CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the study

The volume of water below the surface of the earth that can be retrieved through pumping,
drilling wells, tunnels, drainage systems, or. It is sometimes known as a stream because it seeps
or jets naturally into the soil's surface. (Aryanto & Hardiman, 2018)

Groundwater is One of the most significant and essential natural resources, which is stored in the
critical zone of the earth's crust in underground geological formations. It serves as a source of
water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses and other development projects. (Arulbalaji et
al., 2019)

Due to several fundamental characteristics, It is also promotes biological diversity, economic

growth, and human health. It has grown to be a very significant and reliable source of water
supplies in all climatic regions, including both urban and rural areas of developed and
developing countries, (Nilawar, 2007)

groundwater makes up around 34% of the world's fresh water resources. (Murmu et al., 2019)

Around 2.5 billion people worldwide depend completely on groundwater to meet their basic
water needs The demand for freshwater resources is is anticipated to increase. with global water
deficit is predicted to reach 40% by 2030.(Morgan et al., 2022)

in Ethiopia, groundwater is the only realistic way to provide rural inhabitants in dry and semi-
arid regions where it also provides a source of domestic water in both urban and rural areas.
According on hydrogeological characteristics, the groundwater potential in Ethiopia was
calculated to be at 1000 billion m3. (Tolche, 2021)

Because of Groundwater is a hidden natural resource that cannot be easily seen; therefore,
mapping of this resource can be difficult.(Allafta et al., 2021)

Groundwater movement and occurrence are influenced by a number of variables, including

lithology, geological structures, soil, lineament characteristics, slope, drainage pattern,
geomorphology, land use/land cover, and the interactions between these variables. (Andualem &
Demeke, 2019)

Finding the groundwater potential zone is crucial for the sustainable use of the resources. It
supports decision-makers, policymakers, and planners in defending the groundwater supply from
any quantity and quality consequences (Gebru et al., 2020)
Groundwater potential zones and ideal artificial recharge locations have been identified using an
integrated strategy that combines remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS),
and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approaches. (Andualem & Demeke, 2019)

Groundwater prospect zones can be efficiently defined in an area utilizing modern tools of GIS,
Remote sensing, Multicriteria analysis using AHP, and ground truthing technologies. These tools
can also establish a relationship between geological features and its yield data of a region (Teferi,
2018)

Additionally, integrating remote sensing data into the environment of a geographic information
system (GIS) is a powerful alternative for identifying GWPZs. (Allafta et al., 2021)

When delineating GWPZS, the use of GIS and RS technologies improves results accuracy and
reduce bias on any single theme (Sangana et al., 2019)

Instead of depending just on the lineament factor, groundwater exploration uses a variety of
various thematic layer maps—such as drainage density, slope, lineament density, land use, and
lithology—as diverse factors to define a groundwater potential area. (Nilawar, 2007b)

A computer-based system or technology known as a Geographic Information System (GIS) was

developed with the aim of gathering, storing, processing, and analyzing data and information of
an item in order to address a number of challenging and difficult environmental issues (Aryanto
& Hardiman, 2018)and(Melese & Belay, 2022)

In addition to its size, remote sensing is a time- and money-saving method for providing valuable
data on geology, geomorphology, lineaments, slope, etc. It also offers information on vast
coverage, even in inaccessible places. Groundwater potential zones, as well as groundwater
recharge and outflow zones, are increasingly being identified and analyzed using remote sensing
and GIS. (Tolche, 2021)and (Prasad et al., 2008)

Based on indirect analysis, remote sensing (RS) is an innovative and effective method for
quickly gathering spatial and temporal data for large areas (Allafta et al., 2021)
The most and widely applied Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique for defining
groundwater prospecting zones is AHP. In order to determine the relative significance of each
parameter for zoning the potential for groundwater recharge, the AHP technique was employed
in this study (Melese & Belay, 2022)

Remote sensing and GIS are combined for the best possible use of the data collected. The entire
mechanism for exploring and managing ground water resources is made up, in a GIS context, of
a succession of activities, such as building thematic layers, integrating layers, and producing
final output. When determining groundwater potential using remote sensing and GIS techniques,
the type and quantity of thematic layers used varies greatly from study to study, and their
selection is random. Based on their impact on groundwater recharge, the factors are weighed
using the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) technique.(Abirami & Annadurai R, n.d.)

The present study attempts to delineate suitable locations for groundwater exploration using
integrated approach of remote sensing, bore well data and GIS techniques. ArcGIS 10.3 and
ERDAS Imagine 2014 software have been used for the generation and analysis of the thematic
layers, such as- geomorphology, geology, lineament, slope, soil and land use / land cover, which
are assigned using weighted overlay analysis geographic information system techniques. Finally,
the layers were classified and prepared with respect to main criteria and parameters.to generate
groundwater potential map
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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
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