Eco-Friendly Glass Aggregate for Concrete Infrastructure

sss

In Partial Fulfilment
Of The Requirements for Practical Research II and
Capstone Project

By

Michaela Carbonel

JaylegebreileTalim

Faith Rica Navaja

Trisha Lavainne Suat

Mark Anthony Llenes

Patrick Charls Sarigo

Keith Adem Dela Cruz

Arnel James G.Delfin

June 2022

Table of Contents

1
1.0 Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………4

2.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………5

2.1 Statement of the Problem………………………………………………….7

2.2 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….7

2.3 Scope and Delimitation……………………………………………………8

2.4 Definition of Terms…………………………………………………………8-9

3.0 Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………..10

4.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..15

4.1 Experimental Materials……………………………………………………… 15

4.2 Steps in Concrete Making………………………………………………….17

4.3 Ways of Testing the Concrete Effectiveness……………………………18

5.0 Result and Discussion………………………………………………………………19

5.1 Research Study Beneficial……………………………………………………19

5.2 Result of Testing………………………………………………………………..21

6.0 Summary, Conclusion and Discussion…………………………………………22

6.1 Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………22

6.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………23

6.3 Recommendations………………………………………………………..23-24

6.4 References……………………………………………………………………….25

2
7.0 Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………………………..28-31

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3
The Researchers are thankful and fortunate enough to our dearest parents,

friend and others who in one way or another inspired and helped us a lot in the

completion of our research work. To our teachers, school administrators,

specially to our principal, whose assistance and efforts throughout the process

of conducting our research are truly evident. A special thanks to our group

mates that contributed in providing suggestions, encouragement and

cooperation in achieving our goals. And above all, we gave the glory and praise

to our Almighty God who bestowed us his abundant guidance, wisdom and

blessings.

4
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Concrete is a mixture of cement, gravel, sand, water and a range of

aggregates. With about 10 billion tons of concrete produced every year, it is the

most consumed substance in the world, second only to water. It is also most

widely used material for construction from bridges to large buildings, concrete

forms the foundation of our infrastructure, over 70% of the world population

lives in a concrete structure.

Due to the durability and strength of concrete, it is used to build

various types of structure like buildings, pavements, pipes, floor slabs, beams

and pillars. However, despites the massive production and consumption of

concrete around the globe, there has been a lot of speculation about the fact

that it might been active contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, (Estrada,

2021). Keeping in mind the current climate condition and phenomena of global

warming, there is a pressing need for the construction and other industries to

go through a green-evolution, in other words, industries need to adopt and

introduce environmentally friendly materials, Cement manufacturing is high,

which leads to pollution of environment, (Armenta, 2020). CO2 (carbon dioxide)

emissions of adoption of innovative sustainable materials in the construction in

the construction industry is one way to achieve this, the building industry can

help to reduce the CO2 emissions, expenses and pollution, it is vital to reduce

5
greenhouse gas emissions in order to reduce global warming. The rise in the

usage of concrete can be improved by combining recycled materials with

aggregates and cement-based ingredients, (Zamora et Al.,2021).

Sustainable materials may improve the concretes longevity while

lowering maintenance costs. Population growth and urban development

necessitate a large number of natural resources in the construction sector

because of the growth in concrete demand this industry has expanded cement

production, (Huerta, 2021). This high level of cement manufacturing can

account for over 7% of the world’s CO2 emissions and industrial items generate

trash that is potentially damaging to the environment, (Carillo, 2019).

However, a few of these waste materials could be combined with cement

to concrete that is both strong and durable. As a result, sustainable concrete

can be viable option for repurposing some waste materials while also lowering

the environment impact.

6
Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explain the Eco-friendly Glass Aggregate for concrete

infrastructure in selected places.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Which mixture is the most cost efficient?

2. Which mixture does the researcher prefer in terms of its durability?

3. Which mixture does the researcher prefer in terms of its water

absorption?

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study would be a great help for the following:

Researchers. This research will contribute to their understanding of

manufacturing eco-friendly concrete. It is more eco-friendly if they built

sustainably. Basically, the researcher could be able to know how much eco-

friendly concrete has been consumed.

Students. The findings of this study will give them an idea of what they will

have to deal with in the near futures, their next step is to increase the quality

of their next eco-friendly project.

Future researcher. This study will be a big help for them because t will serve

as their guide in doing their research.

7
Community. This study will give them ideas on how useful aggregates are.

Also, this study will serve as an eye opener to them that they would realize the

importance of preserving our ecosystem.

