This echart has selected pages from The Complete Jewish Study Bible

84 | SH’MOT 12:1

12 Adonai spoke to Moshe and Aharon in the land of Egypt; he said, 2 “You are to
1 

begin your calendar with this month; it will be the first month of the year for you.
3 
Speak to all the assembly of Isra’el and say, ‘On the tenth day of this month, each man is
to take a lamb or kid for his family, one per household — 4 except that if the household is
too small for a whole lamb or kid, then he and his next-door neighbor should share one,
dividing it in proportion to the number of people eating it. 5 Your animal must be without
defect, a male in its first year, and you may choose it from either the sheep or the goats.

THE HOLY DAYS OF ISRA’ EL

Introduction to the Holy Days of Isra’el

Exodus 12:2 The New Testament shows how Jewish the celebrations today. Their contention is that
Yeshua was: Jesus himself was a traditional Jew, these holy days are no longer relevant because Jesus
living in the land of Isra’el; he called other Jews to “fulfilled” all their symbolism in his life and ministry.
follow him as Messiah, the anointed one of God; While there is fulfillment in the holy days, there is
and his first followers were Jews who had found the also a continuation of the practical expression of
promised Messiah, hence they naturally continued these feasts. This continuity did not suddenly cease
the Jewish expression of their faith. For the most part, with the apostolic generation that followed Yeshua.
the Christian community has not understood the rich Although there are several admonitions in the NT to
heritage on which its faith is built. However, many think carefully about maintaining a healthy balance
Christians are rediscovering these connections and concerning the holy days, there is clear indication
wondering how they can understand the Jewishness that the early followers of Yeshua continued the
of their faith in a practical way. practices. There is also abundant evidence that the
The biblical holy days are a meaningful and practical disciples understood and continued to celebrate the
way to start. These feasts and festivals were revealed truths of God through the holy days, as explained in
by God, and through them all believers can be blessed, the Scriptures. This is an example for followers today,
both Jews and Gentiles. and much can be gained by continuing to observe the
holy days.
All of the biblical holy days were initially given to
Isra’el, but they are relevant to Christians as well. As one looks at the major holy days in Scripture,
In a practical way, the holy days are great object a striking picture can be seen. Major days are
lessons, teaching about God and his plan for the concentrated into two groups in two different times
world, and there are some exciting new truths waiting of the year. The spring holy days of Pesach and the
to be rediscovered through participation in the Feast of Unleavened Bread, Sfirat HaOmer (First
Jewish/biblical holy days. Just as we observe Pesach Fruits), Purim, and Shavu’ot (Pentecost) occur within
(Passover), focusing on the unleavened bread and a fifty-day time span from March to June. A long
cup of wine as a remembrance of Yeshua’s sacrifice summer intervenes until the autumn holy days of
of his body and blood for our salvation, celebration Rosh-HaShanah, Yom Kippur, and Sukkot (Tabernacles),
of the Jewish holy days is intended as a reminder of usually in September and/or October. The chronology
God’s commands and his interaction with his people of these days perfectly fits the salvation plan of God
throughout history. through his Messiah, Yeshua of Nazareth. (Excerpted
from Rabbi Barney Kasdan, God’s Appointed Times.)
Some see the feasts as an excellent teaching tool
for believers. Yet because of certain theological For more on “The Holy Days of Isra’el,” see reading at
views, they may question the value of continuing Exodus 12:11–20.

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
 E X O D U S 1 2 : 2 9 | 852

