STUDY MATERIAL FOR BCA

JAVA PROGRAMMING
SEMESTER - III, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 2021
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CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE Nr

I DATA TYPES, CLASS & METHODS 02

II INHERITANCE – SUPER KEYWORD 09

III FINAL KEYBOARD & METHOD 15

IV PACKAGE IN JAVA 18

V JAVA – INTERFACES 26

VI EXCEPTION HANDLING 31

VII FINALLY () & CLOSE () STATEMENT 44

VIII THROW EXCEPTION IN JAVA 50

IX INTRODUCTION OF THREADS IN JAVA 57

X MULTITHREADING 66

XI THREAD METHODS & APPLETS 71

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CHAPTER – I
DATA TYPES, CLASS & METHODS

Primitive data types in Java

To deal with numerical information, Java uses six predefined data types, called primitive
numerical data types. These are int, long, short, byte, float, and double, and they allow
us to represent integer and real numbers.
Java offers two additional non-numeric primitive data types: char (to represent
alphanumeric characters and special symbols) and boolean (to represent the truth values
true and false).

We will describe these data types in Java by specifying for each of them:

The domain:
The set of possible values that can be represented in the memory of the computer
by means of the primitive data type (note that this set will always be finite);
The set of operations: operators of the programming language that allow us to
perform elementary operations on values of the primitive data type (e.g., +, -, /, *, etc.)
The set of literals: symbols of the language that define values of the primitive data
type (e.g., 10, 3.14, ’A’, true, etc.)
Moreover, we will specify the size of the memory occupied by a value of a certain
data type, which will be significant for the numeric data types.

The data type int

The most commonly used integer type is int. It is a signed 32-bit type that has a range
from –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. In addition to other uses, ariables of type int are
commonly employed to control loops and to index arrays.

Type Int
Dimension 32 bit (4 byte)
Domain the set of integer numbers in the interval [−231, +231 −
1]
(more than 4 billion values)
Operations + Sum
- Difference
* Product
/ integer division
rest of the integer division

Literals sequences of digits denoting values of the domain (e.g.,

275930)

Example:
int a, b, c;// Declaration of variables of type int a = 1;// Use of literals
b = 2;
c = a + b;// Arithmetic expression that involves operators of the language

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Writing of numbers of type int :-

To write a number of type int, we can directly use the print() or println() methods:
Example:
int i = 1; System.out.println(4); System.out.println(i); System.out.println(i + 4);

Note: the symbol + can be used both for the sum of two numbers and to concatenate two
strings: "aaa" + "bbb" corresponds to "aaa".concat("bbb").

Note the difference between the following two statements:

System.out.println(3 + 4); // prints 7 (as int); + denotes sum System.out.println("3" + 4); //

prints 34 (as String), since the integer 4 is
// first converted to a String; + denotes concat

In
• the first statement, “+” is applied to two integers, and hence denotes the addition
operator. Hence, the argument 3+4 of println() is of type int.

In
• the second statement, , “+” is applied to a string and an integer, and hence denotes
string concatenation. More precisely, the integer 4 is first converted to the string "4", and
then concatenated to the string "3". Hence, the argument "3"+4 of println() is of type
String.

Both statements are correct, since the method println() is overloaded: the Java library
contains both the versions that accepts an integer as parameter, and a version that accepts
a string as parameter.

Other primitive data types for integer numbers: byte

The smallest integer type is byte. This is a signed 8-bit type that has a range from –128 to
127. Variables of type byte are especially useful when you’re working with a stream of data
from a network or file.

Type Byte
Dimension 8 bit (1 byte)
Domain the set of integer numbers in the interval [−27, +27 − 1] =
[−128, +127]
Operations + Sum
- Difference
* Product
/ integer division
rest of the integer division

Literals sequences of digits denoting values of the domain (e.g., 47)

Example:
byte a, b, c; // Declaration of variables of type byte
a = 1; // Use of literals
b = Byte.parseByte("47"); // Conversion from String to byte c = a - b; // Arithmetic
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expression
Other primitive data types for integer numbers: short

Short is a signed 16-bit type. It has a range from –32,768 to 32,767. It is probably the least-
used Java type, since it is defined as having its high byte first (called big-endian format).

Type Short
Dimension 16 bit (2 byte)
Domain the set of integer numbers in the interval [−215, +215 − 1] =
[−32768, +32767]
Operations + Sum
- Difference
* Product
/ integer division
rest of the integer division

Literals sequences of digits denoting values of the domain (e.g., 22700)

Example:
short a, b, c; // Declaration of variables of type short1
a = 11300; // Use of literals
b = Short.parseShort("22605");// Conversion from String to short c = b a;// Arithmetic
expression
Other primitive data types for integer numbers: long
long is a signed 64-bit type and is useful for those occasions where an int type is not large
enough to hold the desired value. The range of a long is quite large. This makes it useful
when big, whole numbers are needed.

Type Long
Dimension 64 bit (8 byte)
Domain the set of integer numbers in the interval [−263,
+263 − 1]
Operations + Sum
- Difference
* Product
/ integer division
rest of the integer division

Literals sequences of digits ending with an l (or L)

denoting values of the domain (e.g., 9000000000L)

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Example:
long a, b, c; // Declaration of variables of type long
a = 9000000000L;// Use of literals
b = Long.parseLong("9000000000l"); // Conversion from String to long c = b / 300000L

Primitive data types for real numbers: double

In Java there are two primitive data types for representing real numbers. Due to
the way in which real numbers are represented internally in memory, these numbers are
also called floating point numbers.
The data type for floating point numbers that is used by default in the Java mathematical
library is double.

Type Double
Dimension 64 bit (8 byte)
Domain set of 264 Minimum absolute 1.79769313486231570 ·
positive and value 10−308
negative real Maximum absolute 2.250738585072014 ·
numbers value 10+308
Precision ∼ 15 decimal digits
Operations + sum
- difference
* product
/ Division
Literals sequences of digits with decimal dot optionally ending with a d
(or D)
denoting values of the domain (e.g., 3.14 or 3.14d)
representation in scientific notation (e.g., 314E-2 or 314E-2d)
Example:
double pi, p2; // Declaration of variables of type double pi = 3.14;// Use of literals
p2 = 628E-2d;// Use of literals
p2 = pi * 2;// Arithmetic expression

Primitive data types for real numbers: float

Type Float
Dimension
32 bit (4 byte)
Domain set of 232 positive Minimum absolute 1.4012985 · 10−38
and value
negative real Maximum absolute 3.4028235 · 10+38
numbers value
Precision ∼ 7 decimal digits
Operations + Sum
- difference
* product
/ Division
Literals sequences of digits with decimal dot ending with an f (or F)
denoting values of the domain (e.g., 3.14f)
representation in scientific notation (e.g., 314E-2f)
Example:
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float pi, a, b; // Declaration of variables of type float pi = 3.14f; // Use of literals
a = 314E-2F // Use of literals
a++;// Use of increment operator (equivalent to: a = a + 1.0d;)

Writing of numbers of type double or float

To write a number of type double or float, we can directly use the print() or
println() methods:

Example: The following code fragment

double d = 98d; System.out.println("d = " + d); float x = 0.0032f;
System.out.println("x = " + x);
prints on the screen
d = 9.8E1 x = 3.2E-3

Static:
The static can be:
Static Variables
Static Methods
Static Blocks Of Code.

What is Static Variable in Java?

Static variable in Java is variable which belongs to the class and initialized only
once at the start of the execution.
1. It is a variable which belongs to the class and not to object(instance)
2. Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the execution. These
3. variables will be initialized first, before the initialization of any instance
variables
4. A single copy to be shared by all instances of the class
5. A static variable can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need any
object
Syntax :
<class-name>.<variable-name>

What is Static Method in Java?

Static method in Java is a method which belongs to the class and not to the object.
A static method can access only static data.
1. It is a method which belongs to the class and not to the object (instance)
2. A static method can access only static data. It can not access non-static data
(instance variables)
3. A static method can call only other static methods and can not call a non-static
method from it.
4. A static method can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need
any object
5. A static method cannot refer to "this" or "super" keywords in anyway
Syntax :
<class-name>.<method-name>
Example: How to call static variables & methods
Step 1: Copy the following code into a editor
public class Demo{
public static void main(String args[]){

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Student s1 = new Student();
s1.showData();
Student s2 = new Student();
s2.showData();
//Student.b++;
//s1.showData();
}
}
class Student {
int a; //initialized to zero
static int b; //initialized to zero only when class is loaded not for each object created.
Student(){
//Constructor incrementing static variable b
b++;
}
public void showData(){
System.out.println("Value of a = "+a);
System.out.println("Value of b = "+b);
}
//public static void increment(){
//a++;
//}

}
Step 2: Save & Compile the code. Run the code as, java Demo.
Step 3: Expected output show below

Following diagram shows, how reference variables & objects are created and static
variables are accessed by the different instances.

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Step 4: It is possible to access a static variable from outside the class using the
syntax ClassName.Variable_Name. Uncomment line # 7 & 8 . Save , Compile & Run .
Observe the output.
Value of a = 0
Value of b = 1
Value of a = 0
Value of b = 2
Value of a = 0
Value of b = 3

Step 5: Uncomment line 25,26 & 27 . Save , Compile & Run.

error: non-static variable a cannot be referenced from a static context a++;
Step 6: Error = ?
This is because it is not possible to access instance variable "a" from java static class
method "increment".

Java Static Block

The static block is a block of statement inside a Java class that will be executed when a
class is first loaded into the JVM

class Test{
static {
//Code goes here
}
}

A static block helps to initialize the static data members, just like constructors help to
initialize instance members

Following program is the example of java static block.

Example: How to access static block
public class Demo {
static int a;
static int b;
static {
a = 10;
b = 20;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {

System.out.println("Value of a = " + a);

System.out.println("Value of b = " + b);
}
}
you will get following output of the program.
Value of a = 10
Value of b = 20

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CHAPTER - II
INHERITANCE - SUPER KEYWORD
Super keyword in java
Super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class
object. Super is an implicit keyword creates by JVM and supply each and every java
program for performing important role in three places.
1. Super keyword At Variable Level
2. Super keyword At Method Level
3. Super keyword At Constructor Level

When need of super keyword

Whenever the derived class is inherits the base class features, there is a possibility
that base class features are similar to derived class features and JVM gets an ambiguity. In
order to differentiate between base class features and derived class features must be
preceded by super keyword.
Syntax
super.baseclass features.

Super Keyword at Variable Level

Whenever the derived class inherit base class data members there is a possibility
that base class data member are similar to derived class data member and JVM gets an
ambiguity.

In order to differentiate between the data member of base class and derived class,
in the context of derived class the base class data members must be preceded by super
keyword.

Syntax
Super.baseclassdatamember name

If we are not writing super keyword before the base class data member name than
it will be referred as current class data member name and base class data member are
hidden in the context of derived class. Program without using super keyword

Example
classEmployee
{
float salary=10000;
}
class HR extendsEmployee
{
float salary=20000;
void display()
{
System.out.println("Salary: "+salary);//print current class salary
}
}
classSupervarible
{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args)
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{
HR obj=new HR();
obj.display();

}
}
Output
Salary: 20000.0

In the above program in Employee and HR class salary is common properties of

both class the instance of current or derived class is referred by instance by default but
here we want to refer base class instance variable that is why we use super keyword to
distinguish between parent or base class instance variable and current or derived class
instance variable.
Program using super keyword at variable level
Example

classEmployee
{
float salary=10000;
}
class HR extendsEmployee
{
float salary=20000;
void display()
{
System.out.println("Salary: "+super.salary);//print base class salary
}
}
classSupervarible
{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args)
{
HR obj=new HR();
obj.display();
}
}

Super Keyword at Method Level

The super keyword can also be used to invoke or call parent class method. It should be
use in case of method overriding. In other word super keyword use when base class method
name and derived class method name have same name.

