergence.
 A series of positive terms either converges or diverges and cannot oscillate.
 The series with infinite number of positive and negative terms may either converge, diverge or oscillate.
 The necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of an infinite series, if the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛
converge then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 but the converse is not true.

𝑛→∞
 The necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of an infinite series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is that
corresponding to an arbitrary chosen positive number 𝜀, however small there exists a positive integer m , such
that |𝑎𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝑛+2 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛+𝑘 | < 𝜀 for every n ≥ m and every k ≥ 0.
 The necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of a positive term series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is that the
sequence <𝑆𝑛 > of the partial sums of the series defined is bounded above.
 A series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 of positive terms converges iff there exists a number k, such that 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 < k,
for all n ∈ N.
 To prove that a series of positive terms diverges it is sufficient to show that the sequence of its partial sums
is not bounded.
 A series of positive terms is divergent , if each term after a fixed stage is greater than some fixed positive
number.
 A series of positive terms is divergent, if lim 𝑎𝑛 > 0.
 Test for convergence of series.
 D’Alembert ratio test.
 Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a positive term series such that

𝑎𝑛+1
 lim = k, then the series is
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
 Convergent if k < 1.
 Divergent if k > 1.
𝑎𝑛+1
 If lim = ∞ ,then ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is divergent.
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
 The test fails if k = 1 and we cannot decide the nature of the series.
 Cauchy’s nth root test.
 Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a positive term series such that

 lim (𝑎𝑛 )1/𝑛 = k , then the series is
𝑛→∞
 Convergent if k < 1.
 Divergent if k > 1.
 The test fails if k = 1 and we cannot decide the nature of the series.
 p-test for series.
1 1 1 1
 The infinite series ∑ 𝑛𝑝 = 1𝑝 + 2𝑝 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑝 + ⋯ is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if p ≤ 1.
1 1 1
 The infinite series 1 + 2(𝑙𝑜𝑔2)𝑝 + 3(𝑙𝑜𝑔3)𝑝 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛)𝑝 + ⋯ is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if p ≤ 1.
 Comparison test
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 be two series of positive terms an let K be a positive number such that 𝑎𝑛 < K𝑏𝑛 , for all
n > p , p being a fixed positive integer. Then ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is divergent , then the series ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is also divergent.
𝑎𝑛
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 be two series of positive terms such that lim = k, k is finite and non-zero, then both the
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛
series diverge or converge together.

 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 be two series of positive terms such that 𝑎𝑛 < K𝑏𝑛 , for all n where K is a fixed positive
number. If ∑ 𝑏𝑛 converges then ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges and if ∑ 𝑎𝑛 diverges then ∑ 𝑏𝑛 also diverges.
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 be two series of positive terms and k and K be positive real numbers such that
k𝑏𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛 < K𝑏𝑛 , for all n then the series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 converge or diverge together.
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 are convergent series , then ∑(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) and ∑(𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 ) are also convergent.
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverges then ∑(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) diverges.
 If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is a series of positive terms such that lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, then ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is divergent.
𝑛→∞
 Alternating series & lebnitz test for convergence.
 A series of the type 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 − 𝑎4 … where 𝑎𝑛 > 0, for all n ∈ N is called an alternating series and is
denoted by ∑(−1)𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 .
 An infinite series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is convergent if (1) each term is
numerically less then preceding term and (2) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞
 Absolutely convergent, Conditionally convergent or semi-convergent series
 A series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is said to be an absolutely convergent series , if the series of absolute value of terms, i.e. ∑ |𝑎𝑛 |
is convergent.
 Every absolutely convergent series is convergent but the converse is not necessarily true.
 A series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is said to be semi-convergent or conditionally convergent, if ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent while ∑ |𝑎𝑛 |
is divergent.
Theory of Sets
 Set
 A set is a collection of well-defined objects.
 Subset
 If every element of a set A is also a member of a set B , then A is called a subset of B and denoted by A ⊆
B.
 Superset
 f A is a subset of B means A is contained in B and B is called superset of A , written as B ⊃ A
 Equality of sets
 Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A belongs to B and every element of B belongs
to A, written as A = B.
 Proper set
 If every element of the set A is an element of B and B contains at least one element which does not belongs
to A, then we call A is proper subset of B.
 Universal set
 In general we consider all the sets to be the subsets of a given fixed set known as universal set denoted by
U.
 Finite set
 If a set consists of finite number of element it is called finite set.
 Infinite set
 If a set consists of infinite number of element it is called infinite set.
 Power set
 Power set of the set is defined as the family consisting of all subsets of a set and is denoted by P.
 Empty set
 A consisting of no point is called the empty set or null set denoted by {} , OR ∅.
 Singleton set
 If a set consists of a single element it is called a singleton set.
 Set Operations
 Union of two sets A and B written as A ∪ B is the set of points which belongs to one of the sets A and
B.{which belongs to A or to B or both}
 The intersection of two sets A and B written as A ∩ B is the set of points which belongs to both A and B.
 Complement of a set
 The complement of a set A is denoted by Ac or A’ , the set of all the points in the universal set U which do
not belong to A.
 Difference of set
 The difference A – B between two sets A and B is the set of points in A which do not belong to B,
A – B = A ∩ Bc.
 Symmetric difference of sets
 The symmetric difference A ∆ B between two sets A and B is defined as A ∆ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A).
 Important results on sets
 ∅′ = 𝑈 and 𝑈 ′ = ∅.
 𝐴 − 𝐵 = A ∩ B c & B – A = B ∩ Ac .
 A ∪ A′ = U and A ∩ A′ = ∅.
 x ∈ A ∪ B => x ∈ A or x ∈ B.
 x ∉ A ∪ B => x ∉ A or x ∉ B.
 Cartesian product and its properties
 Let A and B be two sets then

A X B = {(x,y) : x ∈ A , y ∈ B}.
 A X B ≠ B X A.
 (A ∩ B) X C = (A X C) ∩ (A X B).
 (A ∪ B) X C = (A X C) ∪ (A X B).
 (A − B) X C = (A X C) − (A X B).
 (A X B) = ∅  A = ∅ or B = ∅.
 A X B ≠ B X A  (A = ∅ OR B = ∅ OR A =B).
 (A ∩ B) X (C ∩ D) = (A X C) ∩ (B X D).
 A = A X B => A = ∅.
 A ⊆ A X A => A = ∅.
 If A contains n elements and B contains m element then AXB contains nm elements.
 Relation and its properties
 A relation from set A to B is subset of A X B.

 If a set A has n elements and set B has m elements then total number of relations from set A to set B is 2nm.
 A relation on a set A is a subset of A X A.
 Suppose R, S and T are relations on X , then
 (R∘S) ∘T = R∘(S∘T).
 R∘ ∆ = R = ∆ ∘R
 R∘(S ∪ T) = (R∘S) ∪ (R∘T)
 R∘(S ∩ T) ⊆ (R∘S) ∩ (R∘T)
 (R ∪ S) ∘ 𝑇 = (R∘ 𝑇) ∪ (S∘ 𝑇)
 (R ∩ S) ∘ 𝑇 ⊆ (R∘T) ∩ (S∘T)
 Types of relation
 Let R be a relation on A, then the relation

R-1 = {(a1, a2) ∈ A X A | (a2, a1) ∈ R}, is called the inverse relation of R.
 Let R and S be relations on A , then (R -1)-1 = R and (R∘S) = S-1∘R-1.
 R is called reflexive if (a,a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ A.
 R is called symmetric if (a1,a2) ∈ R => (a2,a1) ∈ R. [R-1 = R].
 R is called transitive if (a1,a2) ∈ R and (a2,a3) ∈ R=>(a1,a3) ∈ R
 R is called anti-symmetric if (a1,a2) ∈ R and (a2,a1) ∈ R => a1=a2.
 A relation R on set A , is called equivalence relation if it is reflexive , symmetric and transitive.
 Function
 Let A and B be two sets. A subset f of A X B is called a function or a mapping (or a map) from A to B, if
 ∀ a ∈ A, ∃ b ∈ B such that (a,b) ∈ f.
 (a,b1) ∈ A and (a,b2) ∈ f => b1 = b2.
 A is called the domain and B is called the domain of f.
 If (a,b) ∈ f , we write b = f(a) and call it the image of element a under the map f. Thus, f = {(a,f(a) : a ∈ A}
we also adopt the notations f : A → B to say that f is a map.
 Let f : A → B , and g : B → C be two maps.
 Then , gof : {(a,c) : (a,b) ∈ f and (b,c) ∈ g} is a map from A to C called the composition of f and g, given
by (gof)(a) = g(f(a)) , ∀ a ∈ A.
 The subset IA of A X A is also a map from A to A called the identity map on A and is denoted by I A. Thus,
IA(a) = a, ∀a∈A.
 foIA = f = IBof where f : A → B is a map.
 Let A and B be two sets and b ∈ B. Then A X {b} is a map f from A to B such that f(a) = b, ∀a∈A is called
a constant map.
 Let f : A → B be a map, then
f-1 = {(b,a) : (a,b) ∈ f} ⊆ B X A
need not be a map form B to A. But f-1 will be a map iff
∀ b ∈ B , there exists a ∈ A such that (a,b) ∈ f.
(a1,b) ∈ f and (a2,b) ∈ f => a1 = a2 is called inverse map of f.
 A map f : A → B is called one-one or injective, if
f(a1) = f(a2) => a1 = a2. OR a1 ≠ a2 => f(a1) ≠ f(a2).
 A map is called onto or surjective map if for all b ∈ B , there exists a ∈ A such that (a,b) ∈ f. Thus we can
say that f is surjective if ∀ b ∈ B , ∃ a ∈ A such that f(a) = b.
 A map f which is both one-one(injective) and onto (surjective) is called one-one onto map (bijective map).
 The map f-1 exists iff f is bijective.
 Properties of map
 Inverse of a bijective map is bijective.

 Composition of two surjective maps is surjective.
 Composition of two injective maps is injective.
 Composition of two bijective maps is bijective.
 Let f: A → B and g : B → C, be maps,
 If gof is surjective , then g is surjective.
 If gof is injective , then f is injective.
 If gof is bijective , then g is surjective and f is injective.
 There is no onto map from any set A to its power set (A).
 Let f:A → B be a map. Let X1 and X2 be subsets of A. Then
 f (X1 ∪ X2) = f(X1) ∪ f(X2)
 f (X1 ∩ X2) ⊆ f(X1) ∩ f(X2)
 Equivalent sets & cardinal numbers.
 A set A is said to be equivalent or cardinally equivalent to the set B if there exists one-one map from A to
B and denote by A ∼ B.
 If A is any set consisting of n elements then the cardinal number of A is , and denoted by card A = n , |A| =
n.
 Cardinal number corresponding to a finite set is finite cardinal number.
 Cardinal number corresponding to an infinite set is called transfinite cardinal number.
 All transfinite cardinal numbers are greater than any finite cardinal number.
 Suppose A and B be any two sets such that |A| = n and |B| = m, then the product of cardinal numbers is
defined as n x m = |A| x |B|.
 Countable & Uncountable sets
 A set A is called denumerable if there exists a one-one mapping from the set of natural numbers (N) onto
the set A. (A ~N).
 A set is called countable if it is either finite or denumerable.
 A set A is uncountable if it is infinite and A is not cardinally equal to N.
 Results on countable and uncountable sets.
 If A and B are finites sets the A ∩ B is finite.

 If A and B are finite sets the A ∪ B is finite.
 Every subset of a countable set is countable.
 Every infinite subset of a denumerable subset is denumerable.
 If A and B are countable sets then A ∩ B is countable.
 Every superset of an infinite set is infinite.
 Every subset of a finite set is finite.
 Every superset of an uncountable set is uncountable.
 Every infinite set has a denumerable subset.
 The countable union of countable sets is countable.
 Every infinite set if equivalent to one of its proper subset.
 Countably infinite sets are smallest infinite sets.
 The set of all rational numbers is countable.
 The unit interval [0,1] is uncountable.
 The set of real numbers is uncountable.
 The set of all rational numbers in [0,1] is countable.
 The set of irrational numbers is uncountable.
 Any open interval (a,b) is equivalent to any other open interval (c,d).
 Cartesian product of two countable sets is countable.
 The set N x N is countable, N is set of natural numbers.
 The intervals (a,b) are equivalent to [a,b]
 The intervals [a,b] are equivalent to [a,b).
 Any interval is equivalent to the set R of real numbers. {R~[0,1]}.
 Cantors set and its properties.
 The cantor set is the set of all numbers in the interval [0,1] which have a ternary expansion without the digit
1, ternary expansion involves only two digits 0 or 2.
 Cantor set is the complement of an open set so it is closed.
 Cantor set is equivalent to [0,1].
 Cantor set is uncountable.
 Cantor ternary set is measurable and its measure is 0.
 Supremum and Infimum of sets.
 If the set of all upper bounds of a set A or real numbers has a smallest number m, then m is said to be a least
upper bound (lub) or supremum of A and denoted by Sup A or lub A.
 If the set of all lower bounds of a set A of real numbers has a greatest number M, then M is said to be an
infimum or greatest lower bound (glb) of A and denoted by Inf A or glb A.
 The supremum and infimum if exists the they are unique.
 Important Definitions
 A point p is said to be a limit point of the set A ⊂ R, if every neighbourhood of p contains atleast one point
of A other than p. Mathematically written as (N ∩ A) - p ≠ ∅.
 A point p is called a limit point of a set A ⊂ R , if for each 𝜀>0,the open interval (p − 𝜀, 𝑝 + 𝜀), contains a
point of A other then p.
 The set of all limit points of a set A ⊂ R, is called derived set of A.
 A point p ∈ R, is called an isolated point of A if it is not the limit point of A.
 A set A is called discrete set if all its points are isolated points.
 Each point of a set can be either isolated or limit point.
 A set is said to be closed if it contains all its limit points.
 The empty set is closed.
 The set of rational numbers is not closed.
 Finite sets are always closed.
 The smallest closed set containing A , is called the closure of A, and written as 𝐴̅.
 The set A is said to be dense if 𝐴̅ = R.
 The set A is said to be nowhere dense in R if interior of the closure of A is empty.
 The point x ∈ A, is called an interior of A if there exists a neighbourhood containing x and contained in A.
{x must belong to A}
 The closed set has derived set as its subset.
 If every point of a set A is an interior point of A, then A is called an open set.
 Open interval is always an open set.
 If every neighbourhood of a point contains an infinite number of points of A , then that point is called the
condensation point.
 Finite set has no condensation point.
 Frequently used theorems
 The finite set has no limit point.
 Interior of a set is an open set.
 Every bounded infinite set has a smallest and the greatest limit
point.
 If a non-empty subset A of R which is bounded above and has no maximum member , then its supremum is
a limit point of the set A.
 Every infinite bounded set of real numbers has a limit point.
 If a non-empty subset A of R which is bounded below and has no minimum member , then its infimum is a
limit point of the set A.
 The finite intersection of open subsets of R is an open subset of R.
 The set of all interior points (Ao) is an subset of R.
 The set of all interior points (Ao) is the largest open set contained in A.
 The set of all interior points (Ao) is open iff Ao = A.
 The finite union of closed sets is a closed set.
 The arbitrary intersection of closed sets is a closed set.
 A subset A of R is closed iff its complement is open.
 Limit of a function and theorems on it.
 A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x tends to a, if for arbitrary 𝜀 > 0, there exists some 𝛿 > 0
(depending upon 𝜀) such that |f(x) – l| < 𝜀 ,

whenever |x – a| < 𝛿 . Mathematically written as lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙.
𝑥→𝑎
 If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 exists then it is unique.

𝑥→𝑎
 If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚,

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙 + 𝑚.

𝑥→𝑎
 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙 − 𝑚.

𝑥→𝑎
 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙 ∙ 𝑚.

𝑥→𝑎
 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 )/𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙/𝑚, m ≠ 0.

𝑥→𝑎
 Continuity & discontinuity of a function.
 A function f is said to be continuous at a point c, if for arbitrary 𝜀 > 0, there exists some 𝛿 > 0 such that
|f(x) – f(c)| < , whenever |x – c| < 𝛿 . Mathematically written as lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑎
 Also a function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point c,

if f(c+0) = f(c-0) = f(c).
 A function f(x) is continuous in an interval [a,b], if it is continuous at every point of the interval [a,b].
 A function f(x) is discontinuous at a point x = c, if f(x) is not continuous at x = c.
 If a function is not continuous at a point, then it is said to be discontinuous at that point and the point is
called the point of discontinuity oh this function.
 The function is discontinuous if lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) but lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐 )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
 The function is discontinuous if lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists.

𝑥→𝑎
 f is not defined at x = c , then f(x) is discontinuous.

 If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions at x = a then following results are true,
 f(x) + g(x) is continuous at x = a.
 f(x) - g(x) is continuous at x = a.
 f(x) ∙ g(x) is continuous at x = a.
 f(x) / g(x) is continuous at x = a, if g(x) ≠ 0.
 If f(x) + g(x) is continuous at x = a, we cannot conclude about the f(x) and g(x) continuity at x = a.
 Every constant function is continuous.
 Every polynomial function is continuous.
 Trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions are continuous in their
respective domain.
 The graph of continuous function is a continuous curve without any cut.
 If f(x) is continuous then |f(x)| is continuous.
 The composition function gof(x) is also continuous at x = a, if f(x) and g(x) are continuous.
 Differentiablity and theorems.
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
 The function is said to be differentiable if right hand limit R.H.D. [ lim+ ] is equal to left hand
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
derivative L.H.D. [ lim− ] at x = a.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
 Continuity is a necessary condition for the existence of a finite dereivate.

 If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable function then
(f+g)’(x) = f’(x) + g’(x) , (f-g)’(x) = f’(x) – g’(x) ,
(f∙g)’(x) = f’(x)g(x) + g’(x)f(x) ,
(f/g)’(x) = [f’(x)g(x) – f(x)g’(x)] / [g(x)]2, g(x) ≠ 0.
 If f is derivable on an interval I, then the range of f’ on I is either an interval or singleton.
 Uniform continuity and theorems.
 A function f defined on an interval I is said to be uniformly continuous in the interval I, if for each 𝜀 > 0,
there exists some 𝛿 > 0, such that |f(x2) – f(x1)| < 𝜀,
when |x2 - x1| < 𝛿.
 Continuity of a function is defined at a particular point but uniform continuity is defined at an interval.
 Every uniformly continuous function on an interval is continuous on that interval but the converse is not
true.
 If f is continuous on a closed and bounded interval [a,b] , then it is uniformly continuous on [a,b].
 If f is uniformly continuous on a bounded interval I, then f is bounded on I.
 The product of two uniformly continuous functions is not uniformly continuous.
 If f and g are uniformly continuous on I, then f – g is also uniformly continuous on I.
 sin x is uniformly continuous on [0,∞).
 If f is a continuous function at x = a. Then |f| is also continuous at x = a, but the converse is not true in
general.
 Rolle’s theorem.
 If a function f(x) defined on [a,b] is such that,

 f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a,b]
 f’(x) exists in the open interval (a,b) and
 f’(a) = f’(b) , then there exists atleast one point say c where a<c<b such that f’(c) = 0.
 Converse of the rolle’s theorem is not true.
 Meaning of rolle’s theorem :- Between two roots a and b of f(x) = 0, there exists atleast one zero of f’(x).
 Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (L.M.V.T.) .
 If a function f(x) defined on [a,b] is such that,

 f(x) is continuous in the closed interval [a,b]
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
 f’(x) exists in the open interval (a,b) then there exists atleast one point ‘c’ in (a,b) such that f’(c) = .
𝑏−𝑎
 If a function f is continuous on [a,b] and derivable on (a,b), then f’(x) = 0 for all x ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] => f is constant
on [𝑎, 𝑏].
 If a function f is continuous on [a,b] and derivable on (a,b), then f’(x) > 0 for all x ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] => f is strictly
increasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].
 If a function f is continuous on [a,b] and derivable on (a,b), then f’(x) < 0 for all x ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] => f is strictly
decreasing on [𝑎, 𝑏].
 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (C.M.V.T.) .
 If a function f(x) and g(x) defined on [a,b] is such that,

 f(x) and g(x) both are continuous on the closed interval [a,b].
 f(x) and g(x) both are differentiable on the open interval (a,b).
 g’(x) exists {does not vanish, g’(x) ≠ 0} on the open interval (a,b) then there exists atleast ne point ‘c’ in
𝑓′(𝑐) 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
(a,b) such that = , a < c < b.
𝑔′(𝑐) 𝑔(𝑏)−𝑔(𝑎)
 Taylor’s series.
 Let f(x) be a function of x which possess continuous derivatives of all orders in the interval [a,a+h], then
ℎ2
assuming f(a+h) can be expanded as an infinite power series in h, we have f(a+h) = f(a) + hf’(a) + f’’(a)+…+
2!
 Point-wise convergence.
 For each a ∈ S, there corresponds a real number sequence (fn(a)) with values f1(a), f2(a),… and suppose that
this sequence is convergent. We assume that each of the sequence arising for different members of S is
convergent. Define a function f, with domain S such that the value f(a) for a ∈ S is lim{ fn(a)}
 The function defined as the point-wise limit of the sequence {fn} of functions and we call is that the sequence
is point-wise convergent.
 Uniform convergence.
 A sequence {fn} of real valued function with domain S is uniformly convergent , if there exists a real valued
function F, with domain S and for each 𝜀 > 0, there corresponds an integer p such that for all x ∈ S and n ≥ p,
|fn(x) – F(x)| < 𝜀.
 Uniform convergent => Point-wise convergent.
 Every point-wise convergent sequence need not be uniformly convergent.
 Mn test for uniform convergence.
 Let {fn} be a sequence of functions defined on a metric space X.