Scope and Delimitation

This study covered the Eco-friendly Glass Crete aggregate for concrete

infrastructures and how can less expenses after the implementation including

the challenges encountered. This study was conducted at Carbonel’s residence

in Purok 3, Katanggawan, General Santos City, Province of South Cotabato,

year 2022. Only the participants of said area are included in this study. Also,

this study aimed to identify on how can researchers develop and assist the

local government's fund by using this alternative aggregate in concrete

infrastructures.

This study was conducted with limited quantity of financial resources,

gap distance and time framework.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined conceptually and operationally for a

better understanding of the study.

Eco-Friendly. Conceptually, literally means earth-friendly or not harmful for

the environment, (Holzer, 2018). Operationally, this term was used in this

8
study to implement the practice that will lead to healthier living for better

society.

Glass Crete. Conceptually, is the modern interpretation a limecrete floor

system using GEOCELL foam glass aggregate as its insulating, moisture-

managing base, (Wye, 2015). Operationally, it is one of eco-friendly material

that we highlight in this study.

Concrete Aggregates. Conceptually, are composed of geological materials such

as gravel, sand and crushed rock, (Cemex, 2019). Operationally, it is the term

used to describe the materials that we needed such as: papercrete, coco peat

and Wastes plastics.

Infrastructure. Conceptually, it refers to the basic physical systems of a

business, region, or nation, and are vital to a country's economic development

and prosperity, (Boyle et al.,2022). Operationally, the term used to a good

concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of

absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could

cause the deterioration of concrete.

9
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the

researcher’s considered in strengthening the importance of the present study.

It also presents the synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for

better comprehension of the study.

Any modern development must prioritize the conservation of natural

resources and the prevention of environmental dangers. Despite the fact that

concrete is not an environmentally friendly material due to its destructive

resource-consuming nature and severe environmental impact after its use, it

has become the most versatile material for construction work in the growth of

infrastructural and industrial segments, despite the fact that it is not an

environmentally friendly material due to its destructive resource-consuming

nature and severe environmental impact after its use. However, it appears that

it will continue to be the most widely used construction material in the world.

The environmental impact of producing concrete's raw materials (cement,

coarse and fine aggregate) must be carefully considered. Because of the

magnitude of the problem, it is important to look into alternative raw material

sources in order to reduce energy and natural resource usage is defined by

Yunus (2016).

10
A. Recycled Aggregate Concrete

A study was performed to examine the properties of self-compacting

concrete using RA. NA was replaced with RA by rates of 10%, 20%, 30% and

40%. Six different mixes were prepared. Thereafter, specimens were created

and tested. Test results suggested that an increase in RA content leads to a

reduction in compressive strength, flexural strength hand split tensile

strength. Moreover, the properties of concrete in terms of strength were not

improving when RA were used in the mix. Additionally, 30% replacement of RA

helped to achieve the required compressive strength, (Haryana, 2018).

B. Waste Glass in Concrete

According to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report, the total amount

of waste material has increased from 88 million tons in 1960 to 262 million

tons in 2015. In 2015, 26% of the waste materials was recycled and 9% was

composted. Additionally, 13% was combusted with energy recovery and 52%

was disposed of in landfills, (Kaveh, 2019). Among all the waste materials that

have been recycled, batteries and steel are the most recyclable. Although glass

is a material that can be recycled, just 34% of waste glass has been recycled.

The main reason why collected mix-color waste glass isn’t recycled is due to its

chemical composition. Typically, glass containers consist of sand, soda ash,

limestone and cullet. Sand is glass’s main component and is its source of

silica. Some recyclers add soda ash to the mixture to decrease the melting

11
temperature. The chemical compositions of different glass colors differ slightly

which affect their melting temperature. Therefore, you can’t properly recycle

glass containers unless you have them sorted based on their color, (Afshinnia,

2019).

B. 1.1 Ground glass as a pozzolanic material

It is well-established that the use of pozzolans can lead to improvements in

concrete performance including increases in strength, enhanced durability in

aggressive environments, and the ability to reduce the expansion due to ASR

(Thomas 2013). In this paper the impact of low-alkali E-glass on various

properties of concrete are presented for two levels of glass fineness. Pozzolans,

to concrete mixtures to enhance their mechanical and durability properties.

When grinded to a powder, glass becomes one of the natural pozzolans that

improves concrete’s fresh and hardened properties. While, concrete is in its

plastic phase, glass powder will increase its workability, so it requires less

energy, cost and time to place and consolidate the concrete. While the concrete

is in its hardened phase, concrete containing glass powder exhibits better

strength, freeze-thaw resistance and sulfate resistance.