Example of super keyword at method level

Example

classStudent

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{
void message()
{
System.out.println("Good Morning Sir");
}
}
classFacultyextendsStudent
{
void message()
{
System.out.println("Good Morning Students");
}
void display()
{
message();//will invoke or call current class message() method
super.message();//will invoke or call parent class message() method
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
Student s=newStudent();
s.display();
}
}

Output

Good Morning Students

Good Morning Sir

In the above example Student and Faculty both classes have message() method if we call
message() method from Student class, it will call the message() method of Student class not of
Person class because priority of local is high.

In case there is no method in subclass as parent, there is no need to use super. In the
example given below message() method is invoked from Student class but Student class does
not have message() method, so you can directly call message() method.

Program where super is not required

Example

classStudent
{
void message()
{
System.out.println("Good Morning Sir");
}
}

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classFacultyextendsStudent
{
void display()
{
message();//will invoke or call parent class message() method
}

publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
Student s=newStudent();
s.display();
}
}

Output

Good Morning Sir

Super Keyword at Constructor Level

The super keyword can also be used to invoke or call the parent class constructor.
Constructor are calling from bottom to top and executing from top to bottom.

To establish the connection between base class constructor and derived class
constructors JVM provides two implicit methods they are:
 Super()
 Super(...)
Super()
Super() It is used for calling super class default constructor from the context of derived class
constructors.
Super keyword used to call base class constructor
Syntax

classEmployee
{
Employee()
{
System.out.println("Employee class Constructor");
}
}
class HR extendsEmployee
{
HR()
{
super();//will invoke or call parent class constructor
System.out.println("HR class Constructor");
}
}

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classSupercons
{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args)
{
HR obj=new HR();
}
}

Output

Employee class Constructor

HR class Constructor

Note: super() is added in each class constructor automatically by compiler.

In constructor, default constructor is provided by compiler automatically but it also

adds super()before the first statement of constructor.If you are creating your own constructor
and you do not have either this() or super() as the first statement, compiler will provide
super() as the first statement of the constructor.

Super(...)
Super(...) It is used for calling super class parameterize constructor from the context of
derived class constructor.

Important rules
Whenever we are using either super() or super(...) in the derived class constructors
the superalways must be as a first executable statement in the body of derived class
constructor otherwise we get a compile time error.

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The following diagram use possibilities of using super() and super(........)

Rule 1 and Rule 3

Whenever the derived class constructor want to call default constructor of base class, in
the context of derived class constructors we write super(). Which is optional to write because
every base class constructor contains single form of default constructor?

Rule 2 and Rule 4

Whenever the derived class constructor wants to call parameterized constructor of base
class in the context of derived class constructor we must write super(...). which is mandatory to
write because a base class may contain multiple forms of parameterized constructors.

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CHAPTER- III
FINAL KEYBOARD & METHOD
Final Keyword In Java
The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in
many context. Final can be:
1. variable
2. method
3. class
The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is
called blank final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor
only. The blank final variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only.
We will have detailed learning of these. Let's first learn the basics of final keyword.
1. Java final variable
If you make any variable as final, you cannot change the value of final variable(It
will be constant).

Example of final variable

There is a final variable speedlimit, we are going to change the value of this variable, but
It can't be changed because final variable once assigned a value can never be changed.
a. class Bike9{
b. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
c. void run(){
d. speedlimit=400;
e. }
f. public static void main(String args[]){
g. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
h. obj.run();
i. }
j. }//end of class
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error

2. Java final method

If you make any method as final, you cannot override it.
Example of final method
a. class Bike{
b. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
c. }
d.
e. class Honda extends Bike{
f. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
g.
h. public static void main(String args[]){
i. Honda honda= new Honda();
j. honda.run();
k. }
l. }

Output:Compile Time Error

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3. Java final class
If you make any class as final, you cannot extend it.
Example of final class
a. final class Bike{}
b. class Honda1 extends Bike{
c. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
d.
e. public static void main(String args[]){
f. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
g. honda.run();
h. }
i. }

Output:Compile Time Error

Q. Is final method inherited?

Ans: Yes, final method is inherited but you cannot override it. For Example:

a. class Bike{
b. final void run(){System.out.println("running...");}
c. }
d. class Honda2 extends Bike{
e. public static void main(String args[]){
f. new Honda2().run();
g. }
h. }

Output:running...
Q) What is blank or uninitialized final variable?
A final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as blank final
variable.
If you want to create a variable that is initialized at the time of creating object and once
initialized may not be changed, it is useful. For example PAN CARD number of an employee.
It can be initialized only in constructor.
Example of blank final variable
a. class Student{
b. int id;
c. String name;
d. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
e. ...
f. }
Que) Can we initialize blank final variable?

Yes, but only in constructor. For example:

a. class Bike10{
b. final int speedlimit;//blank final variable
c.
d. Bike10(){
e. speedlimit=70;
f. System.out.println(speedlimit);

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g. }
h.
i. public static void main(String args[]){
j. new Bike10();
k. }
l. }

Output: 70

Static blank final variable

A static final variable that is not initialized at the time of declaration is known as static
blank final variable. It can be initialized only in static block.
Example of static blank final variable
a. class A{
b. static final int data;//static blank final variable
c. static{ data=50;}
d. public static void main(String args[]){
e. System.out.println(A.data);
f. }

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CHAPTER – IV
PACKAGE IN JAVA
Package in Java
A package is a collection of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
Purpose of package
The purpose of package concept is to provide common classes and interfaces for any
program separately. In other words if we want to develop any class or interface which is
common for most of the java programs than such common classes and interfaces must be
place in a package.

Packages in Java are the way to organize files when a project has many modules. Same
like we organized our files in Computer. For example we store all movies in one folder and
songs in other folder, here also we store same type of files in a particular package for example
in awt package have all classes and interfaces for design GUI components.

Advantage of package
a. Package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained
b. Application development time is less, because reuse the code
c. Application memory space is less (main memory)
d. Application execution time is less
e. Application performance is enhance (improve)
f. Redundancy (repetition) of code is minimized
g. Package provides access protection.
h. Package removes naming collision.
i.
Types of package
Package is classified into two types.
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1. Predefined or built-in package
2. User defined package

 Predefined or built-in package

These are the package which are already designed by the Sun Microsystem and supply
as a part of java API, every predefined package is collection of predefined classes, interfaces
and sub-package.

 User defined package

If any package is designed by the user is known as user defined package. User defined
package are those which are developed by java programmer and supply as a part of their
project to deal with common requirement.

Rules to create user defined package

a. Package statement should be the first statement of any package program.
b. Choose an appropriate class name or interface name and whose modifier must be
public.
c. Any package program can contain only one public class or only one public interface but
it can contain any number of normal classes.
d. Package program should not contain any main class (that means it should not contain
any main()
e. Modifier of constructor of the class which is present in the package must be a
public. (This is not applicable in case of interface because interface have no
constructor.)
f. The modifier of method of class or interface which is present in the package must
be public (This rule is optional in case of interface because interface methods by
default public)
g. Every package program should be save either with public class name or public
Interface name

Compile package programs

For compilation of package program first we save program with public className.java and it
compile using below syntax:

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Syntax

javac-d . className.java

Syntax

javac-d path className.java

Explanations: In above syntax "-d" is a specific tool which is tell to java compiler create a
separate folder for the given package in given path. When we give specific path then it create a
new folder at that location and when we use . (dot) then it crate a folder at current working
directory.

Note: Any package program can be compile but can not be execute or run. These programs can
be executed through user defined program which are importing package program.

Example of package program

Package program which is save with A.java and compile by javac -d . A.java
Example

packagemypack;
publicclass A
{
publicvoid show()
{
System.out.println("Sum method");
}
}

Import above class in below program using import packageName.className

Example

importmypack.A;
publicclassHello
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringarg[])
{
A a=new A();
a.show();
System.out.println("show() class A");
}
}

Explanations: In the above program first we create Package program which is save with A.java
and compiled by "javac -d . A.java". Again we import class "A" in class Hello using "import
mypack.A;" statement.

Java Access Modifiers – Public, Private, Protected & Default

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Public, private and protected keywords while practising java programs, these are called
access modifiers. An access modifier restricts the access of a class, constructor, data member
and method in another class. In java we have four access modifiers:
 Default
Private
Protected
Public

1. Default access modifier

When we do not mention any access modifier, it is called default access modifier. The
scope of this modifier is limited to the package only. This means that if we have a class with the
default access modifier in a package, only those classes that are in this package can access this
class. No other class outside this package can access this class. Similarly, if we have a default
method or data member in a class, it would not be visible in the class of another package. Lets
see an example to understand this:

Default Access Modifier Example in Java

To understand this example, you must have the knowledge of packages in java.
In this example we have two classes, Test class is trying to access the default method of
Addition class, since class Test belongs to a different package, this program would throw
compilation error, because the scope of default modifier is limited to the same package in
which it is declared.
Addition.java
packageabcpackage;

publicclassAddition{
/* Since we didn't mention any access modifier here, it would
* be considered as default.
*/
intaddTwoNumbers(int a,int b){
returna+b;
}
}
Test.java
packagexyzpackage;

/* We are importing the abcpackage

* but still we will get error because the
* class we are trying to use has default access
* modifier.
*/
importabcpackage.*;
publicclassTest{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
Additionobj=newAddition();
/* It will throw error because we are trying to access
* the default method in another package
*/
obj.addTwoNumbers(10,21);
}

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}

Output:
Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.Error:Unresolved compilation problem:
The method addTwoNumbers(int,int)from the type Addition is not visible
at xyzpackage.Test.main(Test.java:12)

2. Private access modifier

The scope of private modifier is limited to the class only.
a. Private Data members and methods are only accessible within the class
b. Class and Interface cannot be declared as private
c. If a class has private constructor then you cannot create the object of that class from
outside of the class.
Let’s see an example to understand this:

Private access modifier example in java

This example throws compilation error because we are trying to access the private data
member and method of class ABC in the class Example. The private data member and method
are only accessible within the class.
class ABC{
privatedoublenum=100;
privateint square(int a){
return a*a;
}
}
publicclassExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
ABC obj=new ABC();
System.out.println(obj.num);
System.out.println(obj.square(10));
}
}
Output:
Compile- time error
3. Protected Access Modifier
Protected data member and method are only accessible by the classes of the same
package and the subclasses present in any package. You can also say that the protected access
modifier is similar to default access modifier with one exception that it has visibility in sub
classes.
Classes cannot be declared protected. This access modifier is generally used in a parent
child relationship.

Protected access modifier example in Java

Indent In this example the class Test which is present in another package is able to call
the addTwoNumbers() method, which is declared protected. This is because the Test class
extends class Addition and the protected modifier allows the access of protected members in
subclasses (in any packages).

Addition.java
Package abcpackage;

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public class Addition{
protected int addTwoNumbers(int a,int b){
return a+b;
}
}
Test.java
Package xyzpackage;
Import abcpackage.*;
class Test extends Addition{
public static void main(String args[]){
Test obj=new Test();
System.out.println(obj.addTwoNumbers(11,22));
}
}
Output:
33
4. Public access modifier
The members, methods and classes that are declared public can be accessed from
anywhere. This modifier doesn’t put any restriction on the access.