 Suppose lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = f(x) for all x ∈ X.
𝑛→∞
 And Mn = sup{|fn(x) – f(x)| : x ∈ X}

 Then {fn} converges uniformly to f iff Mn → 0 as n → ∞.
 Directional derivative.
 Let f is defined on S ⊆ R2 and c ∈ S. Let u = {u1,u2} ∈ R2, then the directional derivative of f at c in the
𝑓(𝑐+ℎ𝑢)−𝑓(𝑐)
direction of u is defined as lim , provided this limit exists.
ℎ→0 ℎ
 Metric Space.
 Suppose X be a non-empty set , then X x X = {(x,y) : x ∈ X, y ∈ X}.
 A real valued function d : X x X → R is called a metric space on X, if it satisfies the following conditions
 d(x,y) ≥ 0, for all x, y ∈ X.
 d(x,y) = 0,  x = y.
 d(x,y) = d(y,x) , for all x, y ∈ X.
 d(x,y) + d(y,z) ≥ d(x,z), for all x, y,z ∈ X.
Questions
1 1
1) The set {x sin x for x ∈ 𝐍} has ____
A) one limit point and it is 0.

B) one limit point and it is 1.
C) one limit point and it is -1.
D) three limit points and these are -1,0 and 1.
2) Pick out the countable sets from the following

A) {𝛼 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝛼 is a root of a polynomial with integer coefficients}
B) The complement in ℝ of the set described in option A above.
C) The set of all points in the plane whose coordinates area rational.
D) Any subset of ℝ whose Lebesgue measure is zero.
3) What if the cardinality of the following set?

X = {f ∈ 𝐶 1 [0,1] : f(0) = 0 , f(1) = 1, |𝑓 ′ (𝑥)| ≤ 1 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [0,1]}
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
1
4) Let f ∈ 𝐶 1 [−1,1] such that |f(x)| ≤ 1 and |𝑓 ′ (x)| ≤ 2 for all x ∈ [−1,1].
Let A = {x ∈ [−1,1] : f(x) = x}
Is A non-empty? If yes then what is its cardinality?
5) Determine which of them is countable and uncountable.

a) The collection of all the infinite sequences of positive integers
b) The collection of all finite subsets of N.
6) The set Q X Z is countable or uncountable?
7) Let A be a two-point set [1,2] and write 𝐴𝑗 = [1,2] for every k = 1,2,...
Let B = ∏∞
𝑘=1 𝐴𝑗 . Then which of the following is correct
A) B is countable
B) ⋃∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 ∏𝑘=1 𝐴𝑗 is countable
C) Card B = Card [1,2]
D) None of them
8) The set {f : f is a function from N to {0,1}} is uncountable.

True or False?
9) Let Y be a metric space and C ⊆ Y be a connected set with at least two distinct elements. Then number of
elements in B is
A) 2 B) More than 2 but finite C) Uncountable D) Countably Infinite
10) The set {√𝑝 : p is a prime number} is countable or uncountable?
11) Let D = {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a,b ∈ ℚ} be a subset of ℝ2 then D is uncountable or

countable?
(−1)𝑚+1 (−1)𝑚
12) Using the fact ∑∞
𝑚=1 = log2 then ∑∞
𝑚=1 𝑚(𝑚+1) equals to _____
𝑚
A) 1 – 2log2
B) 1 + log2
C) (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)2
D) − (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)2
13) Let f be a bounded function on ℝ and a ∈ ℝ. For 𝛿 > 0,

Let w(a, 𝛿) = sup |f(x) – f(a)|, x ∈ [a − 𝛿, a + 𝛿], Then
A) w(a, 𝛿1 ) ≤ w(a, 𝛿2 ), if 𝛿1 ≤ 𝛿2 .
B) lim+ w(a, 𝛿) = 1, for all a ∈ ℝ .
𝛿→0
C) lim w(a, 𝛿) does not exists.
𝛿→0+
D) None of these.
14) Let {x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , …} be a sequence of real numbers. For any k ≥ 1, let 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑥2𝑘
Then which of the following statements is correct?
A) If lim 𝑆𝑛 exists then ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑥𝑚 exists.
𝑛→∞
B) If lim 𝑆𝑛 exists then ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑥𝑚 need not exists.
𝑛→∞
C) If ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑥𝑚 exists, then If lim 𝑆𝑛 exists.
𝑛→∞
D) None of these.
15) A polynomial of odd degree with real co-efficient must have

A) At least one real root.
B) No real root.
C) Only real roots.
D) At least one root which is not real.
1 1+2 1+2+3
16) The sum of the series 1! + + + ⋯ equals to _____.
2! 3!
𝑒
A) .
2
B) e.
3𝑒
C) 2
𝑒
D) 1 + 2.
17) Let f : A → A such that f(f(a)) = a for all a ∈ A, then

A) f is one-to-one and onto.
B) f is one-to-one but not onto.
C) f is onto but not one-to-one.
D) f is neither one-to-one nor onto.
18) Let A = { x 2 : 0 < x < 1} and B = { x 3 : 1 < x < 2} , then which of the following
Statement is true?
A) There is no one-to-one onto function from A to B taking rationals to
rationals.
B) There is a one-to-one onto function from A to B.
C) There is no one-to-one function from A to B which is onto.
D) There is no onto function from A to B which is one-to-one.
19) Every point of a finite set is called

A) Limit point.
B) Interior point.
C) Exterior point.
D) Isolated point.
20) lim (1 − 𝑥) =
𝑥→1
𝑥2 − 1
21) lim =
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥≠0
22) f(x) ={𝑥→0 𝑥 , [NET DEC-2013 & JUNE-2017]
1 𝑥=0
ex
23) lim =
x→∞ x2
1
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ≠ 0
24) If f(x) = { then,
0 ,𝑥 = 0
A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
B) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
C) f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.
D) None.
ax −1
25) Find the limit of lim
x→0 x
√3+x − 2
x→1 x−1
4 1
27) Find the limit of lim( x2 −4 − )
x→2 x −2
1
28) Find the limit of lim (x)x
x→∞
xn
x→+∞ ex
30) Find the limit of lim x x

x→0+
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2
, 𝑥 ≠ 0 then f(x) is
31) The function f(x) defined as f(x) = { 𝑥
0, 𝑥=0
A) Discontinuous at x = 0 B) Continuous at x = 0
C) Differentiable at x = 0 D) None of the above
32) The set of points where the function f(x) = x|x| is differentiable is,
A) (0,∞) B) (- ∞,0) C) (- ∞, ∞) D) (- ∞,0) ∪ (0,∞)
33) The function f(x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) is

A) Continuous at x = 0 B) Discontinuous at x = 0
34) The function f(x) = 𝑒 −|𝑥| is
A) Continuous at x = 0 B) Discontinuous at x = 0
𝑥2
35) The set of all the points where function f(x) = 1+|𝑥| is differentiable
A) (0,∞) B) (- ∞,0) C) (- ∞, ∞) D) (- ∞,0) ∪ (0,∞)
36) Is set of Rational Numbers (ℚ) Countable or Uncountable ?
1
37) Let S = {(𝑥, 𝑦) | 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = , where n ∈ ℕ and
𝑛2
either x ∈ ℚ or y ∈ ℚ}
Here ℚ is the set of rational numbers and
ℕ is the set of natural number.
Which of the following is true ?
[CSIR NET 2018]
A) S is finite non-empty set
B) S is countable
C) S is uncountable
D) S is empty
38) Let P = {(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 1 ; a,b ∈ ℚ }

P is the set of all unit circles in the complex plane
with centre as Rational Co-ordinate.
Which of the following is true ?
[CSIR NET]
A) P is finite non-empty set
B) P is countable
C) P is uncountable
D) P is empty
39) Let S = { 𝑓: ℕ → ℤ2 } Set of all the functions from ℕ to ℤ2
Then S is countable or uncountable ?
40) Let S = { 𝑓: ℤ2 → ℕ} Set of all the functions from ℤ2 to ℕ

41) Let S = { 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ} Set of all the functions from ℝ to ℝ

42) Let S = { 𝑓: ℤ → ℤ} Set of all the functions from ℤ to ℤ

43) Let X denote the two point set {0,1} and write 𝑋𝑖 = {0,1}
for every i = 1,2,3,… Let Y = ∏𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 and Z = ∏∞
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 then
A) Y and Z both are countable

B) Y is countable and Z is uncountable
C) Y is uncountable and Z is countable
D) Y and Z both are uncountable
44) Which of the following subsets of ℝ2 are uncountable ?

[CSIR-NET]
A) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a ≤ b}
B) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a + b ∈ ℚ }
C) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a*b ∈ ℤ }
D) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a,b ∈ ℚ}
45) The set of all the subsets of natural numbers ℕ is countable or uncountable?
[CSIR-NET]
1
46) Define f(x) = for x >0. Then f is uniformly continuous ?
√𝑥
[CSIR-NET,DEC-18,Part-B]
A) on (0,∞).
B) on [r, ∞) for r > 0.
C) on (0,r] for any r > 0.
D) only on interval of the form [a,b] for 0 < a < b < ∞.
47) Is f(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
48) Is f(x) = x Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
𝜋𝑥
49) Is f(x) = tan( 2 ) Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
50) Is f(x) = sin(x) Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
1
51) Is f(x) = 𝑥 Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
1
52) Is f(x) = sin( 𝑥) Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
1
53) Is f(x) = xsin( 𝑥) Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
sin(x)
54) Is f(x) = Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
x
cos(x)
55) Is f(x) = Uniformly continuous on (0,1)?
x
56) Consider a map f : ℚ → ℝ defined by

0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
f(x) = { 𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 ∈ ℤ, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ, gcd(𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 1
𝑞 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
10 𝑞
,
then the map f is

A) One-one and onto
B) Not one-one but onto
C) Onto but not one-one
D) Neither one-one nor onto
57) Let f : X → X such that
f(f(x)) = x for all x ∈ X then f is
[CSIR-NET,JUNE-15,Part-B]
A) One-one and onto
B) One-one but not onto
58) Let ℤ denote the set of integers and ℤ≥0 denote the set
{0,1,2,…} Consider the map f : ℤ≥0 X ℤ → ℤ given by
f(m,n) = 2𝑚 (2n + 1) then the map f is
A) One-one and onto
B) One-one but not onto
1 𝑛
59) Consider the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + (-1)𝑛 𝑛 ) . Then
A) lim sup an = lim inf an = 1
n→∞ n→∞
B) lim sup an = lim inf an = e

n→∞ n→∞
1
C) lim sup an = lim inf an = 𝑒
n→∞ n→∞
1
D) lim sup an = e, lim inf an = 𝑒
n→∞ n→∞
1
60) L = lim 𝑛 . Then
n→∞ √𝑛!
A) L = 0.
B) L = 1.
C) 0 < L < ∞ .
D) L = ∞.
1 𝑛
61) lim (1 − ) equals to
n→∞ 𝑛2
A) 1
−1
B) e 2
C) e−2
D) e−1
𝑛
( )
𝑎
62) For a,b ∈ ℕ, consider the sequence 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑛 for n > a,b.
( )
𝑏
Then which of the following statements are true as n → ∞.
[CSIR-NET,JUNE-17,Part-C]
A) dn converges for all values of a and b.
B) dn converges if a < b.
C) dn converges if a = b.
D) dn converges if a > b.
63) Consider the interval (-1,1) and a sequence {𝑎𝑛 }

of elements in it, then
A) Every limit point of {𝑎𝑛 } is in (-1,1).
B) Every limit point of {𝑎𝑛 } is in [-1,1].
C) The limit point {𝑎𝑛 } can not be {-1,0,1}.
D) The limit point {𝑎𝑛 } can only be {-1,0,1}.
1 1 1 1
64) lim ( + +…+ ) equals to
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 √2+√4 √4+√6 √2𝑛+√2𝑛+2
A) √2
1
B)
√2
C) √2 + 1
1
D)
√2 + 1
1 1 1 1
65) lim ( + +…+ ) equals to
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 √1+√3 √3+√5 √2𝑛 − 1 + √2𝑛 + 1
A) √2
1
B)
√2
C) √2 + 1
1
D)
√2 + 1
66) Check whether the series ∑(−1)𝑛 is oscillatory ?
67) Check whether the series ∑(−1)𝑛 n is convergent ?
𝑛
68) Check whether the series ∑ 𝑛+1 convergent ?
1 1 1
69) 1 + 22 + 33 + 44 + … is convergent or divergent?
1
70) ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 is convergent or divergent?
1
71) Test the convergence of ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛∗3𝑛
1
𝑛=1(𝑛 𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
1
n=1 √n+1−√n
sin(n)
n=1 n2
75) Test the convergence of ∑∞ n

n=1(−1) log n
log n
n=1 n
1
77) ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 is convergent or divergent?
𝑥𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛! (x ∈ ℕ)
79) Which of the following functions is/are

differentiable at x = 0?
A) f(x) = |x|x .
x 2 , if x is rational
B) f(x) = { .
0 , if x is irrational
C) Both A and B.
D) Neither A nor B.
1
1
80) Evaluate lim 𝑛 (∏𝑛𝑘=1(𝑛 + 𝑘))𝑛
𝑛→∞
81) Let 𝑎𝑚𝑛 , m,n ≥ 1 be a double array of real numbers. Define

P = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ; Q = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
R = lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ; S= lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
Then which of the following statements are necessarily true?

[Part-C,NET,DEC-17]
A) P ≤ Q
B) Q ≤ R
C) R ≤ S
D) P ≤ S
82) Let (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛 ≥ 1 be a sequence of non-negative real numbers ,then if
liminf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0 [TRUE/FALSE]
limsup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0 [TRUE/FALSE]

liminf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛 ≥ 1is bounded. [TRUE/FALSE]
liminf 𝑥𝑛 2 > 4 => limsup 𝑥𝑛 > 4 [TRUE/FALSE]
86) Question :- Consider the polynomial f(z) = 𝑧 2 + 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑝11 ,

where a ∈ Z\{0} and p ≥ 13 is a prime.
Suppose that 𝑎2 ≤ 4𝑝11 . Which of the following statement is true?
A) f has a zero on the imaginary axis
B) f has a zero for which the real and imaginary parts are equal
C) f has distinct roots
D) f has exactly one real roots
87) Let ≤ be usual order on the field R of real numbers.

Define an order ≤ on 𝑹𝟐 by (a,b) ≤ (c,d) if (a < c), or (a = c and b ≤ d).
1 1
Consider the subset E = {(𝑛,1 - 𝑛) ∈ 𝑹𝟐 ; n ∈ N}.
With respect to ≤ which of the following statement is true?

A) inf(E) = (0,1) and sup(E) = (1,0).
B) inf(E) does not exists but sup(E) = (1,0).
C) inf(E) = (0,1) but sup(E) does not exists.
D) Both inf(E) and sup(E) do not exists.
88) Let X ⊂ R be an infinite countable bounded subset of R.

Which of the following statement is true?
A) X cannot be compact.
B) X contains an interior point.
C) X may be closed.
D) Closure of X is countable.
89) Find the sum of the following series
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 2
+ 3 2
+⋯+ 𝑛 𝑛
+ 𝑛+1 +⋯
2∗3 2 ∗3 2 ∗3 2 ∗3 2 ∗3 2 ∗ 3𝑛
3
A) 8
3
B) 10
3
C) 14
3
D) 16
90) Which of the following set is countable ?

A) The set of all the functions from Q to Q.
B) The set of all the functions from Q to {0,1}.
C) The set of all the functions from Q to {0,1} which vanish outside a finite set.
D) The set of all the subsets of N.
𝜋
91) Evaluate:- 2sin( 2 + 𝑖)
A) e
1
B) e +
e
C) 2e
1
D) 2e + 2𝑒
1
92) The value of lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 √𝑛2 is
𝑛→∞ +𝑘 2
A) log(√2)
B) √2
C) log(1+√2)
D) 1+√2.
√𝑎𝑛
93) ∑∞
𝑛=1 is _________, where ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is a convergent series of positive terms.
𝑛
A) Convergent.
B) Divergent.
C) Oscillatory.
D) None of the above.
[𝑥]
94) The lim ______. {[x] is greatest integer function}
𝑥→0 𝑥
A) Is 1.
B) Does not exists.
C) Is 0.
D) Is -1.
95) Which of the following functions is/are uniformly continuous.

A) f(x) = sin2 x , x ∈ ℝ.
1
B) f(x) = x, x ∈ ]0,1[
C) f(x) = x 2 , x ∈ ℝ.
𝑛 2
96) If 𝑎𝑛 = ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘, n = 1,2,3,…, then which of the following statements is
true?
A) Both the sequence {𝑎𝑛 }∞ ∞
𝑛=1 and the series ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 are convergent.
B) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 }∞ ∞
𝑛=1 is convergent but the series ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is divergent.
C) Both the sequence {𝑎𝑛 }∞ ∞
𝑛=1 and the series ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 are divergent.
D) None.
97) Let X and Y be metric space, and let f: X → Y be a continuous map. For any
subset A of X, which one of the following statement is true.
A) If A is bounded, f(A) is bounded.
B) If A is closed, f(A) is closed.
C) If A is open, f(A) is open.
D) If A is connected, f(A) is connected.
98) The continuous function f: ℝ → ℝ defined by

f(x) = (𝑥 2 + 1)2019 is
A) One – one but not onto.
B) Onto but not one-one.
C) One – one and onto.
D) Neither one-one nor onto.
99) If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are sequences of real numbers, then which of the
following statement is true?
A) lim sup(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) ≥ lim sup 𝑎𝑛 + lim sup 𝑏𝑛 .
B) lim inf(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) ≤ lim inf 𝑎𝑛 + lim inf 𝑏𝑛 .
C) Both A and B.
D) Neither A nor B.
100) Is d(x,y) = |x – y| a metric space?
101) Is d(x,y) = |𝑥 3 – 𝑦 3 | a metric space?
102) Is d(x,y) = min(x,y) a metric space?
103) Let a,b,c be distinct real numbers. Then number of distinct real roots of the equation (𝑥 − 𝑎)3 +
(𝑥 − 𝑏)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)3 = 0 is
A) 3.
B) 2.
C) 1.
D) Depends of value of a,b,c.
104) The function g(x) = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 |𝑥 | + 𝑐0 |𝑥 |2 + 𝑐0 |𝑥 |3 is differentiable at x = 0
A) Never for any 𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 .
B) Only if 𝑐1 =0.
C) Only if 𝑐1 , 𝑐3 =0.
D) For any 𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 .
105) Consider the two sets X = {1,2,3} and

Y = {1,2,3,4,5,6} then total number of one-one functions from X to Y is
A) 130.
B) 120.
C) 110.
D) 118.
106) Let X be a closed subset of ℝ , X ≠ ∅ & X ≠ ℝ, then X is

A) a countable set.
B) a compact set.
C) not open.
D) closure of the exterior of X.
107) Let k ∈ [0,∞) be a real number. Define

1
𝑡 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑡 ≠ 0
𝑓𝑘 (𝑡) = { and
0, 𝑡=0
A = {k ∈ [0,∞) | 𝑓𝑘 is differentiable}, then A =
A) (0, ∞).
B) (1, ∞).
C) (2, ∞).
D) (3, ∞).
108) Consider the following statements

A) The set of all the points in the plane whose coordinates are rational is countable.
B) Any subset of R whose lebesgue measure is zero is countable.
A) A is true, B is false.
B) B is true, A is false.
C) Both A and B are true.
D) Neither A not B is true.
109) Consider the following statements.

P) If f : ]0,∞[ → ℝ is uniformly continuous, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥)exists.
𝑥→∞
Q) If f : ]0,∞[ → ℝ is uniformly continuous, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→0
A) P is True , Q is False.
B) Q is True , P is False.
C) Both P and Q are true.
D) Neither P nor Q is true.
110) Let f: [0,1] → ℝ be continuous and define
𝑥
F(x) = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡, x ∈ [0,1], then which of the following statements are correct?
A) The function F is Lipschitz continuous on [0,1].
B) The function F is not uniformly continuous on [0,1].
C) The function F is not Lipschitz continuous on [0,1].
D) None of them.
𝑥2
111) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 1+ (𝑛𝑥)2
A) Does not converges uniformly on ℝ.

