Ethnograpies Kel.3

KELOMPOK 3:
ROHIT FAHNA DINATA 2110007742024
REZI FERINA 2110007742019
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
ETHNOGRAPIES
Effective communication requires the integration of multiple factors, including

linguistic, cultural, cognitive, and neurological variables. Ethnography and sociolinguistics
may enhance our understanding of how those factors interact. Ethnography is the systematic,
qualitative study of culture, including the cultural bases of linguistic skills and
communicative contexts (Ochs & Schieffelin, 1995). Sociolinguistics, on the other hand,
focuses on how language use is shaped by individual and societal forces (Coulmas, 1997). As
examples, ethnographic research may examine discourse and vocabulary trends in a specific
cultural group; sociolinguistic studies may focus on language input differences in bilingual
development or age-related speech variation (Ball, 2005).
Although the separation between ethnography and sociolinguistics is not always clear
(Salzmann, 1993), the application of ethnographic and sociolinguistic principles to speech-
language pathology research and practice is critical. Ethnographic and sociolinguistic
descriptions point to key relationships in the inextricable links among culture, language,
communication, and cognition. Language development, communication acts, and
concomitant thought processes are affected by the cultural world in which we live (Centeno,
2007b).
Varieties of Talk
Speech is used in different ways among different groups of people –norms of linguistic
behaviour.
Marshall (1961), !Kung, bush dwelling people of South West Africa –talk about all kinds of
things but mainly food and gift-giving. They avoid mentioning the names of their gods aloud,
and men and women do not openly discuss sexual matters together-taboo. They have their
own styles of joking and story-telling, resolving disputes.
Basso (1972), Western Apache, east-central Arizona choose to be silent when there is a
strong possibility that such uncertainty exists. The Western Apache resort to silence when
they are confronted with ambiguity and uncertainty in their social relationships: they do not
try to talk their way out of difficulty or uncertainty as people with other cultural backgrounds
sometimes try to do. Silence is often communicative and its appropriate uses must be learned.
Among other things it can communicate respect, comfort, support, disagreement, or
uncertainty.
Fox (1974), Roti, the residents of the southwestern tip of the island of Timor in eastern
Indonesia, consider talk one of the great pleasures of life – not just idle chatter, but disputing,
arguing, showing off various verbal skills, and, in general, indulging in verbal activity.
Silence is interpreted as a sign of some kind of distress, possibly confusion or dejection. So
social encounters are talkfilled.
Reisman (1974), Antiguans in the West Indies –conversation is multi-faceted in that it freely
mixes a variety of activities that in certain other groups would be kept quite apart. In Antigua
‘to enter a conversation one must assert one’s presence rather than participate in something
formalized as an exchange. Interruption is considered normal.
Frake (1964), Subanun of the Philippines, who employ certain kinds of speech in drinking
encounters. Such encounters are very important for gainingprestige for resolving disputes,
has described how talk, what he calls ‘drinking talk,’ proceeds in such encounters, from the
initial invitation to partake of drink, to the selection of the proper topics for discussion and
problems for resolution as drinking proceeds competitively, and finally to the displays of
verbal art that accompany heavy, ‘successful’ drinking.
The Ethnography of Speaking
The ethnography of speaking is concerned with describing ways of speaking, as they

construct and reflect social life within particular speech communities. It is concerned further
with developing cross-culturally valid concepts and theories for interpreting and explaining
the interaction of language and social life. The ethnography of communication is an approach
to language research which has its origin in the development of a view in anthropology that
culture to a large extent is expressed through language and of the view in linguistics that
language is a system of cultural behaviors (Hymes, 1974; Geertz, 1973; Hymes, 1968). Dell
Hymes proposed the ethnography of communication as an approach towards analyzing
patterns of language use within speech communities.
The ethnography of communication aims to do two things. First, it explores

communicative behaviour in specific contexts. It describes how communication takes place in
a given cultural setting and then attempts to understand how this operates the way it does. It
asks how is it possible to communicate, what knowledge do speakers need in order to be
competent participants in speech events in a community, and how do people in the
community learn to communicate in that setting? To be able to communicate in a setting
requires that one learns the linguistic and sociolinguistic rules for communication as well as
rules or norms for interaction. In addition, communication is mediated by the cultural rules
and knowledge that operate in a given context, which make the content of communicative
events understandable.
Ethnography of communication focuses on the speech community. It examines the

patterns of communication, the way systems of communicative events are organised and the
ways in which these interact with all other cultural systems. In short, ethnography of
communication allows researchers to connect linguistic forms with cultural practices. The
second aim of ethnography of communication is to try and formulate overarching (or meta-)
theories of human communication. In this latter intention, ethnography of communication
differs, for example, from conversation analysis, which has no macro or broader ambitions.
The ethnography of communication seeks to generalise, viewing the observed event from
both the perspective of the participants and from an external comparative perspective
supported by cross-cultural knowledge.
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomethodology is a mode of inquiry devoted to studying the practical methods of

common sense reasoning used by members of society in carrying out their daily lives. It was
developed by Harold Garfinkel in an attempt to address certain underlying problems posed by
Talcott Parsons' theory of action. Parsons' motivational approach to the problem of reliance
(emphasizing internalized values) has implications for the analytical prior problem of
cognitive order which involves the process by which concrete actions are produced and made
understandable in terms of their circumstances. Garfinkel's classic study is designed to reveal
the common sense reasoning methods actors use in this process. Contemporary research
initiatives in ethnomethodology have revitalized various subfields of social science, including
the study of language and social interaction, the inner workings of bureaucratic and people-
processing institutions, and the construction of formal scientific knowledge.
A simple conversation can be an example of a process, which needs observation of

certain commonly established ways for it to function in order. These ways may involve
different gestures like eye contact, nodding of the head, or any such acts of responding to
each other, which keeps the conversation alive.
References
An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
Hymes, D. 1962 The ethnography of speaking. In Anthropology and human behavior: 15–

53. Anthropological Society of Washington. Google SScholar
Steven E. Clayman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

(Second Edition), 2015
Wieder, D. L. (2015). Language and social reality: De Gruyter Mouton.
Garfinkel, H. (1967). Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs.
Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press

Ethnograpies Kel.3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ethnograpies Kel.3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ethnograpies Kel.3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

KELOMPOK 3:

ROHIT FAHNA DINATA 2110007742024

REZI FERINA 2110007742019

Effective communication requires the integration of multiple factors, including

The Ethnography of Speaking

The ethnography of speaking is concerned with describing ways of speaking, as they

The ethnography of communication aims to do two things. First, it explores

Ethnography of communication focuses on the speech community. It examines the

Ethnomethodology is a mode of inquiry devoted to studying the practical methods of

A simple conversation can be an example of a process, which needs observation of

Hymes, D. 1962 The ethnography of speaking. In Anthropology and human behavior: 15–

Steven E. Clayman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

Wieder, D. L. (2015). Language and social reality: De Gruyter Mouton.

Garfinkel, H. (1967). Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs.

Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Heritage, John. 1984. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press

You might also like