6 
“ ‘You are to keep it until the fourteenth day of the month, and then the entire assembly
of the community of Isra’el will slaughter it at dusk. 7 They are to take some of the blood and
smear it on the two sides and top of the door-frame at the entrance of the house in which
they eat it. 8 That night, they are to eat the meat, roasted in the fire; they are to eat it with
matzah and maror (bitter herbs). 9 Don’t eat it raw or boiled, but roasted in the fire, with its
head, the lower parts of its legs and its inner organs. 10 Let nothing of it remain till morning;
if any of it does remain, burn it up completely.
11 
“ ‘Here is how you are to eat it: with your belt fastened, your shoes on your feet and
your staff in your hand; and you are to eat it hurriedly. It is Adonai’s Pesach (Passover).
12 
For that night, I will pass through the land of Egypt and kill all the firstborn in the land of
Egypt, both men and animals; and I will execute judgment against all the gods of Egypt; I
am Adonai. 13 The blood will serve you as a sign marking the houses where you are; when I
see the blood, I will pass over (Heb. pasach) you — when I strike the land of Egypt, the death
blow will not strike you.
14 
“ ‘This will be a day for you to remember and celebrate as a festival to Adonai; from
generation to generation you are to celebrate it by a perpetual regulation.
15 
“ ‘For seven days you are to eat matzah — on the first day remove the leaven from your
houses. For whoever eats hametz (leavened bread) from the first to the seventh day is to be
cut off from Isra’el. 16 On the first and seventh days, you are to have an assembly set aside for
God. On these days no work is to be done, except what each must do to prepare his food;
you may do only that. 17  You are to observe the festival of matzah, for on this very day I
brought your divisions out of the land of Egypt. Therefore, you are to observe this day from
generation to generation by a perpetual regulation. 18 From the evening of the fourteenth day
of the first month until the evening of the twenty-first day, you are to eat matzah. 19 During
those seven days, no leaven is to be found in your houses. Whoever eats food with hametz in
it is to be cut off from the community of Isra’el — it doesn’t matter whether he is a foreigner
or a citizen of the land. 20 Eat nothing with hametz in it. Wherever you live, eat matzah.’ ”
(v) 21 Then Moshe called for all the leaders of Isra’el and said, “Select and take lambs for
your families, and slaughter the Pesach lamb. 22 Take a bunch of hyssop leaves and dip it in
the blood which is in the basin, and smear it on the two sides and top of the door-frame.
Then, none of you is to go out the door of his house until morning. 23 For Adonai will pass
through to kill the Egyptians; but when he sees the blood on the top and on the two sides,
Adonai will pass over the door and will not allow the Slaughterer to enter your houses and
kill you. 24 You are to observe this as a law, you and your descendants forever.
25 
“When you come to the land which Adonai will give you, as he has promised, you
are to observe this ceremony. 26 When your children ask you, ‘What do you mean by this
ceremony?’ 27  say, ‘It is the sacrifice of Adonai’s Pesach (Passover), because [Adonai]
passed over the houses of the people of Isra’el in Egypt, when he killed the Egyptians but
spared our houses.’ ” The people of Isra’el bowed their heads and worshipped. 28  Then
the people of Isra’el went and did as Adonai had ordered Moshe and Aharon — that is
what they did.
(vi) 29 At midnight Adonai killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn
of Pharaoh sitting on his throne to the firstborn of the prisoner in the dungeon, and all the

12:25 “You are to observe this ceremony.” This instruction this verse can mean physical work, worship, or service. The
means “to guard over this act of worship” by doing it just as context of v. 25 is ADONAI’s instruction to Isra’el regarding
God had instructed. The word avodah (ceremony) used in corporate worship.

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
386 | SH’MOT 12:30

firstborn of livestock. 30 Pharaoh got up in the night, he, all his servants and all the Egyptians;
and there was horrendous wailing in Egypt; for there wasn’t a single house without someone
dead in it. 31 He summoned Moshe and Aharon by night and said, “Up and leave my people,

