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Lectura 01

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A study on the use of Synchrophasors in a Special

Protection Scheme of the Itaipu 60Hz Power Plant


J. R. Pesente, Member, R. B. Otto, Student Member, and R. A. Ramos, Senior Member

Abstract— This work presents a study on the use of the control actions for stability improvement are presented; in
synchrophasors in the remedial actions of the special protection Section III the proposed method is discussed and in Section IV
scheme associated to Itaipu 60Hz transmission system, in which the proposed control actions are detailed. Section V presents
generators are shed to prevent frequency, angle and voltage the computational experiments performed and the results
instabilities. Currently, these control actions are performed as obtained and Section VI gives the concluding remarks.
open loop automated actions (based on adjustments determined by
offline studies), which can result in excessive amount of generation
shedding due the conservative nature of the offline studies. The II. TRANSIENT STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING SPECIAL
proposed scheme aims to incorporate closed loop actions in order PROTECTION SCHEMES AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
to increase selectivity to the current protection scheme. Power system stability can be briefly defined as the
Experimental results show that synchronized measurements can capacity a power system has to recover to an equilibrium state
indeed fulfill this goal and also meet a set of dynamical criteria
after being subject to a disturbance. In a power system
defined by National System Operator of Brazil (ONS).
disturbance, stability analysis may be classified according to
Keywords— Synchronized Phasor Measurment, Special the nature of the predominant phenomenon (involving voltage,
Protection Scheme, Transient Stability. frequency or angle), duration (short or long term), and
disturbance intensity (large or small) [15].
I. INTRODUCTION The term transient stability is used for the types of

I
instabilities that occur after a large disturbance, in the short
n the last two decades, power system deregulation, aiming
term, and may cause loss of synchronism between generators
to create a market environment, has increased the
(angular nature). To prevent transient stability problems, SPS
uncertainty in power system operation, due to the separation
are commonly used.
of transmission and generation contracts [1]. Additionally,
The actions of an SPS can be classified as preventive or
environmental concerns put pressure on regulatory agencies to
emergency and, also, open or closed loop [16], as illustrated in
restrain construction of new facilities, pushing to a more
Figure 1.
efficient use of existing resources [2-3]. On top of this, the
experience with the latest blackout occurrences led to an
increased security level on power system operation [4-5].
The use of effective Special Protection Systems (SPS)
offers an alternative to mitigate and even prevent the damage
caused by events such as instabilities, allowing a safer power
transfer closer to the limits of an interconnected system [6-7].
Among the current technologies that present a potential for
power system operation improvement, the Synchronized
Phasor Measurement Systems (SPMS) are highlighted [8-10].
The SPMS allow dynamic phenomena recording with good
precision and high sampling rate, creating a new paradigm for
power system monitoring, protection, and control [11].
The application of synchrophasors in SPS has been Fig. 1 – Classification of SPS actions for the control of large disturbances.
discussed recently [12-13], but finding an effective way to
improve some power system aspects (in particular the The methods for transient stability margin calculations can
selectivity of protection and control actions) still remains an be broadly classified in time domain and direct methods.
open question [14]. Time-domain methods employ numerical solutions of the
In this context, this study depicts the applications of differential-algebraic set of equations that represents the
synchrophasors to the existing SPS associated to the Itaipu system. The results of time-domain methods are quite precise
60Hz Power Plant, pointing out the benefits it may bring. and, for this reason, they are the preferred approach from the
This paper is divided in the following sections: in Section industry viewpoint [17-18].
II the power system stability concepts and a general view of However, high computational burden is a common feature
of time-domain methods. For this reason, the so-called direct
J. R. Pesente, Itaipu Binacional / Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina methods were proposed, attempting to improve the
(UFSC), Foz do Iguacu, Brasil, pesente@itaipu.gov.br computational effectiveness of the transient stability margin
R. B. Otto, Itaipu Technological Park (PTI), Foz do Iguacu, Brasil, calculation. Most direct methods are inspired by concepts of
rodrigo.bueno@pti.org.br Lyapunov’s second theorem [19], which avoids the need to
R. A. Ramos, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, Brasil,
(scolarship of Itaipu Technological Park –PTI), rodrigo.ramos@ieee.org explicitly calculate the post-fault numeric solution.

