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 International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN (Online): 2455-9024

Effect of Solar Radiation on Photovoltaic Cell

Maan J B Buni1, Ali A. K. Al-Walie2, Kadhem A. N. Al-Asadi3
1
University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Ibn Rushed College, Baghdad University, Iraq
3
Education College for Human Science, University of Basra, Iraq

Abstract— Solar Panels have become one of the most promising transmission (meteorological, seismic, for levels of
ways to handle the electrification requirements of numerous isolated watercourses, indicating the presence of fires), often very
consumers worldwide. In this experimental work, the primary target useful for civil protection services [24]. As well as, they are
is to investigate the relationship between solar radiations, current, served in lighting of streets, gardens and public transportation
voltage, and efficiency of solar panel. Data were recorded from the
digital instruments used. Analyses were made between solar
stops; and street signaling [25, 26]. In the health sector, PV
radiation, current, voltage, and efficiency. Results obtained show that modules are used to provide health clinics in rural areas with
there is a direct proportionality between solar radiation and output electricity especially for refrigeration. These arrays are very
current as well as efficiency. This implies that an increase in solar useful particularly in developing countries for the conservation
radiation leads to increase in output current which enhances of vaccines and blood [27, 28]. In residential sector, it is
efficiency (performance) of a solar panel. However, the increase in useful for power provision (especially lighting) for houses and
solar radiation is followed by an increase in the PV cell temperature mountain refuges [29]. Very significant applications of this
which has a bad effect on ball the studied parameters. type in developing countries: photovoltaic systems do not
require special maintenance and are easy to install [30].
Keywords— Solar radiation, PV temperature, current, power,
All the studies that have reviewed the map of solar energy
efficiency.
levels around the world show that Iraq is well positioned to
I. INTRODUCTION exploit energy-saving sunlight [31]. In fact, over the past few
years, a series of reports have been published glorifying the
Solar energy is part of the sun’s energy which falls at the benefits of exploiting this renewable energy source [32].
earth’s surface [1]. This energy provides heat and electricity However, as populations and urban communities consume
by many applications, such as water heaters [2, 3], air heaters more and more energy, governments in the Gulf and MENA
[4, 5], salty ponds [6, 7], solar chimney [8, 9], concentrated are now seriously considering harnessing solar energy to help
power plants [10, 11], and photovoltaic cell [12]. Moreover, it bridge the potential energy deficit [33].
supplies energy to natural processes like photosynthesis. Solar Due to the installation of photovoltaic cells in the open and
energy is secure, clean and available on the earth throughout exposed to external weather conditions they are highly
the year. Such clean energy is very important to the world, affected by these parameters [34]. The standards for
especially at the time of high fossil fuel costs and the critical photovoltaic cells were set at 52°C cell temperature, 1000
situation of the atmosphere resulting from fossil fuel W/m2 solar radiation, and air mass of 1.5 [35]. However, on
applications [13]. The solar energy data provides information the ground these factors do not always meet the intensity of
on how much is the sun potential at a location on the earth’s solar radiation reaches the cell goes the least part of them to
during a specific time period [14, 15]. These data are very generate electricity while the greater part goes to heat and thus
important for designing and sizing solar energy systems [16]. reduce their productivity [36]. The temperature of the outside
Due to the high cost and installation difficulties in solar atmosphere, if high, will reduce heat loss and increase the
measurement, the solar energy data are not always available. temperature of the solar panel [37]. So, there is seriously
Therefore, there is a demand to develop alternative ways of thinking about transforming photovoltaic systems into
predicting the solar energy data [17]. photovoltaic/thermal cell (PVT) systems, through which the
Solar PV is today locating after wind and hydro power, the solar cell temperature is reduced and the heat of the solar cell
third most important renewable energy source in terms of is used in other applications [38, 39].
globally installed capacity [18, 19]. Till today, more than 100 Many researchers have studied the effect of solar radiation,
countries all over the world are using solar PV. PV modules whether positive or negative on the photovoltaic cell and
are used in many important applications that gave it the found that the shadow or change in wavelengths resulting
confidence of the users such as water-pumping installations from clouds or accumulation of dust in the atmosphere reduces
(very important in developing Countries) [20, 21]. Cathode the intensity of radiation and the productivity of the solar cell
protection of gas, oil pipelines and other types of piping; [40, 41]. The accumulation of dust on the cell reduces its
provision of power in general, in particular for limited electric productivity to reduce the permeability of the radiation to the
charges (in the order of a few kW) always in areas far from the cell [42, 43]. In addition to dust, pollutants emitted from the
grid or where power is unreliable (discontinuous electrical exhaust of vehicles and heavy vehicles have caused significant
supply) [22, 23]. air pollution and are deposited on solar cell surfaces [44, 45].
Also, PV arrays are used in Radio/television relay stations: Periodic cleaning and the use of appropriate detergents are
telephone devices; stations for data surveying and essential to maintaining good solar cell performance [46, 47].