B) Converges uniformly on ℝ.
C) Depends on x.
D) None of them.
1 1
112) lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛((2𝑛𝜋 + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑛𝜋 + )) is equal to
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
A) sin(0).
B) sin(-1).
C) sin(1)
D) sin(2).
1 𝑘
113) Let f ∈ C[-1,1], then evaluate lim 𝑘 ∫−𝑘 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
𝑘→0
A) 2f(3).
B) 2f(2).
C) 2f(1).
D) 2f(0).
114) For each j = 1,2,3,… let Aj be a finite set containing at

least two distinct elements. Then
A) ⋃∞ j=1 Aj is a countable set.
B) ⋃∞ n
n=1 ∏j=1 Aj is an uncountable set.
C) ∏∞ j=1 Aj is an uncountable set.
∞
D) ⋃j=1 Aj is an uncountable set.
1
115) Evaluate lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 .
𝑥→0
116) Let X be a metric space and A ⊆ X be a connected set with at least two distinct points. Then the number
of distinct points in A is
A) 2
B) More than 2, but finite
C) Countably infinite
D) Uncountable
117) Let 𝐶 1 (ℝ) denote the set of all continuously differentiable real valued functions defined on the real line.
1
Define A = {f ∈ 𝐶 1 (ℝ) | f(0) = 0,f(1) = 1, |𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )| ≤ 2 for all x ∈ ℝ.}
Where 𝑓 ′ denotes the derivative of the function f
Pick out the correct statement
A) A is empty set
B) A is a finite and non-empty set
C) A is an infinite set
D) None of above
𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1
118) Evaluate ∑∞
𝑛=1 .
𝑛!
119) Let {𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ≥ 1} be a sequence of real numbers such that

∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑𝑛=1 |𝑎𝑛 | is divergent. Let R be the radius of
convergence of the power series ∑∞ 𝑛

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 . Then we can conclude that
A) 0 < R <1.
B) R = ∞.
C) R = 1.
D) 1 < R < ∞.
120) Let f: (0,2) → ℝ be defined by

𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
f(x) = { , then
2𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
A) f is differentiable exactly at two points.
B) f is differentiable exactly at one point.
C) f is not differentiable at any point in (0,2).
D) f is differentiable at every point in (0,2).
121) Let X = (0,1) ∪ (2,3) be an open set in R. Let f be a continuous function on

X such that the derivative 𝑓 ′ (x) = 0 for all x. Then ,the range of f has
A) Uncountable number of points.
B) Countably infinite number of points.
C) At most 2 points.
D) At most 1 point.
122) The equation 11𝑥 + 13𝑥 + 17𝑥 − 19𝑥 = 0 has
A) No real root.
B) Only one real root.
C) Exactly two real roots.
D) More than two real roots.
123) Let a > 0.Find the sum of the infinite series

(loga)2 (loga)4 (loga)6
1+ + + +…
2! 4! 6!
a 1 1
A) B) 2 (a + a )
2
2
C) a D) None of the above.
1
𝑛
124) Evaluate lim [𝑛𝑛 − 1]
𝑛→∞ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝐶0 𝐶1 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑛 𝐶
125) If + +⋯+ + 𝑛+1 = 0, where 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 ,…, 𝐶𝑛 are real
1 2 𝑛
constants then 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 has
at least one real root between
A) 1 and 2
B) 0 and 1
C) 2 and 3
D) -1 and 0
126) Find the value of a ∈ ℤ such that 2 + √3 is root of polynomial

𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 1.
𝑘2
127) Evaluate ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑘! .
128) Find the sum of the infinite series

1 1 1 1 1
+ 3 53 + 5 55 + ⋯
5
129) Evaluate lim(1 − sinxcosx)cosec2x

x→0
A) e−1
B) e−2
−1
C) e 2 .
D) e.
π
130) Evaluate ∫02 log tanθ dθ
A) 0.
B) 1.
C) -1.
D) 2.
131) Find the sum of the infinite series

2 2∗5 2∗5∗8
1 + 6 + 6∗12 + 6∗12∗18 + …
2
A) 43 .
1
B) 43 .
−2
C) 4 3 .
−1
D) 4 3 .
132) Let X be a connected subset of real numbers. If every element

of X is irrational, then the cardinality of X is
A) Infinite.
B) Countably Infinite.
C) 2.
D) 1.
133) Let V be the space of twice differential functions on ℝ

satisfying 𝑓 ′′ − 2𝑓 ′ + 𝑓 = 0. Define T : V→ ℝ2 by
T(f) = (𝑓 ′ (0), f(0)) then T is
A) One-To-One and Onto. B) One-To-One but not Onto.
C) Onto but not One-To-One. D)Neither One-To-One nor Onto.
𝑛
134) Check whether ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1( √𝑛 − 1) is convergent or divergent ?
3
(𝑥+4)2+𝑒 𝑥 −9
135) Evaluate lim without using L’Hospital rule.
𝑥→0 𝑥
136) Let f: ℝ3 → ℝ3 be defined by

f(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥2 +𝑥3 , 𝑥3 +𝑥1 , 𝑥1 +𝑥2 )
Then, the first derivative of f is
A) Not invertible
B) Invertible only at origin
C) Invertible everywhere except at the origin
D) Invertible everywhere
137) Let f: ℝ → ℝ be a twice differentiable function, with
f(0) = f(1) = f ′ (0). Then
A) f ′′ is zero function.
B) f ′′ (0) = 0.
C) f ′′ (x) = 0 for some x ∈ (0,1).
D) f ′′ never vanishes.
138) The equation 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0 has

A) Exactly two real roots.
B) More than two real roots.
C) No real root.
D) Only one real root.
139) Let X = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … ) : 𝑥1 ∈ R and only finitely many 𝑥𝑖 ’s are non-zero} and d: X x X → R be a metric on
X defined by
d(x,y) = sup | 𝑥𝑖 - 𝑦𝑖 | for x = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … ) & y = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … )
Consider the following statements
P: (X,d) is a complete metric space.
Q: The set {x ∈ X: d(0,x) ≤ 1is compact, where 0 is the zero element of X.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
A) P only
B) Q only
C) Neither P nor Q
D) Both P and Q
140) Let {𝑎𝑛 }∞ ∞ 2

𝑛=0 be any sequence of real numbers such that ∑𝑛=0 |𝑎𝑛 | < ∞, if
the radius of convergence of

∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 is r, then which of the following statement is necessarily true?
A) r ≥ 1 or r is infinite.
B) r < 1.
C) r = ∑∞ 2
𝑛=0 |𝑎𝑛 | .

𝑛!
141) Let 𝑎𝑛 = 1∗3∗5∗…(2𝑛−1) , n ∈ N (set of natural numbers) then lim 𝑎𝑛 is
𝑛→∞
equal to
A) -1
B) 0
C) 1
D) 2
142) Let I = [1,2) , J be the set of all rational numbers in the interval [3,5].
Then the lebesgue measure of the set I ∪ J is
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
143) Let S = [0,1) ∪ [2,3] and f:S → R be a strickly increasing function such that
f(S) is connected. Which of the following statements is true?
A) f has exactly one discontinuity
B) f has exactly two discontinuities
C) f has infinitely many discontinuities
D) f is continuous
144) A function f: R → R need not be Lebesgue measurable , if

A) For each open set G in R, f −1 (G) is measurable.
B) {x ∈ R: f(x) ≥ 𝛼 } is measurable for each 𝛼 ∈ Q
C) {x ∈ R: f(x) = 𝛼 } is measurable for each 𝛼 ∈ R
D) f is monotone
145) Let A be a connected subset of R with atleast two elements. Then , the number of elements in A is
A) Exactly two.
B) More than two but finite.
C) Countably finite.
D) Uncountable.
146) Let f:[0,1] → R be a bounded Riemann – integrable function and let g :R → R be continuous, then gof is
A) Continuous.
B) Lebesgue integrable, but not Riemann integrable.
C) Riemann-Integrable.
D) Not necessarily measurable.
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥𝑦 = 0
147) Define f: 𝑅2 → 𝑅 by f(x,y) = {
2, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
If S = {(x,y) : f is continuous at the point (x,y)}, then
A) S is closed
B) S is empty
C) S is open
D) S is connected
|𝑥 − 𝑦|
148) The set X = ℝ with metric d(x,y) = 1+|𝑥 − 𝑦| is
A) Bounded but not complete.

B) Bounded but not compact.
C) Complete but not bounded.
D) Compact but not complete.
149) A uniformly continuous function is

A) measurable.
B) not measurable.
C) measurable and simple.
D) integrable and simple.
150) Which of the following are uniformly continuous on (0,1)

1
A) f(x) = 𝑥.
1
B) f(x) = sin( 𝑥).
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
C) f(x) = .
𝑥
D) All of them
151) Let f: [0,1] → [0,1] be any twice differentiable function satisfying
f(ax + (1-a)y) ≤ af(x) + (1-a)f(y) for all x,y ∈ [0,1].
Then for all x ∈ (0,1)
A) f’’(x) ≥ 0.
B) f’(x) ≥ 0.
C) f’’(x) ≤ 0.
D) f’(x) ≤ 0.
152) If the series ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 & ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 are convergent than ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 is also convergent. True OR False
153) If the series ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 0, for all n and if the sequence {𝑏𝑛 } is bounded then ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛
is absolutely convergent. True OR False.
154) Let R and S be two equivalence relation on a set A, then.

A) R ∩ S is also an equivalence relation on A.
B) R ∪ S is also an equivalence relation on A.
C) R − S is also an equivalence relation on A.
D) All of them
155) The order of set A is 2 and that of set B is 3, what is the number of relations from A to B,
A) 6.
B) 9.
C) 8.
D)64.
156) Which of the following is/are correct ?
A) A U P(A) = P(A)
B) A ∩ P(A) = A
C) P(A) – {A} = P(A)
D) A – P(A) = A.
157) Which of the following is the empty set?
A) {x : x is a real number and x2 – 1 = 0}
B) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 2 = 0}
C) {x : x is a real number and x2 – 16 = 0}
D) {x : x is a real number and x2 = x + 3}
158) Let A = {(x,y) : y = ex , x ∈ R}, B = {(x,y) : y = e-x , x ∈ R}. Then
A) A ∪ B = ∅
B) A ∩ B = ∅
C) A ∪ B = 𝑅2
D) None
159) The sequence < 1 + (-1)n> has

A) Exactly one constant subsequence
B) Exactly two constant subsequence
C) Exactly three constant subsequence
D) Exactly foue constant subsequence
160) Which of the following sequence is convergent ?

A) <2n>
B) <3n>
1
C) <(2)𝑛 >
1
D) <(3)𝑛 >
161) The sequence {(−1)𝑛 }∞ 𝑛 ∞

𝑛=1 and series {(−1) }𝑛=1 are
A) Convergent and bounded

B) Bounded and divergent
C) Divergent and unbounded
D) Bounded and convergent.
162) If a sequence of real number has a cluster point , then
A) It is divergent
B) It is convergent
C) Limit exists
D) Existence of limit is not definite.
163) If a series ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 converges then the sequence (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛=1 is
A) Converges to 0
B) Diverges
C) Converges to any number
D) None
164) A continuous function f from a bounded closed interval [a,b] to R

A) is always unbounded
B) is always bounded and attains its bounds
C) May be bounded or unbounded
D) bounded but cannot attain its bounds
1
𝑥 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
165) If f(x) = { is differentiable at x = 0 then
0 ,𝑥 = 0
A) n > 1
B) n < 1
C) n = 1
D) n may be positive and negative
166) Consider the function |x|3 , where x is real, Then the function f(x) at x = 0 is
A) Continuous but not differentiable
B) Only once differentiable
C) Twice differentiable but not thrice.
D) Thrice differentiable
167) Let the sequence <an> and <bn> be the divergent sequences, then
A) The sequence <an + bn> may or may not be convergent.

B) The sequence <an + bn> is divergent.
C) The sequence <an.bn> may or may not be convergent.
D) The sequence <an.bn> is divergent.
168) Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A) Every Cauchy sequence is bounded

B) Every Cauchy sequence is unbounded
C) Every Cauchy sequence is convergent
D) Every Cauchy sequence is divergent.
169) Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A) A sequence can have at most one limit.

B) A sequence can have more than one limit.
C) A sequence can have distinct limits.
D) Every sequence is bounded.
170) Which of the following statements is/are correct

A) Every convergent sequence is bounded.
B) A sequence cannot converge to more than one limit.
C) Every convergent sequence is bounded and has a unique limit.
D) None of them.
171) What is the set of all the distinct elements of a sequence called ?
A) The domain set of the given sequence.
B) Upper bound of the sequence
C) Lower bound of the sequence
D) Range set of the given sequence.
172) Which of the following is/are true?

A) Singleton set is measurable.
B) Measure of singleton set is 0.
C) Countable set is measurable.
D) Measure of countable set is 0.
173) Which of the following is/are true?

A) The interval [a,∞) is measurable.
B) Every interval is measurable.
C) Every open set in R is measurable.
D) Every closed set in R is measurable.
𝜋𝑛 ∞
174) The sequence {1+3𝑛𝑖 } is
𝑛=1
A) Convergent
B) Constant
C) Divergent
D) None
175) The set A is closed if

A) It does not contains its boundary points.
B) It contains its boundary points.
C) It has no boundary points.
D) None.
176) Let D be a subset of a real line. The Consider the assertion “Every infinite sequence in D has a
subsequence which converges in D” , it is true if
A) D = (0 , 1]
B) D = [0 ,1] ∪ [3,4]
C) D = [1,2)
D) D = [1 , 2) ∪ (2 , 3]
177) Let A be a connected open subset of R2. The number of continuous surjective functions from 𝐴̅ to Q is
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
178) Consider f(x) = { the set of point of continuity is
sin|𝑥 | , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
A) Countable
B) Bounded
C) Empty
D) None of the above
−𝜋 𝜋
179) The value of c in rolles theorem , where <𝑐< and f(x) = cosx is equal to
2 2
𝜋
A) 2
𝜋
B) 3
C) 𝜋
D) 0
180) Let f be a continuous real-valued function on [0,1] such that f(0) = -1 and f(1) = ½ , then there always
exists a t ∈ [0,1] such that
A) f(t) = -2
B) f(t) = 1
C) f(t) = 3/2
D) f(t) = -1/2
181) Let f : [0,1] → [0,1] be continuous functions , then
A) f has atleast one fixed point

B) f has atleast nine fixed points.
C) f has atleast ten fixed points.
D) f need not to have any fixed points.
182) The continuous function f : R → R defined by f(x) = (x2 + 1)2020 is
A) one-one and onto.

B) One-one but not onto.
C) Onto but not one-one.
D) Neither one-one nor onto.
183) The derivative of the function f(x) = sin nx is

A) Constant function.
B) Odd function.
C) Even function.
D) None.
184) Suppose , f : R → R and g : R → R are uniformly continuous functions with g(x) > 0 , for all x, then which
of the following is true.
A) f.g is uniformly continuous for all f and g.
B) f + g is uniformly continuous for all f and g.
C) f.g is never continuous.
D) f / g is uniformly continuous for all f and g.
185) The function sin xn is

A) non-differentiable.
B) differentiable.
C) discontinuous.
D) None.
186) The union of finite collection of non-empty closed sets is

A) closed.
B) open.
C) null.
D) None.
187) A metric space X is compact ?

A) it is sequentially compact.
B) it is not sequentially compact.
C) it does not satisfy Bolzano-weistrass property
D) None
188) A set S ⊂ R is compact , then

A) it is closed and bounded
B) it is open and bounded
C) it is open and unbounded
D) it is closed and unbounded
𝜋
189) Evaluate ∫04 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1
A) (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2).
2
1
B) (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3).
3
1
C) (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5).
5
1
D) (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔6).
6
190) The sequence of functions {fn} , defined by fn (x) = xn(1-x) , is ______ on the interval [0,1]
A) Uniformly Convergent.
B) Not uniformly convergent.
C) Insufficient information.
D) None.
191) Let {𝑎𝑛 }∞ ∞ 5 ∞

𝑛=1 be a sequence of non-negative real numbers and if ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 < ∞ then ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 < ∞ is
A) True.
B) False.
C) Cannot decide.
D) Insufficient information.
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥
193) Evaluate lim ∫𝜋 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛𝑥 5
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
194) Which of the following statements is true?

𝑥2
𝑛=1 1+(𝑛𝑥)2 does not converges uniformly on R.
𝑥2
𝑛=1 1+(𝑛𝑥)2 does converges uniformly on R.
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Depends on x
D) Depends on n
195) Which of the following statements are true?

1) If f is bounded , then f is uniformly continuous.
2) If f is differentiable and if f’ is bounded then f is uniformly continuous.
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both 1 and 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
196) Which of the following statements are true?
1) If f is twice differentiable in (a,b) , and if for all x ∈ (a,b) f’’(x)+2f’(x)+3f(x) = 0, then f is infinitely
differentiable on (a,b).
2) The function defined below is not differentiable at x = 0
𝜋
𝑥 2 |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 | , 𝑥 ≠ 0
f(x) = { .
0, 𝑥 = 0
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both 1 and 2
D) Neither 1 nor 2
ℎ
197) Let f ∈ C[-1,1] then evaluate lim ∫−ℎ 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
ℎ→0
A) 2f(1).
B) 2f(0).
C) f(0).
D) f(1).
198) Suppose G denotes the multiplicative group {-1,1} and S = {z ∈ C : |z| = 1} Let G act on S by complex
multiplication, then the cardinality of the orbit of i is
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
199) Let Z be the ring of integers under the usual addition and multiplication. Then every non-trivial ring
homomorphism f : Z → Z is
A. one-one and onto
B. not one-one but onto
C. not onto but one-one
D. neither one-one nor onto
200) Let {fn} be a sequence of functions in C1[0,1] such that fn(0) = 0 for all n ∈ N then if the sequence {fn}
converges uniformly on the interval [0,1] , then the limit of the function is in C 1[0,1].[TRUE/FALSE]
201) If f : [a,b] → R is monotonic , then it is of bounded variation.[TRUE/FALSE]

202) The function sin2x is uniformly continuous on (0,1). [TRUE/FALSE]
203) If f (0,1) → R is uniformly continuous , then lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists. [TRUE/FALSE]