978-1-5386-7703-2/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE


Examples of well-known direct methods are the Transient The logics preventing transient stability, for which SIME
Energy Function (TEF) [20], the Potential Energy Boundary is applied, intend to reduce power oscillations and to avoid
Surface (PEBS) [21] and the Extended Equal Area Criterion loss of synchronism of generators after the opening of one or
(EEAC) [22], among others. multiple circuits of the transmission system.
In spite of presenting lower computational cost, these There are 6 logics preventing this phenomenon, acting for
direct methods have exhibited lack of robustness under certain the opening of two parallel circuits between FI-IV (logic 14)
operational conditions, especially when the power system is or IV-TP (13), the opening of two series circuits between FI-
heavily loaded. Furthermore, these methods have problems IA (logic 15) or IV-TP (12) and the opening of a simple circuit
related to the use of detailed models of power system between FI-IV (logic 5) or IV-TP (logic 2).
elements. These logics shed Itaipu generators according to the power
In order to overcome the limitations of both methods, the flowing through the Foz do Iguaçu and Ivaiporã substations
hybrid methods were conceived, which perform part of the (FIPU) and the power flow between Ivaiporã and TijucoPreto
analysis based in the concepts of Lyapunov or One-Machine substations (FSE) (these power flows are called references).
Infinite Bus (OMIB) equivalents, and the remaining part of the They intend simultaneously to guarantee stability and to meet
analysis through numerical solution of the algebraic- the following system performance criteria after a disturbance,
differential system [23]. These methods aim to combine the established by the ONS:
benefits of both classical and direct methods. - “the phase-to-phase AC voltage, for 765kV rating, must
Among the existing hybrid methods, two of them are be higher than 688kV (0.9 pu) and lower than 800kV
highlighted: the Second Kick method [24], which uses the (1.046pu) in steady state”;
Lyapunov concepts, and the Single Machine Equivalent - “the short circuit studies provide short circuit reactors
(SIME), which uses OMIB transformations through values for dynamical studies, and must be performed using
generators’ power trajectories computed using classical generators subtransient period parameters”;
methods [25]. In the latter case, the computed quantities can - “the short circuit clearing time for 765kV rating is equal
be replaced by measured quantities, such as synchrophasors, to 80ms”; and,
and thus improve existing SPS, such as the one used for the - “under any load condition, the system must be stable for
Itaipu 765kV transmission system, which is described as a single phase short-circuit, without line reclosing.
follows. Furthermore, the performance of the system must not exhibit
overloads or uncontrolled and undesirable shutdowns”.
II. THE SPECIAL PROTECTION SCHEME OF THE ITAIPU765KV Typically, these criteria are fully met if the following
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM conditions can be verified in the simulations:
The Itaipu power plant is located at the border between - the voltage in all substations indicated in Figure 2 must
Brazil and Paraguay and has 20 generators of 700MW each, be higher than 0.8 p.u. during the first oscillation; the peak-to-
divided into two sectors: the 50Hz sector (Paraguay’s peak values must be smaller than 2%, and; the steady state
frequency, rated to 18kV/826MVA) and the 60Hz one value must be between 0.9 and 1.1 times the pre-disturbance
(Brazil’s frequency, rated to 18kV/737 MVA). value;
The 50Hz units are connected to the Paraguayan power - at Itaipu Power Plant the steady state post-disturbance
system by a 500 kV/2215 MVA line and six 525 kV/ 220 kV/ field current value must be smaller than 2.1pu and the over
446 MVA transformers and to the Brazilian system by a 6200 excitation limiter cannot be active for more than 300ms; and
MW HVDC.The 60 Hz units are connected to Brazilian - the power oscillations caused by the disturbances must
southeastern subsystem by a triple 765 kV circuit, sectioned not cause the actuation of the out of step protections installed
by four substations (compensated on every branch), as in the transmission lines.
presented in Figure 2.
III. SIME FUNDAMENTALS
The SIME method is based on the separation of the rotor
angle of generators in two distinct groups after a large
disturbance, such as the case illustrated in Figure 3 for a
disturbance with opening of two lines between FI and IV
substations.
Fig. 2- Connection of the 60Hz units to the Brazilian Power System.
The coherent generators illustrated in Figure 3 can be
The transmission system presented in Figure 2 has an SPS grouped in an equivalent, defined by the active and
with Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC) installed at the mechanical powers and the rotor angle, weighted by the ratio
Itaipu power plant and at the Foz do Iguaçu (FI), Ivaiporã between generator inertia and the total inertia of the group.
(IV), Itaberá (IA) and Tijuco Preto (TP) substations (ST). This computation results in the power-angle trajectory in
This SPS has more than 20 control actions(referred to as which the equal area criterion can be applied, from which the
logics in this paper), with the purpose of avoiding that stability margin is defined as the difference between the
disturbances involving 765kV lines and/or transformers, cause accelerating and the decelerating areas.
generators overexcitation, loss of synchronism, transmission The stability margin can be used to calculate the amount of
system voltage collapse or overvoltage, overload of generator shedding needed to stabilize the power system.
transformers, and overfrequency in the Brazilian southern After depicting the fundamentals of the control actions, the
system, which can be grouped as follows. strategy of the proposed SPS can presented as follows.
relations which are complemented by closed loop actions, as
1000
follows:
- open loop, event-oriented actions, defined by a pre-
Group 1
500 determined generation shedding schedule, covering very large
Rotor Angle [degrees]

