6 Apr 2022

ARCHITECTURAL
RESEARCH METHODS

Presented by:
Arch. Juanito Y. Sy, uap, aacep, earoph, same
MA Architecture

Module 5: Data Presentation

PRESENTATION

• Is the process of organizing data into logical, sequential

and meaningful categories and classifications to make
them amenable to study and interpretation.

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MODES OF PRESENTATION

• Textual – embraces the discussion and analysis of data

• Tabular – used to present through tables the data of the

study

• Graphic – presents data in a more vivid fashion of

certain facts, trends, and relationship in cases where
table cannot show various shades and meaning

TECHNIQUES/METHODS

• Quantification and description of data – comparison of

elements (eg. Change frequency counts into
percentages)
• Classification of data – (eg. Breakdown into sub-groups)
• Sorting and tabulating – “tabulation is defined as a
process of transferring data from the data gathering
instrument to the tabular form in which they may be
systematically examined”
• Tables and Figures – “table is a systematic method of
presenting statistical data to enable the reader to
comprehend and interpret masses of data rapidly”
• Statistics – process of counting, measuring, comparing
and differentiating data

Rules for the handling of tables

• Relatively simple, concentrating on a limited number of
ideas. Too much data in a table minimizes the value of
tabular presentation
• If a table is large enough to occupy more than a half-
page, it should be placed on a page by itself, carefully
centered for a balanced effect. If it is short, occupying
less than a half-page, it may be placed on the page with
textual material, preferably following as closely as
possible the textual discussion that relates to it.
• Text references should identify tables by number, rather
than by such expressions as, “The table above,” or “the
following table.” Tables should rarely be carried over to
the second or third page. If the table must be continued,
the heading should be repeated at the top of each
column of data on each page.

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Rules for the handling of tables

• Tables should not exceed the page size of the
manuscript.
• The word Table is centered between the page margins
and typed in capital letters, followed by the table number
in capital Roman numerals.
• Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the
entire report or thesis, including those tables that may
be placed in the appendix. The caption or title is placed
two spaces below the word table, and arranged in
inverted pyramid form. The main title should be brief,
clearly indicating the nature of the data presented.
• The top of the table is placed three spaces below the
last line of the title. Column headings, or box heads
should be clearly labelled, describing the nature and
units of measure of the data listed.

Rules for the handling of tables

• If numbers are shortened by the omission of zeros, that
fact should be mentioned in the sub-title.
• Numerical data are usually arranged in descending
order of magnitude or frequency, so that comparisons by
position can be noted readily.
• Decimal points should always be aligned in the column.
When no data are available for a particular cell, indicate
the lack by dash, rather than by zero.
• When a footnotes are needed to explain items in the
table, small letters or key symbols are used. Tbale
footnotes are placed just below the table, rather than at
the bottom of the page.

Rules for the handling of figures

A figure is a device that presents statistical data in graphic

form (eg. Graphs, charts, maps, sketches, diagrams, and
drawings).
• The title should clearly describe the nature of the data
presented.
• Figures should be simple enough to convey a clear idea,
and be understandable without the aid of textual
description.
• Numerical data upon which the figure is based should
be presented in an accompanying table, if it is not
included in the figure itself.
• Data should be presented carefully and accurately.
• Figures should be used sparingly.

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Rules for the handling of figures

• Figures that occupy more than half-page should be
placed on a separate page. Those that are smaller and
occupy less than a half-page may be placed on the
same page as textual material.
• Figures should follow, never precede, the related textual
discussions.
• Figures are referred to by number, never as “the figure
above” or “the figure below”.
• Figures are numbered with Arabic rather than Roman
numerals.
• The title of the figure is placed below rather than above
it.

Rules for the handling of figures

• There are four acceptable and frequently used title
forms, of any of which may be used if followed
consistently throughout the research project.

• Paragraph Form
• Underhung Form
• Block Form
• Inverted Pyramid Form

Paragraph Form
Figure 1. Absences of students at De La Salle
University during December, 2015.

Underhung Form
Figure 1. Absences of students at De La Salle University
during December, 2015.

Block Form
Figure 1. Absences of students at De La Salle University
during December, 2015.

Inverted Pyramid Form

Figure 1.

Absences of students at De La
Salle University during
December, 2015.

