Department of EEE

Electrical Circuit -l [Lab Report]

Sub code: EEE-102

SUBMITTED BY... SUBMITTED TO…

Name: MD.Akhteruzzaman
Name: Rijvy Ahmed
Associate Professor
I'd : 2226EEE00245
Batch:- 26th Head of
the Dept. of
Semester: 2nd
EEE
 Sl.
Date Name of the Experiment Page Sign

1. Verification of KVL

2. Verification of KCL

Verification of Superposition
3.
Principle

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Experiment No : 01

Name of the Experiment : (Verification of KVL)

 Objectives:
The experiment is intended to verify Kirchhoffs voltage low (KVL)
and voltage divider rule with the help of series circuits and derive
equivalent resistance of the series circuit both experimentally and
analytically.
Theory :
KVL states that around any closed circuit the sum of the voltage rises equals
the sum of the voltage drops.

∑ VRISES =∑ Vdrops
The equivalent ( total ) resistance of a series circuit is given by

Where x = 1, 2 & 3

Apparatus / Components: -
1. one DC Voltmeter (0 - 16V)
2. Bread board
3. One multi meter
4. Resistance
5. DC power supply.

Circuit Diagram:
Fig.:- 01 (Verification ofKVL

Data Table:
No. of Volts 1 v1+
obj: Amps V1 V2 V3 v2+v3
Volts Volts Volts Ohms Ohms
1 5v 1.357 mA 637.6 1.342 3.020 3.684598 kΩ 641.962
mV

2 6v 1.63 mA 768.1 1.611 3.624 3.680982 kΩ

770.335
mV

3 7v 1.90 mA 892.7 1.879 4.228 3.684211 kΩ 898.807

mV

2.172 mA 1.020 2.148 4.832 3690 Ω 3.683241 kΩ

4 8v
8.268 v

5 9v 1.148 2.416 5.436 3.683995 kΩ

2.443 mA 8.995 v

6 10v 2.715 mA 1.275 2.685 6.040 3.683241 kΩ 1ov

Question answer:
A. State the rules of connecting voltmeter and ammeter in the
circuit.

Ans:- The rules for connecting a voltmeter and an ammeter in an electric

circuit are as follows

A. Connecting a Voltmeter:
A voltmeter should always be connected in parallel with the
component whose voltage is to be measured.
The voltmeter should have a high resistance so that it does
not draw significant current from the circuit, and thus does not
affect the measurement. B. Connecting an Ammeter:
An ammeter should always be connected in series with the
component whose current is to be measured.
The ammeter should have a low resistance so that it does not
significantly increase the circuit's total resistance, which could
change the current being measured.
It is essential to connect the voltmeter and ammeter properly in the circuit
because incorrect connections can lead to inaccurate readings or damage
to the instruments.

B. If
a ammeter is connected in parallel across an
element what be the possible danger?
Ans:- If an ammeter is connected in parallel across an element, it would
create a short circuit across that element. This would lead to a high current
flowing through the ammeter, which may exceed the ammeter's maximum
current rating and cause it to fail. It can also cause the element to overheat,
damage it, and potentially create a safety hazard. Therefore, connecting an
ammeter in parallel is not the correct way to measure the current in a
circuit, and it should always be connected in series with the component
whose current is to be measured.

C. "KVL is a restatement of the law of the conservation

of energy" Justify the statement.
 Ans:- Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) is a restatement of the law of conservation of energy
because it states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop in a circuit must be zero.
This means that the energy supplied by the voltage sources in the circuit must be equal to the
energy consumed by the passive circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but
can only be transformed from one form to another. Therefore, KVL ensures that the energy
supplied to a circuit is conserved and that the energy flow within the circuit is balanced. By
applying KVL to a circuit, we can determine the relationships between the voltages and
currents in the circuit, which allows us to analyze and predict the behavior of the circuit.
Thus,

KVL is a restatement of the law of conservation of energy because it applies the same principle to
electrical circuits and ensures that energy is conserved in the circuit.

A. Why Rheostats have current rating in addition to resistance ratings?

Ans.'- Rheostats are variable resistors that are used to control the current in a circuit.
They are often used in applications where the current needs to be regulated, such as in
lighting systems, motor controls, and temperature control circuits. Rheostats have two
important ratings - resistance rating and current rating. The resistance rating of a
rheostat indicates the maximum resistance that it can provide, while the current rating
indicates the maximum amount of current that the rheostat can handle without getting
damaged.