Public access modifier example in java

The method addTwoNumbers() has public modifier and class Test is able to access this
method without even extending the Addition class. This is because public modifier has visibility
everywhere.

Addition.java
Package abcpackage;
public class Addition{
public int addTwoNumbers(int a,int b){
returna+b;
}
}
Test.java
Package xyzpackage;
Import abcpackage.*;
Class Test{
Public static void main(String args[]){
Addition obj=new Addition();
System.out.println(obj.addTwoNumbers(100,1));
}
}
Output:
101

Lets see the scope of these access modifiers in tabular form:

The scope of access modifiers in tabular form

------------+-------+---------+--------------+--------------+--------
|Class|Package|Subclass|Subclass|Outside|
|||(same package)|(diff package)|Class|

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————————————+———————+—————————+——————————----+—
————————----—+————————
public|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
————————————+———————+—————————+—————————----—+—
————————----—+————————
protected|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|No|
————————————+———————+—————————+————————----——+—
———————----——+————————
default|Yes|Yes|Yes|No|No|
————————————+———————+—————————+————————----——+—
———————----——+————————
private|Yes|No|No|No|No|
------------+-------+---------+--------------+--------------+--------

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CHAPTER – V
JAVA – INTERFACES
Java - Interfaces
An interface is a reference type in Java. It is similar to class. It is a collection of abstract
methods. A class implements an interface, thereby inheriting the abstract methods of the
interface.
Along with abstract methods, an interface may also contain constants, default methods,
static methods, and nested types. Method bodies exist only for default methods and static
methods.
Writing an interface is similar to writing a class. But a class describes the attributes and
behaviors of an object. And an interface contains behaviors that a class implements.
Unless the class that implements the interface is abstract, all the methods of the
interface need to be defined in the class.

An interface is similar to a class in the following ways −

a. An interface can contain any number of methods.
b. An interface is written in a file with a .java extension, with the name of the interface
matching the name of the file.
c. The byte code of an interface appears in a .class file.
d. Interfaces appear in packages, and their corresponding bytecode file must be in a
directory structure that matches the package name.
However, an interface is different from a class in several ways, including −
a. You cannot instantiate an interface.
b. An interface does not contain any constructors.
c. All of the methods in an interface are abstract.
d. An interface cannot contain instance fields. The only fields that can appear in an
interface must be declared both static and final.
e. An interface is not extended by a class; it is implemented by a class.
f. An interface can extend multiple interfaces.
Declaring Interfaces
The interface keyword is used to declare an interface. Here is a simple example to
declare an interface –
Example
Following is an example of an interface −
/* File name : NameOfInterface.java */
importjava.lang.*;
// Any number of import statements

Public interface NameOfInterface{

// Any number of final, static fields
// Any number of abstract method declarations\
}
Interfaces have the following properties −
a. An interface is implicitly abstract. You do not need to use the abstract keyword while
declaring an interface.
b. Each method in an interface is also implicitly abstract, so the abstract keyword is not
needed.
c. Methods in an interface are implicitly public.
Example

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/* File name : Animal.java */
interfaceAnimal{
publicvoid eat();
publicvoid travel();
}
Implementing Interfaces
When a class implements an interface, you can think of the class as signing a contract,
agreeing to perform the specific behaviors of the interface. If a class does not perform all the
behaviors of the interface, the class must declare itself as abstract.
A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface. The implements
keyword appears in the class declaration following the extends portion of the declaration.
Example
/* File name : MammalInt.java */
Public class Mammal Intimplements Animal{

Public void eat(){

System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}

Public void travel(){

System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}

publicintnoOfLegs(){
return0;
}

publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
MammalInt m =newMammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
}
This will produce the following result –
Output
Mammal eats
Mammal travels

When overriding methods defined in interfaces, there are several rules to be followed:
a. Checked exceptions should not be declared on implementation methods other than the
ones declared by the interface method or subclasses of those declared by the interface
method.
b. The signature of the interface method and the same return type or subtype should be
maintained when overriding the methods.
c. An implementation class itself can be abstract and if so, interface methods need not be
implemented.
When implementation interfaces, there are several rules:
a. A class can implement more than one interface at a time.
b. A class can extend only one class, but implement many interfaces.

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c. An interface can extend another interface, in a similar way as a class can extend another
class.
Extending Interfaces
An interface can extend another interface in the same way that a class can extend
another class. The extends keyword is used to extend an interface, and the child interface
inherits the methods of the parent interface.

The following Sports interface is extended by Hockey and Football interfaces.

Example
// Filename: Sports.java
Public interface Sports{
Public void setHomeTeam(String name);
Public void setVisitingTeam(String name);
}

// Filename: Football.java
Public interface Football extends Sports{
Public void homeTeamScored(int points);
Public void visitingTeamScored(int points);
Public void endOfQuarter(int quarter);
}

// Filename: Hockey.java
Public interface HockeyextendsSports{
Public void homeGoalScored();
Public void visitingGoalScored();
Public void endOfPeriod(int period);
Public void overtimePeriod(intot);
}
The Hockey interface has four methods, but it inherits two from Sports; thus, a class
that implements Hockey needs to implement all six methods. Similarly, a class that implements
Football needs to define the three methods from Football and the two methods from Sports.

Extending Multiple Interfaces

A Java class can only extend one parent class. Multiple inheritance is not allowed.
Interfaces are not classes, however, and an interface can extend more than one parent
interface.
The extends keyword is used once, and the parent interfaces are declared in a comma-
separated list.
For example, if the Hockey interface extended both Sports and Event, it would be
declared as –
Example
Public interface Hockey extends Sports , Event

Tagging Interfaces
The most common use of extending interfaces occurs when the parent interface does not
contain any methods. For example, the MouseListener interface in the java.awt.event package
extended java.util.EventListener, which is defined as –
Example
Package java.util;
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public interface EventListener
{}

An interface with no methods in it is referred to as a tagging interface. There are two

basic design purposes of tagging interfaces −

Creates a common parent: As with the EventListener interface, which is extended by dozens of
other interfaces in the Java API, you can use a tagging interface to create a common parent
among a group of interfaces. For example, when an interface extends EventListener, the JVM
knows that this particular interface is going to be used in an event delegation scenario.

Adds a data type to a class : This situation is where the term, tagging comes from. A class that
implements a tagging interface does not need to define any methods (since the interface does
not have any), but the class becomes an interface type through polymorphism.

Abstract
A Java abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated, meaning you cannot create
new instances of an abstract class. The purpose of an abstract class is to function as a base for
subclasses. This Java abstract class tutorial explains how abstract classes are created in Java,
what rules apply to them. This tutorial gets into the purpose of abstract classes in Java in more
detail towards the end of this text.

Declaring an Abstract Class in Java

In Java you declare that a class is abstract by adding the abstract keyword to the class
declaration. Here is a Java abstract class example:
public abstract class MyAbstractClass {

}
That is all there is to declaring an abstract class in Java. Now you cannot create instances
ofMyAbstractClass. Thus, the following Java code is no longer valid:
MyAbstractClassmyClassInstance =
new MyAbstractClass(); //not valid
If you try to compile the code above the Java compiler will generate an error, saying that
you cannot instantiate MyAbstractClass because it is an abstract class.

Abstract Methods
An abstract class can have abstract methods. You declare a method abstract by adding
the abstractkeyword in front of the method declaration. Here is a Java abstract method
example:
public abstract class MyAbstractClass {

public abstract void abstractMethod();

}
An abstract method has no implementation. It just has a method signature. Just like
methods in a Java interface.

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If a class has an abstract method, the whole class must be declared abstract. Not all
methods in an abstract class have to be abstract methods. An abstract class can have a mixture
of abstract and non-abstract methods.

Subclasses of an abstract class must implement (override) all abstract methods of its
abstract superclass. The non-abstract methods of the superclass are just inherited as they are.
They can also be overridden, if needed.

Here is an example subclass of the abstract class MyAbstractClass:

public class MySubClass extends MyAbstractClass {

public void abstractMethod() {

System.out.println("My method implementation");
}
}
Notice how MySubClass has to implement the abstract method abstractMethod() from
its abstract superclass MyAbstractClass.

The only time a subclass of an abstract class is not forced to implement all abstract
methods of its superclass, is if the subclass is also an abstract class.
Exception handling in java with examples
Exception handling is one of the most important feature of java programming that
allows us to handle the runtime errors caused by exceptions. In this guide, we will learn what is
an exception, types of it, exception classes and how to handle exceptions in java with examples

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CHAPTER – VI
EXCEPTION HANDLING
What is an exception?
An Exception is an unwanted event that interrupts the normal flow of the program.
When an exception occurs program execution gets terminated. In such cases we get a system
generated error message. The good thing about exceptions is that they can be handled in Java.
By handling the exceptions we can provide a meaningful message to the user about the issue
rather than a system generated message, which may not be understandable to a user.
Why an exception occurs?
There can be several reasons that can cause a program to throw exception. For
example: Opening a non-existing file in your program, Network connection problem, bad input
data provided by user etc.
Exception Handling
If an exception occurs, which has not been handled by programmer then program
execution gets terminated and a system generated error message is shown to the user. For
example look at the system generated exception below:
An exception generated by the system is given below
Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.ArithmeticException:/by zero at
ExceptionDemo.main(ExceptionDemo.java:5)
ExceptionDemo:Theclass name
main :The method name
ExceptionDemo.java :The filename
java:5:Line number

This message is not user friendly so a user will not be able to understand what went
wrong. In order to let them know the reason in simple language, we handle exceptions. We
handle such conditions and then prints a user friendly warning message to user, which lets
them correct the error as most of the time exception occurs due to bad data provided by user.

Advantage of exception handling

Exception handling ensures that the flow of the program doesn’t break when an
exception occurs. For example, if a program has bunch of statements and an exception occurs
mid way after executing certain statements then the statements after the exception will not
execute and the program will terminate abruptly.
By handling we make sure that all the statements execute and the flow of program doesn’t
break.

Difference between error and exception

Errors indicate that something severe enough has gone wrong, the application should
crash rather than try to handle the error.
Exceptions are events that occurs in the code. A programmer can handle such
conditions and take necessary corrective actions. Few examples:

NullPointerException - When you try to use a reference that points to null.

ArithmeticException - When bad data is provided by user, for example, when you try to divide a
number by zero this exception occurs because dividing a number by zero is undefined.

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - When you try to access the elements of an array out of its
bounds, for example array size is 5 (which means it has five elements) and you are trying to
access the 10th element.
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Types of exceptions
There are two types of exceptions in Java:
1.Checkedexceptions
2.Unchecked exceptions

Checked exceptions
All exceptions other than Runtime Exceptions are known as Checked exceptions as the
compiler checks them during compilation to see whether the programmer has handled them or
not. If these exceptions are not handled/declared in the program, you will get compilation
error. For example, SQLException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException etc.

Unchecked Exceptions
Runtime Exceptions are also known as Unchecked Exceptions. These exceptions are not
checked at compile-time so compiler does not check whether the programmer has handled
them or not but it’s the responsibility of the programmer to handle these exceptions and
provide a safe exit. For example, ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.

Try Catch in Java – Exception handling

Try-catch block is used for exception handling.

Try block
The try block contains set of statements where an exception can occur. A try block is
always followed by a catch block, which handles the exception that occurs in associated try
block. A try block must be followed by catch blocks or finally block or both.