B. 1.2 Glass outperforms mineral aggregates

Having said that, you can use concrete containing waste glass for indoor

applications (where you don’t expect exposure to aggressive materials and

moisture). You can also use it for sidewalks, pavements and curbs that require

12
less strength. Using this type of concrete in indoor applications eliminates the

presence of water and, consequently, ASR distress.

Note that using waste glass aggregates will significantly reduce the concrete

mixture’s workability. The glass shapes negatively affect the concrete mixture’s

workability. Subsequently, you must use a superplasticizer to ease concrete

placement and consolidation, (Afshinnia, 2019)

C. Durability of Glass Crete in Concrete

Fine glass aggregates demonstrate shape characteristics similar to

manufactured sand from natural rock, both being angular with an aspect ratio

close to. Slumps results were generally comparable to natural sand mixtures

and. The slump may remain the same, at lower dosages of plasticizer, for Glass

Crete when compared with natural sand concrete; this phenomenon may be

the result of a weaker cohesion between glass and fresh cement paste and the

smooth and impermeable surfaces of glass. Glass Crete was also observed to

retain adequate segregation resistance. The use of waste glass as aggregate did

not have a significant effect on the workability of concrete. But it decreases the

slump, air content and fresh unit weight. Concrete with glass aggregates

should require a higher content of water than conventional aggregates to reach

the same workability, (Sutradhar, 2017).

13
 To sum it up, to prove this thematic assumption an experiment ahead

had been executed, in order to prove the Eco-friendly alternative aggregate in

concrete infrastructures.

14
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This study covered the Eco-friendly Glass Crete aggregate for concrete

infrastructures and how can less expenses after the implementation including

the challenges encountered. This study was conducted at Carbonel’s residence

in Purok 3, Katanggawan, General Santos City, Province of South Cotabato,

year 2022.

Figure 1: Location of the Study

Experimental Materials

The materials used in the study were glass (is made by fusing sand with

soda and lime), Portland cement (the most common type of cement),strainer (a

device to retain solid pieces), sand (a loose granular material), hammer (a hand

tool use in pounding things), sacks (a rectangular shaped bag) and lastly,

bricks molder (used to produce and form a concrete bricks block).

15
Table 1. Budgetary Requirements (Hardware)

Formulated mixture

No. REQUIREMENTS QUANTITY DESCRIPTION UNIT TOTAL

COST COST
(PHP)
1 Glass 20 bottles Main 0 0
ingredients of
this research
2 Portland Cement 5 kg Concrete 50.00 50.00
ingredients
3 Strainer ¼ size Used to 25.00 25.00
pulverized
glass and
sand
4 Sand 1 sack Concrete 50.00 50.00
ingredients
5 Hammer 1 piece Crushing tool 0 0

6 Sacks 2 pieces Storing and 0 0

crushing
aggregates
7 Bricks Molder 1 piece Bricks 0 0
production
125.00

Commercial Mixture

No. REQUIREMENTS QUANTITY DESCRIPTION UNIT TOTAL

COST COST
(PHP)
1 Stone 1 sack Main 80.00 80.00
ingredients of
this research
2 Portland Cement 5 kg Concrete 50.00 50.00
ingredients
3 Strainer ¼ size Used to 25.00 25.00
pulverized
glass and
sand
4 Sand 1 sack Concrete 50.00 50.00
ingredients

16
 5 Hammer 1 piece Crushing tool 0 0

6 Sacks 2 pieces Storing and 0 0

crushing
aggregates
7 Bricks Molder 1 piece Bricks 0 0
production
205.00

Steps in Concrete Making

1. Gather all the materials needed such as glass, cement, strainer, sand,

hammer, sacks and bricks molder.

2. Putting glass into the sack, then fold it and crush the glass with the use of

hammer until it becomes pulverized.

3. Preparea cup of water.

4. Measure 21 cups of glass in 7oz, 21 cups of sand in 7oz

and 7 cups of cement in 7oz.

17
5. Put some water and mix all the materials until its consistency becomes

thick.

6. Put the mixture into the bricks molder. Wait until it thicker and can be

applied.

Ways of Testing the Concrete Effectiveness

Durability- The researchers compared the commercial and the formulated

concrete by dropping 10 numbers of blocks of each mixture at the height of 1

meter.