𝑥→∞
204) Let fn(x) = x1/n , for all x ∈ [0,1] , then lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all x ∈ [0,1]. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑛→∞
205) The set {(x,y) : |x| ≤ 6 and |y| ≤ 7} be a subset of R2 then it is convex. [TRUE/FALSE]
206) Consider the map f : R2 → R2 defined by

f(x,y) = (3x – 2y + x2 , 4x + 5y + y2) , then f is discontinuous at (0,0).
[TRUE/FALSE]
207) Let F = {f : R → R : |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ K|x – y|a} , for all x , y ∈ R and for some a > 0 and K > 0 , every f ∈
F is differentiable? [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
208) Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
209) Evaluate lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
210) Evaluate lim 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥+1)
𝑥→∞
1
211) Evaluate lim (𝑥 + 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)
𝑥→∞
1
212) Evaluate lim 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 2)
𝑥→∞
1
213) Evaluate lim 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥)
𝑥→∞
1
214) Evaluate lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥+1
𝑥→∞
1
215) Evaluate lim (1 + 𝑥+1)𝑥
𝑥→∞
1 2
216) Evaluate lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
217) Evaluate lim (1 + 𝑥 2)𝑥
𝑥→∞
1 2𝑥 2
218) Evaluate lim 𝑥 ∫𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥→0
1
219) Evaluate lim (1 − 𝑥 2)𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
220) Evaluate lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ √𝑥!
1
221) Evaluate lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛 & lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛 for an = (1 + (−1)𝑛 𝑛)𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
222) Let f : (0,∞) → R be a uniformly continuous , then lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) and lim 𝑓(𝑥) both exists.[TRUE/FALSE]
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞
1
223) Evaluate lim ∑∞
𝑘=1 √4𝑥 2
𝑥→∞ −𝑘 2
𝑘2
𝑘=1 𝑥 3+𝑘 3
𝑥→∞
𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑓′(3𝑛 )
𝑥→∞
226) For a set X , let P(X) be the set of all subsets of X , then if X and Y are finite and if there is 1-1
correspondence between P(X) and P(Y), then there is 1-1 correspondence between X and Y. [TRUE/FALSE]
227) Let d and d’ be metrics on a non-empty set X, then

c(x,y) = d(x,y) + d’(x,y) is also a metric on X.[TRUE/FALSE]
228) Let u : R2/{0,0} → R be a C2 continuous function satisfying uxx + uyy = 0, for all (x,y) ≠ 0 suppose u is of
the form u(x,y) = f(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), where f : (0,∞) → R is a non-constant function, then 2 lim2 |𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| =
𝑥 +𝑦 →0
0.[TRUE/FALSE]
the form u(x,y) = f(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), where f : (0,∞) → R is a non-constant function, then 2 lim2 |𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| =
𝑥 +𝑦 →0
∞.[TRUE/FALSE]
the form u(x,y) = f(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), where f : (0,∞) → R is a non-constant function, then 2 lim2
|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| =
𝑥 +𝑦 →∞
∞.[TRUE/FALSE]
the form u(x,y) = f(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), where f : (0,∞) → R is a non-constant function, then 2 lim2
|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| =
𝑥 +𝑦 →∞
0.[TRUE/FALSE]
232) If the plane R2 is provided with lebesgue measure , what is the measure of the set A = {(x,y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y2
= 1}.
𝜋
233) fn(x) = sinn(x) on [0, 2 ) is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑥𝑛
234) fn(x) = + 1 on [0,1) is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑛
1
235) fn(x) = 1+(𝑥−𝑛)2 on (−∞,0) is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
1
236) fn(x) = 1+(𝑥−𝑛)2 on (0,∞) is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
237) For each n ≥ 1, let fn be a monotonic increasing real valued function on [0,1] such that the sequence of
functions {fn} converges pointwise to the function f ≡ 0, then fn converges to f uniformly. [TRUE/FALSE]
238) For each n ≥ 1, let fn be a monotonic increasing real valued function on [0,1] such that the sequence of
functions {fn} converges pointwise to the function f ≡ 0, then if the function fn are also non-negative , then fn
must be continuous for sufficiently large n. [TRUE/FALSE]
239) ∑∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑡 ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin (𝑛𝑡 )) over the interval [−𝜋, 𝜋] where ∑𝑛=1 |𝑎𝑛 | < ∞ and ∑𝑛=1 |𝑏𝑛 | < ∞, then
the given series converges uniformly. [TRUE/FALSE]
240) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑒
−𝑛
over the interval (0, ∞) , then the given series converges uniformly. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑥2 𝑥2
241) The series 𝑥 2 + 1+𝑥 2 + (1+𝑥 2)2 + ⋯ over the interval [-1,1] , then the given series converges uniformly.
[TRUE/FALSE]
242) Let f : R → R be continuous function , then if f is 2𝜋 periodic it is uniformly continuous. [TRUE/FALSE]
243) Let f : R → R be continuous function , then if f is differentiable and its derivative is bounded on R, then it
is uniformly continuous. [TRUE/FALSE]
244) Let f : R → R be continuous function , then if f is absolutely continuous , then it is uniformly continuous.
[TRUE/FALSE]
245) Is fn(x) = nxe-nx uniformly convergent on (0,∞). [TRUE/FALSE]
246) Is fn(x) = xn uniformly convergent on [0,1]. [TRUE/FALSE]
sin 𝑛𝑥
247) Is fn(x) = uniformly convergent on R. [TRUE/FALSE]
√𝑛
248) f(x) = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑛 (24𝜋𝑥) is Riemann Integrable. [TRUE/FALSE]

𝑛→∞
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
249) f(x) = { is Riemann Integrable. [TRUE/FALSE]
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1/2
250) f(x) = { is Riemann Integrable. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 1/2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥𝑛
251) The sequence of functions (1+𝑥 𝑛) over the interval [0,2] is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
sin 𝑛𝑥
252) The series of functions f(x) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 2+1 over R is uniformly convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
253) The sequence of functions f(x) = {𝑛2 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 } over (0,1) is convergent. [TRUE/FALSE]
254) If P is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients which has all its roots real, then its derivatives
P’ has all roots real as well. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝜋
255) The equation cos(sinx) = x has exactly one root in the interval [0, 2 ]. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑥2
256) cos x > 1 - for all x > 0. [TRUE/FALSE]
2
257) Let f : (0,1) → R be continuous , then |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ √|𝑥 − 𝑦| for all x,y ∈ (0,1) is uniformly continuous.
[TRUE/FALSE]
258) Let f : (0,1) → R be continuous , then f(1/n) → ½ and f(1/n2) → ¼ is uniformly continuous.
[TRUE/FALSE]
1
1
259) Let f : (0,1) → R be continuous , then f(x) = 𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 3 ) is uniformly continuous. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑛𝑥
260) If fn(x) = 1+𝑛𝑥 , x ∈ (0,1) converges uniformly over given domain. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
261) If fn(x) = , x ∈ [0,𝜋] converges uniformly over given domain. [TRUE/FALSE]
𝑒𝑛
262) Let A and B be subsets of Rn , define A + B = {x + y | x ∈ A , y ∈ B} , then if A and B are closed then A
+ B is closed. [TRUE/FALSE]
263) Let A and B be subsets of Rn , define A + B = {x + y | x ∈ A , y ∈ B} , then if A is open and B is closed

then A + B is an open set. [TRUE/FALSE]
264) Let A and B be subsets of Rn , define A + B = {x + y | x ∈ A , y ∈ B} , then if A and B are compact then
A + B is closed. [TRUE/FALSE]
265) Let A and B be subsets of Rn , define A + B = {x + y | x ∈ A , y ∈ B} , then if A is closed and B is

compact then A + B is compact. [TRUE/FALSE]
266) {(x,y) : xy = 1} be a subset of R2 which is compact. [TRUE/FALSE]
267) {(x,y) : x2 + y2 = 1} be a subset of R2 which is compact. [TRUE/FALSE]
268) {(x,y) : x2 + y2 < 1} be a subset of R2 which is compact. [TRUE/FALSE]
269) {(x,y) : xy = 1} be a subset of R2 which is connected. [TRUE/FALSE]
270) {(x,y) : x2 + y2 = 1} be a subset of R2 which is connected. [TRUE/FALSE]
271) {(x,y) : 1 < x2 + y2 < 2} be a subset of R2 which is connected. [TRUE/FALSE]
272) Let P denote the set of all polynomials in the real variable x which varies over the interval [0,1]. What is
the closure of P in C[0,1] (with its usual sup norm topology)
273) Let {fn} be a sequence of functions which are continuous over [0,1] and continuously differentiable in
(0,1). Assume that |fn(x)| ≤ 1 and that |f’n(x)| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ (0,1) and for each positive integer fn is uniformly
continuous for each n. [TRUE/FALSE]
(0,1). Assume that |fn(x)| ≤ 1 and that |f’n(x)| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ (0,1) and for each positive integer fn is a
convergent sequence in C[0,1]. [TRUE/FALSE]
(0,1). Assume that |fn(x)| ≤ 1 and that |f’n(x)| ≤ 1 for all x ∈ (0,1) and for each positive integer fn contains a
subsequence which converges in C[0,1]. [TRUE/FALSE]
276) Let f : [0,2] → [0,1] be a continuous function , then there always exists x ∈ [0,1] such that f(x) = x.
[TRUE/FALSE]
277) Let f : [0,1] → [0,1] be a continuous function which is continuously differentiable in (0,1) and such that
|f’(x)| ≤ ½ for all x ∈ (0,1). Then there exists a unique x ∈ [0,1] such that f(x) = x. [TRUE/FALSE]
278) Let S = {p = (x,y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y2 = 1}. Let f : S → S be continuous function then there always exists p ∈ S
such that f(p) = p . [TRUE/FALSE]
279) Let (X,d) be a metric space . Let A and B be subsets of X , define
d(A,B) = inf{d(a,b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B} ; d(x,A) = inf{d(x,a) : a ∈ A}; for x ∈ X then d(x,A) = 0 iff x ∈ A.

[TRUE/FALSE]
280) Let (X,d) be a metric space . Let A and B be subsets of X , define
d(A,B) = inf{d(a,b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B} ; d(x,A) = inf{d(x,a) : a ∈ A}; for x ∈ X then d(A,B) = 0 implies A ∩ B ≠

∅ . [TRUE/FALSE]
281) Let S be an infinite set, then if there is an injection from S to N , then S is countable? [TRUE/FALSE]
282) Let S be an infinite set, then if there is a surjection from S to N , then S is countable? [TRUE/FALSE]
283) Let S be an infinite set, then if there is an injection from N to S , then S is countable? [TRUE/FALSE]
284) Let S be an infinite set, then if there is a surjection from N to S , then S is countable? [TRUE/FALSE]
285) For a set X, let p(x) be the set of all subsets of X and let q(x) be the set of all functions f: X → {0,1} , then
if X is finite then p(X) is finite. [TRUE/FALSE]
if X and Y are finite sets and if there is 1-1 correspondence between p(X) and p(Y) then there is a 1-1
correspondence between X and Y. [TRUE/FALSE]
there is no 1-1 correspondence between X and p(X). [TRUE/FALSE]
there is a 1-1 correspondence between q(X) and p(X). [TRUE/FALSE]
289) Let A be any set. Let P(A) be the power set of A , that is the set of all subsets of A. P(A) = {B : B ⊆ A} ,
then P(A) is empty for some A. [TRUE/FALSE]
then P(A) is a finite set for some A. [TRUE/FALSE]
then P(A) is a countable set for some A. [TRUE/FALSE]
then P(A) is a uncountable set for some A. [TRUE/FALSE]
293) Consider A = {f | f: N → {1,2}} is countable or uncountable?
294) Consider A = {f | f: {1,2} → N} is countable or uncountable?
295) Consider A = {f | f: {1,2} → N, f(1) ≤ f(2)} is countable or uncountable?
296) Consider A = { f | f: N → {1,2}, f(1) ≤ f(2)} is countable or uncountable?
297) Consider the two sets A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c,d,e} , then the total number of functions from A to B is
_______.
A) 125
B) 241
C) 130
D) 243
298) Consider the two sets A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c,d,e} , then the total number of one-one functions from A
to B is _______.
A) 50
B) 60
C) 110
D) 120
1
299) Let S = {(x,y) | 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑛2, where n ∈ N and either x ∈ Q or y ∈ Q}. Here Q is the set of rational
numbers and N is the set of natural numbers.
Which of the following is true.
A) S is a finite non-empty set.
B) S is countable
C) S is uncountable
D) S is empty
300) Given that there are real constants a,b,c,d such that the identity
𝜆𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦)2 + (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦)2 holds for all x,y ∈ 𝑹. This implies
A) 𝜆 = −5
B) 𝜆 ≥ 1
C) 0 < 𝜆 < 1
D) There is no such 𝜆 ∈ 𝑹
301) Let f : X → Y be a function , if f is injective , then there exists a function
g : Y → X such that f(g(y)) = y for all y ∈ Y. [True/False]
302) Let f : X → Y be a function , if f is surjective , then there exists a function

g : Y → X such that f(g(y)) = y for all y ∈ Y. [True/False]
303) Let f : X → Y be a function , if f is injective ,and Y is countable then X is finite. [True/False]
304) Let f : X → Y be a function , if f is surjective ,and X is uncountable then Y is countably infinite.

[True/False]
Solutions
1) A
1 1
{x sin x for x ∈ 𝐍}
1 1 1 1
= {sin1, 2 sin 2, 3 sin 3,…}
1 1
 lim x sin x = 0
𝑥→∞
 0 is a limit point.
2) A & C
A) 𝛼 is an algebraic number and algebraic numbers are countable because we can express the set of algebraic
numbers as a countable union of finite sets.
B) If the given set is countable, then ℝ becomes countable being finite union of countable sets which is not
possible.
C) Set of rational numbers are countable and so does their finite product.
D) Cantor set is an uncountable set having measure 0.
3) A
 Note that f(x) = x ∈ X. We prove that X has only one element given by f(x) = x. Suppose that f(a) ≠ a for
𝑓(𝑎)−𝑓(0)
some a ∈ (0,1). If f(a) > a, then by mean value theorem 𝑓 ′ (𝑏 ) = > 1 for some b ∈ (0,1) which is
𝑎
not possible as |𝑓 ′ (𝑥)| ≤ 1. Similarly if f(a) < a, we can again find a contradiction. Thus X has only one element.
4) Yes,1
𝑥
 We can take f(x) = 2. Clearly f and 𝑓 ′ satisfy the given conditions.
 Also 0 ∈ A and is the only element in A.
5) A – Uncountable , B - Countable
 A - The given set is nothing but the set of all infinite subsets of N. And it is well-known that the set of all
infinite subsets of N is 2𝑁 (continumm) and it is uncountable.
 B – Consider the map f: (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … 𝑎𝑘 } → 𝑝𝑎1 , 𝑝𝑎2 , … 𝑝𝑎𝑘
 Here 𝑝𝑛 is primes starting from 2 in ascending order and empty set is mapped on 1.And now there are
infinite number of primes and every integer can be expressed in the product of primes in a unique way we can
observe that map f is one-one from the set of finite subsets of N into N and thus there are at-most Countably
many such subsets.
6) Q X Z is nothing but Cartesian product of Q and Z

Card(Q) = a = countable, Card(Z) = b = Countable.
Card(Q X Z) = ab = Countable (Finite product)
7) B,C
Result
1. Arbitrary union of countable sets is countable
2. Finite product of countable sets is countable
3. Infinite product of countable sets is uncountable
A) Not true because Result - 3.

B) True because of Results 1and 2.
C) True as B is uncountable and [1,2] is also uncountable so both have same cardinality
8) True
f: N → {0,1} and total number of function f = 2𝑁 which is uncountable.
9) C
It is known that the only connected subsets of ℝ are singletons and intervals.
Here C contains two distinct elements, so C must be an interval and intervals
are uncountable.
10) Countable
Here there are infinite primes but √𝑝 are finite (selected) numbers.
11) Countable
We know ℚ is countable and so is ℚ2 [Finite Cartesian Product].
(−1)𝑚+1 1
12) ∑∞
𝑚=1 𝑚
= ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) ∗ 𝑛(𝑛+1)
1 1
= ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) * [𝑛 − ]
𝑛+1
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 − ∑∞
𝑛=1
𝑛 𝑛+1
(−1) 𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛+1
= - log2 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛+1 [∑∞
𝑛=1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2]
𝑛
1 1 1
= -log2 + 2 - 3 + −⋯
4
1 1 1
= -log2 + 1 – 1 + 2 - 3 + −⋯
4
1 1 1
= -log2 + 1 – (1 − 2 + − + ⋯)
3 4
= -log2 + 1 – log2
= 1 – 2log2
13) Given function f(x) is bounded on ℝ.

 Here possible function f(x) is continuous on ℝ OR discontinuous on ℝ.
 Since a ∈ ℝ for 𝛿 > 0, w(a, 𝛿) = sup |f(x) – f(a)|, x ∈ [a − 𝛿, a + 𝛿]
 If 𝛿1 ≤ 𝛿2 then clearly w(a, 𝛿1 ) ≤ w(a, 𝛿2 ) where,
 w(a, 𝛿1 ) = sup |f(x) – f(a)|, x ∈ [a − 𝛿1 , a + 𝛿1 ]
 w(a, 𝛿2 ) = sup |f(x) – f(a)|, x ∈ [a − 𝛿2 , a + 𝛿2 ]
14) Since {x0 , x1, x2 , x3 , …} be a sequence of real numbers.

 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑥2𝑘
 𝑆𝑛 = x0 + x2 + x4 + ⋯ + x2n
 𝑆𝑛 is not a partial sum of the series, ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑥𝑛
 Therefore if lim 𝑆𝑛 exists then ∑∞ 𝑚=0 𝑥𝑚 need not exists.
𝑛→∞
15) Result :- A polynomial of odd degree with real co-efficient must have at least one real root.
1+2+3+⋯+𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1) 1
16) ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛!
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 2
∗ 𝑛!.
𝑛(𝑛+1) 1
= ∑∞
𝑛=0 ∗ .
2 𝑛(𝑛−1)!
(𝑛+1)
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 2∗(𝑛−1)!
1 𝑛+1−1+1
= 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛−1)!
1 𝑛−1 2
= 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1[(𝑛−1)! + (𝑛−1)!]
1 1 2
= 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2[(𝑛−2)! + (𝑛−1)!]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 (1 + + + + ⋯ ) + (1 + + + + ⋯)
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
𝑒 3𝑒
=2+𝑒 = .
2
17) Solution
Since f : A → A such that f(f(a)) = a for all a ∈ A,
Now, f(f(a)) = a for all a ∈ A => (fof)(a) = a for all a ∈ A.
 (fof) is an identity function.
 (fof) is one-to-one and onto function
 We know that if gof is one-to-one & onto then g is onto and f is one-to-one.
 Here fof is one-to-one and onto.
 f is one-to-one and onto function.
18) Solution,
 Both A = { x 2 : 0 < x < 1} and B = { x 3 : 1 < x < 2} are uncountable sets.
 And we know that mapping one-to-one and onto exists between two uncountable sets.
19) Result :- Every point of a finite set is called isolated point.
20) Left hand limit :- lim− 1 − 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→1
 Right hand limit :- lim+ 1 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→1
 Note:- lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists iff L. H. L. = R. H. L. ⇒ lim 𝑓(1) = 0
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→1
2
21) Left hand limit :- lim− 𝑥𝑥 −−11 = 2
𝑥→1
𝑥2 − 1
 Right hand limit :- lim+ =2
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
 L.H.L = R.H.L  lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists

𝑥→1
𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
 lim = lim = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1
 Note :- It is possible that the function is not defined at c,
 But still the limit exists at c.
22) Solution,
sin 𝑥 0
 lim = [Indeterminate Form]
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
 L-Hospital Rule,
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
 lim = lim = 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1
23) Solution,
𝑒𝑥 ∞ 𝑒𝑥 ∞ 𝑒𝑥 ∞
lim = ∞ => lim = ∞ => lim = = ∞.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2 2
24) A,B
Solution,
o Result :- If f(x)=g(x)h(x) where lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 0 and h(x) is bounded then
x→0
o lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0.
x→0
 f is said to be continuous iff

o lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
𝑥→𝑐
1 1
 Here f(x) = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥), where g(x) = 𝑥 2 and h(x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
1
 Clearly lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0 and we know h(x) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) is bounded between -
x→0
 1 and 1.
 Therefore,
o lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 = 𝑓 (0).
𝑥→0
 f is continuous.
 A is True so C and D are False.
o For f to be differentiable at x = 0 we have,
f(x) − f(0)
o f’(0) = lim exists.
x→0 x−0
1
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) −0
o f’(0) = lim 𝑥
x→0 x−0
1
𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
𝑥
o = lim
x→0 x
1
o = lim 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥)
x→0
1
o = 0. [lim 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) is bounded]
x→0
o f is differential at x = 0.
o B is True.
25) Solution,
ax −1 ax −1 0
lim = lim [0 ]
x→0 x x→0 x
ax ∗ln(a)
= lim
x→0 1
= ln(a) lim ax
x→0
= ln(a) * 1
= ln(a).
26) Solution,
√3+x − 2 √3+x − 2 0
lim = lim [0 ]
x→1 x − 1 x→1 x − 1
1
2√3+x
= lim
x→1 1
1
= lim
x→1 2√3+x
1 1
= 2 lim
√3+x
x→1
1 1 1
= ∗ =
2 2 4
27) Solution,
4 1 4 1
lim( x2 −4 − ) = lim( x2 − 4 − ) [∞ − ∞]
x→2 x −2 x→2 x−2
4 − (x+2) 0
= lim( ) [ ]
x→2 x2 −4 0
−1
= lim( )
x→2 2x
−1
= 4
28) Solution,
1 1
 lim (x)x = lim(x)x [∞0 ]
x→∞ x→∞
1
 Let y = (x) , take logarithms on both the sides;
x
1
1 ln(x)
 ln(y) = ln(x)x = xln(x) = x
 Now we apply Limit
ln(x) ∞
lim ln(y) = lim [ ]
x→∞ x→∞ x ∞
1
= lim x = 0
x→∞
 Hence, lim y = e0 = 1
x→∞
29) Solution,
xn xn ∞
 lim = lim [ ]
x→+∞ ex x→+∞ ex ∞
 Apply L-Hospitals rule n times,
xn n(n−1)(n−2)…1
 lim = lim
x→+∞ ex x→+∞ ex
n!
 = lim
x→+∞ ex
1
 = n! lim
x→+∞ ex
 = n!*0 = 0
30) Solution,
 lim (x)𝑥 = lim (x)𝑥 [00 ]
x→0+ x→0+
 Let y = (x)x , take logarithms on both the sides;
 ln(y) = ln(x)x = x*ln(x)