The reason for having a current rating in addition to the resistance rating is that when a
rheostat is used to regulate the current in a circuit, it dissipates power in the form of
heat. This heat is proportional to the square of the current passing through the rheostat
and inversely proportional to the resistance value. As the current passing through the
rheostat increases, the heat generated also increases, and this can lead to overheating
and damage to the rheostat

B. "KVL is applicable for open circuit too" — Verify.

Ans:- Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of all voltages in a closed loop must
be equal to zero. This law is applicable to any closed loop in a circuit, including those
containing resistors, capacitors, inductors, and other electrical components. However, the
statement "KVL is applicable for open circuit too" is not correct. In an open circuit, there is no
closed loop for KVL to be applicable. KVL can only be applied to a closed loop where the sum
of all voltages around the loop is zero. In an open circuit, there is no current flowing and hence,
no voltage drop across any components. Therefore, KVL is not applicable to an open circuit. In
summary, KVL is only applicable to a closed loop in a circuit and not to an open circuit.
Experiment No :- 02
Name of the (Experiment: - Verification of KCL)

Objective:-
This experiment is intended to verify Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) with the help of
parallel circuit and derive equivalent resistance of the circuit both and derive equivalent
resistance of the circuit both experimentally and analytically.

At a note, sum of incoming current is equal to sum of out-going current. Hence, Kirchhoffs
current law is verified.

Theory :
KCL state that the sum of the currents entering any node equals the sum of the currents
leaving the node.

∑ I enterig = ∑ I leavig
The current is divider rule is given by
Where, X = 1, 2
The equivalent (total) resistance of a parallel circuit is given by the formula

1 1 1

Apparatus / Components:-
one DC Voltmeter ( 0-300 V )
One DC Ammeter (0-5 A)

Three resistance

One multi-meter

DC power supply
Circuit Diagram :

Fig:-02 (Verification of KCL)

Data table :

Observation Vs I
No. Volts Am s I1 I2 I3 11+12+13 Rp Rp=VS/I
Am s Am s Am s Ohms

5 29.98 5.102 10.92 13.97 29.992 0.166778

1

6 35.98 6.122 13.1 16.17 35.392 0.166759

2

3 7 41.98 7.143 15.28 19.55 41.973 0.166746

Question Answer:

A. Show analytically that for a parallel circuit

Ans :- In a parallel circuit, the current flowing through each resistor is diferent, but the
voltage across cach resistor is the same. Let's consider a parallel circuit with three
resistors, R1,R2,and R3,connected in parallel to a voltage source V.
The current flowing through each resistor can be calculated using Ohm's Law,which
states that I =V/R, where I is the current, V is the voltage, and R is the resistance.
Therefore, the current flowing through each resistor can be expressed as follows :

V
I1 =
R1

V
I2 =
R2

V
I3 =
R3

The total current flowing through the circuit is the sum of the individual currents, so:

I = 11 + 12 + 13
Substituting the expressions for 11, 12, and 13, we get:

We can factor out the voltage V from the right-hand side of the equation, giving:

123
The resistance of the circuit can be defined as the ratio of the voltage across the circuit
to the total current flowing through the circuit:

Substituting the expression for I, we get:

Simplifying, we can cancel out the voltage V:

1
Thus, we have shown analytically that for a parallel circuit with three
resistors, the total resistance is given by the formula l/Rp= I/RI + 1/R2 +
l/R3. This formula can be generalized to any number of resistors connected
in parallel.

B. "KCL is a restatement of the low of conservation of

change" -justify the statement.
Ans: The statement "KCL is a restatement of the law of conservation of change" is
justified by the fact that Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) is based on the principle of
conservation of charge, which is a fundamental principle in physics that states that
charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one place to another.

KCL is a statement that the sum of currents flowing into a node or junction is equal to
the sum of currents flowing out of that node or junction. This is equivalent to saying that
the total charge flowing into the node is equal to the total charge flowing out of the
node, which is a restatement of the principle of conservation of charge.

Therefore, KCL can be seen as a practical application of the conservation of charge

principle, and the statement "KCL is a restatement of the law of conservation of change"
is justified.

B. " KCL is applicable for a closed surface too" — Explain

Ans : Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) is applicable not only to individual nodes or
junctions in a circuit but also to closed surfaces or loops in the circuit. This is because
KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge, which applies to any closed
system.

For a closed surface or loop in a circuit, KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents
entering the surface must be equal to the algebraic sum of currents leaving the surface.
This is because any charge entering the closed surface must eventually leave it, and
therefore the total charge within the closed surface must remain constant, as dictated by
the principle of conservation of charge.
Thus, KCL can be used to analyze the currents flowing through any closed surface or
loop in a circuit, not just individual nodes or junctions.
 Experiment No: 03
Name of the Experiment : (Verification of Superposition
principle)

Objective :
To experimentally the superposition theorem which is an analytical
technique of determining currents in a circuit with is more than one
emf source.