disturbances and ensuring synchronism during transient


Group 2 period;
0 - closed loop, response-based actions, which actuate using
Group 1 - Itaipu
Group 1 - S. Santiago SPMS data and the SIME method, and are complementary to
Group 1 - S. Caxias the open-loop actions; and
-500 Group 1 - G.B.M.
- closed loop actions based in quantities monitoring,
Group 2 - Furnas
Group 2 - Angra ensuring the all of the criteria in Section II are met.
Group 2 - Tucuruí Although all actions manage generation relief
-1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 independently of each other, the non-interaction among
Time [s]
Fig. 3 – Generator angle separation after a disturbance (SIME example).
different actions is ensured by decoupling them in different
time scales. The open loop actions shed generators until
IV. PROPOSED SYNCHROPHASOR-BASED SPS STRATEGY 300ms after the disturbance. SIME-actions shed generators
between 500ms and 2s after disturbance, and the remaining
The proposed SPS takes into account the experience actions shed generators from 3s until all criteria are
gathered with previous studies to define the current logics completely fulfilled, as illustrated by Figure 5.
references.
It is known that a disturbance with opening of lines in
765kV transmission system can cause a frequency collapse if
the most severe condition (corresponding to total load
rejection by opening of all lines between IV and TP) occurs.
In this case, SIME is useful for pre-defining a smaller number
of generators to be shed, when compared to the current logics.
In the case of the opening of one or two lines, the loss of
synchronism may happen by separation of the generators in
two groups. This case can also be stabilized by the control
actions derived from SIME. Fig. 5 – Time decoupling of control actions.
Even if the system is stabilized regarding the angle of the Based in this strategy, a set of computational experiments
generators, the system may experience voltage collapse due were performed, which are described in the following Section.
the lack of reactive power after the actuation of the OEL of the
Itaipu generators. This process is illustrated in Figure 4. VI. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
Units PQ trajectories after line opening For the time domain simulations, the Brazilian system
1 model provided by ONS was used. Then, the result of these
0.9 Steady
OEL actuation
(~ 1.7 seconds)
simulations was employed to emulate the PMU data.
State
The sequence of events simulated is: a) a short circuit
Active Power [p.u. of the generator]

0.8 (pre-disturbance)

0.7
through a fault impedance, simulated by the reactor
represented in Table 1, inserted during 80 ms; b) the short
0.6
Disturbance
circuit clearing and line opening, considering also the cases
0.5
Period with opening of two lines (N-2).
0.4
0 [s] Voltage
Table 1 – Equivalent reactor for short-circuit representation.
0.3
80 to 300 [ms]
0.4 to 2.1 [s]
collapse
Substation Z1[p.u.] Z0[p.u.] Reactor [Mvar]
0.2
2.1 to 9 [s]
Foz do Iguaçu (FI) 0.0039 0.0034 13749
0.1
Ivaiporã (IV) 0.0035 0.0057 10912
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Reactive Power [p.u. of the generator] Itaberá (IA) 0.0040 0.0124 6100
Fig. 4 – Voltage collapse event due OEL actuation in the Itaipu generators. Tijuco Preto (TP) 0.0037 0.0042 12602