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INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION STANDARD

Attributes:

• Utility (To ensure than an evaluation will serve the

information needs of intended users)
• Feasibility (To ensure that an evaluation will be
realistic, prudent, frugal and diplomatic)
• Propriety (To ensure that an evaluation will be
conducted legally, ethically, and with due regard to those
involved in the evaluation, as well as those affected by
its results)
• Accuracy (To ensure that an evaluation will reveal and
convey technical adequate information about the
features that determine worth or merit of the program
being evaluated)

(Source: American Evaluation Standard)

Questions or Comments?

Module 6: Data Analysis and

Interpretation

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References

Wang, David and Groat, Linda. (2013) Architectural Research Methods.

New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Emmitt, Stephen (2013). Architectural Technology Research & Practice.

England: Wiley Blackwell.

C.R. Kothari. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.

New Age International Publisher, 2nd edition.

Fink, Arlene (1995). The Survey HandBook. USA: SAGE Publications,

Inc.

Lois Johnson Reid, Bedford. (1993) Introduction to Technical Writing:

Process & Practice: St.Martin's.

Calderon, Jose F. and Gonzales, Expectacion C. (1993) Methods of

Research and Thesis Writings. Manila: National Book Store, Inc.

Good, Carter V. And Scates, Douglas E. (1954) Methods of Research.

New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc.

Wire Research:

http://wire.rutgers.edu/research_assignments_empirical_link.html

http://www.chssc.salford.ac.uk/healthSci/rem99/resmeth/planning.htm

http://www.io.com/~hcexres/tcm1603/acchtml/otherep.html#primresch

http://www.slideshare.net

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
▪ Data Analysis
▪ An attempt by the researcher to
summarize collected data

▪ Data Interpretation
▪ Attempt to find meaning

▪ How do these differ by research tradition?

▪ Quantitative
▪ Qualitative

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▪ Includes detailed descriptions, direct

quotations in response to open-ended
questions, the transcript of opinion of
groups, and observation of different types.

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▪ involves systematic manipulation of data,

either “hard” objective data or “softer”
subjective, attitudinal data.

Main Purposes:

• To describe phenomena in a concise format

using statistical tabulation
• To test relationships among variables of
interest
• To generalize findings to an overall population

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MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF

INTERPRETATION OF DATA

- “an adequate exposition of the true

meaning of the material presented, in
terms of the purposes of the study being
reported, and of the chapter and section
topics involved”

(Whitney, 1979)

1. It throws light on the real significance of

the material in the context where it is
found. (Meaning)

2. It should include also the wider

implications of the data that have been
first discussed, giving hints of conclusions
and recommendations to which they
logically lead and that will be presented in
detail to the last chapter of the report.
(Implications)

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3. The interpretative write-up of the report

should constitute a conclusive exhibit of facts
that the entire list of activities connected with
the investigation has been a process of
reflective thinking. Interpretation will
constitute the cream of this process, and will
allow forth the values of greatest worth that
have resulted, including, reference to
important generalizations that have appeared
and that will be presented in detail later.
(Conclusions, Values, Generalizations)

4. Interpretations should include the

meaning of the data and conclusions of
the study in comparison with and in the
light of all previous researchers.
(Comparison)

5. The final and most important level of

interpretation will be in terms of objectives
set-up, and in particular of the ultimate
objectives. (Recommendations)

TECHNIQUE IN INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
▪ One technique for data interpretation
(Wolcott)
▪ Extend the analysis by raising questions
▪ Connect findings to personal
experiences
▪ Seek the advice of “critical” friends
▪ Contextualize findings in the research
▪ Converging evidence?

▪ Turn to theory

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TECHNIQUE IN INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
▪ Use the right graph for the right data
▪ Tables – can display a large amount of
data
▪ Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect
patterns
▪ Label the components of your graphic
▪ Interpreting data adds meaning by making
connections and comparisons to program
▪ Service data are good at tracking progress &
identifying concerns – do not show causality

INTERPRETATION –
RELEVANCE OF FINDING
▪ Adding meaning to information by
making connections and comparisons
and exploring causes and
consequences

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research

INTERPRETATION –
POSSIBLE CAUSES
▪ Supplement with expert opinion
▪ Others with knowledge of the program
or target population

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research

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INTERPRETATION –
CONSIDER OTHER DATA
▪ Use routine service data to clarify questions
▪ Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
▪ Use other data sources

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research

INTERPRETATION –
OTHER DATA SOURCES
▪ Situation analyses
▪ Demographic and health surveys
▪ Performance improvement data

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research

INTERPRETATION –
CONDUCT FURTHER RESEARCH
 Data gap conduct further research
 Methodology depends on questions being
asked and resources available

Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research

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Questions or Comments?

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