47

Maan J B Buni, Ali A. K. Al-Walie, and Kadhem A. N. Al-Asadi, ―Effect of solar radiation on photovoltaic cell,‖ International Research
Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 47-51, 2018.
 International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN (Online): 2455-9024

In this experimental work, the effect of the solar radiation reasons wall outlet, must not be used if residual current device
intensity of the city of Baghdad on the photovoltaic cells will is not installed in electrical circuit that contains wall outlet.
be studied based on the measured radiation intensity of the The residual current device in wall outlet circuit must also be
Iraqi Aeronautics Department and its duration. It will be tested before DL 9032 is used. If residual current device does
laboratory to determine the maximum radiation intensity per not work as it should, do not use DL 9032 module.
month and weather conditions and their laboratory
representation and then the extent of the solar cell affected by
these changes.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A. The Study Location
Iraq is located to the south-west of the continent of Asia
between the latitudes 29-37 degrees north and between
latitudes 38 - 48 degrees east, and this site has several
implications, notably:
A) It occurs within the northern temperate region, where
this means that the length of the day (14) hours in summer,
falling back to nearly ten hours in winter, leaving all clear
implications on the state of elements of the climate and change
significantly between summer and winter, but a positive aspect Fig. 1. Solar radiation system.
may this resulted in the length of the growth season, which
extends to most days of the year [31]. The solar panel used in the tests incorporates a module of
The extension between the supply circles is limited and its (85 W, 12 V). It contains a sensor for the Irradiation and
impact on climatic and plant conditions has led to limited Temperature. These sensors are Red and Black; to provide the
diversity in climatic regions and the ability to achieve self- solar panel power output. Also, the 5-pin terminal provides
sufficiency, and has also led to a limited diversity in the irradiation and temperature data. To make it easy to be
ethnographic composition of the population, which is a handled, the light weight solar module is placed on wheels.
positive factor that contributed to the strengthening of the Side of the panel contains a meter for measuring the angle of
population and the increase in the factors of their unity [48]. the solar panel inclination towards the horizontal surface.
Five small seas are surrounded by Iraq, with the exception III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
of the Mediterranean, which is the main influence on Iraq's
climate. Iraq has a maritime border of 60 km and this This study was conducted inside the laboratory with the
represents only 1.8% of the total Iraq's external border of provision of weather conditions similar to the climatic
3,500 km, which reducing its share of sea resources and conditions of the city of Baghdad following the method used
directing people to land rather than the sea. Its 3,500-km land by Ref. [50]. The laboratory temperature has been changed
border has led to six states bordering on border problems and with the advance of time and at the same time increasing the
instability and interference in its internal affairs [49]. radiation intensity of the lights used to resemble the real sun
radiation. The relative humidity is not more than 40% and the
B. Equipment air speed is not more than 1 m/s.
In this practical research work, the DL 9032 solar system, Fig. 2 shows the relation between the ambient temperature
which is shown in figure 1, was used to evaluate the effect of and time. The air temperature increases with time advanced
the PV panel temperature and solar radiation on the PV and reaches its peak degree and then it starts to reduce after 2
efficiency. The system is a power source with one input and PM as the solar radiation reduces after this clock.
two distinct outputs, as represented in figure 2. The input
terminal is a 230 V potential in respect to the ground. Power
cable used to connect DL 9032 to the electrical outlet (230 V, 39
Ambient temperature (°C)

50 Hz). One module output is AC voltage source that has the 37

same characteristics as module input, i.e. 230 V and 50 Hz. It 35
is used to provide AC voltage for DL modules that require 33
one. There is also a green terminal which is used for protective
31
grounding of various DL modules that require grounding.
Moreover, the other output is a 12 V DC voltage source. 12 V 29
DC voltage source is obtained by transforming 220 V AC 27
voltage to 12 V DC voltage using AC/DC converter . 25
In addition, for module DL 9032 to work properly, power 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
cable must be connected to wall outlet (220 V, 50 Hz) and Time (h)
power switch must be turned to ON position. The red LED is
turned ON (glows red) when voltage is present. For safety Fig. 2. The ambient air variation with time.