Syntax of try block

try{
//statements that may cause an exception
}
While writing a program, if you think that certain statements in a program can throw a
exception, enclosed them in try block and handle that exception.

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Catch block
A catch block is where you handle the exceptions, this block must follow the try block. A
single try block can have several catch blocks associated with it. You can catch different
exceptions in different catch blocks. When an exception occurs in try block, the corresponding
catch block that handles that particular exception executes. For example if an arithmetic
exception occurs in try block then the statements enclosed in catch block for arithmetic
exception executes.

Syntax of try catch in java

try
{
//statements that may cause an exception
}
catch(exception(type) e(object))
{
//error handling code
}
Example: try catch block
If an exception occurs in try block then the control of execution is passed to the
corresponding catch block. A single try block can have multiple catch blocks associated with it,
you should place the catch blocks in such a way that the generic exception handler catch block
is at the last(see in the example below).

The generic exception handler can handle all the exceptions but you should place is at
the end, if you place it at the before all the catch blocks then it will display the generic message.
You always want to give the user a meaningful message for each type of exception rather then
a generic message..

classExample1{
public static void main(String args[]){
int num1, num2;
try{
/* We suspect that this block of statement can throw
* exception so we handled it by placing these statements
* inside try and handled the exception in catch block
*/
num1 =0;
num2 =62/ num1;
System.out.println(num2);
System.out.println("Hey I'm at the end of try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
/* This block will only execute if any Arithmetic exception
* occurs in try block
*/
System.out.println("You should not divide a number by zero");
}
catch(Exception e){
/* This is a generic Exception handler which means it can handle

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* all the exceptions. This will execute if the exception is not
* handled by previous catch blocks.
*/
System.out.println("Exception occurred");
}
System.out.println("I'm out of try-catch block in Java.");
}
}
Output:
You should not divide a number by zero
I'm out of try-catch block in Java.

Multiple catch blocks in Java

Rules about multiple catch blocks:
1.A single try block can have any number of catch blocks.

2.A generic catch block can handle all the exceptions. Whether it is Array Index Out Of Bounds
Exception or Arithmetic Exception or Null Pointer Exception or any other type of exception, this
handles all of them. To see the examples of NullPointerException and
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, refer this article: Exception Handling example programs..

catch(Exception e){
//This catch block catches all the exceptions
}
If you are wondering why we need other catch handlers when we have a generic that
can handle all. This is because in generic exception handler you can display a message but you
are not sure for which type of exception it may trigger so it will display the same message for all
the exceptions and user may not be able to understand which exception occurred. Thats the
reason you should place is at the end of all the specific exception catch blocks

3.If no exception occurs in try block then the catch blocks are completely ignored.

4.Corresponding catch blocks execute for that specific type of exception:

catch(ArithmeticException e) is a catch block that can handle ArithmeticException
catch(NullPointerException e) is a catch block that can handle NullPointerException

5.You can also throw exception, which is an advanced topic and I have covered it in separate
tutorials: user defined exception, throws keyword, throw vs throws.

Example of Multiple catch blocks

classExample2{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int a[]=newint[7];
a[4]=30/0;
System.out.println("First print statement in try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("Warning: ArithmeticException");
}

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catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Warning: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Warning: Some Other exception");
}
System.out.println("Out of try-catch block...");
}
}
Output:
Warning: ArithmeticException
Out of try-catch block...
In the above example there are multiple catch blocks and these catch blocks executes
sequentially when an exception occurs in try block. Which means if you put the last catch block
( catch(Exception e)) at the first place, just after try block then in case of any exception this
block will execute as it can handle all exceptions. This catch block should be placed at the last to
avoid such situations.
Finally block
java finally block. executes whether an exception occurs or not. You should place those
statements in finally blocks, that must execute whether exception occurs or not.

Nested try catch block in Java – Exception handling

When a try catch block is present in another try block then it is called the nested try
catch block. Each time a try block does not have a catch handler for a particular exception, then
the catch blocks of parent try block are inspected for that exception, if match is found that that
catch block executes.
If neither catch block nor parent catch block handles exception then the system
generated message would be shown for the exception, similar to what we see when we don’t
handle exception.
Lets see the syntax first then we will discuss this with an example.

Syntax of Nested try Catch

....
//Main try block
try{
statement 1;
statement 2;
//try-catch block inside another try block
try{
statement 3;
statement 4;
//try-catch block inside nested try block
try{
statement 5;
statement 6;
}
catch(Exception e2){
//Exception Message
}

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}
catch(Exception e1){
//Exception Message
}
}
//Catch of Main(parent) try block
catch(Exception e3){
//Exception Message
}

Nested Try Catch Example

Here we have deep (two level) nesting which means we have a try-catch block inside a
nested try block. To make you understand better I have given the names to each try block in
comments like try-block2, try-block3 etc.
This is how the structure is: try-block3 is inside try-block2 and try-block2 is inside main
try-block, you can say that the main try-block is a grand parent of the try-block3. Refer the
explanation which is given at the end of this code.

classNestingDemo{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
//main try-block
try{
//try-block2
try{
//try-block3
try{
intarr[]={1,2,3,4};
/* I'm trying to display the value of
* an element which doesn't exist. The
* code should throw an exception
*/
System.out.println(arr[10]);
}catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.print("Arithmetic Exception");
System.out.println(" handled in try-block3");
}
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.print("Arithmetic Exception");
System.out.println(" handled in try-block2");
}
}
catch(ArithmeticException e3){
System.out.print("Arithmetic Exception");
System.out.println(" handled in main try-block");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e4){
System.out.print("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
System.out.println(" handled in main try-block");
}

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catch(Exception e5){
System.out.print("Exception");
System.out.println(" handled in main try-block");
}
}
}
Output:
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException handled in main try-block
As you can see that the ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurred in the grand child
try-block3. Since try-block3 is not handling this exception, the control then gets transferred to
the parent try-block2 and looked for the catch handlers in try-block2. Since the try-block2 is
also not handling that exception, the control gets transferred to the main (grand parent) try-
block where it found the appropriate catch block for exception. This is how the the nesting
structure works.
Example 2: Nested try block
classNest{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
//Parent try block
try{
//Child try block1
try{
System.out.println("Inside block1");
int b =45/0;
System.out.println(b);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e1){
System.out.println("Exception: e1");
}
//Child try block2
try{
System.out.println("Inside block2");
int b =45/0;
System.out.println(b);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e2){
System.out.println("Exception: e2");
}
System.out.println("Just other statement");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e3){
System.out.println("Arithmetic Exception");
System.out.println("Inside parent try catch block");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e4){
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
System.out.println("Inside parent try catch block");
}
catch(Exception e5){
System.out.println("Exception");
System.out.println("Inside parent try catch block");

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}
System.out.println("Next statement..");
}
}
Output:
Inside block1
Exception: e1
Inside block2
ArithmeticException
Inside parent trycatch block
Next statement..
This is another example that shows how the nested try block works. You can see that
there are two try-catch block inside main try block’s body. I’ve marked them as block
1 and block 2 in above example.

Block1: I have divided an integer by zero and it caused an ArithmeticException, since the catch
of block1 is handling ArithmeticException "Exception: e1" displayed.

Block2: In block2, ArithmeticException occurred but block 2 catch is only handling Array Index
Out Of Bounds Exception so in this case control jump to the Main try-catch(parent) body and
checks for the ArithmeticException catch handler in parent catch blocks. Since catch of parent
try block is handling this exception using generic Exception handler that handles all exceptions,
the message “Inside parent try catch block” displayed as output.

Parent try Catch block: No exception occurred here so the “Next statement..” displayed.
The important point to note here is that whenever the child catch blocks are not handling any
exception, the jumps to the parent catch blocks, if the exception is not handled there as well
then the program will terminate abruptly showing system generated message.

Checked and unchecked exceptions in java with examples

There are two types of exceptions: checked exception and unchecked exception. In this
guide, we will discuss them. The main difference between checked and unchecked exception is
that the checked exceptions are checked at compile-time while unchecked exceptions are
checked at runtime.

What are checked exceptions?

Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time. It means if a method is throwing a
checked exception then it should handle the exception using try-catch block or it should declare
the exception using throws keyword, otherwise the program will give a compilation error.
Lets understand this with the help of an example:

Checked Exception Example

In this example we are reading the file myfile.txt and displaying its content on the
screen. In this program there are three places where a checked exception is thrown as
mentioned in the comments below. FileInputStream which is used for specifying the file path
and name, throws FileNotFoundException. The read() method which reads the file content
throws IOException and the close() method which closes the file input stream also
throws IOException.

import java.io.*;

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classExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
FileInputStreamfis=null;
/*This constructor FileInputStream(File filename)
* throws FileNotFoundException which is a checked
* exception
*/
fis=newFileInputStream("B:/myfile.txt");
int k;

/* Method read() of FileInputStream class also throws

* a checked exception: IOException
*/
while(( k =fis.read())!=-1)
{
System.out.print((char)k);
}

/*The method close() closes the file input stream

* It throws IOException*/
fis.close();
}
}

Output:
Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.Error:Unresolved compilation problems:
Unhandled exception type FileNotFoundException
Unhandled exception type IOException
Unhandled exception type IOException

Why this compilation error?

As I mentioned in the beginning that checked exceptions gets checked during compile
time. Since we didn’t handled/declared the exceptions, our program gave the compilation
error.
How to resolve the error?
There are two ways to avoid this error. We will see both the ways one by one.

Method 1: Declare the exception using throws keyword.

As we know that all three occurrences of checked exceptions are inside main() method
so one way to avoid the compilation error is: Declare the exception in the method using throws
keyword. You may be thinking that our code is throwing FileNotFoundException and
IOException both then why we are declaring the IOException alone. The reason is that
IOException is a parent class of FileNotFoundException so it by default covers that. If you want
you can declare them like this public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException,
FileNotFoundException.
import java.io.*;
classExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])throwsIOException

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{
FileInputStreamfis=null;
fis=newFileInputStream("B:/myfile.txt");
int k;

while(( k =fis.read())!=-1)
{
System.out.print((char)k);
}
fis.close();
}
}
Output:
File content is displayed on the screen.

Method 2: Handle them using try-catch blocks.

The approach we have used above is not good at all. It is not the best exception
handling practice. You should give meaningful message for each exception type so that it would
be easy for someone to understand the error. The code should be like this:
import java.io.*;
class Example{
public static void main(String args[])
{
FileInputStreamfis=null;
try{
fis=newFileInputStream("B:/myfile.txt");
}catch(FileNotFoundExceptionfnfe){
System.out.println("The specified file is not "+
"present at the given path");
}
int k;
try{
while(( k =fis.read())!=-1)
{
System.out.print((char)k);
}
fis.close();
}catch(IOExceptionioe){
System.out.println("I/O error occurred: "+ioe);
}
}
}
This code will run fine and will display the file content.
Here are the few other Checked Exceptions –
 SQLException
 IOException
 ClassNotFoundException
 InvocationTargetException

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What are Unchecked exceptions?
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile time. It means if your program is
throwing an unchecked exception and even if you didn’t handle/declare that exception, the
program won’t give a compilation error. Most of the times these exception occurs due to the
bad data provided by user during the user-program interaction. It is up to the programmer to
judge the conditions in advance, that can cause such exceptions and handle them
appropriately. All Unchecked exceptions are direct sub classes of RuntimeException class.