Water Absorption- The researchers compared the commercial and the

formulated concrete by soaking 10 numbers of blocks of each mixture at a time

of 5 minutes per block.

18
 Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

Data Gathering Analysis

Commercial Formulated Time/Framework

Number of 1 out of 10 blocks 2 out of 10 Dropping 10

Blocks broken blocks numbers of blocks

(Durability Test) of each mixture at

the height of 1

meter

Number of 1 outof 10 blocks 3 out of 10 Soaking 10

Blocks Broken blocks numbers per

(Water block of each

Absorption Test) mixture at time of

5 minutes per

block

Research Study Beneficial

Eco-friendly provides lots of benefits, along with being both incredibly

rewarding and cost effective too. Not only will you be helping the environment,

but you will also benefit from lower expenses. Most standard quality products

19
contain harmful substances to some degree, whether this is in the materials

made from cement and glass Crete. Glass made from recycled glass reduces

associated air pollution by 20% and associated water pollution by 50%. Glass

recycling saves landfill space that would otherwise be occupied by used bottles

and jars. Glass recycling reduces the number of glass objects in landfills and

recycling bins. One of the biggest benefits of choosing to build with eco

materials is that they are free from these harmful effects and other

contaminants, (Panda, 2022). The biggest advantage that makes glass a major

component in green buildings is the fact that it is recyclable and also does not

have a huge impact on the environment itself. Glass can play a role in

accomplishing greater indoor environmental quality and when used carefully,

can also improve energy efficiency. Along with tangible benefits, glass can also

provide enhanced air quality, excellent day lighting and general health & well-

being of the occupants. Through a global point of view, conservation of scarce

national resources is also a huge advantage while its widespread acceptance

and enhanced marketability for the project makes it a viable option for the

industry too, (Aiswebapp, 2018).

Concrete Effectiveness

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Commercial Formulated
20
Durability Water Resistance
 Table 2: Results of Testing

Table 2 represents overall evaluation results of the product. Therefore, the

researchers conclude that the commercial concrete is better than the

formulated one when in terms of durability and water resistance.

21
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and

corresponding recommendations based on the result of the study entitled Eco-

Friendly Glass Aggregates in Concrete Infrastructure.

Summary of Findings

The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of the

problem that was stated in chapter 1.

1. Which mixture do you prefer in terms of its cost?

After the long process the researchers recommend mixture when it

comes to its cost is the formulated concrete mixture.

2. Which mixture do you prefer in terms of its durability?

The researchers compared the commercial and the formulated concrete

by dropping 10 numbers of blocks of each mixture at the height of 1

meter. The researcher’s recommend mixture when it comes to its

durability is the commercial concrete mixture.

3. Which mixture do you prefer in terms of its water absorption?

The researchers compared the commercial and the formulated concrete

by soaking 10 numbers of blocks of each mixture at a time of 5 minutes

per block. The researcher’s recommend mixture when it comes to its

water resistance is the commercial concrete mixture.

22
Conclusions

The cost, durability, and water resistance of Eco-friendly glass aggregate was

completely developed and tested. According to the researchers/developers,

recycled aggregate can be alternative concrete material when the user wants to

save money on their needs and lower construction costs, contribute to

environmental management and adoption, ensure construction longevity

through durability and compressive strength, and help to reduce natural

aggregate consumption and preserve natural resources through the use of the

product. However, engineering standards have to be introduced as a guideline

for the application of recycled waste glass in construction. This control

measure has the potential to make the recycled material more expensive to use

than natural aggregates.

Recommendations

The following recommendations were made based on the findings of the

study.

1. The researchers would like to recommend the future researchers if they

would like to develop this product to enhance more its quality and uses in

construction that could help users. They may also develop the product with

effective effort, patients and time given to the production of the recycled

aggregate. We would be grateful of this product could help them in the

future.

23
2. Since formulated mixture of concrete can be used as an alternative

aggregate which has been demonstrated, construction workers should

recycle and reuse glass waste to reduce waste and lower project costs.

3. The researchers would like to encourage the community touse alternative

aggregate for their projects, as it helps them save money while also keeping

the community neat and clean.

4. The researchers would like to recommend to add pozzolans which is one of

ingredient that will help to strengthen the formulated mixture.

5. The Panelist would like to recommend to add some testing such as: heat

testing, Cold testing and water resistance.

24
 References

Dr. Afshinnia, K. (2019). Waste Glass in Concrete has Advantages and

Disadvantages. Published on December 2019.

https://www.concretedecor.net/departments/concrete-placing/waste-glass-in-

concrete-has-advantages-and-disadvantages/

Goyal, M., Kumar, H. (2018). Green Concrete: A Literature Review.