48

Maan J B Buni, Ali A. K. Al-Walie, and Kadhem A. N. Al-Asadi, ―Effect of solar radiation on photovoltaic cell,‖ International Research
Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 47-51, 2018.
 International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN (Online): 2455-9024

Fig. 3 shows the variation of the used PV panel 14

temperature with time. The PV temperature increased from 7
AM to 2 PM because of the high increase in the solar radiation 12
and also due to the increase of ambient air temperature. In this 10

Voltage (V)
case, the cooling effect of the ambient air will be eliminated.
8
After 2PM the solar radiation reduced quickly and the ambient
air temperature too. These reductions cause the PV 6
temperature to reduce also. 4

2
60
PV temperatures (°C)

0
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000
40 Solar Radiation (W/m2)
30
20 Fig. 5. The impact of solar radiation on voltage.

10
0 60
5 10 15 20 50
Time (h)
Power (W)
40

Fig. 3. PV temperature variation with time. 30

20
Fig. 4 shows the impact of solar radiation on the PV
10
generated current. The current increased with increasing solar
radiation as the figure reveals. However, at high solar intensity 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
it stated to reduce. This reduction can be referred to the
increase in the PV temperature as Ref. [51] clarified. Solar radiation (W/m2)

Fig. 6. Solar radiation impact on the generated power.

5

4 Fig. 7 shows the variations in the output efficiency with

Current (amp.)

solar radiation. As the solar radiation affects the power it also

3 affects the outcome efficiency of the PV panel. The increase in
solar radiation intensity is followed by an increase in the panel
2
temperature which eliminates the produced current and then
1 reduces the power and at the end affects the efficiency and
reduces it. The best solution for this dilemma is by converting
0 the PV system to a PVT system as Ref. [53] results clarified.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Solar Radiation (W/m2) IV. CONCLUSIONS
Iraq is characterized by high radiation throughout the year,
Fig. 4. The effect of solar radiation on the PV current.
which is a good and suitable for the work of solar cells, but
accompanied by this rise in solar radiation rise in the
Fig. 5 illustrates the effect of solar radiation on the PV
temperature of the photovoltaic cell. In this practical study in
voltage. The curve shows that the impact of solar radiation on
the laboratory, air was conditioned similar to external weather
the voltage is limited but it reduced it at high solar radiation a
conditions, which were created and the effect of solar
little pit. Ref. [52] confirmed the limited impact of solar
radiation on the cell output of current, voltages, power, and
radiation on the PV voltage.
electrical efficiency was studied. The results showed that solar
The variations in the PV current and voltage reflects on the
radiation has a direct effect on the temperature of the cell as
generated power as Fig. 6 manifests. The power increased
this temperature increases with the increase of solar radiation.
with increasing solar radiation because of the increments in
Due to the increased temperature, it became the main cause of
current. But, it reduced at solar radiations more than 800
the decline of the output of the cell. The rise of solar radiation
W/m2 although the standard says that the maximum power is
increases the output current until the temperature of the cell
at 1000 W/m2. Here, however, an important variable is
interferes and causes a fall in it. The resulting voltages are not
interfered, which is the temperature of the cell, which is much
significantly affected by the rise of the current but the effect is
higher than the temperature set in the standard, which is 25°C.
greater by the rise in the cell temperature. Low current and
voltages cause a decrease in the resulting power and efficiency

49

Maan J B Buni, Ali A. K. Al-Walie, and Kadhem A. N. Al-Asadi, ―Effect of solar radiation on photovoltaic cell,‖ International Research
Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 47-51, 2018.
 International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN (Online): 2455-9024

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pp. 10166-10172, 2016.
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50

Maan J B Buni, Ali A. K. Al-Walie, and Kadhem A. N. Al-Asadi, ―Effect of solar radiation on photovoltaic cell,‖ International Research
Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 3, Issue 3, pp. 47-51, 2018.
 International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN (Online): 2455-9024

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