Lets understand this with an example:

Unchecked Exception Example

Class Example{
Public tatic oid main(String args[])
{
int num1=10;
int num2=0;
/*Since I'm dividing an integer with 0
* it should throw ArithmeticException
*/
int res=num1/num2;
System.out.println(res);
}
}
If you compile this code, it would compile successfully however when you will run it, it would
throw ArithmeticException. That clearly shows that unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time, they occurs at runtime. Lets see another example.
classExample{
public static void main(String args[])
{
intarr[]={1,2,3,4,5};
/* My array has only 5 elements but we are trying to
* display the value of 8th element. It should throw
* ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
*/
System.out.println(arr[7]);
}
}
This code would also compile successfully since Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception is also an
unchecked exception.

Note: It doesn’t mean that compiler is not checking these exceptions so we shouldn’t handle
them. In fact we should handle them more carefully. For e.g. In the above example there should
be a exception message to user that they are trying to display a value which doesn’t exist in
array so that user would be able to correct the issue.
Class Example{
Public static void main(String args[]){
try{
int arr[]={1,2,3,4,5};
System.out.println(arr[7]);
}

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catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("The specified index does not exist "+
"in array. Please correct the error.");
}
}
}
Output:
The specified index does not exist in array.Please correct the error.
Here are the few unchecked exception classes:
a. NullPointerException
b. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
c. ArithmeticException
d. IllegalArgumentException
e. NumberFormatException

Java Finally block – Exception handling

A finally block contains all the crucial statements that must be executed whether
exception occurs or not. The statements present in this block will always execute regardless of
whether exception occurs in try block or not such as closing a connection, stream etc.
Syntax of Finally block
try{
//Statements that may cause an exception
}
catch{
//Handling exception
}
finally{
//Statements to be executed
}
A Simple Example of finally block
Here you can see that the exception occurred in try block which has been handled in
catch block, after that finally block got executed.
Class Example
{
Public static void main(String args[]){
try{
intnum=121/0;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("Number should not be divided by zero");
}
/* Finally block will always execute
* even if there is no exception in try block
*/
finally{
System.out.println("This is finally block");
}
System.out.println("Out of try-catch-finally");
}

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}
Output:
Number should not be divided by zero
Thisisfinally block
Out of try-catch-finally
Few Important points regarding finally block
1. A finally block must be associated with a try block, you cannot use finally without a try block.
You should place those statements in this block that must be executed always.
2. Finally block is optional, as we have seen in previous tutorials that a try-catch block is
sufficient for exception handling, however if you place a finally block then it will always run
after the execution of try block.
3. In normal case when there is no exception in try block then the finally block is executed after
try block. However if an exception occurs then the catch block is executed before finally block.
4. An exception in the finally block, behaves exactly like any other exception.
5. The statements present in the finally block execute even if the try block contains control
transfer statements like return, break or continue.
Lets see an example to see how finally works when return statement is present in try block:

Another example of finally block and return statement.

You can see that even though we have return statement in the method, the finally block
still runs.

Class Java Finally

{
Public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(JavaFinally.myMethod());
}
Public static int myMethod()
{
try{
return112;
}
finally{
System.out.println("This is Finally block");
System.out.println("Finally block ran even after return statement");
}
}
}
Output of above program:
This is Finally block
Finally block ran even after return statement
112

Cases when the finally block doesn’t execute

The circumstances that prevent execution of the code in a finally block are:

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CHAPTER – VII
FINALLY () & CLOSE () STATEMENT
Finally and Close()
close() statement is used to close all the open streams in a program. Its a good practice
to use close() inside finally block. Since finally block executes even if exception occurs so you
can be sure that all input and output streams are closed properly regardless of whether the
exception occurs or not.

For example:
....
try{
OutputStreamosf=newFileOutputStream("filename");
OutputStreamosb=newBufferedOutputStream(opf);
ObjectOutput op =newObjectOutputStream(osb);
try{
output.writeObject(writableObject);
}
finally{
op.close();
}
}
catch(IOException e1){
System.out.println(e1);
}
...
Finally block without catch
A try-finally block is possible without catch block. Which means a try block can be used
with finally without having a catch block.
...
InputStream input =null;
try{
input =newFileInputStream("inputfile.txt");
}
finally{
if(input !=null){
try{
in.close();
}catch(IOExceptionexp){
System.out.println(exp);
}
}
}
Finally block and System.exit()

System.exit() statement behaves differently than return statement. Unlike return

statement whenever System.exit() gets called in try block then Finally block doesn’t execute.
Here is a code snippet that demonstrate the same:
....
try{
//try block
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System.out.println("Inside try block");
System.exit(0)
}
catch(Exceptionexp){
System.out.println(exp);
}
finally{
System.out.println("Java finally block");
}
....
In the above example if the System.exit(0) gets called without any exception then finally
won’t execute. However if any exception occurs while calling System.exit(0) then finally block
will be executed.

Try-catch-finally block
 Either a try statement should be associated with a catch block or with finally.
 Since catch performs exception handling and finally performs the cleanup, the best
approach is to use both of them.
Syntax:
try{
//statements that may cause an exception
}
catch(…){
//error handling code
}
finally{
//statements to be executed
}

Examples of Try catch finally blocks

Example 1: The following example demonstrate the working of finally block when no exception
occurs in try block
Class Example1{
Publicstatic void main(String args[]){
try{
System.out.println("First statement of try block");
intnum=45/3;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
}
finally{
System.out.println("finally block");
}
System.out.println("Out of try-catch-finally block");
}
}

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Output:
First statement of try block
15
finally block
Out of try-catch-finally block

Example 2: This example shows the working of finally block when an exception occurs in try
block but is not handled in the catch block:
Class Example2{
Public static void main(String args[]){
try{
System.out.println("First statement of try block");
intnum=45/0;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException");
}
finally{
System.out.println("finally block");
}
System.out.println("Out of try-catch-finally block");
}
}
Output:
First statement of try block
finally block
Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.ArithmeticException:/by zero
at beginnersbook.com.Example2.main(Details.java:6)
As you can see that the system generated exception message is shown but before that the
finally block successfully executed.

Example 3: When exception occurs in try block and handled properly in catch block
Class Example3{
Public static void main(String args[]){
try{
System.out.println("First statement of try block");
intnum=45/0;
System.out.println(num);
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("ArithmeticException");
}
finally{
System.out.println("finally block");
}
System.out.println("Out of try-catch-finally block");
}
}
Output:

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First statement of try block
ArithmeticException
finally block
Out of try-catch-finally block

Flow of control in try/catch blocks:

When exception doesn’t occur:

When the statements that are present in try block doesn’t throw any exception then
first, the body of try block executes and then the code after catch blocks. In this case catch
block never runs as they are meant to run when an exception occurs. For example-

classExample1
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
int x =10;
int y =10;
try{
intnum= x/y;
System.out.println("next-statement: Inside try block");
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println("Exception");
}
System.out.println("next-statement: Outside of try-catch");
}
}
Output:
next-statement:Insidetry block
next-statement:Outside of try-catch
In the above example exception didn’t occur in try block so catch block didn’t run.

When exception occurs:

First have a look at the example below and then we will discuss the output:
classExample1
{
publicstaticvoid main(String args[])
{
int x =0;
int y =10;
try{
intnum= y/x;
System.out.println("next-statement: Inside try block");
}
catch(Exception ex)
{

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System.out.println("Exception Occurred");
}
System.out.println("next-statement: Outside of try-catch");
}
}
Output:
ExceptionOccurred
next-statement:Outside of try-catch

Point to note in above example: There are two statements present inside try block. Since
exception occurred because of first statement, the second statement didn’t execute. Hence we
can conclude that if an exception occurs then the rest of the try block doesn’t execute and
control passes to catch block.

Flow of control in try/catch/finally blocks:

1. If exception occurs in try block’s body then control immediately transferred(skipping
rest of the statements in try block) to the catch block. Once catch block finished
execution then finally block and after that rest of the program.
2. If there is no exception occurred in the code which is present in try block then first, the
try block gets executed completely and then control gets transferred to finally block
(skipping catch blocks).
3. If a return statement is encountered either in try or catch block. In this case finally block
runs. Control first jumps to finally and then it returned back to return statement.

Lets see this example to understand the above mentioned points:

Class TestExceptions{
Staticvoid myMethod(inttestnum)throwsException{
System.out.println("start - myMethod");
if(testnum==12)
thrownewException();
System.out.println("end - myMethod");
return;
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
inttestnum=12;
try{
System.out.println("try - first statement");
myMethod(testnum);
System.out.println("try - last statement");
}
catch(Exception ex){
System.out.println("An Exception");
}
finally{
System.out.println("finally");
}
System.out.println("Out of try/catch/finally - statement");
}
}
Output:

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try- first statement
start -myMethod
AnException
finally
Out of try/catch/finally- statement

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CHAPTER – VIII
THROW EXCEPTION IN JAVA

How to throw exception in java with example

In Java we have already defined exception classes such as Arithmetic Exception, Null
Pointer Exception, Array Index Out of Bounds exception etc. These exceptions are set to trigger
on different-2 conditions. For example when we divide a number by zero, this triggers
Arithmetic Exception, when we try to access the array element out of its bounds then we get
Array Index Out Of Bounds Exception.

We can define our own set of conditions or rules and throw an exception explicitly using
throw keyword. For example, we can throw Arithmetic Exception when we divide number by 5,
or any other numbers, what we need to do is just set the condition and throw any exception
using throw keyword. Throw keyword can also be used for throwing custom exceptions, I have
covered that in a separate tutorial, see Custom Exceptions in Java.

Syntax of throw keyword:

Thrownewexception_class("error message");

For example:
thrownewArithmeticException("dividing a number by 5 is not allowed in this program");
Example of throw keyword
Lets say we have a requirement where we we need to only register the students when
their age is less than 12 and weight is less than 40, if any of the condition is not met then the
user should get an ArithmeticException with the warning message “Student is not eligible for
registration”. We have implemented the logic by placing the code in the method that checks
student eligibility if the entered student age and weight doesn’t met the criteria then we throw
the exception using throw keyword.

/* In this program we are checking the Student age

* if the student age<12 and weight <40 then our program
* should return that the student is not eligible for registration.
*/
Public class ThrowExample{
staticvoid checkEligibilty(intstuage,intstuweight){
if(stuage<12&&stuweight<40){
thrownewArithmeticException("Student is not eligible for registration");
}
else{
System.out.println("Student Entry is Valid!!");
}
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
System.out.println("Welcome to the Registration process!!");
checkEligibilty(10,39);
System.out.println("Have a nice day..");
}
}

Output:
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Welcome to the Registration process!!Exceptionin thread "main"
java.lang.ArithmeticException:Studentisnot eligible for registration
at beginnersbook.com.ThrowExample.checkEligibilty(ThrowExample.java:9)
at beginnersbook.com.ThrowExample.main(ThrowExample.java:18)
In the above example we have throw an unchecked exception, same way we can
throw uncheckedand user-defined exception as well.

Throw Keyword Example in Java

Here , various examples to demonstrate how to throw an exception using throw

keyword. To understand these programs you should have the basic knowledge of what is throw
keyword and why we throw exception using throw keyword, refer this guide: throw in java.