 Apply limit,
ln(x) ∞
 lim ln(y) = lim xln(x) = lim [ ]
x→0+ x→0+ x→0+ 1/x ∞
1/x
 = lim = lim -x = 0
x→0+ −1/x2 x→0+
 Hence,
 lim y = e0 = 1
x→0+
31) B,C
 Solution,
 For continuity at x = 0,
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝟐
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = f(0)
𝑥→0− 𝒙 𝑥→0+ 𝒙
0
 But we have [0] so apply L-Hospital rule,
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙𝟐 )∗𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙𝟐 )∗𝟐𝒙
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = f(0)
𝑥→0− 𝟏 𝑥→0+ 𝟏
0 = 0 =0
 For Differentiablity at x = 0,
f(x) − f(c)
 f’(c) = lim
x→c x−𝑐
f(x) – f(0)
 f’(0) = lim
x→0 x −0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝟐
–0
 = lim 𝒙
x→0 x–0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝟐
 = lim
x→0 𝒙𝟐
 =1
32) C
 Solution,
𝑥2 , 𝑥≥0 2𝑥 , 𝑥≥0
 f(x) = { 2 & f’(x) = {
−𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0 −2𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
 We only check at x = 0, because at other values it is differentiable.
f(x) − f(0)
 For f to be differentiable f’(0) = lim should exist.
x→0 x −0
𝑥2 −0 2𝑥 −𝑥 2 − 0 −2𝑥
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0 & 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =0
𝑥→0+ 𝑥 − 0 𝑥→0+ 1 𝑥→0− 𝑥 −0 𝑥→0− 1
 So f is differentiable for all the values of x ∈ (- ∞, ∞)
33) A
 Solution,
 For Continuity at x = 0,
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = f(0)
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0−
 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 + ℎ)) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − ℎ)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0)

h→0 h→0
 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(ℎ)) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(−ℎ)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(ℎ)) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠(ℎ)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0)
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1)
 For Differentiability at x = 0,
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 f’(x) = *(-sinx) = =
√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑥) √𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑥) |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= −1 , 𝑥>0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 f’(x) = { −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=1, 𝑥<0
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
f(x) − f(c)
 For differentiability we know f’(c) = lim exists.
x→c x−𝑐
f(x) − f(c)
 But here lim does not exists as L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
x→c x−𝑐
 So f in not differentiable at x = 0.
34) A
 Solution,
𝑒𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
 f(x) = { −𝑥
𝑒 , 𝑥>0
 For Continuity at x = 0,
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 𝑥 = f(0)
𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0−
0 0 0
 𝑒 = 𝑒 =𝑒
 1= 1 =1
 For Differentiability at x = 0,
𝑒𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
 f’(x) = { −𝑥
−𝑒 , 𝑥 > 0
f(x) − f(c)
 For differentiability we know f’(c) = lim x − 𝑐 exists.
x→c
f(x) − f(c)
 But here lim does not exists as
x→c x−𝑐
 lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 ≠ lim −𝑒 −𝑥 = −1
x→0− x→0+
 So f in not differentiable at x = 0.
35) C
 Solution,
 Here we only check at x = 0
 Because we know that |x| is not differentiable at x = 0.
f(x) − f(0)
 f’(0) = lim
x→0 x−0
𝒙𝟐
−0
𝟏+|𝒙|
 = lim
x→0 x
𝒙
 = lim 𝟏+|𝒙| = 0
x→0
 So f is differentiable at all the points (- ∞, ∞).
36) Solution
𝑝
 Let f: ℚ → ℤ X ℕ defined as f(𝑞 ) = (p,q) where p ∈ ℤ, q ∈ ℕ and gcd(p,q)=1.
𝑝
 Then f is clearly one-one because we get a unique image ∀ 𝑞 ∈ ℚ.
 We also know that ℤ X ℕ is countable.
 If f: A ⟶ B is one-one and if B is countable than A is countable.
 Here B = ℤ X ℕ which is countable so A = ℚ is also countable.
 The set of Rational Numbers(ℚ) is countable.
37) B
 Solution,
 Here x ∈ ℚ or y ∈ ℚ,
 S∈ℚXℚ
 ℚ is countable and ℚ X ℚ is finite Cartesian product so it is countable.
38) B
 Solution,
 Here a ∈ ℚ or b ∈ ℚ,
 P∈ℚXℚ
 ℚ is countable and ℚ X ℚ is finite Cartesian product so it is countable.
39) Uncountable
 Solution,
 We know total number of functions from A to B is |B||A| .
 So total number of functions from ℕ to ℤ𝟐 {0,1} is 2ℵ0 = Continuum
 Therefore S is uncountable
40) Countable
 Solution,
 So total number of functions from ℤ𝟐 {0,1} to ℕ is ℵ02 = ℵ0 = Countable.
 Therefore S is Countable
41) Uncountable
 Solution,
 So total number of functions from ℝ to ℝ is C C = Uncountable.
 Therefore S is Uncountable
42) Uncountable
 Solution,
 So total number of functions from ℤ to ℤ is ℵ0ℵ0 = C = Uncountable.
 Therefore S is Uncountable
43) B
 Solution,
 Here Y = ∏𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 = 2𝑛 n is finite so Cartesian product is also finite.
 Y is Countable
 Here Z = ∏∞ ∞
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖 = 2 which is infinite Cartesian product.
 Z is Uncountable
44) A,B & C

 Solution,
 A) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a ≤ b}
 Take a = √3 & b = √5 than a ≤ b is satisfied.
 a ∈ ℚ𝑐 and b ∈ ℚ𝑐 so the set belongs to ℚ𝑐 X ℚ𝑐 which is uncountable.
 B) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a + b ∈ ℚ }
 Take a = √3 & b = −√3 than a + b = 0 ∈ ℚ is satisfied.
 C) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a*b ∈ ℤ }
 Take a = √3 & b = −√3 than a*b = -3 ∈ ℚ is satisfied.
 D) {(a,b) ∈ ℝ2 | a,b ∈ ℚ}
 Here it is given that a,b ∈ ℚ so the set belongs to ℚ X ℚ which is countable.
45) Uncountable
 Solution,
 The set of all the subsets of ℕ is Power set of ℕ = 2ℕ = C(Continuum)
 Infinite Cartesian product.
 So it is Uncountable.
46) B
 Solution,
1
 f(x) = and x > 0 given, on (0,∞).
√𝑥
1 1
 lim = ∞ (exist but not finite) lim = 0 (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 √𝑥 𝑥→∞ √𝑥
 on [r, ∞) for r > 0.
1 1
 lim 𝑥 = 𝑙 (exist & finite) lim = 0 (exist & finite)
𝑥→𝑟 √ 𝑥→∞ √𝑥
 on (0,r] for any r > 0.
1 1
 lim = ∞ (exist but not finite) lim = 𝑙 (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 √𝑥 𝑥→𝑟 √𝑥
 only on interval of the form [a,b] for 0 < a < b < ∞.
1 1
 lim 𝑥 = 𝑚 (exist & finite) lim 𝑥 = 𝑛 (exist & finite)
𝑥→𝑎 √ 𝑥→𝑏 √
47) Yes
 Solution,
 f(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
 lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 (exist & finite) lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
48) Yes
 Solution,
 f(x) = x.
 lim 𝑥 = 0 (exist & finite) lim 𝑥 = 1 (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
49) No
 Solution,
𝜋𝑥
 f(x) = tan( 2 ).
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
 lim tan( ) = 0 (exist & finite) lim tan( ) = ∞ (exist but not finite)
𝑥→0 2 𝑥→1 2
50) Yes
 Solution,
 f(x) = sin(x).
 lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 0 (exist & finite) lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1) (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
51) No
 Solution,
1
 f(x) = 𝑥.
1 1
 lim 𝑥 = ∞ (exist but not finite) lim = 1 (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 𝑥→1 𝑥
52) No
 Solution,
1
 f(x) = sin( 𝑥).
1 1
 lim sin( 𝑥 ) = (does not exist) lim sin( 𝑥 ) = sin(1)(exist & finite)
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
53) Yes
 Solution,
1
 f(x) = xsin( 𝑥).
1
 lim xsin( 𝑥 ) = 0*(bounded 𝑓 𝑛 ) = 0 (exist)
𝑥→0
1
 lim xsin( 𝑥 ) = 1sin(1) (exist & finite)
𝑥→1
54) Yes
 Solution,
sin(x)
 f(x) = .
x
sin(x) sin(x)
 lim = 1 (exist & finite) lim = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1) (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 x 𝑥→1 x
55) No
 Solution,
cos(x)
 f(x) = .
x
cos(x) cos(x)
 lim = ∞ (exist but not finite) lim = cos(1) (exist & finite)
𝑥→0 x 𝑥→1 x
56) D
Solution,
 We know from the definition of onto map that if
 f: X → Y is onto then ∀ 𝑦 ∈ Y , ∃ x ∈ X such that f(x) = y.
 Here f: ℚ → ℝ and if f is onto it means that
 ∀ 𝑟 ∈ ℝ , ∃ q ∈ ℚ such that f(q) = r.
 But the cardinality(number of elements) in ℝ is continuum
 which is more than cardinality(number of elements) of ℚ.
 So it is not possible that ∀ 𝑟 ∈ ℝ , ∃ q ∈ ℚ such that f(q) = r.
 f is not onto.
 Therefore option A,B,C are False.
 We check whether f is one-one or not,
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
 f(x) = { 𝑝 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑝 , 𝑝 ∈ ℤ, 𝑞 ∈ ℕ, gcd(𝑝, 𝑞 ) = 1
10𝑞 𝑞
 For p = 1000 , q = 3 & (p,q) = 1,

1000 1000
 f( 3 ) = 103 = 1

 For p = 10 , q = 1 & (p,q) = 1,

10 10
 f( 1 ) = 101 = 1
1000 10 1000 10
 f( ) = f( 1 ) but ≠
3 3 1
 So f is not one-one also.
57) A
 Solution,
 Given f(f(x)) = x for all x ∈ X
 We know that identity function I(x) = x for all x ∈ X
 f(f(x)) = I(x)
 f(x) = f −1 (x)
 This is possible when f(x) = I(x)
 And I(x) is one-one & onto.
 f(x) is also one-one & onto.
58) B
 Solution,
 We know for one-one map if if a ≠ b ⇒ f(a) ≠ f(b)
 Take 𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚2 & 𝑛1 ≠ 𝑛2 [𝑚1 < 𝑚2 ]
 f(𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ) = f(𝑚2 , 𝑛2 )
 2𝑚1 (2𝑛1 + 1) = 2𝑚2 (2𝑛2 + 1)
 (2𝑛1 + 1) = 2𝑚2−𝑚1 (2𝑛2 + 1)
 Odd = Even
 Which is contradiction so f(𝑚1 , 𝑛1 ) ≠ f(𝑚2 , 𝑛2 )
 f(x) is one-one.
 f : ℤ≥0 X ℤ → ℤ
 f(m,n) = 2𝑚 (2n + 1)
 2𝑚 (2n + 1) = 0
 2𝑚 ≠ 0
−1
 2n + 1 = 0 => n = 2 ∉ ℤ
 So there is no pre-image for 0 therefore f is not onto.
59) D
 Solution,
1 𝑛
 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + (-1)𝑛 𝑛 )
1 𝑛
 If n is even 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + )
𝑛
1 𝑛
 If n is odd 𝑎𝑛 = (1 − 𝑛 )
𝑒, 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
 lim 𝑎𝑛 = { 1
n→∞ , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑒
1
 lim sup an = e, lim inf an = 𝑒
n→∞ n→∞
60) A
 Solution,
1
 L = lim 𝑛
n→∞ √𝑛!
1 1 1
 = lim ( )𝑛 = lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
n→∞ 𝑛! n→∞
1
𝑎𝑛+1
 Cauchy’s theorem on limit , lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 𝑎𝑛
1
 Here 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛!
𝑎𝑛+1 1 𝑛!
 lim = lim *
n→∞ 𝑎𝑛 n→∞ (𝑛+1)! 1
1 𝑛!
 = lim *
n→∞ (𝑛+1)∗𝑛! 1
1
 = lim = 0.
n→∞ (𝑛+1)
61) A
 Solution,
1 𝑛 1 1
 lim (1 − ) = lim [(1 + )(1 – )]𝑛
n→∞ 𝑛2 n→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
 = lim [(1 + ) (1 – ) ]
n→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
−1
 = e*e
 =1
62) B,C
 Solution,
𝑛
( ) 𝑛! (𝑛−𝑏)!𝑏!
𝑎
 d𝑛 = 𝑛 = (𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎! x (𝑛)!
( )
𝑏
(𝑛−𝑏)!𝑏!
 = (𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎!
 For a < b,
 -a > -b => (n - a) > (n - b)
(𝑛−𝑏)!𝑏!
 dn = (𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎!
(𝑛−𝑏)!𝑏!
 = (𝑛−𝑎) (𝑛−(𝑎−1)) … (𝑛−(𝑏+1)) (𝑛−𝑏)! 𝑎!
 dn → 0 as n → ∞
 For a = b,
(𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎!
 dn = (𝑛−𝑎)!𝑎! = 1 [A constant sequence]
 dn → 1 as n → ∞
 For a > b,
 Let a = 2 & b = 1,
(𝑛−1)!1!
 dn = (𝑛−2)!2!
(𝑛−1) (𝑛−2)! (𝑛−1)
 = (𝑛−2)!2!
= 2!
 dn → ∞ as n → ∞
63) B
 Solution,
 A) Every limit point of {𝑎𝑛 } is in (-1,1).
 C) The limit point {𝑎𝑛 } can not be {-1,0,1}.
1
 Let 𝑎𝑛 = 1 - 𝑛
 As n → ∞ 𝑎𝑛 → 1(limit point) ∉ (-1,1)
 A & C are False
 D) The limit point {𝑎𝑛 } can only be {-1,0,1}.
1
 Let 𝑎𝑛 = 3 ( a constant sequence)
1
 is a limit point.
3
 D is also False.
64) B
 Solution,
1 1 √2−√4 1 √ 4 − √6 1 √2𝑛 − √2𝑛+2
 lim ( 2+ 4* 2− 4 + 4+ 6* 4 − 6 + … + 2𝑛+ 2𝑛+2* 2𝑛 − 2𝑛+2)
𝑛→∞√ 𝑛 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
1 √2−√4 √4 − √6 √2𝑛 − √2𝑛+2
 lim ( −2 + −2 + … + )
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 −2
1 √2 − √2𝑛+2
 lim ( )
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 −2
√2 2
− √2 +
√𝑛 𝑛
 lim 𝑛 (√𝑛 −2 )
𝑛→∞√
− √2 1
 =
−2 √2
65) B
 Solution,
1 1
√1−√3 1 √3 − √5 1 √2𝑛−1 − √2𝑛+1
 lim ( +* * + … + * )
𝑛→∞√ 𝑛 √1+√ √1−√3 3 √3+√5 √3 − √5 √2𝑛−1 + √2𝑛+1 √2𝑛−1 − √2𝑛+1
1 √1−√3 √3 − √5 √2𝑛−1 − √2𝑛+1
 lim ( + +…+ )
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 −2 −2 −2
1 √1 − √2𝑛+1
 lim ( )
𝑛 → ∞ √𝑛 −2
1 1
− √2 +
√𝑛 𝑛
 lim 𝑛 (√𝑛 −2 )
𝑛→∞√
− √2 1
 =
−2 √2
66)
 We observe that
 S1 = -1
 S2 = -1 + 1 = 0
 S3 = -1 + 1 - 1 = -1 and so on
 Therefore <S𝑛 > = <-1,0,-1,…> which oscillates.
 Hence the given series is oscillatory.
67)
 We observe that
 S1 = -1
 S2 = -1 + 2 = 1
 S3 = -1 + 2 - 3 = -2 and so on
 Therefore <S𝑛 > = <-1,1,-2,…> which is not bounded.
 Hence <S𝑛 > is not convergent and so ∑(−1)𝑛 n is not convergent.
68)
𝑛
 We have S𝑛 = 𝑛+1
1
 = 1
1+
𝑛
1
 As lim S𝑛 = lim 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1+𝑛
 =1≠0
 Hence the given series is not convergent.
69)
1 1
 Here take 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛 & 𝑣𝑛 = 2𝑛 ,
1 1
 𝑛𝑛 > 2𝑛 for n > 2 => 𝑛𝑛 < 2𝑛
1 1 1 1 1
 ∑ 2𝑛 = 2 + 22 + 23 + … is a geometrics series with common ratio 2 < 1,
1 1
 So ∑ 2𝑛 is convergent => ∑ 𝑛𝑛 is also convergent.
70) Solution
1 1
 Here take 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛 & 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛,
1 1
 log n < n for all n > 1 => 𝑛 < log n
1 1
 And we know that ∑ 𝑛 is divergent => ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 is also divergent.
71)
1 1
 Here 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛∗3𝑛 and 𝑎𝑛+1 = (𝑛+1)∗3𝑛+1
 Apply D’Alembert ratio test
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑛∗3𝑛
 lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)∗3𝑛+1
1
 = lim 1
𝑛→∞ (1+𝑛)∗3
1
 =3<1
1
 Therefore ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛∗3𝑛 is convergent.
72)
1
 Here 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑛
 Apply Cauchy nth Root Test
1 1 1
 lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 = lim [(𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑛 ]𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
1
 = lim (𝑛𝑛 − 1)
𝑛→∞
 =1–1=0<1
1
 Therefore ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(𝑛 𝑛 − 1) is convergent.
73) Divergent
 Solution
1
 ∑∞
n=1 n+1− √ √n
1 √n+1+√n
 Let 𝑎𝑛 = * (Rationalize the denominator)
√n+1−√ √n+1+√nn
√n+1+√n
 = 𝑛+1−𝑛
√n+1+√n
 = 1
 As n → ∞ , 𝑎𝑛 → ∞ so series is not convergent.
74) Convergent
 Solution
sin(n)
 ∑∞
n=1 2 𝑛
sin(n) 1
 Here | |≤| | (| sin(n)| ≤ 1)
𝑛2 𝑛2
sin(n) 1
 ∑∞
n=1 ≤ ∞
∑n=1 2
𝑛2 𝑛
1 1
 And ∑∞n=1 𝑛 2 is convergent by p-test (∑∞
n=1 np for p > 1 is convergent)
sin(n)
 So ∑∞
n=1 𝑛 2 is also convergent.
75) Divergent
 Solution
 C) ∑∞ 𝑛
n=1(−1) log n
 Here clearly as n → ∞ , (−1)𝑛 log n → ±∞ so series is not convergent.
76) Divergent
 Solution
log n
 D) ∑∞
n=1 n
log n 𝑝
 Result :- ∑∞
n=1( n ) is convergent if p > 1
 & divergent if p ≤ 1.
 Here p = 1 so the series is divergent.
77) Convergent
 For n ≥ 3 we have 𝑛2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 > 𝑛2
1 1 1 1
 2 < 2 => ∑∞ 𝑛=2 2 < ∑∞𝑛=2
𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 𝑛2
1 1
 And ∑∞ ∞
n=1 𝑛 2 is convergent by p-test (∑n=1 np for p > 1 is convergent)
1
 So ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 is convergent.
78) Convergent
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1
 Here 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛!
and 𝑎𝑛+1 =(𝑛+1)!
 Apply D’Alembert ratio test
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛!
 lim = lim ∗ 𝑥𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑛+1)!
𝑥
 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1
 =0<1
𝑥𝑛
 Therefore∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛! is convergent.
79) C
 A) f(x) = |x|x .
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0)
 f’(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 −0
x|x| − 0
 f’(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 −0
 f’(0) = 0
 So f(x) = |x|x is differentiable at x = 0.
 B) f(x) = { .
x2 − 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0 , if x is rational
 f’(0) ={ 𝑥→0 0𝑥−−0
0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0, if x is irrational
𝑥→0 𝑥 −0
 f’(0) = 0
 So f(x) = { is differentiable at x = 0.
80)
Solution,
1
1
 lim n (∏nk=1(n + k))n
n→∞
1 2 3 n
 Given an = (1 + n)(1 + n)(1 + n)…(1 + n)
1
an+1
 Also we know that lim (an )n = lim whenever an > 0.
n→∞ n→∞ an
 So,
1 1
1 1 2 3 n
 lim n (∏nk=1(n + k))n = lim [(1 + n) (1 + n) (1 + n) … (1 + n)]𝑛
n→∞ 𝑛→∞
1 1 1 1
1
1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛1 2 3 𝑛
 lim n (∏nk=1(n + k)) = lim (1 + n) (1 + n) (1 + n) …(1 + n)
n
n→∞ 𝑛→∞
1
an+1
 Applying lim (an ) = lim n
n→∞ n→∞ an
 We get,
1 2 3 𝑛+1
an+1 (1 + )(1 + )(1 + )…(1 + )
 lim = lim 𝑛+1
1
𝑛+1
2 3
𝑛+1
n
𝑛+1
n→∞ an n→∞ (1 + )(1 + )(1 + )…(1 + )
n n n n
1
𝑛+1 (𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)…2𝑛(2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)
(𝑛+1)
 = lim 1
n→∞ (𝑛)𝑛
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)(𝑛+3)….2𝑛
(𝑛) 𝑛 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)
 = lim ∗
n→∞ (𝑛+1)𝑛+1 (𝑛+1)
(𝑛)𝑛 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)
 = lim ∗
n→∞ (𝑛+1)𝑛 (𝑛+1)2
an+1 (𝑛)𝑛 (2𝑛+1)(2𝑛+2)