THE HOLY DAYS OF ISRA’ EL

Pesach (Passover)
Historical Background
Exodus 12:11–20 Isra’el’s patriarchs—Avraham, It seems that God gave Pharaoh ample opportunity
Yitz’chak, and Ya‘akov (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob)— to do his will, but since the Egyptian leader (referred
had brought God’s people from Mesopotamia to to elsewhere as a crocodile) stubbornly refused to
Isra’el and then to Egypt. Although the people grew let the Israelites leave, God finally totally hardened
in number to two million, God didn’t want them to Pharaoh’s heart and, in judgment, said he would send
remain in this foreign land. He wanted them back in the Angel of Death over the land of Egypt to take the
Kena’an (Canaan; now Isra’el). So Moshe was charged firstborn boy of every household—the tenth plague.
to say to Pharaoh, “Let my people go” so they might But with every judgment of God there is also a way of
serve God. But Pharaoh said, “No!” escape. Any household that put the blood of a perfect,
Because of the increasing hardness of the Pharaoh’s unblemished sacrificial lamb on its doorpost was given
heart, God sent ten plagues, one by one, to persuade a special promise: “When I see the blood, I will pass
him to relent and allow his people to go and worship over you—when I strike the land of Egypt, the death
him. As devastating as the first nine plagues were— blow will not strike you” (Exod. 12:13).
the Nile River flowing with blood, infestations of Pesach clearly typifies redemption in a dramatic
frogs, lice, beasts, cattle disease, boils, hail, locusts, way. It is an annual holy day commemorating God’s
and darkness— it wasn’t until the tenth and final deliverance of Isra’el from the slavery of Egypt. Yet
plague, the death of the firstborn of every creature in Pesach also holds a greater prophetic picture of God’s
Egypt, that Pharaoh acquiesced to the God of Isra’el. plan for world redemption.

Traditional Jewish Observance

In preparation for the celebration of Pesach (Passover), leaven) takes place in the home. The last little bits
the Torah says to remove any leavened products from of leaven are found and removed from the premises.
the household (Exod. 12:15) as a reminder that the The details of this process are intriguing. Since the
children of Isra’el had to flee Egypt so quickly that the house has previously been cleaned, the leader of the
bread in their ovens did not have time to rise. Floors house must purposely hide some leaven (bits of cookie
are swept, vacuumed, and mopped. Cupboards are or bread) in various places. Then the leader takes a
cleared of leavened products and cleaned. Pots and feather, a wooden spoon, and a lighted candle, and
dishes are thoroughly washed to remove any possible the family begins searching for the final leaven.
fragments of leaven. The spirit of the law is to remove After the home has been cleaned, preparation for
all leaven from our houses (Exod. 12:19–20). After a the central tradition associated with the day, the
general cleaning in the first weeks of Nisan, attention Pesach Seder meal, occurs. Seder means “order” of
becomes more focused as first the day of Pesach the service, which is based on the directives given in
approaches. Typically in observant Jewish homes, Exodus 12. God told the Israelites that the evening
after sundown on the fourteenth of Nisan, a special shall be commemorated by eating three things: lamb,
ceremony called bedikat chametz (the search for the

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
 4
E X O D U S 1 2 : 3 3 | 87

both you and the people of Isra’el; and go, serve Adonai as you said. 32 Take both your flocks
and your herds, as you said; and get out of here! But bless me, too.” 33 The Egyptians pressed
to send the people out of the land quickly, because they said, “Otherwise we’ll all be dead!”