Example 1: How to throw your own exception explicitly using throw keyword
This example shows how to throw a custom exception using throw. Refer this guide to
understand how to create your own exceptions.
classMyOwnExceptionextendsException{
publicMyOwnException(Stringmsg){
super(msg);
}
}
Class EmployeeTest{
staticvoidemployeeAge(int age) throws MyOwnException{
if(age <0)
thrownewMyOwnException("Age can't be less than zero");
else
System.out.println("Input is valid!!");
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
try{
employeeAge(-2);
}
catch(MyOwnException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output:
beginnersbook.com.MyOwnException:Age can't be less than zero
Note: Method call should be in try block as it is throwing an exception.

Example2: How to throw an already defined exception using throw keyword

Class Exception2{
staticint sum(int num1,int num2){
if(num1 ==0)
thrownewArithmeticException("First parameter is not valid");
else
System.out.println("Both parameters are correct!!");
return num1+num2;
}

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publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
int res=sum(0,12);
System.out.println(res);
System.out.println("Continue Next statements");
}
}
Output:
Exceptionin thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:
First parameter isnot valid
Similarly other exceptions, such as NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
can be thrown.

Throws Keyword Example in Java

Here we will see few examples of throws keyword. To understand these programs you
should have the knowledge of throws keyword in java.

Example 1: Exception propagation using throws keyword

As you can see that we have an exception occurred in method1 which has been handled
in the chain-calling method method3(). This example shows how exception propagation works.
classExample1{
void method1()throwsArithmeticException{
thrownewArithmeticException("Calculation error");
}
void method2()throwsArithmeticException{
method1();
}
void method3(){
try{
method2();
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("ArithmeticException handled");
}
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
Example1obj=newExample1();
obj.method3();
System.out.println("End Of Program");
}
}
Output:
Arithmetic Exception handled
End of Program

Example 2: When you don’t handle exception and instead declare it at all the places
The ideal way to use throws is by declaring the exceptions in method signature and
handle the exceptions using try-catch in calling method. Lets see what happens when we
declare the exception at both the places, in method signature as well as in calling method.
Class Exception Example{

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void method()throws Arithmetic Exception{
thrownew Arithmetic Exception("Arithmetic Exception Occurred");
}
}
Class Example1{
Public static void main(String args[]) throws ArithmeticException{
ExceptionExampleobj=newExceptionExample();
obj.method();

System.out.println("End Of Program");
}
}
Output:
Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.ArithmeticException:
ArithmeticExceptionOccurred
at ExceptionExample.method(Example1.java:4)
at Example1.main(Example1.java:10)

Throws clause in java – Exception handling

BY CHAITANYA SINGH | FILED UNDER: EXCEPTION HANDLING
As we know that there are two types of exception checked and unchecked. Checked
exception (compile time) force you to handle them, if you don’t handle them then the program
will not compile.

On the other hand unchecked exception (Runtime) doesn’t get checked during
compilation. Throws keyword is used for handling checked exceptions . By using throws we can
declare multiple exceptions in one go.

What is the need of having throws keyword when you can handle exception using try-catch?
The throws does the same thing that try-catch does but there are some cases where you
would prefer throws over try-catch. For example:
Lets say we have a method myMethod() that has statements that can throw either
ArithmeticException or NullPointerException, in this case you can use try-catch as shown
below:
publicvoidmyMethod()
{
try{
// Statements that might throw an exception
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
// Exception handling statements
}
catch(NullPointerException e){
// Exception handling statements
}
}
But suppose you have several such methods that can cause exceptions, in that case it
would be tedious to write these try-catch for each method. The code will become unnecessary
long and will be less-readable.

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One way to overcome this problem is by using throws like this: declare the exceptions in
the method signature using throws and handle the exceptions where you are calling this
method by using try-catch.

Another advantage of using this approach is that you will be forced to handle the
exception when you call this method, all the exceptions that are declared using throws, must be
handled where you are calling this method else you will get compilation error.

publicvoidmyMethod()throwsArithmeticException,NullPointerException
{
// Statements that might throw an exception
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
myMethod();
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
// Exception handling statements
}
catch(NullPointerException e){
// Exception handling statements
}
}
Example of throws Keyword
In this example the method myMethod() is throwing two checked exceptions so we
have declared these exceptions in the method signature using throws Keyword. If we do not
declare these exceptions then the program will throw a compilation error.
import java.io.*;
classThrowExample{
voidmyMethod(intnum)throwsIOException,ClassNotFoundException{
if(num==1)
thrownewIOException("IOException Occurred");
else
thrownewClassNotFoundException("ClassNotFoundException");
}
}
publicclassExample1{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
ThrowExampleobj=newThrowExample();
obj.myMethod(1);
}catch(Exception ex){
System.out.println(ex);
}
}
}
Output:
java.io.IOException:IOExceptionOccurred

How to Catch multiple exceptions

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BY CHAITANYA SINGH | FILED UNDER: EXCEPTION HANDLING

Catching multiple exceptions

Lets take an example to understand how to handle multiple exceptions.
classExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
intarr[]=newint[7];
arr[4]=30/0;
System.out.println("Last Statement of try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("You should not divide a number by zero");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Accessing array elements outside of the limit");
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Some Other Exception");
}
System.out.println("Out of the try-catch block");
}
}
Output:
You should not divide a number by zero
Out of the try-catch block
In the above example, the first catch block got executed because the code we have
written in try block throws ArithmeticException (because we divided the number by zero).

Now lets change the code a little bit and see the change in output:
classExample{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
try{
intarr[]=newint[7];
arr[10]=10/5;
System.out.println("Last Statement of try block");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("You should not divide a number by zero");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Accessing array elements outside of the limit");
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Some Other Exception");
}
System.out.println("Out of the try-catch block");
}
}
Output:

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Accessing array elements outside of the limit
Out of the try-catch block
In this case, the second catch block got executed because the code throws Array Index
Out Of Bounds Exception. We are trying to access the 11th element of array in above program
but the array size is only 7.
What did we observe from the above two examples?
1. It is clear that when an exception occurs, the specific catch block (that declares that
exception) executes. This is why in first example first block executed and in second example
second catch.

2. Although I have not shown you above, but if an exception occurs in above code which is not
Arithmetic and ArrayIndexOutOfBounds then the last generic catch handler would execute.

Lets change the code again and see the output:

Class Example{
Public staticvoid main(String args[]){
try{
intarr[]=newint[7];
arr[10]=10/5;
System.out.println("Last Statement of try block");
}
catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Some Other Exception");
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){
System.out.println("You should not divide a number by zero");
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){
System.out.println("Accessing array elements outside of the limit");
}
System.out.println("Out of the try-catch block");
}
}

Output:
Compile time error:Exceptionin thread "main"java.lang.Error:
Unresolved compilation problems:Unreachablecatch block forArithmeticException.
Itis already handled by the catch block forExceptionUnreachablecatch block
forArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.Itis already handled by the catch block for
Exception at Example.main.

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CHAPTER – IX
INTRODUCTION OF THREADS IN JAVA
What are Java Threads?
A thread is a:
a. Facility to allow multiple activities within a single process
b. Referred as lightweight process
c. A thread is a series of executed statements
d. Each thread has its own program counter, stack and local variables
e. A thread is a nested sequence of method calls
f. Its shares memory, files and per-process state
Read: Multithreading in Java

Whats the need of a thread or why we use Threads?

a. To perform asynchronous or background processing
b. Increases the responsiveness of GUI applications
c. Take advantage of multiprocessor systems
d. Simplify program logic when there are multiple independent entities
e.
What happens when a thread is invoked?
When a thread is invoked, there will be two paths of execution. One path will execute the
thread and the other path will follow the statement after the thread invocation. There will be a
separate stack and memory space for each thread.

Risk Factor
a. Proper co-ordination is required between threads accessing common variables [use of
synchronized and volatile] for consistence view of data

b. overuse of java threads can be hazardous to program’s performance and its

maintainability.

Threads in Java
Java threads facility and API is deceptively simple:
Every java program creates at least one thread [ main() thread ]. Additional threads are
created through the Thread constructor or by instantiating classes that extend the Thread class.

Thread creation in Java

Thread implementation in java can be achieved in two ways:
A. Extending the java.lang.Thread class
B. Implementing the java.lang.Runnable Interface
Note: The Thread and Runnable are available in the java.lang.* package
A.By extending thread class
1. The class should extend Java Thread class.
2. The class should override the run() method.
3. The functionality that is expected by the Thread to be executed is written in the run()
method.
void start(): Creates a new thread and makes it runnable.
void run(): The new thread begins its life inside this method.

Example:
publicclassMyThreadextendsThread{
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publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
MyThreadobj=newMyThread();
obj.start();
}
B.By Implementing Runnable interface
1. The class should implement the Runnable interface
2. The class should implement the run() method in the Runnable interface
3. The functionality that is expected by the Thread to be executed is put in the run()
method
Example:
Public class MyThreadimplementsRunnable{
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("thread is running..");
}
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
Thread t =newThread(newMyThread());
t.start();
}
Extends Thread class vs Implements Runnable Interface?
Extending the Thread class will make your class unable to extend other classes, because
of the single inheritance feature in JAVA. However, this will give you a simpler code structure. If
you implement Runnable, you can gain better object-oriented design and consistency and also
avoid the single inheritance problems.
If you just want to achieve basic functionality of a thread you can simply implement
Runnable interface and override run() method. But if you want to do something serious with
thread object as it has other methods like suspend(), resume(), ..etc which are not available in
Runnable interface then you may prefer to extend the Thread class.

Thread life cycle in java

Read full article at: Thread life cycle in java

Ending Thread
A Thread ends due to the following reasons:
 The thread ends when it comes when the run() method finishes its execution.
 When the thread throws an Exception or Error that is not being caught in the program.
 Java program completes or ends.
 Another thread calls stop() methods.

Synchronization of Threads
 In many cases concurrently running threads share data and two threads try to do
operations on the same variables at the same time. This often results in corrupt data as
two threads try to operate on the same data.
 A popular solution is to provide some kind of lock primitive. Only one thread can acquire
a particular lock at any particular time. This can be achieved by using a keyword
“synchronized” .

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 By using the synchronize only one thread can access the method at a time and a second
call will be blocked until the first call returns or wait() is called inside the synchronized
method.

Deadlock
Whenever there is multiple processes contending for exclusive access to multiple locks,
there is the possibility of deadlock. A set of processes or threads is said to be deadlocked when
each is waiting for an action that only one of the others can perform.
In Order to avoid deadlock, one should ensure that when you acquire multiple locks, you always
acquire the locks in the same order in all threads.

Guidelines for synchronization

 Keep blocks short. Synchronized blocks should be short — as short as possible while still
protecting the integrity of related data operations.
 Don’t block. Don’t ever call a method that might block, such as InputStream.read(),
inside a synchronized block or method.
 Don’t invoke methods on other objects while holding a lock. This may sound extreme,
but it eliminates the most common source of deadlock.

Java Main Thread

Once a Java program starts, one thread starts running immediately. This is usually called
main thread of your program, because it is the one which is executed when your program
starts. The main thread is important for the following two reasons:
 It is the thread from which the other (child) threads will be spawned
 Often, it must be the last thread to finish the execution as it performs various shutdown
actions

Although the main thread is automatically created when your program starts, it can be
controlled through a Thread object. To do so, you must obtain a reference to it by calling the
method named currentThread(), is a public static member of the Thread. Its general form is :
static Thread currentThread()
This method returns a reference to the thread in which it is called. And once you have a
reference to the main thread, you can control it just like any other thread.