 lim = lim ∗
n→∞ an n→∞ (𝑛+1)𝑛 (𝑛+1)2
1 1 2
 = lim 𝑛 ∗ (2 + 𝑛) (2 + 𝑛)
n→∞ (1+ 1 )
𝑛
1 𝑛
 We know , lim (1 + 𝑛) = e
n→∞
1
1 1 1 2
 lim (∏𝑛𝑘=1(𝑛 + 𝑘))𝑛 = lim 𝑛 ∗ (2 + 𝑛) (2 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 n→∞ (1+ 1 )
𝑛
4
 =𝑒
81) A,C,D
Solution,
 P≤Q
 We know that lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞
 Applying lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 on both the sides we get
𝑛→∞
 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 P≤Q
 A is correct.
 B) Q ≤ R
 Q = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 R = lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 Take 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = (−1)𝑚𝑛
 Q = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓(1) = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞
 R = lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 = lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝(−1) = -1
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞
 Q≰R
 B is not correct.
 C) R ≤ S
 We know that lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑚→∞ 𝑚→∞
 Applying lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 on both the sides we get
𝑛→∞
 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 R≤S
 C is correct.
 D) P ≤ S
 P = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ Q = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 …(1)
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 Q = lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ≤ S = lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑚𝑛 …(2)
𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑚→∞
 From (1) & (2) we get,
 P≤S
 D is correct.
82) False
Solution,
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0
 <𝑥𝑛 > = <0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,…>
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 = smallest limit point = 0
 But
 lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞ => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = ∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
83) False
Solution,
 limsup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0
 Result,
 limsup | 𝑥𝑛 | = 0 ⇔ lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0
 Here 𝑥𝑛 ≥ 0 therefore | 𝑥𝑛 | = 𝑥𝑛
 limsup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 ⇔ lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0………(i)
 Also,
 lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0…………..(ii)
 From (i) and (ii) we get,
 limsup 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = 0
84) False
Solution,
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 = 0 => (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛 ≥ 1 is bounded.
 <𝑥𝑛 > = <0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,…>
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 = smallest limit point = 0
 But
 lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞ => lim 𝑥𝑛 2 = ∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
 Also we can clearly see that (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛 ≥ 1 is unbounded
85) False
Solution,
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 2 > 4 => limsup 𝑥𝑛 > 4
 <𝑥𝑛 > = <3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,…> [Constant Sequence]
 <𝑥𝑛 2> = <9,9,9,9,9,9,9,…>
 Then
 liminf 𝑥𝑛 2 = 9 > 4
 But
 limsup 𝑥𝑛 = 3 ≯ 4
86) C
Solution,
 f(z) = 𝑧 2 + 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑝11 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
 x= , Here, x = z , a = 1 , b = a and c = 𝑝11
2𝑎
−𝑎 ± √𝑎 2−4𝑝11
 z= 2
 Given, 𝑎2 − 4𝑝11 ≤ 0
 Consider 𝑎2 = 4𝑝11 then,
−𝑎
 => a is real and z = 2 [a = ±2𝑝11/2 ]
 => It has two real and equal roots.
87) B
Definition,
 Upper Bound :- Let A be an ordered set and X a subset of A. An element b is called an upper bound for the
set X if every element in X is less than or equal to b.
 Least Upper Bound(Supremum) :- Let A be an ordered set, and X a subset of A. An element b in A is called
a least upper bound (or supremum) for X if b is an upper bound for X and there is no other upper
bound b' for X that is less than b.
 Lower Bound :- Let A be an ordered set and X a subset of A. An element b is called a lower bound for the
set X if every element in X is greater than or equal to b.
 Greatest Lower Bound(Infimum) :- Let A be an ordered set, and X a subset of A. An element b in A is called
a greatest lower bound (or infimum) for X if b is a lower bound for X and there is no other lower
bound b' for X that is greater than b.
 Solution,
1 1
 E = {(𝑛,1 - 𝑛) ∈ 𝑅2 ; n ∈ N}.
 Let (x,y) be an upper bound of E then,
1 1
 => ( ,1 - ) ≤ (x,y) for all n ∈ N
𝑛 𝑛
1 1 1
 => 𝑛 < x or = x and 1 - 𝑛 ≤ y for all n ∈ N
𝑛
1 1
 Take n = 1 for 𝑛 = x and 1 - 𝑛 ≤ y then we get,
1 1
 => 1 = 1 = x and 1 - 1 ≤ 0 ≤ y
 => (1,y) for y ≥ 0 is an upper bound of E.
 So Upper Bounds of E = {(1,0) , (1,1) , (1,2) …}
 sup(E) = Least Upper Bound = (1,0)
 Similarly,
1 1
 E = {(𝑛,1 - 𝑛) ∈ 𝑅2 ; n ∈ N}.
 Let (x,y) be an lower bound of E then,
1 1
 => (x,y) ≤ (𝑛,1 - 𝑛) for all n ∈ N
1 1 1
 => x < 𝑛 or x = 𝑛 and y ≤ 1 - 𝑛 for all n ∈ N
1 1
 Take n → ∞, for x = 𝑛 and y ≤ 1 - 𝑛 then we get,
1 1
 => x = ∞ = 0 and y = 1 - ∞ ≤ 1 – 0 = 1
 => (0,1) is an lower bound of E.
 Consider (0,a) , a ≥ 1 and check whether it is an lower bound or not,
1 1
 => (0,a) ≤ (𝑛,1 - 𝑛) for all n ∈ N
1 1 1
 => 0 < or 0 = and a ≤ 1 - for all n ∈ N
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1
 For n ∈ N, 0 < 𝑛 therefore (0,a) is an lower bound of E
 So Lower Bounds of E = {(0,1) , (0,2) , (0,3) …}
 inf(E) = Greatest Lower Bound = Does not exists
88) C
Solution,
 A) X cannot be compact.
 Heine-Borel Theorem :- For a subset X of 𝑹𝑛 , X is compact iff X is closed and bounded.
 Closed Set :- A set which contains all its limit points.
 Bounded Set :- A set is said to be bounded if it has both upper and lower bound.
1
 Consider X = {0} ∪ {𝑛 | n ∈ N} ⊆ R
 X is closed as 0 is the only limit point of X which is contained in X.
 X is bounded as it has 0 as the lower bound and 1 as the upper bound.
 X is compact.
 A is False
 B) X contains an interior point.
 Interior point :- If S is a subset of R, then x is an interior point of S
 if there exists 𝜀 > 0 such that (x - 𝜀,x + 𝜀) ⊂ S.
1
 Consider X = {0} ∪ {𝑛 | n ∈ N} ⊆ R
 X does not contain any interior point as for any x ∈ X and 𝜀 > 0
 The interval (x - 𝜀,x + 𝜀) contains at least one irrational number which is not in X.
 B is False.
 C) X may be closed.
1
 Consider X = {0} ∪ {𝑛 | n ∈ N} ⊆ R
 X is closed from option A.
 C is True.
 [Note :- We can also have an example of X which is not closed
 but option C says X may be closed so it is true.]
 D) Closure of X is countable.
 Consider,
 X = Q ∩ [0,1]
 𝑋̅ = [0,1] which is uncountable.
 D is False.
89)
 Solution :-
1 1
∑∞
𝑛=1( 𝑛 𝑛 + )
2 ∗3 2𝑛+1∗3𝑛
1 1
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(2𝑛 ∗3𝑛 + 2∗2𝑛 ∗3𝑛 )
1 1 1
= ∑∞
𝑛=1(6𝑛 + 2 ∗ 6𝑛 )
1 1 ∞ 1
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 6𝑛 + 2 ∑𝑛=1 6𝑛 ………(1)
1 1 𝑎
Now we find ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 6𝑛 which is geometric series where a = r = 6 [∑ 𝑎𝑟 = , where |r|<1]
1−𝑟
 Therefore,
1 𝑎
 ∑∞
𝑛=1 6𝑛 = 1−𝑟
1 1
 = 6
1 = 6
5
1−
6 6
1
 = 5.
1 1
 Putting the value of ∑∞
𝑛=1 6𝑛 = 5 in equation (1) we get,
1 1 1 1 1
 ∑∞
𝑛=1( + )= +( * )
2𝑛 ∗3𝑛 2𝑛+1 ∗3𝑛 5 2 5
1 1
 = 5 + 10
3
 = 10.
90) Results :-
 Total No. of functions f : 𝐴 → 𝐵 , where |A| = a and |B| = b is 𝑏𝑎 .
 The set of Natural Number (N) and Rational Number (Q) are countable,
 Where as the set of Irrational Number (Qc) and set of Real Numbers (R) are uncountable.
 There are two types of infinities
 Aleph-naught (N0) = Countably Infinite (Countable)
 Continuum (C) = Uncountably Infinite (Uncountable)
 N02 and 2𝐴 where A is finite are Countable.
 2N0 , N0N0 and 2𝐴 where A is infinite are Uncountable.
 The set of all functions from Q to Q.
 f : 𝑄 → 𝑄, where |Q| = N0
 Total number of functions f : 𝑄 → 𝑄 = N0N0 which is uncountable. [Result 3]
 B) The set of all functions from Q to {0,1}.
 f : Q → {0,1} , where |Q| = N0 and |{0,1}| = 2.
 Total number of functions f : Q → {0,1} = 2N0 which is uncountable. [Result 3]
 C) The set of all functions from Q to {0,1} , which vanish outside a finite set.
 Consider below given picture to understand clearly,
Q .
.
.
F 0
I
N
1
I
T
A E
.
.
.
 Which means now we have f : 𝐴 → {0,1}
 Total number of functions = 2A
 Which is countable as A is finite. [Result 3]
 The set of all subsets of N.
 Power set = 2N which is uncountable as N is infinite. [Result 3]
91) B
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
 2sin( 2 + 𝑖) = 2[sin( 2 )cos(i) + cos( 2 )sin(i)]
1
 = 2[cosh(1) + 0] = e + 𝑒
92) C
1 1 1
 lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 √𝑛2 = lim 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=1
𝑛→∞ +𝑘 2 𝑛→∞ 2
√1 + 𝑘2
𝑛
1 1
 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑥 2
 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )]10
 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + √2).
93) A
1
 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑ 𝑛 2 is also convergent.
1
𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 2 )
 √𝑛2 ≤ 𝑛
[G.M. ≤ A.M.]
2
√𝑎𝑛
 And thus by comparison test, ∑∞
𝑛=1 is convergent.
𝑛
94) B
[𝑥]
 For lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
0, 𝑥 ∈ [0,1)
 We know [x] = {
−1, 𝑥 ∈ [−1,0)
[𝑥] [𝑥]
 L.H.L. = lim+ = +∞ & R.H.L. = lim− =0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
 L.H.L. ≠ R.H.L
 Hence limit does not exists.
95) A
 f(x) = sin2 x is periodic and continuous on ℝ.Hence it is uniformly continuous.
1
 f(x) = x, x ∈ ]0,1[
1
 lim x does not exists in bounded domain (0,1) so it is not uniformly continuous.
x→0
 f(x) = x 2 , x ∈ ℝ.
1
 Let xn = n + n , and yn = n , n ∈ N.
 Then clearly |xn − yn | → 0 as n → ∞
1
 But |f(xn ) - f(yn )| = | 2 + 2 | → 2 as n → ∞.
n
 So f(x) = x 2 , is not uniformly continuous.
96) B
𝑛 2 2
 Given that 𝑎𝑛 = ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘 and 𝑒 −𝑘 is a decreasing function.
𝑛 2
 𝑎𝑛 = ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘 will have a finite value. So {𝑎𝑛 }∞
𝑛=1 is convergent.
2 2 3 2 4 2 ∞ 2
 Thus∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 =∫1 𝑒
−𝑘
𝑑𝑘 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘+. . + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘.
2 2
 Again, ∫1 𝑒 −𝑘 𝑑𝑘 has some finite value and so ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
 So series is divergent.
97) D
 Result :- Continuous image of a connected set is connected.
 Here A is connected, so f(A) is also connected
98) D
 The continuous function f: ℝ → ℝ defined by
 f(x) = (𝑥 2 + 1)2019 . Let x1 and x2 belongs to ℝ, such that
 f(x1) = f(x2)
(x1 2 + 1)2019 = (x2 2 + 1)2019 => x1 2 = x2 2 => x1 = ±x2
 Thus function is not one-one neither it is onto.
99) D
 Take 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 = (−1)𝑛+1
 lim sup𝑎𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 (𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑘 {𝑎𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛}) = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 (1,1,1, … ) = 1…….(i)
 For lim sup𝑏𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 (𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑘 {𝑏𝑘 : 𝑘 ≥ 𝑛}) = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛 (1,1,1, … ) = 1..(ii)
 And for
 lim sup(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) = 0, [Understood]
 Also
 lim sup𝑎𝑛 + lim sup𝑏𝑛 = 2 [from (i) & (ii)]
 lim sup(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) ≥ lim sup 𝑎𝑛 + lim sup 𝑏𝑛 => 0 ≥ 2
 Not possible.
 Similarly for
 lim inf(𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛 ) ≤ lim inf 𝑎𝑛 + lim inf 𝑏𝑛 we get,
 0 ≤ -2.
100) No
 Note:- Always check the condition d(x,y) = 0, but x ≠ y, to eliminate that the given space it not metric space.
 Is usual metric space
101) Yes
 Easy to verify all the properties of metric space, triangular given below
 |𝑥 3 – 𝑦 3 | = |𝑥 3 – 𝑧 3 + 𝑧 3 − 𝑦 3| ≤ |𝑥 3 – 𝑦 3 | + |𝑦 3 – 𝑧 3 |
102) No
 d(1,0) = 0, but 1 ≠ 0, so it not a metric space.
103) C
 We can use descartes rule of sign for the roots or simply take
 a = 0, b = 1 and c = -1.
 Then the equation becomes
 𝑥 3 + (𝑥 − 1)3 + (𝑥 + 1)3 = 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 = 3x(𝑥 2 + 1)
104) B
 For the function g(x) to be differentiable each component of g(x) should be differentiable and we know that
|𝑥|𝑘 is differentiable if k > 1.
 So if 𝑐1 = 0 the rest of the function gets differentiable.
105) B
 Total number of one-one functions from X to Y is 𝑋𝑌𝑃
 63𝑃 = 120 [P is permutation]
106) C
 We know that the subsets of ℝ that are open as well as closed are ∅ & ℝ.
 So C is correct as X is closed so X is not open.
107) B
 It is obvious that 𝑓𝑘 (𝑡) is differentiable whenever t ≠ 0, we just need to check for t = 0.
 By definition of differentiability we have
𝑓𝑘 (ℎ) − 𝑓𝑘 (0) 1
 lim = lim ℎ𝑘−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
 Which exists and equal to f’(0) = 0 only if k > 1.
108) A
 True
i) We know rational numbers are countable and so does their finite product.
 False
i) Cantor set is an uncountable set having lebesgue measure 0
109) B
 P) Take f(x) = x, the it is uniformly continuous but lim f(x) = does not exists
𝑥→∞
 Q) Since f is uniformly continuous of (0, ∞) , it is also uniformly continuous of
 (0,1) and so its limit exists lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→0
110) A
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
 |f(x) – f(y)| = | ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 | ≤ | ∫0 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 | ≤ M|x – y|
 Where M is a bound on f and so it if Lipschitz continuous.
 Every Lipschitz continuous is uniformly continuous.
111) B
 By 𝑀𝑛 test
𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
 | 𝟏+ (𝒏𝒙)𝟐 | ≤ | 𝒏𝟐 | & ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 <∞
𝒏𝟐
 So the series is uniformly convergent.
112) C
1 1
 lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛((2𝑛𝜋 + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑛𝜋 + ))
1 1 1
 = sin(2𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑛𝜋 ) + 2𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑛𝜋 ))
1
 As n → ∞, k = → 0, and by using continuity of sin x we get
2𝑛𝜋
1 1
 lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛((2𝑛𝜋 + ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑛𝜋 + ))
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 −1
 = sin ( lim + 0) = sin 1.
𝑘→∞ 𝑘 −1
113) D
0
 Given limit of obviously of the form 0 . So we apply L-Hospital rule and by leibniz rule of differentiation
under integral sign , we get
𝑘 𝜕
1𝑘 ∫−𝑘𝜕𝑘𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡+𝑓(0)−(−𝑓(0))
 lim 𝑘 ∫−𝑘 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = = 2f(0)
𝑘→0 1
114) A,C
 Results,
 Countable union of countable sets is countable.
 Finite Cartesian product of countable set is countable.
 Infinite Cartesian product of countable set is uncountable.
 A) ⋃∞ j=1 Aj is a countable set. B) ⋃∞ n
n=1 ∏j=1 Aj is a uncountable set.
 Countable from (1). Countable from (1) and (2).
∞
 C) ∏j=1 Aj is a uncountable set. D) ⋃∞ j=1 Aj is a uncountable set
 Uncountable from (3). Countable from (1).
115)
 Solution,
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
 We can write (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥) 𝑥
log(1+𝑥)
(1) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
log(1+𝑥) 0
 But still lim [0]
𝑥→0 𝑥
 Apply L-Hospital rule
1
 lim 1+𝑥 = 1
𝑥→0
log(1+𝑥)
 lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒1
𝑥→0
116) D
 Solution,
 Given A is a connected set.
 A has only one point OR A is an interval.
 But given A has two distinct points so A can not have only one point.
 Therefore A is an interval.
 And any interval is uncountable.
 A is also uncountable.
117) A
 Solution,
1
 Given A = {f ∈ 𝐶 1 (ℝ) | f(0) = 0,f(1) = 1, |𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )| ≤ 2 for all x ∈ ℝ.}
 Using Lagrange Mean Value Theorem
 If a function f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on an open interval (a,b) then
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
there is atleast one point c ∈ (a,b) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = .
𝑏−𝑎
 Here a = 0 & b = 1
𝑓(1) − 𝑓(0) 1 −0
 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = = 1−0 = 1
1−0
 But it is contradiction as it is given that
1
i) |𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )| ≤ 2 for all x ∈ ℝ
 A is empty set.
118)
 Solution,
𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1 𝑛2 − 𝑛 1
 ∑∞
𝑛=1 = ∑∞
𝑛=1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛!
𝑛! 𝑛!
𝑛(𝑛−1) 1
1. = ∑∞
𝑛=1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛!
𝑛!
1 1
2. = ∑∞
𝑛=2 + ∑∞
𝑛=1
(𝑛−2)! 𝑛!
1
 We have ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! = 𝑒……(1)
1 1
 ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 𝑛! = 1 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑛!
1 1
 ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑛! = ∑𝑛=0 𝑛! - 1 = e – 1
𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1
 ∑∞
𝑛=1 = e + (e – 1) = 2e - 1
𝑛!
119) C
 Solution,
(−1)𝑛
 Consider ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 = ∑𝑛=1 𝑛
 Here ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent(conditionally convergent) and
 ∑∞
𝑛=1 |𝑎 𝑛 | is divergent.
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
 Let us find the radius of convergence of ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = ∑𝑛=1 𝑛
(−1)𝑛𝑥 𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1
 𝑎𝑛 (x) = & 𝑎𝑛+1 (x) =
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛+1 (x) (−1)𝑛+1𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛
 lim | | = lim | ∗ (−1)𝑛𝑥 𝑛 |
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 (x) 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1
𝑛
 = lim | 𝑛+1 ∗ −𝑥|
𝑛→∞
 = |-x| = |x| < 1 = R (For convergent)
120) B
 Solution,
𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 Given f(x) = {
2𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 Then f ′ (x) = {
2, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
 Here we can clearly observe that f(x) is differentiable only at x = 1.
 f is differentiable exactly at one points
121) D
 Solution,
 Given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0 for all x ∈ X
 f(x) = c (Constant)
 Therefore the range of f has at most 1 point.
122) B
 Solution,
 f(x) = 11𝑥 + 13𝑥 + 17𝑥 − 19𝑥 .
11 13 17
 We can write g(x) = (19 )𝑥 + (19 )𝑥 + (19 )𝑥 − 1.
 Now clearly
 lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→∞
 g(x) is a decreasing function as the fractions are less than 1.
 Thus, g has only one real root and so does the given equation as 19𝑥 is never zero.
123) B
 Solution,
(x)2 (x)4 (x)6
 cosh(x) = 1 + + + +…
2! 4! 6!
 Take x = loga
(loga)2 (loga)4 (loga)6
 cosh(loga) = 1 + + + +…
2! 4! 6!
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
 And cosh(x) =
2
𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 +𝑒 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
 cosh(loga) = 2
1 1
 = (a + a )
2
124) A
1
1 [𝑛 𝑛 – 1]
𝑛
 [𝑛 − 1] =
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒
[𝑛 𝑛 – 1]
 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
[𝑒 𝑛 − 1]
 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
1
𝑛 [𝑒 𝑛 − 1] 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
 lim [𝑛 − 1] = lim
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 [as n → ∞, → 0]
𝑛→∞ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛
[𝑒 𝑛 − 1] [𝑒 𝑥 −1]
 [ lim 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 is similar as lim = lim 𝑒 𝑥 = 1]
𝑛→∞ 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
𝑛
125) B
 Solution,
 Consider the polynomial
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶𝑛
 p(x) = 10 𝑥 + 21 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛−1
𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1
 And its derivative
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶𝑛
 𝑝′ (x) = 10 + 21 (2𝑥) + ⋯ + 𝑛−1 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑛+1 𝑛 + 1(𝑥 𝑛 )
𝑛
 𝑝′ (x) = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
 And it is obvious that p(0) = 0 and it is given that p(1) = 0.
 Hence by Rolle’s theorem it implies that 𝑝′ (x) = 0 for some x ∈ (0,1)
126) A
 Solution,
 Given polynomial is an integral polynomial and it is well known that irrational roots occur in pairs.
 So, if 2 + √3 is one root of the polynomial then 2 - √3 is also one root of polynomial.
 Also the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 5 it means sum of roots is 5
 2 + √3 + 2 - √3 + y = 5 => y = 1.
 (x - 2 - √3)(x - 2 + √3)(x – 1) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1
 On comparing with 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 1 we get a = 5.
127)
 Solution,
𝑘2 𝑘
 ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=1 𝑘! = ∑𝑘=1 (𝑘−1)!.
𝑘−1+1
 = ∑∞
𝑘=1 (𝑘−1)!
𝑘−1 1
 = ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=1 (𝑘−1)! + ∑𝑘=1 (𝑘−1)!
1 1
 = ∑∞ ∞
𝑘=2 (𝑘−2)! + ∑𝑘=1 (𝑘−1)!
1
 = e + e = 2e [∑∞
𝑘=0 𝑘!]
1 2
128) 2
log (3)
 Solution,
1 1 1 1 1
 + 3+ +⋯
5 35 5 55
 We have
1
 1 − x2 = 1 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 + ⋯
 Now integrate both the sides
1
 ∫ 1 − x2 dx = ∫(1 + x 2 + x 4 + x 6 + ⋯ )dx
1 1−x x3 x5
 log(1 + x) = c + x + + +…
2 3 5
 For x = 0 we have c = 0
1 1−x x3 x5
 log(1 + x) = x + + +…
2 3 5
1
 Take x = 5
1
1 1− 1 1 1 1 1
 log ( 5
1 ) = 5 + 3 53 + 5 55 + ⋯
2 1+
5
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
 5
log ( ) = 5 + 3 53 + 5 55 + ⋯
6
2
5
1 2 1 1 1 1 1
 log (3) = 5 + 3 53 + 5 55 + ⋯
2
129) C
 Solution,
 Let y = (1 − sinxcosx)cosec2x
 Take logarithmic function on both the sides,
 log y = log(1 − sinxcosx)cosec2x
 log y = cosec2x log (1 − sinxcosx)
log(1 −sinxcosx) log(1 −sinxcosx) 0
 log y = => lim log y = lim [0]
sin2x x→0 x→0 sin2x
 Apply L-Hospital Rule
1 −sin2 x−cos2 x
 limlog y = lim (1 −sinxcosx) ∗
x→0 x→0 2cos2x
−1
 limlog y =lim( 2 )
x→0 x→0
−1
 limy = e 2
x→0
130) A
 Solution,
π
 Let I =∫02 log tanθ dθ……(1)
𝑎 𝑎
 We know ∫0 f(x)d𝑥 = ∫0 f(a − x)d𝑥
π π
π
 I =∫02 log tan( − θ) dθ = ∫02 log cot(θ) dθ ……(2)
2
 Adding eq(1) and eq(2) we get,
π π
 2I = ∫02 log tanθ dθ + ∫02 log cot(θ) dθ
π
 2I = ∫02 log tanθ ∗ cotθdθ
π
 2I = ∫02 log 1dθ
 2I = 0.
 I=0
131) B
 Solution,
2 2∗5 2∗5∗8
 1 + 6 + 6∗12 + 6∗12∗18 + …
 It is expansion of the series (1 + x)𝑛 for |x| < 1
1 2
 Here x = − 2 and n = − 3
𝑛(𝑛−1)
 (1 + x)𝑛 = 1 + nx + 𝑥 2 +…
2!
2 2 5
1 − 1 2 − ∗− 1
 (1 – 2 ) 3 = 1 + (− 2 ∗ − 3) +( 3 3
∗ (− 2)2 ) + …
2
2
1
1 −
 (2) 3
= 43
132) D
 Solution,
 Since X be a connected subset of real numbers therefore X can be any point or X can be an interval.
 Every element of X is irrational therefore X can never be an interval because interval contains infinite
rational and infinite irrational.
 Hence X can be a singleton set i.e. a point and this point is irrational.
 Cardinality of X = |X| = 1.
133) A
 Solution,
 𝑓 ′′ − 2𝑓 ′ + 𝑓 = 0.
 Auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
 (𝑚 − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ m = 1,1.
 f(x) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 are arbitrary values.
 V = {f(x) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 : 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ∈ ℝ}
 𝐵𝑣 = {𝑒 𝑥 ,x𝑒 𝑥 } => dim(V) = 2
 f(x) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
 f(x) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
 𝑓 ′ (x) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
 𝑓 ′ (x) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 )𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
 Now f(0) = 𝑐1 and 𝑓 ′ (0) = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
 T(f) = (𝑓 ′ (0), 𝑓 (0)) = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 , 𝑐1 )
1 1
 Matrix T = [ ] => |T| = -1 ≠ 0.
1 0
 T is invertible => T is non-singular => T is One-To-One & Onto.
134) Convergent
 Solution,
 Here 𝑎𝑛 =( 𝑛√𝑛 − 1)𝑛 .
1
 Using the root test we get (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 =( 𝑛√𝑛 − 1)
 Now apply limit
1
𝑛
 lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 = lim ( √𝑛 − 1)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
 And we know lim 𝑛√𝑛 = 1.
𝑛→∞
𝑛
 lim ( √𝑛 − 1) = 1 – 1 = 0 < 1.
𝑛→∞
 So the series is convergent.
135) 4
3
(𝑥+4)2 +𝑒 𝑥 −9
 lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
3
 Here take f(x) = (𝑥 + 4)2 + 𝑒 𝑥
 Using definition of differentiation
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(0)
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0
3
′( (𝑥+4)2+𝑒 𝑥 −9
 𝑓 𝑥 ) = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
3
 𝑓 ′ (0) = 2 (𝑥 + 4) + 𝑒 𝑥 = 4. 2
136) D
 Solution,
 Given f: ℝ3 → ℝ3 as f(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (𝑥2 +𝑥3 , 𝑥3 +𝑥1 , 𝑥1 +𝑥2 )
 𝑓1 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥2 +𝑥3
 𝑓2 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥3 +𝑥1
 𝑓3 (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = 𝑥1 +𝑥2
𝜕1 𝑓1 𝜕2 𝑓1 𝜕3 𝑓1
 𝜕𝑓 = [𝜕1 𝑓2 𝜕2 𝑓2 𝜕3 𝑓2 ]
𝜕1 𝑓3 𝜕2 𝑓3 𝜕3 𝑓3
0 1 1
o = 1 0 1| = 2 ≠ 0
|
1 1 0
 The first derivative of f is invertible everywhere.
137) C
 Solution,
 Take f(x) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
 Clearly f(0) = 03 − 02 = 0
 f(1) = 13 − 12 = 0
 𝑓 ′ (0) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 3(0)2 - 2(0) = 0
 A) f ′′ is zero function.
 f ′′ (x) = 6x – 2.
 B) f ′′ (0) = 0.
 f ′′ (0) = -2.
 C) f ′′ (x) = 0 for some x ∈ (0,1).
1
 At x = 3, f ′′ (x) = 0.
 D) f ′′ never vanishes. (Incorrect by option C)
138) D
 Solution,
 f(x) =3𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0.
3 5
 We can write g(x) = (7)𝑥 + (7)𝑥 − 1.
 Now clearly
 lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = ∞ & lim 𝑔(𝑥 ) = −1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→∞
 g(x) is a decreasing function as the fractions are less than 1.
 Thus, g has only one real root and so does the given equation as 7𝑥 is never zero.
139) C
 P) Since every Cauchy sequence in X defined by d(x,y) = sup |𝑥𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖 | for
 x = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … ) & y = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … ) has no limit point such that in the space (x,d) sequence (𝑥𝑛 ) does not exists.
 x ∈ X such that 𝑥𝑛 → x and n → ∞ , (x,d) is not a complete metric space.
 Q) Set A is said to be compact if it is complete and totally bounded.
 Since the set {x ∈ X : d(0,x) ≤ 1} is not totally bounded so it is not compact.
140) A
 Radius of convergence is obtained by
1
1
 = lim |𝑎𝑛 |𝑛
𝑅 𝑛→∞
1
 R= 1 ≥ 1 or r is infinite [ Because ∑∞ 2
𝑛=0 |𝑎𝑛 | < ∞]
lim |𝑎𝑛 |𝑛
𝑛→∞
 r ≥ 1 or r is infinite
141) B
𝑛!
 𝑎𝑛 = 1∗3∗5∗…(2𝑛−1)
1∗2∗3∗…𝑛
 𝑎𝑛 = [cancelling the odd terms from numerator and denominator]
1∗3∗5∗…(2𝑛−1)
2∗4∗6∗…∗𝑛
 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛+1)∗(𝑛+2)∗…(2𝑛−1)
 lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
142) A
 Given I = [1,2) , let m denote the measure.
 We know m[a,b] = m(a,b) = m[a,b) = m(a,b]
 = length of [a,b] for all a,b ∈ R
 m(I) = m{[1,2)} = 2 – 1 = 1
 Also, we know that countable sets have measure 0 and Q the set of rationals is countable, so it has measure
0.
 m(J) = m(Q ∩ [3,5]) = 0 [Q ∩ [3,5] ≤ Q]
 m(I ∪ J ) = m(I) + m(J) = 1 + 0 = 1
143) D
𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
 Consider the function f(x) = {
𝑥 − 1,2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
 Here f is strickly increasing function on S = [0,1) ∪ [2,3] and f(S) = [0,2] is connected.
 So now function f(x) has no discontinuity.
144) D
 Result :- If f is monotone then f need not be of lebesgue measureable.
145) D
 We know that when a connected set contains two elements it becomes an interval.
 And an interval is uncountable.
146) C
 It is known that , if f is a bounded function and g is a continuous function in the interval [a,b] then gof is
Riemann Integrable in [a,b]
147) C
 It is given that ,
 S = {(x,y) : f is continuous at the point (x,y)}
 Then S = {(x,y), x ≠ 0 & y ≠ 0}
 Then S is open
148) B
 It is given that,
|𝒙 − 𝒚|
 d(x,y) = 𝟏+|𝒙 − 𝒚|,
 We know that
 |x – y| < 1 + |x – y|
|𝑥 − 𝑦|
 <1
1+|𝑥 − 𝑦|
 d(x,y) < 1 for all x, y ∈ R.
 Thus d(x,y) is bounded but not compact
149) B
 Result: Uniformly continuous functions are not measurable.
150) C
 We observe that all the given functions are continuous on (0,1) we only need to check that for uniformly
continuity their lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) & lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) exists finitely
𝑥→0 𝑥→1
1
 lim 𝑥 = ∞ (does not exists) [Not Uniformly Continuous]
𝑥→0
1
 lim sin(𝑥) = not defined [ Not Uniformly Continuous]
𝑥→0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
 lim = 1 & lim = finite [Uniformly Continuous]
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥
151) A
 The given function is a convex function, and we know that for a convex function f’’(x) ≥ 0
152) False
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
 Consider ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 = & ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = then,
√𝑛 √𝑛
1
 ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 Which is divergent
153) True
 As given 𝑏𝑛 is bounded so there exists M ≥ 0 such that |𝑏𝑛 | ≤ M,
 For all n ∈ N
 Also we get |𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 | ≤ M𝑎𝑛
 Given 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 0, for all n ∈ ℕ here ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 is convergent
 ∑𝑛 |𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 | is convergent
 ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 is absolutely convergent
154) A
 Solution,
 Give R ⊆ A X A and S ⊆ A X A , so R ∩ S ⊆ A X A.
 R ∩ S is an equivalence relation on A.
155) D
Solution,
 The number of relations from a set A to set B is 2 AB = 22x3 = 26 = 64.
156) D
 Solution,
 We know A and P(A) are disjoint sets so A – P(A) = A.
157) B
 Solution,
 {x : x is a real number and x2 + 2 = 0} has no real root.
 So it is empty.
158) D
 Solution,
 y = ex and y = e-x will meet when ex = e-x
 e2x = 1 => x = 0 , y = 1.
 Which is common in both.
159) B
 Solution,
 < 1 + (-1)n> = <0,2,0,2,…>
 <0,0,0,…> & <2,2,2,…>
 Exactly two constant subsequence.
160) C,D
 Solution,
 We know that the sequence <an> is convergent if a < 1 and divergent if a ≥ 1.
 So by this result C and D are true.
161) B
 We know {(−1)𝑛 }∞ 𝑛=1 is bounded by 1 (upper bound) and -1 (lower bound)
 Also the series is divergent. [Can verify yourself]
162) D
 Solution,
 Result :- If a sequence of real number has a cluster point, then existence of limit is not definite.
163) A
 Solution,
 Result :- Converges to 0.
164) B
 Solution,
 Result:- A continuous function f from a bounded closed interval [a,b] to R is always bounded and attains its
bounds.
165) A
 Solution,
1
𝑥 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
 Here f(x) = {
0 ,𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0+ℎ)−𝑓(0)
 f’(0) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
ℎ 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 0 1
 = lim ℎ
= lim ℎ𝑛−1 𝑐𝑜𝑠
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
 Exists if n – 1 > 1 => n > 1.
166) C
 Solution,
 Here the function is a polynomial function so it is definitely differentiable.
 And one can easily get it twice differentiable.
167) B,D
 Solution,
 Given <an> and <bn> be the divergent sequences ,
 So lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞ and lim 𝑏𝑛 = ∞ .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
 Thus we get lim ( 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) = ∞ & lim ( 𝑎𝑛 . 𝑏𝑛 ) = ∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
168) A, C
 Result / Theorems
 Every Cauchy sequence is bounded and convergent.
169) A
 A sequence can have atmost one limit which is unique(Result).
170) A,B,C
 Results/ Theorems
 Every convergent sequence is bounded.
 A sequence cannot converge to more than one limit.
 Every convergent sequence is bounded and has a unique limit.
171) D
 The set of all the distinct elements of a sequence is called the range set of the sequence.
172) A,B,C,D
 Results/Theorems
 Singleton set is measurable.
 Measure of singleton set is 0.
 Countable set is measurable.
 Measure of countable set is 0.
173) A,B,C
 Results/Theorems
 The interval [a,∞) is measurable.
 Every interval is measurable.
 Every open set in R is measurable.
174) C
𝜋 𝜋
 lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 1 = ≠ 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+3𝑖 3𝑖
 So it is divergent.
175) B
 Result: The set A is closed if it contains its boundary points.
176) B
 Every infinite sequence in D has a subsequence which converges in D iff D is compact{Closed and
bounded}.
177) A
 Continuous image of a connected set is connected.
 Now Q is disconnected , so there is no continuous onto function form 𝐴̅ to Q.
178) A
 Here the points of continuity will be 0 , ±𝜋 , ±2𝜋 , ±3𝜋 , …
 And these points are countable.
179) D
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
 We know f(x) = cosx is differentiable in the given [ 2 , 2 ] and f( 2 ) = f( 2 ) = 0.
 Thus by rolles theorem f’(c) = 0 => sin c = 0 => c = 0.
180) D
 We know a function f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and f(a) ≠ f(b) , then f takes on [a,b] atleast once every value
between f(a) and f(b).
181) A
 We know that if continuous function f(x) : [0,1] → [0,1] then there exists a point c ∈ [0,1] , such that f(c) =
c.
182) D
 Here f(x) ≥ 0 , for all x ∈ R, so it cannot be onto.
 Also for x = 1 and x = -1 f(x) = 0, so it is not one-one also.
183) C
 Result:- Here f(x) = sin nx is odd function and its derivative
f’(x) = n (cos nx) is an even function.
184) A
 The product of two uniformly continuous functions may not be uniformly continuous..
 Take f(x) = x – 1 and g(x) = x + 1.
185) B
 We know sin x is differentiable.
 Also xn is differentiable.
 So sin xn is also differentiable.
186) A
 Theorem:- The union of finite collection of non-empty closed sets is closed.
187) A
 Result: - A metric space X is compact then it is sequentially compact.
188) A
 Theorem:- A set S ⊂ R is compact iff it is closed and bounded.
189) A
 Solution,
𝜋 𝜋
 ∫04 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫04 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
 = ∫04 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
2
 = ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
4 4
𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝜃
 = [ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]0 2
2
1
 = 2 (1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)
190) A
 fn(x) = xn(1-x) H
 So f(x) = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 for all x.
𝑛→∞
𝑛
 Also f’n(x) = 0 => x = 𝑛+1
𝑛 1 1
 And lim | 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| = lim (1+𝑛)𝑛 x 𝑛+1 = 𝑒 x 0 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
191) B
 Solution,
1
 Take an = 𝑛 then ∑∞ 5 ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 < ∞ but ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
192) B
 Solution,
1 𝑛!
 We know number of r cycles in Sn is 𝑟 x (𝑛−𝑟)!
.
 Also two elements are conjugate iff they have same cyclic structure.
1 7!
 Here it is 7 x (7−7)!
= 720.
193) A
𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 1 𝜋 1
 lim ∫𝜋 𝑑𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑛 ∫𝜋 𝑑𝑥 = 0 x (𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) = 0.
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛𝑥 5 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑥5
194) B
 Solution,
 We use Mn test of uniform convergence.
𝑥2 1 1
 |1+(𝑛𝑥)2| ≤ 𝑛2 and ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 2 < ∞.
 So given series is converges unifromly.
195) B
 Solution,
 Consider f(x) = sin(x2), then it is bounded and continuous but not differentiable and so not uniformly
continuous. A is false.
 Let M be bound of f’.
 Then by mean value theorem for any x,y ∈ R, there exists some c ∈ (a,b) such that |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ |f’(c)||x-
y|≤ M|x-y|.
 And thus f is uniformly continuous.
196) A
 Solution,
 For the given equation we get auxiliary equation for the differentiable equation as m2 + 2m + 3 = 0 => m =
-1 ± √2i.
 So f(x) = e-x[c1 cos(√2x) + c2 sin(√2x)].
 Thus f is infinitely differentiable and so A is correct.
𝜋
𝑓(ℎ)−𝑓(0) ℎ 2 | cos |
 For option B lim = lim ℎ
=0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
 So f is differentiable at x = 0 , so B is false.
197) B
 Orbit (i) = {-1 x.i, 1.i}
 = {-i,i}
 So it has 2 elements in it.
198) D
 Use definition H = Z2 x Z6 and K = Z2 x Z4 are not isomorphic since there is no homomorphism from H to
K.
199) B
 Result/Theorem:- Every non-trivial ring homomorphism f: Z → Z, is onto but not one-one.
200) False
1 1
 fn(x) = √(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑛 then the sequence is in C1[0,1].
1
 But its limit f(x) = | 𝑥 − 2 | is not differentiable.
201) True
 Since f is monotonic , for every partition P of [a,b]
 ∑ |𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖−1 ) | ≤ 𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
 And also we can get by definition that f is of bounded varation.
202) True
 We know |sin2x – sin2y| ≤ |sin x – siny | and since sin x is uniformly continuous so is f.
203) False
 Take f(x) = x , here f(x) is uniformly continuous but lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists.
𝑥→∞
204) True
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
 lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = f(x) = {
𝑛→∞ 1 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 1
 As fn(x) is continuous function , then we know that uniform limit of continuous function is also continuous.
 And so limit exists.
205) True
 A convex set is a set in which for every point within the set , line segment joining that points is also within
the set.
 Here the given set forms a rectangle so it is convex.
206) False
 Here given functions 3x – 2y + x2 & 4x + 5y + y2 are polynomial and we know they are always continuous
so f is continuous.
207) False
 Take f(x) = |x| , then clearly f is in F and for a = K = 1, the function is not differentiable at 0.
208) 0
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
 lim = lim 𝑥
1 −1/2 = lim 𝑥 −1/2 = 0. [L-hospital rule]
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 𝑥→∞ 2
𝑥 𝑥→∞
209) 0
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1
 lim = lim 𝑥
= lim = 0. [L-hospital rule]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
210) 1
1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1+ )
 lim 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥+1) = lim 𝑥+1
= 1 [L-hospital rule]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1/𝑥
211) 1
1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1+ )
 lim (𝑥 + 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) = lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1/(𝑥+1)
212) 0
1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1+ 2 )
 lim 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥 2) = lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 1/𝑥
213) ∞
1
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1+ )
 lim 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + ) = lim 𝑥
= ∞ [L-hospital rule]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 1/𝑥 2
214) 𝑒
1 1 1
 lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥+1 = lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)1 = e.1 = e
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
215) 𝑒
1 𝑥+1
1 (1+ )
𝑥
 lim (1 + 𝑥+1) = lim 𝑥+1
1 = e/1 = e
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ (1+ )
𝑥+1
216) ∞
1 2 1
 lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = lim {(1 + 𝑥)𝑥 }𝑥 = lim ex = ∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
217) 1
1 1 2 1
 lim (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 = lim {(1 + 𝑥 2)𝑥 }𝑥 = lim e1/x = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
218) 1
2𝑥 2
1 2𝑥 2 ∫𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
 lim 𝑥 ∫𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = lim [0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚] {Lhospital rule}
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
2
2𝑥𝜕𝑒−𝑡 2 2
2𝑥
1 2 ∫𝑥 +𝑒 −4𝑥 .2−𝑒 −𝑥 .1
 lim ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = lim 𝜕𝑥
=1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥→0 1
219) 1
1 1 1
 lim (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑥 = lim (1 − 𝑥)𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)𝑥 = e-1 x e1 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
220) 0
𝑎𝑛
 We know lim (𝑎𝑛 )1/𝑛 = lim [Cauchys second principal]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛+1
𝑥!
 So lim =0
𝑥→∞ (𝑥+1)!
221) e and 1/e