matzah (unleavened bread), and bitter herbs. Rabbis readings while also accompanied by relevant NT
later added numerous other elements, including passages and explanations.
green vegetables, a roasted egg, an apple/nut mix Pesach lasts for eight days, and during this time no
(charoset), and four cups of wine. Small amounts of leavened foods are to be eaten. The Scriptures indicate
these are arranged on a ceremonial plate, and the that the seven days following the Seder are an entirely
cups of wine are sipped from a decorative wine goblet independent feast called “Unleavened Bread” (Lev.
(Kiddush cup). Later in history, rabbis added a fifth cup 23:6). Modern observance has combined these two
to the Seder called the Cup of Elijah. This particular feasts into one eight-day festival of Pesach. Through
cup is filled, with the hope that the prophet Elijah will the symbolism and celebration, Jewish families are
come, drink from his cup, and announce the coming reminded of the great redemption of the first Passover,
of Messiah (Mal. 4:5). Pesach, like most of the biblical while followers of Yeshua additionally recall the great
holy days, features special and meaningful foods. salvation that comes from Yeshua the Messiah.
On the day of 14 Nisan, as the first day of Pesach A particularly intriguing element incorporated by
approaches, final preparations for the Seder must be rabbis is the matzah tash, a linen pouch or plate with
made. By now, the preliminary arrangements, such as three different sections. A piece of matzah is placed
shopping for “Kosher for Passover” products (matzah, within, individually set apart yet united in the one
wine or grape juice, and any other unleavened food container. Rabbinic commentaries don’t give the exact
substitutes), has been completed. A traditional Seder origin of this custom. They speculate that the matzah
plate and ceremonial items will also be needed: a lamb tash represents unity—perhaps the unity of the
shank bone (zeroah) represents the lamb sacrifice; people of Isra’el through the forefathers (Avraham,
a roasted hard-boiled egg (baytzah) represents the Yitz’chak, and Ya‘akov), or the unity of the families of
burnt offerings of the Temple period; and bitter herbs Isra’el (Aharon, the Levites, and the common people).
(maror), usually horseradish, are a reminder of the Messianic believers see in this the tri-unity of God.
bitterness of slavery to sin. The sweet apple/nut mix
(charoset) is a wonderful reminder of the sweetness of During the first part of the Seder, the middle piece
our redemption. Parsley (karpas), a green vegetable, of matzah is taken out and broken in half. Half of
speaks of life. A goblet (Kiddush cup) for each person the matzah is placed back in the matzah tash. The
plus the cup of Elijah, along with a place setting is also other half is wrapped in a linen napkin and hidden
needed to prepare the Seder table. A matzah tash (linen somewhere in the room by the leader of the Seder. The
pouch or plate used to enclose matzah) and ceremonial hidden matzah is called the afikomen, a Greek word
washing bowl of water are also essential items. meaning “that which comes last.” Rabbis say it alludes
to the fact that the afikomen is the last thing tasted
Around the tenth century, a structured order of service at the Seder, the dessert. Others have suggested the
was developed into a booklet called the Haggadah, translation “he will come again.” This sense of the word
which retells the history and significance of Pesach. has much meaning to the messianic believer since it
The Pesach Seder is the ceremonial dinner centered pictures the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection and
on reading the Haggadah. One can use a traditional return of Messiah.
Haggadah, available through any Jewish bookstore,
but some believers in Yeshua prefer to use a Messianic For more on “The Holy Days of Isra’el: Pesach
Jewish version that contains most of the traditional (Passover),” see reading at Luke 22:7.

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
5 |
88 SH’MOT 12:34

34 
The people took their dough before it had become leavened and wrapped their kneading
bowls in their clothes on their shoulders. 35 The people of Isra’el had done what Moshe had
said — they had asked the Egyptians to give them silver and gold jewelry and clothing; 36 and
Adonai had made the Egyptians so favorably disposed toward the people that they had let
them have whatever they requested. Thus they plundered the Egyptians.
37 
The people of Isra’el traveled from Ra‘amses to Sukkot, some six hundred thousand
men on foot, not counting children. 38 A mixed crowd also went up with them, as well as
livestock in large numbers, both flocks and herds. 39  They baked matzah loaves from the
dough they had brought out of Egypt, since it was unleavened; because they had been driven
out of Egypt without time to prepare supplies for themselves.
40 
The time the people of Isra’el lived in Egypt was 430 years. 41 At the end of 430 years to
the day, all the divisions of Adonai left the land of Egypt. 42 This was a night when Adonai
kept vigil to bring them out of the land of Egypt, and this same night continues to be a night
when Adonai keeps vigil for all the people of Isra’el through all their generations.
43 
Adonai said to Moshe and Aharon, “This is the regulation for the Pesach lamb: no
foreigner is to eat it. 44  But if anyone has a slave he bought for money, when you have
circumcised him, he may eat it. 45 Neither a traveler nor a hired servant may eat it. 46 It is to
be eaten in one house. You are not to take any of the meat outside the house, and you are
not to break any of its bones. 47 The whole community of Isra’el is to keep it. 48 If a foreigner
staying with you wants to observe Adonai’s Pesach, all his males must be circumcised. Then
he may take part and observe it; he will be like a citizen of the land. But no uncircumcised
person is to eat it. 49 The same teaching is to apply equally to the citizen and to the foreigner
living among you.”
50 
All the people of Isra’el did just as Adonai had ordered Moshe and Aharon. 51 On that
very day, Adonai brought the people of Isra’el out of the land of Egypt by their divisions.

