Borehole Drilling

PRACTICAL REPORT
ON THE TOPIC
HYDROLOGY CYCLE OF WATER AND
BOREHOLE DRILLLING
PREPARED BY:
GROUP K
COURSE TITLE:
HYDROGEOLOGY
COURSE CODE:
CEC 207
DEPARTMENT
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LEVEL: ND 2 PT
SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. KOMOLAFE
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA,

OFFA KWARA STATE
MAY, 2023
PREPARED BY:
1. CE/ND/P21/1341
2. CE /ND/P21/1329
3. CE /ND/P21/1370
4. CE /ND/P21/1313
5. CE /ND/P21/1380
6. CE /ND/P21/1391
7. CE /ND/P21/1273
8. CE /ND/P21/1308
9. CE /ND/P21/1369
10. CE /ND/P21/1395
HYDRAULIC CYCLE OF WATER
WATER:
Water substance composes of chemical element of hydrogen and oxygen and it exist in
gaseous, liquid and solid state. In gas as water vapour, in liquid as water and in solid as ice,
snow respectively. Water is the only substance that freeze from to 100 0 and to 00
Water is colourless, tasteless and odourless, and it is competent o dissolving any substance
Water is an aqeous solution
In small water are colourless but has an instinct blue colour in large
HYDRAULIC CYCLE OF WATER
This is the sum total in which water move from land and ocean and to the atmosphere and
all back as precipitation.
It depends on various factors and equally affected by land and vegetation and land surface
and also known as ocean
Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water
cycle consisting of the following transfer processes: evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
 Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air

and transpiration from land plants and animals into the air.
 Transpiration from the soil to the atmosphere via plants.
 Precipitation from water vapor
 Condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.
 Runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.
Most water vapors found mostly in the ocean returns to it, but winds carry
water vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47ft per year
while evaporation and transpiration happening in land masses also contribute
another 72ft per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119ft per year over land, has
several forms: most commonly rain, snow, and hail, with some contribution
from fog and dew.
Water runoff often collects over watersheds flowing into rivers. Through
erosion, runoff shapes the environment creating river valleys and deltas which
provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers.
A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water
which occurs when a river overflows its banks or a storm surge happens. On the
other hand, drought is an extended period of months or years when a region
notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives
consistently below average precipitation either due to its topography or due to
its location in terms of latitude.
TWO MAJOR SOURCE OF WATER
1. GROUND WATER: is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil,
sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil,
sand and rocks called aquifers.
2. SURFACE WATER: this occurs as streams, lakes, and wetlands, as well as bays and
oceans. Surface water also includes the solid forms of water, snow and ice. The water
below the surface of the Earth primarily is ground water, but it also includes soil water.
Two major types of well
 SHALLOW WELL OR HAND DIGGING WELL:

It usually has a depth of 30m and they can be as much as 60m when we have over
burden especially in a dry area. Well can be excavated by hand If the soil is not too hard or
the water table is high, hand digging has a high diameter.
 DEEP WELL OR BOREHOLE:
This is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A
borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction
of water (drilled water well and tube well), other liquids (such as petroleum), or gases
(such as natural gas). It may also be part of a geotechnical investigation, environmental
site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for
installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground
storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in carbon capture and storage. These are well
which dug with sunken drilling machine.
BOREHOLE DRILLING
BOREHOLE: A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or

horizontally. Engineers and environmental consultants use the term “BOREHOLE” to
collectively describe all of the various types of holes drilled as part of a Geo-technical
investigation or environmental site assessment. Typically, a borehole used as water well is
completed by installing a vertical pipe (casing) and well screen to keep the borehole from
caving. This also helps to prevent surface contaminants from entering the borehole and
protects any installed pump from drawing in sand and sediment.
STEPS IN BOREHOLE DRILLING
There are four steps taken in borehole drilling
1. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY: The first thing that needs to be determined is where the water
is and how you will get to it. That is where the services of hydro-geologists are
employed. They make use of a variety of borehole drilling methods to assess the
geophysical properties of the underlying area.
These hydro-geologists ensure that you are not drilling into natural hazards or man-
made infrastructure (pipelines, cables, phone lines etc).
2. DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION: Once the hydro-geologist has helped to prepare a

path for the borehole drilling, the construction of the borehole starts. Once the borehole
has been drilled, the necessary unstable lengths of the borehole are steel cased in an
effort to reinforce the tube.
3. DETERMINATION OF THE YIELD OF THE BOREHOLE: In order to most accurately
gauge the yield of a domestic water borehole, an aquifer test is performed. This involves
installing a test pump and pumping borehole water for a fixed set of variables; a given
time at a given rate and then assessing the test’s impact on the water level in the
borehole. Maximum yield is achieved by increasing the abstraction rate, ensuring
optimum draw down of water in the borehole.
4. PUMPING AND PIPING THE BOREHOLE: The kind of pumping system and piping
installed in your new domestic water borehole depends solely on the intended use of the
borehole water.
STEPS IN BOREHOLE DRILLING:

Generally, the following steps are followed. They may however differ slightly from service provider
to service provider. The client may also influence some elements.
1. Drilling of 11”until loose top formation and installing 9” temporary casing, then drilling 8” up to
recommended depth.
2. Casing: Installation of 6” casing pipe – Class – B (4.5mm thickness) up to bottom. Generally ratio
of plain casing and screen casing is 70:30 but depends on the hole drilled.
3. Gravel Pack: Inserting 2-4mm natural gravel outside the casing and inside the open hole for
artificial filtration.
4. Development: This is done by air jetting until clean water emerges. Generally, this can take up to
3 hours but may vary with the hole.
5. Well head Slab: This is done using cement, sand and gravel in proper ratios to prevent
contamination of the hole.
6. Capping: A cap is fitted over the hole until installation of pump.
7. Test pumping: This is done to measure the exact yield of the borehole. The water needs to be
pumped out continuously for 24 hours. It is then possible to tell the yield of the well, rest level
and pumping water level. This is important in determining the size of pump to be installed. On
the basis of test pump report, one can decide the pump installation depth, size of pump, motor,
delivery pipe, cable, control panel, water meter and other sundries.
8. Water chemical and bacteriological analysis is then done by government chemist to assess if the
water is suitable for domestic/industrial use or not.
9. Completion Report: A completion report is then filed with WRMA and a copy availed to the
client.
If these step are followed to the latter then you can be guaranteed a quality borehole.

Borehole Drilling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Borehole Drilling

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Borehole Drilling

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PRACTICAL REPORT

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA,

Water is an aqeous solution

HYDRAULIC CYCLE OF WATER

 Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air

TWO MAJOR SOURCE OF WATER

 SHALLOW WELL OR HAND DIGGING WELL:

BOREHOLE: A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or

There are four steps taken in borehole drilling

2. DRILLING AND CONSTRUCTION: Once the hydro-geologist has helped to prepare a

STEPS IN BOREHOLE DRILLING:

You might also like