1
 For n even we have lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝(1 + 𝑛)𝑛 = 𝑒
𝑛→∞
1
 For n odd we have lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝(1 − 𝑛)𝑛 = 1/𝑒
𝑛→∞
222) False
 Consider f(x) = x ,then lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) exists but lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists and f is definitely uniformly
𝑥→0 𝑥→∞
continuous on an interval (a,b).
𝜋
223) 6
∞ 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑘 𝑘 𝑥 𝜋
 lim ∑𝑘=1 = lim ∫𝑘=1 √4𝑥 2 2 = lim (sin−1 2𝑥) =6
𝑥→∞ √4𝑥 2−𝑘 2 𝑥→∞ −𝑘 𝑥→∞ 𝑘=1
1
224) 3
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑘2 ∞ 𝑘2 1 1
 lim ∑∞ 3 3 𝑥
𝑘=1 𝑥 3+𝑘 3 = lim ∫𝑘=1 𝑥 3 +𝑘 3 𝑑𝑘 = lim 3 log(𝑥 + 𝑘 )𝑘=1 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
1
225) 3[𝑓 (3) − 𝑓(0)]
𝑘 ∞ 𝑘 1 1
 lim ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑓′(3𝑛 ) = lim ∫𝑘=1 𝑓′(3𝑛 )𝑑𝑘 = lim 3[𝑓 (3) − 𝑓(3𝑛 )]
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
1
 3[𝑓 (3) − 𝑓(0)]
226) True
 Given P(X) and P(Y) have 1-1 correspondence so 2 |X| = 2|Y|.
 So |X| = |Y|.
 Thus there is 1-1 correspondence between X and Y.
227) True
 Given d and d’ are metric.
 And we have a result sum of any two metric is a metric.
 As it will satisfy all the properties of metric.
 Thus c(x,y) is a metric.
 Note :- Product of a metric may not be a metric.
228) False
 Solution,
 Given u = f(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) in uxx + uyy = 0 and solving it we get,
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓′′(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + f’(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0.
 Take √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = t and evaluate it ,
 We get u(x,y) = log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
 Now clearly 2 lim2 |𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| ≠ 0.
𝑥 +𝑦 →0
229) True
 Solution,
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓′′(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + f’(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0.
 We get u(x,y) = log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
 Now clearly 2 lim2 |𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| = ∞.
𝑥 +𝑦 →0
230) True
 Solution,
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓′′(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + f’(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0.
 We get u(x,y) = log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
 Now clearly 2 lim2
|𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| = ∞.
𝑥 +𝑦 →∞
231) True
 Solution,
 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑓′′(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + f’(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0.
 We get u(x,y) = log(√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
 Now clearly lim |𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)| ≠ 0.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 →∞
232) 0
 We know that if 0 ≠ p : Rn → R is a polynomial function, then the set of its zeros has measure 0.
 But here we have p : R2 → R defined by p(x,y) = x2 + y2 – 1.
 So the measure of the set A is 0.
233) False
 For a sequence of continuous functions to be uniformly convergent , its limit function must be continuous.
𝜋
 Here limit function f is not continuous at end point 2 .
234) True
 f = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1 for all x.
𝑛→∞
 Now apply Mn test for x ∈ [0,1) we have
𝑥𝑛 1
 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )| = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 = 𝑛 → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞.
𝑛
 Thus the sequence is uniformly convergent .
235) True
 f = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 for all x.
𝑛→∞
 Now apply Mn test for x ∈ (−∞,0) we have
1 1
 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )| = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 2 = → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞.
1+(𝑥−𝑛) 1 + 𝑛2
 Thus the sequence is uniformly convergent .
236) False
 Here limit function f is not continuous at x = n.
237) True
 Apply Mn test for uniform convergence,
 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )| = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥∈[0,1] |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 0| = 𝑓𝑛 (1) → 0
 Here 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥∈[0,1] |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 )| = 𝑓𝑛 (1) as fn is monotonically increasing sequence converges pointwise.
 Thus by Mn test fn converges to f uniformly.
238) False
 Consider the counter example
0, 𝑥 ∈ [0,1)
 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = { 1
,𝑥 = 1
𝑛
 It satisfies all the required conditions but 𝑓𝑛′ 𝑠 are not continuous.
239) True
 Apply Mn test for uniform convegence
 | 𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑡) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑡)| ≤ |an| + |bn| = Mn => ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑀𝑛 < ∞.
 Thus it converges uniformly.
240) False
 Let the series is uniformly convergent which means that the sequence of the partial sums 𝑆𝑛 (𝑥) converges
uniformly, hence 𝑆𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑆𝑛−1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥) converges uniformly to 0.
 Hence for every > 0 , there exists an M such that for every x ∈ (0,∞) and n ≥ M we have |𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 cos(𝑛𝑥)| <
𝜀.
 This is not possible as for every 𝜀 > 0 being an oscillatory function.
 To prove this take 𝜀 < 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(𝑘) , and x = k/n for any positive k.
 Both the factors are contrary to each other.
241) False
𝑥2 1 1
 Here the given series is ∑∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛=1 (1+𝑥 2)𝑛 = ∑𝑛=1 (1+𝑥 2)𝑛−1 − ∑𝑛=1 (1+𝑥 2 )𝑛
1
 And sequence of partial sums of above series is S n(x) = 1 - (1+𝑥 2)𝑛
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
 S(x) = {
 Since the sequence of partial sums is pointwise convergent but not uniformly convergent so the given series
is not uniformly convergent.
242) True
 Here it is given that f is continuous on a compact interval [0,2𝜋] , implies that it is uniformly continuous
on [0,2𝜋] and hence on R.
243) True
 Given that |f’(x)| ≤ M for some M on R.
 Then by mean value theorem for any x,y ∈ R such that x and y are arbitrary close for some c ∈ (a,b) we
have,
 |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ |f’(c)||x – y| ≤ M |x - y|.
 It implies f is uniformly continuous.
244) True
 Result:- Every absolutely continuous function is uniformly continuous.
245) False
 Here by L’Hospital rule we have lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 0.
𝑛→∞
 So 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )| = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 )|
 Here we find the supremum of the above sequence for which we need critical points 𝑓𝑛′ (𝑥 ) =
1
𝑛(𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 ) = 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑛
 Easy to verify that f’’(1/n) < 0 , which means fn achieves maximum at this point.
1
 lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )| = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑛) = lim 𝑒 −1 ≠ 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
246) False
 If fn is uniformly convergent sequence of continuous functions converging to f, then f is also continuous.
For fn(x) = xn , limit function is
0, 𝑥 ≠ 1
 f(x) = { .
1, 𝑥 = 1
 Here discontinuity of f implies that the given sequence is not uniformly convergent.
247) True
sin 𝑛𝑥
 Here we have fn(x) = on R
√𝑛
 Then lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0.
𝑛→∞
1
 Also lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )| = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ √𝑛
 Thus the given sequence is uniformly convergent.
248) True
 Any function having finitely many discontinuities is Riemann integrable.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0, 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 24 , 1
 Here f(x) = {
 So it has finite discontinuities and is Riemann integrable.
249) False
 Here for any partition P lower sum and upper sum will never match so f will not be Riemann integrable.
250) True
 Here since f has one discontinuity which means f is Riemann integrable.
251) False
 If the sequence is uniformly convergent , then its limit must be continuous , but for the given sequence f(x)
0, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
𝑥𝑛 1
= lim ={, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 .
𝑛→∞ 1+𝑥 𝑛 2
1, 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥 < 2
 Thus we get a function f which is discontinuous which shows that given sequence is not uniformly
continuous.
252) True
sin 𝑛𝑥 1 1
 Apply Mn test we get | 𝑛2+1 | ≤ 𝑛2+1 and ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 2+1 < ∞.
 Thus it is uniformly convergent
253) False
 Here by L’Hospitals rule it is easy to verify that lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 0 , where fn(x) = 𝑛2 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥
𝑛→∞
 So we have 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )| = 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 )|
 Now we find the supremum of the above sequence for which we need critical points.
2
 Here f’n(x) = 𝑛2 (2𝑥𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑛𝑥 ) = 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑛.
1
 Also we observe that 𝑓𝑛′′ (𝑛) < 0, which shows that fn achieves maximum at this point.
2
 Now lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑥 |𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )| = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑛) = lim 4𝑒 −2 ≠ 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
254) True
 This is direct application of rolle’s mean value theorem according to which between any two roots of a
polynomial , there is atleast one root of its derivative.
255) True
 Consider f(x) = cos(sinx) – x.
𝜋
 Then f(0) = 1 > 0 and f( 2 ) < 0.
𝜋
 Therefore there is atleast one root of f in [0, 2 ]This is direct application of rolle’s mean value theorem
according to which between any two roots of a polynomial , there is atleast one root of its derivative.
256) True
𝑥2
 Consider f(x) = cosx – 1 + .
2
 Then f’(x) = -sinx + x.
 Here we claim f’(x) > 0 for x > 0.
 For this we consider f’(x) = -sinx + x, then f’’(x) = -cosx + 1 ≥ .
 It means that f’ is increasing function.
 So we must have f’(x) > f’(0) = 0 , which proves our claim.
 Thus f is an increasing function.
 Hence f(x) > f(0) for x > 0 which implies our result.
257) True
 Let 𝜖 > 0 is given, then for any 𝛿 > 0 such that 𝛿 < 𝜖 2 and |x - y| 𝛿 , we have |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ √𝛿 < 𝜖.
 Thus f is uniformly continuous as 𝜖 depends on 𝛿.
258) False
 Here f is not uniformly continuous as both the sequences 1/n and 1/n2 → 0 , we have f(1/n) → f(0) = ½ and
f(1/n2) → f(0) = 1/4 .
 Since at x = 0 limit is not defined means it is not uniformly continuous.
259) True
 Any continuous function on (0,1) is uniformly continuous provided limit exists and is finite on end points.
 Limit exists at x = 1.
 At x = 0 , lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0 x some finite quantity between -1 and 1 = 0.
𝑥→0
260) False
 Since each fn is continuous , if this sequence converges uniformly , then limit function must be continuous.
1 1
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2 𝑛
 But here f(x) = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = { 1 .
𝑛→∞ 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛
 As f is a discontinuous function , so the sequence does not converge uniformly.
261) True
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑛
 By Mn test for uniform convergence we have | 𝑒𝑛
|≤
𝑒𝑛
.
𝑛
 And the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑒 𝑛 converges by D-Alembert ratio test.
262) False
1
 Take A = N and B = {n - 𝑛, n ∈ N, n ≥ 2}.
 Both A and B are closed sets having no limit points, but their sum is not closed as 0 is limit point of A + B
which is not in the set B.
263) True
 Sum of any two sets is open provided one of them is open set.
264) True
 This is a standard that sum of two closed sets is closed provided one of them is compact.
265) False
 Take A = N , B = {0} , then A + B = N ∪ {0} , which is closed set but not compact being unbounded.
266) False
 This set is unbounded as if x → 0 , then y → ∞.
267) True
 This is a closed and bounded set and hence is compact [Heine-Borel theorem].
268) False
 This is a bounded but not closed as the boundary points are not in the set.
269) False
 This set is disconnected as it can be written as the disjoint union of two open sets : {(x,y) : xy = 1 , x > 1}
∪ {(x,y), xy = 1 , x < 0}
270) True
𝑥
 Let us define a map f : R2 \ {0} → S2, where S2 is boundary of unit sphere by f(x) = ||𝑥||.
 f is continuous map which is easy to show.
 Now since R2\{0} is connected and continuous image of connected space is connected.
 So S2 is connected.
271) True
 Consider the continuous function f: (1,2) x [0,2𝜋) → R2 given by (r,𝜃) → (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃).
 The image of f is precisely the annulus {(x,y): 1 < x2 + y2 < 2}, which is a continuous image of a connected
set and hence connected.
272) C[0,1]
 It is well known by Weierstrass approximation theorem , according to which every continuous function in
[a,b] can be uniformly approximated by a sequence of polynomials.
273) True
 Since fn is continuous on a compact set [0,1] , implies that it is uniformly continuous for each n.
274) False
 Take fn(x) = {1,-1,1,-1,…}.
 Then |fn(x)| ≤ 1 and |f’n(x)| = 0 ≤ 1, but the sequence {fn(x)} is not convergent.
275) True
 Refer Arzela – Ascoli theorem.
276) True
 Consider the map g(x) = f(x) – x.
 Then g(0) = f(0) ≥ 0 and g(2) = f(2) – 2 ≤ -1.
 Thus by intermediate value theorem it is true.
277) True
 By mean value theorem for an x,y ∈ X and c ∈ (x,y) , we have
 |f(x) – f(y)| ≤ f’(c)|x - y| ≤ ½ |x - y|.
 This means f is a contraction map and hence by compactness mapping theorem , there exists a unique x ∈
[0,1] such that f(x) = x, since the space [0,1] is complete.
278) True
 Consider the map f(x) = -x, clearly there is no point p ∈ S such that
 f(p) = -p , as then p = 0 and 0 ∉ S.
279) False
 Take A = (0,1) , then d(0,A) = 0 but 0 ∉ A.
280) False
 Take A = (0,1) and B = {0} , then d(A,B) = 0 but A ∩ B = ∅.
281) True
 Here S in infinite so it can be countable or uncountable.
 As there is one-one map form S to N to card(S) ≤ card(N).
 Hence S must be countable.
282) False
 As there is onto map form S to N to card(N) ≤ card(S).
 So S can be uncountable.
283) False
 As there is one-one map form N to S to card(N) ≤ card(S).
 So S can be uncountable.
284) True
 As there is onto map form N to S to card(S) ≤ card(N).
 So S must be countable.
285) True
 If X is finite
 Card(X) = n for some n ∈ N
 Card|p(X)| = 2𝑛
 p(X) is finite
286) True
 Given |X| ≤ |Y| , both finite
 |p(X)| ≤ |p(Y)|
 So there is a 1-1 correspondence between p(X) and p(Y).
287) True
 For X and p(X) there exists a one-one map, but from p(X) to X there does not exits any 1-1 map.
288) True
 Here q(X) ~ p(X) [q(X) is similar to p(X)]
 So there exists a 1-1 correspondence between them.
289) False
 Power set of any set contains atleast 1 element , so it can never be empty.
290) True
 Let A be finite then P(A) is finite.
291) True
 Every finite set is countable so P(A) is countable for some A.
292) False
 Take A = N then P(N) is uncountable.
293) Uncountable
 For given A card(A) = 2𝑁 = 2ℵ = uncountable.
294) Countable
 For given A card(A) = ℵ2 = countable.
295) Countable
 For given A card(A) = ℵ2 = countable with one more condition f(1) ≤ f(2)
296) Uncountable
 Here after fixing images of 1 and 2 according to f(1) ≤ f(2) , we have 2 choices for each remaining elements
in domain.
 So for given A card(A) = 2𝑁 = 2ℵ = uncountable
297) A
 If card(A) = m and card(B) = n then total number of functions from A to B is 𝑛𝑚
 Here 53 = 125.
298) B
𝑛
 If card(A) = m and card(B) = n then total number of one-one functions from A to B is 𝑚𝑃
 Here 53𝑃 = 60.
299) B
1
 S = {(x,y) | 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑛2 , where n ∈ N and either x ∈ Q or y ∈ Q}
 We get y = ±√1 − 𝑥 2
 For any x ∈ Q we have atmost two solutions for y.
 So for n = k the set
1
 𝑆𝑘 = {(x,y) | 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑘 2 , where x ∈ Q}
 𝑆′ = ⋃𝑛∈𝑁 𝑆𝑛 is countable.
300) B
 On solving the equation and comparing its coefficients
 𝜆𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = (𝑎𝑥)2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏𝑦)2 + (𝑐𝑥)2 + 2𝑐𝑑𝑥𝑦 + (𝑑𝑦)2
 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝜆
 𝑏2 + 𝑑 2 = 1
 2ab + 2cd = 2
 ab + cd = 1
1
 So we get a = b = c = d = 2 satisfies all the equations so C and D are false.
√
 Also for 𝜆 = −5 it is not possible.
 As 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝜆 sum of two positive numbers cannot be negative
 So B is correct.
301) False
 Given f : X → Y is one-one
 |X| ≤ |Y|
 Here f(g(y)) = y , for all y belongs to Y
 fog = I
 f is onto
 |X| ≥ |Y|
 So X ~ |Y| is not always true.
302) True
 Given f is surjective
 |X| ≤ |Y|
 There always exists a one-one map form Y to X
303) False
 Let f : N → Z by f(n) = n
 Then f is injective , Z is countable but N is not finite.
304) False
 Let f : R → {1} by f(x) = 1
 Clearly R is uncountable but Y ={1} is not countably infinite.