Java Main Thread Example

Here is an example demonstrates the concept of main thread in Java:
/* Java Program Example - Java Main Thread
* This program control the main Thread
*/

class JavaProgram
{
public static void main(String args[])
{

Thread thr = Thread.currentThread();

System.out.println("Current thread : " + thr);

/* change the name of the thread */

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thr.setName("My Thread");
System.out.println("After name change : " + thr);

try {
for(int i=5; i>0; i--)
{
System.out.println(i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
System.out.println("stopped");

} catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted");
}

}
}

When above java program is compile and executed, it will produce the following output:

In the above program a reference to the current thread (main thread in this case) is
obtained by calling the current thread) method, and this reference is stored in the local variable
i.e. thr.next, the program displays the information about the thread. The program then calls set
Name() method to change the internal name of the thread. Data about the thread is then
redisplayed. Next, a loop counts down from five, pausing one second between each line. The
pause is executed by the sleep() specifies the delay period in milliseconds.

Notice here that the try catch block around this loop. The slep() method in the thread
might throw an interrupted exception. It will happen only if some other thread wanted to
interrupt this sleeping one. This program just prints a message.(as shown in above program) if it
gets interrupted.

Notice that the output produced when the is used as an argument to println().This
displays in order, the name of the thread and its priority and then the name of its group.

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By default the name of the main thread is main. And its priority is 5, which is the
default value, and main is also the name of the group of threads to which this thread belongs
to.

A thread group is a data structure that controls the state of a collection of threads as a
whole. After the name of the thread is altered the is again output. This time the new name of
the thread is displayed.

In the above program as you can see sleep() causes the thread from which it is called
to suspend execution for the given period of milliseconds. Its general from is:

Static void sleep(long milliseconds) 6throws interuptedexception

The number of milliseconds to suspend is given in milliseconds. This method may

throw an interrupted exception.

The sleep() has a second form, shown next, allows you to specify the period in terms
of milliseconds and nanoseconds:

Static void sleep (long milliseconds, Intenanoseconds) throws interrupted exception

This second form of sleep() method is useful only in environments that allow timing
periods as short a nanoseconds.

As the preceding program shows, you can use set name() method to set the name of a
thread.

You can obtain the name of the thread by calling the method getname() this method
is not shown in the above program but you can try it. These methods are the members of the
thread class and are declared like this:

Final void setname (String thread Name)

final strings get Name ()

Here, Thread name specifies the name of the thread.

Creating a thread in java with example

Creating a thread in java

To create a thread in java you need to instatiate an object of type thread java provides two
ways to create a thread
A. By implementing the Runnable interface.
B. By extending the thread class.
Here we’ll look at both the ways of creating a thread in java.

A.Implementing Runnable interface

One of the ways to create a thread in java is to implement the Runnable interface.
@functionlinterface

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InterfaceRunnable
publicabstractvoid();
Note the @Functional interface annotation on the top of the runnable interface. That
is a new annotation added in Java8. Read more about it here Functional interface annotation in
java 8
To implement runnable a class has to implement only the run() method inside run()
method we write the code for the new thread.

When using Runnable you have to explicitly create a thread class object by passing the
Runnable as parameter so that run() method of the thread can be executed. java thread class
defines several constructors, some of the commonly used are.

Thread()
Thread(String Name)
Thread(Runnable threadObi)
Thread(Runnable threadObi,String name)

You can use any of the last two in case of runnable to create a thread in java.

After the new thread is created, it will not start running until you call the start() method, which
is declared within thread class. As soon as start() method is called upon a thread object
following actions happen-

 The thread’s state changes from New state to the runnable state.
 Thread’s target run() method will execute (depends upon when thread gets the
CPU CYCLE).

Java Thread creation Example using Runnable

Class MyThread implements Runnable{
@Override
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("Entered run method "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
for(int i =0; i <5; i++){
System.out.println("My Thread"+ i);
}
System.out.println("Finished with MyThread");
}
}

publicclassThreadDemo{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
// Passing runnable instance
Threadthread=newThread(newMyThread());
// Calling start method
thread.start();
}
}
Output
Entered run method Thread-0

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My Thread0
My Thread1
My Thread2
My Thread3
My Thread4
Finished with MyThread
Here we are using the constructor Thread(Runnable threadObj) while creating a thread object -
Thread thread = new Thread(new MyThread());.
Calling start() method on the thread will execute the run method where it will print numbers
along with the thread name.
Creating thread by extending Thread class
Another way to create a thread in Java is to create a class that extends Thread class and then
create an instance of that class. The extending class has to override the run() method and also
needs to call start() method to start execution of the new thread.
Thread creation Example by extending Thread class
Class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("Entered run method "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
for(int i =0; i <5; i++){
System.out.println("My Thread"+ i);
}
System.out.println("Finished with MyThread");
}
}

Public class ThreadDemo{

publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
MyThread thread =newMyThread();
thread.start();
}
}
Here we are extending the thread class so we just need to create an instance of that class that
will be a thread object. Then we are calling start() method on that thread object.
So these are the 2 ways provided in Java to create a new thread.
There are some other ways we can implement the run() method like, as an anonymous
class and starting Java 8 using a lambda expression. Lets see how that can be done.

Java thread as an anonymous class

classInnerThread{
Thread t;
// Constructor
publicInnerThread(String name){
// Anonymous class with run method implemented
Thread t =newThread(name){
@Override
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("Entered run method "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
for(int i =0; i <5; i++){
System.out.println(name + i);

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}
System.out.println("Finished with Inner Thread");
}
};
// starting the thread, which will start execution of run method
t.start();
}
}

publicclassThreadDemo{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
InnerThread thread =newInnerThread("MyThread");
}
}
Here we are implementing the run method using an anonymous class. Note that Thread class is
not explicitly extended here and the implementation of the run() method is provided when an
instance of the thread is created.
Implementing Runnable as an anonymous class
If you want to do it using runnable interface run() method implementation it will only be a small
change.
classInnerThread{
Thread t;
// Constructor
publicInnerThread(String name){
// Anonymous class with run method implemented
// using Runnable interface
Thread t =newThread(newRunnable(){
@Override
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("Entered run method "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
for(int i =0; i <5; i++){
System.out.println(name + i);
}
System.out.println("Finished with Inner Thread");
}
}, name);// Name of the thread, second param
// starting the thread, which will start execution of run method
t.start();
}
}
Implementing Runnable as Java Lambda expression
Java 8 onward it is also possible to use lambda expression to provide implementation of the run
method of the runnable interface. Runnable interface has a single abstract method run() thus it
can be considered as a functional interface. Lambda expression can be used to provide
implementation of that abstract method.
classLambdaThread{
publicLambdaThread(String name){
// Lambda block - code inside the lambda block will
// be the implementation of the run method.
Runnable r =()->{

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System.out.println("Entered run method "+Thread.currentThread().getName());
for(int i =0; i <5; i++){
System.out.println("Lambda thread "+ i);
}
System.out.println("Finished with Lambda Thread");
};
//starting thread with the constructor of the thread class
// that takes runnable instance and String as parameters
newThread(r, name).start();
}
}

publicclassThreadDemo{
publicstaticvoid main(String[]args){
LambdaThread thread =newLambdaThread("LambdaThread");
}
}
Here we have used the lambda expression to provide implementation of the run method of the
runnable interface. Lambda block provides the implementation of the run() method of the
runnable interface. It is possible because runnable interface is a functional interface and
provided target type for the lambda expression.

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CHAPTER - X
MULTITHREADING

Multithreading in java with examples

Before we talk about multithreading, let’s discuss threads. A thread is a light-weight
smallest part of a process that can run concurrently with the other parts(other threads) of the
same process. Threads are independent because they all have separate path of execution that’s
the reason if an exception occurs in one thread, it doesn’t affect the execution of other threads.
All threads of a process share the common memory. The process of executing multiple threads
simultaneously is known as multithreading.

Let’s summarize the discussion in points:

1. The main purpose of multithreading is to provide simultaneous execution of two or more

parts of a program to maximum utilize the CPU time. A multithreaded program contains two or
more parts that can run concurrently. Each such part of a program called thread.

2. Threads are lightweight sub-processes, they share the common memory space. In
Multithreaded environment, programs that are benefited from multithreading, utilize the
maximum CPU time so that the idle time can be kept to minimum.

4. A thread can be in one of the following states:

NEW - A thread that has not yet started is in this state.

RUNNABLE - A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
BLOCKED – A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock is in this state.
WAITING – A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to perform a
particular action is in this state.
TIMED_WAITING – A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action for
up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
TERMINATED – A thread that has exited is in this state.
A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.

Multitasking vs Multithreading vs Multiprocessing vs parallel processing

Multitasking: Ability to execute more than one task at the same time is known as
multitasking.

Multithreading: We already discussed about it. It is a process of executing multiple

threads simultaneously. Multithreading is also known as Thread-based Multitasking.

Multiprocessing: It is same as multitasking, however in multiprocessing more than one

CPUs are involved. On the other hand one CPU is involved in multitasking.

Parallel Processing: It refers to the utilization of multiple CPUs in a single computer

system.

Creating a thread in Java

There are two ways to create a thread in Java:

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 By extending Thread class.
 By implementing Runnable interface.

Before we begin with the programs(code) of creating threads, let’s have a look at
these methods of Thread class. We have used few of these methods in the example below.

getName(): It is used for Obtaining a thread’s name

getPriority(): Obtain a thread’s priority
isAlive(): Determine if a thread is still running
join(): Wait for a thread to terminate
run(): Entry point for the thread
sleep(): suspend a thread for a period of time
start(): start a thread by calling its run() method

Method 1: Thread creation by extending Thread class

Example 1:
classMultithreadingDemoextendsThread{
publicvoid run(){
System.out.println("My thread is in running state.");
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
MultithreadingDemoobj=newMultithreadingDemo();
obj.start();
}
}
Output:
My thread isin running state.

Example 2:
Class CountextendsThread
{
Count()
{
super("my extending thread");
System.out.println("my thread created"+this);
start();
}
publicvoid run()
{
try
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println("Printing the count "+ i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("my thread interrupted");

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}
System.out.println("My thread run is over");
}
}
Class ExtendingExample
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
Countcnt=newCount();
try
{
while(cnt.isAlive())
{
System.out.println("Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live");
Thread.sleep(1500);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("Main thread's run is over");
}
}
Output:
my thread createdThread[my runnable thread,5,main]
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 0
Printing the count 1
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 2
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 3
Printing the count 4
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 5
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 6
Printing the count 7
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 8
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 9
mythread run is over
Main thread run is over

Method 2: Thread creation by implementing Runnable Interface

A Simple Example
Class MultithreadingDemoimplementsRunnable{
publicvoid run(){

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System.out.println("My thread is in running state.");
}
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[]){
MultithreadingDemoobj=newMultithreadingDemo();
Threadtobj=newThread(obj);
tobj.start();
}
}
Output:
My thread isin running state.
Example Program 2:
Observe the output of this program and try to understand what is happening in this
program. If you have understood the usage of each thread method then you should not face
any issue, understanding this example.