Published on May 31, 2018 https://www.ijert.org/green-concrete-a-literature-

review

"Eco-friendly" cambridge.org Dictionary,

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eco-friendly

. Accessed May 26, 2022

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/eco-friendly

Ogundairo et al (2019). Sustainable use of recycled waste glass as an

alternative material for building construction – A review.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/640/1/012073/pdf

25
"Aggregate" Cement-concrete/Concrete-materials/Aggregates

https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/concrete-materials/aggregates

. Accessed May 26, 2022 https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/concrete-

materials/aggregates

UNEP-SBCI (2015). Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable

solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://wedocs.une

p.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25281/

eco_efficient_cements.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwinybPw67z2AhWRyYsBHTaXBuU4Ch

AWegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw1SwMdsUTTATJT161JyEXtt

"Infrastructure" Merriam-Webster.Com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infrastructure

. Accessed May 26, 2022

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infrastructure

Goyal, M., Kumar H. (2018). Green concrete: A literature review.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ijert.o

26
rg/research/green-concrete-a-literature-review-

IJERTCONV6IS11003.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwibq6y3jrj2AhUtqFYBHUeFDcsQFnoE

CDEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3BdkX2qlzevYwWtJny_JP5

Aiswebapp (2018). GLASS: THE MOST ECO-FRIENDLY GLASS MATERIAL

FOR BUILDINGS. Published on January 19, 2018.

https://www.aisglass.com/glass-eco-friendly-glass-material-buildings/

N.A. (2020). Recycling Glass - How it helps environment

https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/teacher_resources/project_id

eas/recycling_glass/

Gong, H., Hassink, R., Tan, J., Huang, D. (2020). Regional Resilience in

Times of a Pandemic Crisis: The Case of COVID-19 in China. Published on 19

June 2020. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tesg.12447

27
 Curriculum Vitae

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Faith Rica Marie A. Navaja

Email: faithricamarieanavaja@gmail.com
Address:Purok Kauswagan Del Valle, Brgy Apopong, G.S.C
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Jose P. Laurel Elementary School(2014-2016)

Junior high school:Dadiangas North Highschool (2016-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School(2020-2022)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Trisha Lavainne P. Suat

Email:trishalavainne.suat@gmail.com
Address:Pulabato, tampakan, South Cotabato
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school:Escobillo elementary school(2011-2016)

Junior high school: Liberty National High school (2016-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School(2020-2022)

28
PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name:Michaela C. Carbonel
Email: carbonelmichaela@gmail.com
Address:Prk 1 Barangay Ligaya, GenSan City

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Baluan Elementary School(2011-2016)

Junior high school:Ligaya Highschool(2016-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School (2020-2022)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Patrick Charls G. Sarigo

Email: patrickcharlssarigo@gmail.com
Address: Glammang, Polomolok, South Cotabato

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Batotitik Mission Academy Inc.(2011-2016)

Junior high school: Basag National Highschool(2016-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School (2020-2022)

29
PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Keith Adem D. Dela Cruz

Email: ademkeithdelacruz@gmail.com
Address:Block.30 Lot.13, Phase.1a Gensanville subdivision,Brgy.Bula,
General Santos City

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Dadiangas west central elementary school

(2011-2016)
Junior high school: Bula national school of Fisheries(2016-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford international School(2020-2022)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jaylegebreile A.Talim

Email: jayletalim@gmail.com
Address:Casa Luisa vill. Lagao GSC

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Balite Elementary School(2016-2017)

Junior high school:General Santos City National Secondary
School of Arts and Trade (2017-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School(2020-2022)

30
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Arnel James G. Delfin

Email: arneljamesdelfin12@gmail.com
Address:Blk.2 Lot.3, Carcon Village, Brgy.Lagao, General Santos City

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Jose P. Laurel Elementary School(2010-2013)

:Dadiangas West Central Elementary School(2010-2013)
Junior high school: Dadiangas North High School(2016-2017)
Senior high school:Stratford International School (2020-2022)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Mark Anthony Llenes

Email: Markuzllenez@gmail.com
Address: Display Village,Brgy.Mabuhay, General Santos City

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary school: Dadiangas Heights Elementary School(2009-2016

Junior high school:General Santos City National Secondary
School of Arts and Trade (2016-2017)
:Lagao National High School (2017-2020)
Senior high school: Stratford International School(2020-2022)

31