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THE FUTURE PROFESSORS/RESEARCHERS

ONE SOLUTION FOR ALL YOUR QUESTIONS

THE SECRET TO GETTING

AHEAD IS GETTING STARTED

CSIR-NET/JRF | GATE | SET | STATE P.S.C.

 CRYSTAL CLEAR TOPICS

 There are two types of non-convergent sequence

 A sequence which diverges to −∞ or ∞ is said to be divergent sequence.

 A sequence is said to oscillate finitely, if

 Subsequences and theorems on it.

 Limit points of a sequence.

 Limit inferior and limit superior.

 Every bounded real sequence must have a limit point.

 lim 𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim 𝑠𝑢𝑝 𝑎𝑛 .

Series of real numbers.

 A series of n terms is denoted by the expression

converge then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 but the converse is not true.

 Test for convergence of series.

 D’Alembert ratio test.

 Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a positive term series such that

 Cauchy’s nth root test.

 Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a positive term series such that

 p-test for series.

series diverge or converge together.

 Alternating series & lebnitz test for convergence.

 Absolutely convergent, Conditionally convergent or semi-convergent series

 f A is a subset of B means A is contained in B and B is called superset of A , written as B ⊃ A

 If a set consists of finite number of element it is called finite set.

 If a set consists of infinite number of element it is called infinite set.

 If a set consists of a single element it is called a singleton set.

 Symmetric difference of sets

 The symmetric difference A ∆ B between two sets A and B is defined as A ∆ B = (A – B) ∪ (B – A).

 Important results on sets

 Let A and B be two sets then

 Relation and its properties

 A relation from set A to B is subset of A X B.

 Let R be a relation on A, then the relation

 Inverse of a bijective map is bijective.

 Equivalent sets & cardinal numbers.

 Countable & Uncountable sets

 If A and B are finites sets the A ∩ B is finite.

 Cantors set and its properties.

 Frequently used theorems

 The finite set has no limit point.

 Interior of a set is an open set.

 Every infinite bounded set of real numbers has a limit point.

 The finite intersection of open subsets of R is an open subset of R.

 The set of all interior points (Ao) is an subset of R.

 The set of all interior points (Ao) is open iff Ao = A.

 The finite union of closed sets is a closed set.

 The arbitrary intersection of closed sets is a closed set.

 A subset A of R is closed iff its complement is open.

 Limit of a function and theorems on it.

(depending upon 𝜀) such that |f(x) – l| < 𝜀 ,

 If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 exists then it is unique.

 If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚,

 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙 + 𝑚.

 Then lim [𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑙 − 𝑚.