TERM PAPER ONAPPLICATIONS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Submitted to: MR ARVIND SIR DEPT. OF ELE

Submitted by: NABAJYOTI BORGOHAIN Rg no:10805468 Roll no:B 38 Sec:B4802

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CONTENTS: 1)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2)INTRODUCTION 3)LIMITATIONS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS

4)AMPLITUDE MODULATION IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 5)CHARACTERISTICS 6)AM MODULATOR 7)MODULATION INDEX MEASUREMENT 8)AM RECIEVERS 9)REFERENCES

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It acknowledges all the contributors involved in the preparation of this project. Including me, there is a hand of my teachers, some books and internet. I express most gratitude to my subject teacher, who guided me in the right direction. The guidelines provided by her helped me a lot in completing the assignment.

The books and websites I consulted helped me to describe each and every point mentioned in this project. Help of original creativity and illustration had taken and I have explained each and every aspect of the project precisely.

At last it acknowledges all the members who are involved in the preparation of this project.

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INTRODUCTION Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent. For example, changes in the signal strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to specify the light intensity of television pixels. (Contrast this with frequency modulation, also commonly used for sound transmissions, in which the frequency is varied; and phase modulation, often used in remote controls, in which the phase is varied) In the mid-1870s, a form of amplitude modulationinitially called "undulatory currents"was the first method to successfully produce quality audio over telephone lines. Beginning with Reginald Fessenden's audio demonstrations in 1906, it was also the original method used for audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today by many forms of communication "AM" is often used to refer to the mediumwave broadcast band LIMITATIONS OF AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS 1) Low efficiency: the useful power that lies in the side bands are quite low so efficiency of amplitude modulation is quiet low. 2) Limited range: trasmitters employing amplitude modulation has alow range which is due to low efficiency. Hence cannot be transmitted to long distances. 3) Noisy reception: the reception is generally noisy as the radio reciever

canot distinguish between amplitude variations that distingush between noise and desired signals effectively. AMPLITUDE MODULATION IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Amplitude modulation (AM) occurs when the amplitude of a carrier wave is modulated, to correspond to a source signal. In AM, we have an equation that looks like this:

Fsignal(t) = A(t)sin(t)
We can also see that the phase of this wave is irrelevant, and does not change (so we dont even include it in the equation). AM Double-Sideband (AM-DSB for short) can be broken into two different, distinct types: Carrier, and Suppressed Carrier varieties (AM-DSB-C and AM-DSB-SC, for short, respectively). This page will talk about both varieties, and will discuss the similarities and differences of each.

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normalized to one and the am equation is written as:

Characteristics
Modulation Index Amplitude modulation requires a high frequency constant carrier and a low frequency modulation signal. A sine wave carrier is of the form A sine wave modulation signal is of the form Here w can see that the amplitude of the high frequency carrier takes on the shape of the lower frequency modulation signal, forming what is called a modulation envelope. If the modulation index is zero (mam = 0) the signal is simply a constant amplitude carrier. If the modulation index is 1 (mam = 1), the resultant waveform has maximum or 100% amplitude modulation. It is simply written as:

Sidebands The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the modulation signal amplitude to the carrier amplitude. Expanding the normalized AM equation:

where

we obtain

The overall signal can be described by: where: represents the lower sideband More commonly, the carrier amplitude is

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represents the upper sideband The sidebands are centered on the carrier frequency. The are the sum and difference frequencies of the carrier and modulation signals. In the above example, they are just single frequencies, but normally the baseband modulation signal is a range of frequencies and hence two bands are formed.

The AM signal can be created by multiplying a dc modulation signal by 1.

AM Modulator
The standard amplitude modulation equation is: However, since the square wave contains lots of harmonics, the resulting multiplication will contain lots of extraneous frequencies. Mathematically, the spectrum of the square wave signal (given by the Fourier Transform) is of the form

From this we notice that AM involves a multiplication process. There are several ways to perform this function electronically. The simplest method uses a switch.

Switching Modulators Switching modulators can be placed into two categories: unipolar and bipolar.
Bipolar Switching Modulator

This seems complicated but, if the square wave switching function has a 50% duty cycle, this simplifies to:

The bipolar switch is the easiest to visualize. Note that an AM waveform appears to consist of a low frequency dc signal whose polarity is reversing at a carrier rate.

This tells us that the square wave is actually composed of a series of cosines (phase shifted sines) at odd multiples of the fundamental switching frequency. Therefore, using this signal to multiply the baseband signal results in AM signals being generated at each of the odd harmonics of the switching (carrier) frequencies. Since the

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amplitude of the harmonics decreases rapidly, this technique is practical for only the first few harmonics, and produces an enormous amount of unwanted signals (noise).

A band pass filter can be used to select any one of the AM signals. The number of different output frequencies can be significantly reduced if the multiplier accepts sinewaves at the carrier input.

Unipolar Switching Modulator

As previously mentioned, an AM signal can be created by multiplying a dc modulation signal by 0 & 1.

Removing the DC component from the input eliminates the carrier signal and creates DSBSC modulation. Physically this is done by reversing the signal leads: The spectrum of this signal is defined by:

Physically this is done by turning the modulation signal on and off at the carrier rate:

The process of reversing the polarity of a signal is easily accomplished by placing two switch pairs in the output of a differential amplifier. The Mc1496 Balanced Modulator is an example of such a device.

A high amplitude carrier can be used to turn a diode on and off. A dc bias is placed on
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the modulation signal to make certain that only the carrier (not the modulation signal) can reverse bias the diode.

The voltage-current relationship of a diode is nonlinear near the knee and is of the form:

The coefficient a and b are constants associated with the particular diode.

Amplitude modulation occurs if the diode is kept in the square law region when signals combine.

Collector Modulator

The diode switching modulator is incapable of producing high power signals since it is a passive device. A transistor can be used to overcome this limitation.

Let the injected signals be of the form:

The voltage applied across the diode and resistor is given by:

Square Law Modulator

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AM modulation index: The current in the diode and hence in the resistor is given by: The trapezoidal display makes it possible to quickly recognize certain types of problems, which would reduce the AM signal quality. Which expands to:

The highest authorized carrier power for AM broadcast in the US is 50 kilowatts, although directional stations are permitted 52.65 kilowatts to compensate for losses in the phasing system. The ERP can be much higher Modulation Index Measurement It is sometimes difficult to determine the modulation index, particularly for complex signals. However, it is relatively easy to determine it by observation. C-QUAM The basic idea behind the C-Quam modulator is actually quite simple. The output stage is an ordinary AM modulator however; the carrier signal has been replaced by an amplitude limited vector modulator. Therefore, the limiter output is really a phase-modulated signal.

The trapezoidal oscilloscope display can be used to determine the modulation index. A standard AM receiver will detect the amplitude variations as L+R. A stereo receiver will also detect the phase variations and to extract L-R. It will then process these signals to separate the left and right channels.To enable the stereo decoder, a 25 Hz pilot tone is added to the L-R channel.

AM Receivers
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The most common receivers in use today are the super heterodyne type. They consist of:

used in communication systems like transmitting radio signals.

Antenna RF amplifier Local Oscillator and

REFERENCES

Mixer IF Section Detector and Amplifier

1)WWW.GOOGLE.COM 2)BASIC ELECTRONICS-JB GUPTA 3)EDWARD HUGES.

The need for these subsystems can be seen when one considers the much simpler and inadequate TRF or tuned radio frequency amplifier.Its main application is that it is

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