13 (vii) 1 Adonai said to Moshe, 2 “Set aside for me all the firstborn. Whatever is first
from the womb among the people of Isra’el, both of humans and of animals, be-
longs to me.” 3 Moshe said to the people, “Remember this day, on which you left Egypt,
the abode of slavery; because Adonai, by the strength of his hand, has brought you out
of this place. Do not eat hametz. 4  You are leaving today, in the month of Aviv. 5  When
Adonai brings you into the land of the Kena‘ani, Hitti, Emori, Hivi and Y’vusi, which
he swore to your ancestors to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, you are to
observe this ceremony in this month. 6  For seven days you are to eat matzah, and the
seventh day is to be a festival for Adonai. 7 Matzah is to be eaten throughout the seven
days; neither hametz nor leavening agents are to be seen with you throughout your ter-
ritory. 8  On that day you are to tell your son, ‘It is because of what Adonai did for me
when I left Egypt.’
9 
“Moreover, it will serve you as a sign on your hand and as a reminder between your eyes,
so that Adonai’s Torah may be on your lips; because with a strong hand Adonai brought
you out of Egypt. 10 Therefore you are to observe this regulation at its proper time, year after
year. 11 When Adonai brings you into the land of the Kena‘ani, as he swore to you and your
ancestors, and gives it to you, 12 you are to set apart for Adonai everything that is first from
the womb. Every firstborn male animal will belong to Adonai. 13  Every firstborn from a
donkey, you are to redeem with a lamb; but if you choose not to redeem it, you must break
its neck. But from people, you are to redeem every firstborn son. (Maftir) 14 When, at some
future time, your son asks you, ‘What is this?’ then say to him, ‘With a strong hand Adonai

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
 E X O D U S 1 4 : 9 | 896

brought us out of Egypt, out of the abode of slavery. 15 When Pharaoh was unwilling to let us
go, Adonai killed all the firstborn males in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of humans
and the firstborn of animals. This is why I sacrifice to Adonai any male that is first from
the womb of an animal, but all the firstborn of my sons I redeem.’ 16 This will serve as a sign
on your hand and at the front of a headband around your forehead that with a strong hand
Adonai brought us out of Egypt.”

Haftarah Bo: Yirmeyahu (Jeremiah) 46:13–28

B’rit Hadashah suggested readings for Parashah Bo: Luke 2:22–24; Yochanan (John)
19:31–37; Acts 13:16 –17; Revelation 8:6–9:12; 16:1–21

Parashah 16: B’shallach (After he had let go) 13:17–17:16

After Pharaoh had let the people go, God did not guide them to the highway that goes
17 

through the land of the P’lishtim, because it was close by — God thought that the people,
upon seeing war, might change their minds and return to Egypt. 18  Rather, God led the
people by a roundabout route, through the desert by the Sea of Suf. The people of Isra’el
went up from the land of Egypt fully armed.
19 
Moshe took the bones of Yosef with him, for Yosef had made the people of Isra’el swear
an oath when he said, “God will certainly remember you; and you are to carry my bones up
with you, away from here.”
20 
They traveled from Sukkot and set up camp in Etam, at the edge of the desert. 21 Adonai
went ahead of them in a column of cloud during the daytime to lead them on their way,
and at night in a column of fire to give them light; thus they could travel both by day and by
night. 22 Neither the column of cloud by day nor the column of fire at night went away from
in front of the people.