Class CountimplementsRunnable
{
Threadmythread;
Count()
{
mythread=newThread(this,"my runnable thread");
System.out.println("my thread created"+mythread);
mythread.start();
}
publicvoid run()
{
try
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
System.out.println("Printing the count "+ i);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("my thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("mythread run is over");
}
}
classRunnableExample
{
publicstaticvoid main(Stringargs[])
{
Countcnt=newCount();
try
{
while(cnt.mythread.isAlive())
{

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System.out.println("Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live");
Thread.sleep(1500);
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted");
}
System.out.println("Main thread run is over");
}
}
Output:
my thread createdThread[my runnable thread,5,main]
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 0
Printing the count 1
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 2
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 3
Printing the count 4
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 5
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 6
Printing the count 7
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 8
Main thread will be alive till the child thread is live
Printing the count 9
mythread run is over
Main thread run is over

Thread priorities
 Thread priorities are the integers which decide how one thread should be treated with
respect to the others.
 Thread priority decides when to switch from one running thread to another, process is
called context switching
 A thread can voluntarily release control and the highest priority thread that is ready to
run is given the CPU.
 A thread can be preempted by a higher priority thread no matter what the lower
priority thread is doing. Whenever a higher priority thread wants to run it does.
 To set the priority of the thread setPriority() method is used which is a method of the
class Thread Class.
 In place of defining the priority in integers, we can
use MIN_PRIORITY, NORM_PRIORITY or MAX_PRIORITY.

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CHAPTER – XI
THREAD METHODS & APPLETS
Methods: isAlive() and join()
 In all the practical situations main thread should finish last else other threads which
have spawned from the main thread will also finish.
 To know whether the thread has finished we can call isAlive() on the thread which
returns true if the thread is not finished.
 Another way to achieve this by using join() method, this method when called from the
parent thread makes parent thread wait till child thread terminates.
 These methods are defined in the Thread class.
 We have used isAlive() method in the above examples too.

Synchronization
 Multithreading introduces asynchronous behavior to the programs. If a thread is writing
some data another thread may be reading the same data at that time. This may bring
inconsistency.
 When two or more threads need access to a shared resource there should be some way
that the resource will be used only by one resource at a time. The process to achieve
this is called synchronization.
 To implement the synchronous behavior java has synchronous method. Once a thread is
inside a synchronized method, no other thread can call any other synchronized method
on the same object. All the other threads then wait until the first thread come out of the
synchronized block.
 When we want to synchronize access to objects of a class which was not designed for
the multithreaded access and the code of the method which needs to be accessed
synchronously is not available with us, in this case we cannot add the synchronized to
the appropriate methods. In java we have the solution for this, put the calls to the
methods (which needs to be synchronized) defined by this class inside a synchronized
block in following manner.

Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):

Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most cases,
thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive scheduling).
But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses.
3 constants defined in Thread class:
1. public static int MIN_PRIORITY
2. public static int NORM_PRIORITY
3. public static int MAX_PRIORITY
Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and the
value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a Thread:

1. class TestMultiPriority1 extends Thread{
2. public void run(){
3. System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
4. System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
5.
6. }
7. public static void main(String args[]){
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8. TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1();
9. TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1();
10. m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
11. m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
12. m1.start();
13. m2.start();
14.
15. }
16. }
Test it Now
Output:running thread name is:Thread-0
running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1
running thread priority is:1

Inter-thread Communication in Java

Prerequisite : Multithreading in Java, Synchronized in Java

What is Polling and what are problems with it?

The process of testing a condition repeatedly till it becomes true is known as polling.
Polling is usually implemented with the help of loops to check whether a particular condition is
true or not. If it is true, certain action is taken. This waste many CPU cycles and makes the
implementation inefficient.
For example, in a classic queuing problem where one thread is producing data and other is
consuming it.

How Java multi threading tackles this problem?

To avoid polling, Java uses three methods, namely, wait(), notify() and notifyAll().
All these methods belong to object class as final so that all classes have them. They must be
used within a synchronized block only.
 wait()-It tells the calling thread to give up the lock and go to sleep until some other
thread enters the same monitor and calls notify().
 notify()-It wakes up one single thread that called wait() on the same object. It should be
noted that calling notify() does not actually give up a lock on a resource.
 notifyAll()-It wakes up all the threads that called wait() on the same object.

A simple Java program to demonstrate the three methods-

This program might only run in offline IDEs as it contains taking input at several points.
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// Java program to demonstrate inter-thread communication
// (wait(), join() and notify()) in Java
importjava.util.Scanner;
publicclassthreadexample
{

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Public static void main(String args[])
Throws InterruptedException
{
finalPC pc = newPC();

// Create a thread object that calls pc.produce()

Thread t1 = newThread(newRunnable()
{
@Override
publicvoidrun()
{
try
{
pc.produce();
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});

// Create another thread object that calls

// pc.consume()
Thread t2 = newThread(newRunnable()
{
@Override
publicvoidrun()
{
try
{
pc.consume();
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});

// Start both threads

t1.start();
t2.start();

// t1 finishes before t2
t1.join();
t2.join();
}

// PC (Produce Consumer) class with produce() and

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// consume() methods.
Public static class PC
{
// Prints a string and waits for consume()
publicvoidproduce()throwsInterruptedException
{
// synchronized block ensures only one thread
// running at a time.
synchronized(this)
{
System.out.println("producer thread running");

// releases the lock on shared resource

wait();

// and waits till some other method invokes notify().

System.out.println("Resumed");
}
}

// Sleeps for some time and waits for a key press. After key
// is pressed, it notifies produce().
publicvoidconsume()throwsInterruptedException
{
// this makes the produce thread to run first.
Thread.sleep(1000);
Scanner s = newScanner(System.in);

// synchronized block ensures only one thread

// running at a time.
synchronized(this)
{
System.out.println("Waiting for return key.");
s.nextLine();
System.out.println("Return key pressed");

// notifies the produce thread that it

// can wake up.
notify();

// Sleep
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
}
}
}
Output:
producer thread running
Waiting for return key.

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Return key pressed
Resumed
As monstrous as it seem0073, it really is a piece of cake if you go through it twice.
1. In the main class a new PC object is created.
2. It runs produce and consume methods of PC object using two different threads
namely t1 and t2 and wait for these threads to finish.
Lets understand how our produce and consume method works.
First of all, use of synchronized block ensures that only one thread at a time runs. Also since
there is a sleep method just at the beginning of consume loop, the produce thread gets a kickstart.

When the wait is called in produce method, it does two things. Firstly it releases the lock it holds
on PC object. Secondly it makes the produce thread to go on a waiting state until all other threads have
terminated, that is it can again acquire a lock on PC object and some other method wakes it up by
invoking notify or notifyAll on the same object.

Therefore we see that as soon as wait is called, the control transfers to consume thread and it
prints -“Waiting for return key”

After we press the return key, consume method invokes notify(). It also does 2 things- Firstly,
unlike wait(), it does not releases the lock on shared resource therefore for getting the desired result, it
is advised to use notify only at the end of your method. Secondly, it notifies the waiting threads that
now they can wake up but only after the current method terminates.

As you might have observed that even after notifying, the control does not immediately passes
over to the produce thread. The reason for it being that we have called Thread.sleep() after notify(). As
we already know that the consume thread is holding a lock on PC object, another thread cannot access
it until it has released the lock. Hence only a 0fter the consume thread finishes its sleep time and
thereafter terminates by itself, the produce thread cannot take back the control.

After a 2 second pause, the program terminates to its completion.

If you are still confused as to why we have used notify in consume thread, try removing
it and running your program again. As you must have noticed now that the program never
terminates.

The reason for this is straightforward-When you called wait on produce thread, it went
on waiting and never terminated. Since a program runs till all its threads have terminated, it
runs on and on.

There is a second way round this problem. You can use a second variant of wait().
void wait(long timeout)

Java Suspend Resume Stop Threads

Sometimes, suspending the execution of a thread is useful. For example, a separate thread can
be used to display the time of day. If user does not want a clock, then its thread can be suspended.
Whatever the case, suspending a thread is a simple matter. Once suspended, restarting the thread is
also a simple matter.

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The mechanisms to suspend, resume, and stop threads differ between early versions of Java,
such as Java 1.0, and modern versions, beginning with Java 2. Prior to Java 2, a program used
the suspend(), resume(), and stop() methods, which are defined by the Thread, to pause, restart, and
stop the execution of a thread. Although these methods seem to be a perfectly reasonable and
convenient approach to managing the execution of threads, they must not be used for new Java
programs.

Java suspend Thread

The suspend() method of Thread class was deprecated by Java 2 several years ago. This was
done because the suspend() can sometimes cause serious system failures.

Assume that a thread has obtained locks on the critical data structures. If that thread is
suspended at that point, those locks are not relinquished. Other threads that may be waiting for those
resources can be deadlocked.

Java resume Thread

The resume() method is also deprecated. It doest not cause problems, but cannot be used
without the suspend() method as its counterpart.

Java stop Thread

The stop() method of Thread class, too, was deprecated by Java 2. This was done because this
method can sometimes cause serious system failures.

Assume that a thread is writing to a critically important data structure and has
completed only part of its changes. If that thread is stopped at that point, that data structure
might be left in a corrupted state. The trouble is that, the stop() causes any lock the calling
thread holds to be released. Thus, the corrupted data might be used by another thread that is
waiting on the same lock.

Java suspend resume stop Thread Example

Because you can not now use the suspend(), resume(), or stop() methods to control a thread,
you might be thinking that no way exists to pause, restart, or terminate a thread. But, fortunately, this is
not true. Instead, a thread must be designed so that the run() method periodically checks to determine
whether that thread should suspend, resume, or stop its own execution. Typically, this is accomplished
by establishing a flag variable that indicates the execution state of the thread. As long as this flag is set
to "running", run() method must continue to let the thread execute. If this variable is set to "suspend",
the thread must pause. If it is set to "stop", the thread must terminate. Of course, a variety of ways exist
in which to write such code, but the central theme will be same for all the programs.

The following example illustrates how wait() and notify() methods that are inherited from
the Object can be used to control the execution of a thread. Let's consider its operation.
The NewThread class contains a boolean instance variable named suspendFlag which is used to control
the execution of the thread. It is initialized to false by the constructor. The run() method contains
a synchronized statement block that checks suspendFlag. If that variable is true, the wait() method is
invoked to suspend the execution of the thread. The mysuspend() method sets suspendFlag to true.
The myresume() method sets suspendFlag to false and invokes notify() to wake up the thread. Finally,
the main() method has been modified to invoke the mysuspend() and myresume()methods.

class NewThread implements Runnable

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String name; //name of thread
Thread thr;
booleansuspendFlag;

NewThread(String threadname)
{
name = threadname;
thr = new Thread(this, name);
System.out.println("New thread : " + thr);
suspendFlag = false;
thr.start(); // start the thread
}

/* this is the entry point for thread */

public void run()
{
try
{
for(int i=12; i>0; i--)
{
System.out.println(name + " : " + i);
Thread.sleep(200);
synchronized(this)
{
while(suspendFlag)
{
wait();
}
}
}
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println(name + " interrupted");
}

System.out.println(name + " exiting...");

}
synchronized void mysuspend()
{
suspendFlag = true;
}

synchronized void myresume()

{
suspendFlag = false;
notify();
}
}

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class SuspendResumeThread
{
public static void main(String args[])
{

NewThread obj1 = new NewThread("One");

NewThread obj2 = new NewThread("two");

try
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
obj1.mysuspend();
System.out.println("Suspending thread One...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
obj1.myresume();
System.out.println("Resuming thread One...");

obj2.mysuspend();
System.out.println("Suspending thread Two...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
obj2.myresume();
System.out.println("Resuming thread Two...");
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main thread Interrupted..!!");
}

/* wait for threads to finish */

try
{
System.out.println("Waiting for threads to finish...");
obj1.thr.join();
obj2.thr.join();
}
catch(InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("Main thread Interrupted..!!");
}

System.out.println("Main thread exiting...");

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