After a 765kV line opening, the increase in the electrical For the simulation of Brazilian power system, 13 steady
power flowing through the remaining lines causes voltage state cases were considered, aiming to represent most of the
reductions in the substations, thus requiring additional reactive Itaipu configurations of interest. Given that assuming the
power from the generators. It follows that if the OELs actuate, existence of PMUs in all system substations is not realistic, an
the voltage decreases leading to a collapse in the transmission experiment with the SIME transient stability prediction error
system. In this case, generator shedding must be performed was performed and demonstrated that 36 PMUs are sufficient,
taking into account the monitoring of substation voltages and as shown in Table 2.
OEL actuations, which can be incorporated in the SPMS. The aspects of the different control actions were evaluated
Based on the previous explanation, this paper proposes separately, as follows.
open loop actions based in off-line simulations and SIME
Table 2 – Relation between measurements Table 5 – Comparison of total units
and stability margin error shed by proposed SPS and current SPS
Power Plant Percentual of Percentual of SIME FIPU FSE OL CLS CLM Total Total
with PMU generators total inertia error [MW] [MW] [NG] [NG] [NG] SPS Current
0.78 4800 4800 0 - 1 1 2
36 21.69% 75.21%
% 1 - 1 2 3
5200 5100
0.54
70 40.96% 88.77% 5400 5200 1 - 2 3 4
%
0.43 5400 5745 2 - 2 4 4
75 45.18% 90.43%
% 5850 6050 3 - 1 4 4
116 69.88% 96.47% -0.3 %
166 100.00% 100% -0.3 % D. Case study of the 07/04/2009 disturbance
A. Open Loop Control Actions (OL) In this subsection, the disturbance occurred at 07/04/2009
is used to illustrate the superiority of the proposed SPS
In the proposed SPS, the angle differences between performance. At 6:36 PM, logic 14 was triggered, shedding 4
substations are used as references, instead of power flows units (10, 11, 15 and 17) at Itaipu, and 2 units (5 and 17) at
references. A comparison of the generators to be shed in each Tucuruí, a large power plant in the northern part of Brazil. The
case is presented in Table 3. total amount of generation shed was 2867MW, causing power
Table 3 – Generator shedding comparison between current reversal in other 6 power plants. The 765kV transmission
SPS and proposed open-loop actions system was fully restored at 6:44 PM.
FI-IV This disturbance was reproduced considering a power
FIPU FSE OL shed Current SPS transfer of 3600MW in the Northeast-Southeast
[degree
[MW] [MW] [generators] shed [generators]
s] interconnection and 1600MW in the South-Southeast
4800 4800 11.1 0 2 interconnection. The sequence of events is presented in
5200 5100 11.6 1 3 Table 6.
5400 5200 11.9 1 4 Table 6 – Sequence of simulated events
5400 5745 12.1 2 4 Time Event
5850 6050 13.1 3 4 t0 Short-circuit
The conclusion of this study was that the angular t0 + 80ms Opening of circuits 1 and 2 of FI-IV line
difference is able to adapt to voltage and reactance variations t0 + 297ms Open-loop control action generator shedding
related to the amount of generators shed, being more sensitive t0 + 697ms Tucuruí generator shedding
to transient stability conditions than the current open loop t0 + 1080ms FI-IV 2 reclosing
control actions.
At that moment, Itaipu was generating 5581MW and was
B. Closed-Loop SIME-based Control Actions (CLS) transferring 5526MW to the respective HVDC. The
These simulations considered three scenarios to illustrate corresponding angular difference was 12.7o, which would
closed-loop stabilizing control actions in the situation of the result in 2 generators being shed according to the proposed
loss of synchronism, as presented in Table 4, where NG is the SPS scheme, as shown in Table 3. This control action is
number of generators shed by the control action. sufficient to maintain stability, as shown in Figure 6.
Angle of generators of 3 different Brazilian Powerplants
Table 4 – Test case of SIME-based control actions 50
FIPU FSE Description of the OL CL
40
[MW] [MW] simulated event [NG] [NG]
Generators' Angle [degree]

5400 5200 Failure of OL action 0 2 30

5800 6050 Insufficient OL shed 1 2 20


Opening of 2 IA-TP lines 10
5300 5900 with other 2 lines of 500kV 0 3 Angra
0
in maintenance Itaipu 60Hz
-10 Furnas
In all cases presented in Table 4 the SIME-based closed-
-20
loop control actions lead to proper maintaining the stability,
improving selectivity and robustness to SPS control actions. -30

C. Closed-Loop Monitoring-based Control Actions (CLM) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16


Time [s]
These control actions complement the previously Fig. 6 – Stabilization of the system by OL actions (07/04/2009 disturbance).
presented actions. Using the cases presented in Table 3 as
examples, the improvement in generator shedding becomes In addition to stabilization, the reclosing of FI-IV circuit 2
clear in Table 5. allows the voltage recovery in the 765kV transmission system,
From Table 5 it can be seen that the proposed SPS reduces fulfilling the ONS criteria without any other action, as
the number of generators to be shed in three out of the five illustrated in Figure 7.
presented cases, fulfilling the same criteria.
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