14 Adonai said to Moshe, 2 “Tell the people of Isra’el to turn around and set up camp
1 

in front of Pi-Hachirot, between Migdol and the sea, in front of Ba‘al-Tz’fon; camp
opposite it, by the sea. 3  Then Pharaoh will say that the people of Isra’el are wandering
aimlessly in the countryside, the desert has closed in on them. 4 I will make Pharaoh so
hardhearted that he will pursue them; thus I will win glory for myself at the expense of
Pharaoh and all his army, and the Egyptians will realize at last that I am Adonai.” The
people did as ordered.
5 
When the king of Egypt was told that the people had fled, Pharaoh and his servants
had a change of heart toward the people. They said, “What have we done, letting Isra’el
stop being our slaves?” 6 So he prepared his chariots and took his people with him — 7 he
took 600 first-quality chariots, as well as all the other chariots in Egypt, along with their
commanders. 8 Adonai made Pharaoh hardhearted, and he pursued the people of Isra’el,
as they left boldly. (ii) 9  The Egyptians went after them, all the horses and chariots of

13:16 “This will serve as a sign on your hand and at the forehead of Jewish worshippers, except on Shabbat (the
front of a headband around your forehead.” Exodus 13:1– Sabbath). See “Phylacteries (T’fillin),” Deut. 11:13–21.
16, along with Deut. 6:4–9 (the Shema) and 11:13–21, are
14:8 They left boldly. The phrase yad ramah (literally, “with
written on parchment, inserted into t’fillin (phylacteries, or
a high arm”) is used here to describe how Isra’el left. It can
prayer boxes). Daily they are wrapped around the arm and
mean “boldly,” “with great purpose,” or “brazenly.”

This free e-Chart is taken from the book The Complete Jewish Study Bible ISBN 9781619708679. This best-selling Complete © 2021 Hendrickson Bibles.
Jewish Bible has detailed notes and comprehensive study materials to help both Jewish and Christian readers understand and
connect with the essence of their faith—God’s redemptive plan for his people.
 Palm Sunday to Easter, Pamphlet
Follow the events of Holy Week with this illustrated 14-panel
pamphlet! Great for home visitations or to give to visitors
at Easter services, it also includes a helpful map and daily
timeline.

Pamphlet......................9781596367401................... $3.99
Also available as a Downloadable PDF.

Christ in the Passover, Pamphlet

The Complete Jewish Study Bible Celebrate your Jewish Roots! The Passover is the Old
Testament feast that celebrates and remembers God’s
liberation of Israel from Egypt. It also foreshadow’s Christ’s
The Complete Jewish Study Bible pairs the newly updated text sacrifice on the cross. This small pamphlet shows the parallels
of the best-selling Complete Jewish Bible with detailed notes and between the Passover in the Old Testament and the work
of Jesus Christ as the perfect Passover lamb in the New
comprehensive study material to help both Jewish and Christian Testament.
readers understand and connect with the essence of their faith—God’s
redemptive plan for his people. Pamphlet......................9781596361850................... $3.99
Also available as a Downloadable PDF.
Readers will be enriched through this Jewish reading of Scripture and
the revelation of the long-awaited Messiah, Yeshua, throughout both
the Tanakh (Old Testament) and the B’rit Hadashah (New Testament). Feasts of the Bible, Pamphlet
Additional Features God commanded Moses and the Children of Israel to observe
these feasts and holy days as memorials to the great things
• Eight pages of full-color maps that he had done in their lives. These are holidays that Jesus
observed all through his life. See how these special days point
• Presentation page to Jesus as the promised Messiah. Includes Hebrew lettering,
• Two ribbon markers pronunciation, the Jewish calendar, symbolism, and Bible
• 10-point text size, 7 point note size references for the feasts and their New Testament fulfillment.

Pamphlet.................... 9781890947583..................... $3.99

Hardcover............................... 9781619708679.......................... $49.95 Also available as a Downloadable PDF.

www.hendricksonrose.com | info@hendricksonrose.com
or call (800) 358-3111

Rose Publishing, LLC., publishes full-color, easy-to-use Bible reference materials, including charts, maps, time lines, and biblical reference pamphlets for pastors, Bible study leaders, new member classes & small groups.