Theorem :
In a linear circuit containing multiple independent sources and a linear
elements (e.g.resistors, inductors, capacitors) the voltage across (or the
current through) any element when all the sources are acting simultaneously
may be obtained by algebraically all the individual voltages (or the currents)
caused by each independent source acting alone other sources deactivated.

An independent voltage sources is deactivated (made zero) by shorting it and

an independent current sources is deactivated (made zero) by open circuiting
it. However, if a dependent source is present it must remain active the
superposition process.

Apparatus :-
Two DC power supplies.
Three resistances.
One DC ammeter (0 — 5 amps) and one DC voltmeter (0 -- 300 V).
One multi-meter.
Circuit Diagram:
32

lov

Flg : 03 (Verification of Superstation Principal)

Data Table :

No. of I2 with both El and I2 with only El I2with only E2

Obj R1 R2 R3 E2 active (amps) active (amps) active (amps)
(Ohms) (Ohms) (Ohms)
1 8.38 mA 4.59 mA 3.38 mA
9760 2224.20 99.70
2 8.23 mA 6.12 mA 2.08 mA
3870 22010 3800
3 12.78 mA 2.19 mA 10.55 mA
9710 3800 3790
4 7.04 mA 0.53 mA 6.51 mA
22230 3790 9720
5 6.47 mA 2.22 mA 4.25 mA
326.50 3260 9710
 Question Answer:

A. Define linear element, nonlinear clcmcnt, lincar circuit &

nonlinear circuit.
Ans A linear element is an electrical component or device whose behavior follows the
principle of superposition. This means that the output of the element is directly
proportional to the input, and the response to a sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to
each individual input.

A nonlinear element is an electrical component or device whose behavior does not follow
the principle of superposition. The output of a nonlinear element is not directly
proportional to the input, and the response to a sum of inputs is not the sum of the
responses to each individual input.

A linear circuit is a circuit composed entirely of linear elements, and its behavior can be
analyzed using linear algebra and the principle of superposition.

A nonlinear circuit is a circuit that contains at least one nonlinear element, and its
behavior cannot be analyzed using linear algebra or the principle of superposition.
Nonlinear circuits can exhibit a wide range of complex behaviors, including oscillation,
chaos, and instability, and require more advanced techniques such as numerical analysis
and circuit simulation to analyze their behavior.

B. "Although superposition principle can be used to determine

voltage and current in a linear circuit, it cannot be used to
determine power." Elucidate the statement.
Ans.•- The superposition principle is a fundamental principle of linear circuits that states
that he response of a linear circuit to a sum of inputs is equal to the sum of the responses
to each ndividual input. This principle can be used to determine the voltage and current in
a linear ircuit by analyzing the circuit's behavior for each individual input separately and
then umming the results.

owever, the superposition principle cannot be used to determine the power in a linear
rcuit. This is because power is a nonlinear quantity that depends on the product of
voltage d current, and the principle of superposition does not hold for nonlinear
functions.
 determine the power in a linear circuit, we must use other techniques such as the
plication of Ohm's law and the calculation of power using the product of voltage and
rrent. This means that we must consider the combined effect of all inputs to the circuit
to ermine the total power consumed or delivered by the circuit.

erefore, while the superposition principle is a powerful tool for analyzing the behavior
of ar circuits, it cannot be used to determine power in these circuits.

C. Why an independent voltage source is dcactivatcd by

short circuiting it and an independent current sourcc is
deactivated by opcn circuiting it?
Ans:- Shott-circuiting an independent voltagc source or open-circuiting an indcpcndent
current source is a common technique used in circuit analysis to simplify the circuit and
make it easier to analyze. By deactivating the indcpcndcnt sourccs in this way, they can
be replaced with their internal resistance or conductance, respectively, which allows the
circuit to bc analyzed using Ohm's law and Kirchhoffs laws.

An independent voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a constant voltage

across its terminals, regardless of the current flowing through it. To deactivate an
independent voltage source, it is short-circuited by connecting its two terminals with a
wire. This reduces the voltage across the terminals to zero, effectively deactivating the
source.

On the other hand, an independent current source is a circuit element that maintains a
constant current through it, regardless of the voltage across it. To deactivate an
independent current source, it is open-circuited by removing the path for the current to
flow through the source. This prevents the flow of current through the source,
effectively deactivating it.

D. Find analytically the current I using

Superposition Principal
Mesh Current Method
Node Voltage Method
For El = 25 volts, E2 = 20 volts, and RI, R2, R3 at their
values recorded in the observation of the table shown.