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International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research

Development
Technophilia-2018.
Volume 5, Special Issue 04, Feb.-2018 (UGC Approved

Analysis and Design of Castellated Beam By Using Transverse Stiffener By

British Standard Code.
Manoj K. Phatangare1,Prof.Amol J.Mehetre2
1
PG Scholar,Department of Civil Engineering,AVCOE,Sangamner,Maharashtra,India,
2
PG Guide, Department of Civil Engineering, AVCOE,Sangamner ,Maharashtra,India,

Abstract —A beam with a number of openings in its web is called a castellated beam. castellated beam with stiffener
gain its advantages due to its increased depth of section without any additional weight hence due to increase in depth of
beam load carrying capacity of the parent I section is increase with the same quantity of material the increase in depth of
castellated beam with stiffener leads to web post buckling and lateral torsional buckling failure when these beam are
subjected to loading. castellated beam with stiffener has some limitation also the holes in the web will be change the
structure performance of the beam form that of plain webbed beam .stress concentration occurs near the beam .stress
concentration occurs near the perforations which reduce the shear carrying capacity and stability of the beam.
The shear carrying capacity can be increased by stiffening the web at point concentrated load and reactions.
Hence to increase the shear strength ofthe castellated beam with stiffener and also to reduce the deflection, diagonal and
vertical stiffener are introduced along the web opening and also on the solid portion of the beam along the shear zone.
Steel I section of ISMB 150 is selected and castellated beam with stiffener are fabricated, such that depth of
castellated beam with stiffener is 1.5 times more than the original depth. Experiments are carried out by applying two
point loads and deflection of a beam is studied and different failure mode are analysed.

Keywords- structural, castellated beamstiffener.

1. INTRODUCTION

A beam with a perforated web is called castellated beam. It is an open web beam but made up of single rolled wide
flange beam section and is formed by flame cutting the beam section in the predetermined pattern and rejoining the
segment by welding to produce a regular pattern of holes in web. The beam section obtained in such way can be
even 50% dipper than the original section. By increasing the depth, the section modulus is increased by about 2.25
times the section modulus of the original beam section.A beam with a number of regular openings in its web is
called a castellated beam. Castellated beams have been used in a wide variety of applications, such as roof beams
and rafters in both simple span and cantilever construction, floor beams and girders for heavy as well as light floor
loads, tier buildings, rafter portions of rigid frames, pipe bridges, girts and other special applications. They also
demonstrate the interesting appearance and the functional use of the web holes. Even the increased depth is at
times advantageous as in the case of spandrels or other special architectural features. The economy of castellated
beams is one of their most important advantages. However, the efficiency and economy of castellated beams has
been well established and, for beams on most spans carrying medium to heavy loads.various opening in castellated
beam such as
1.hexagonal
2.diamond.
3.sinusoidal
4.circular
5.rectangular
6.capsul

Stiffeners
Stiffeners Stiffener are those structural components which are used to strengthen shear and moment resistance of
steel plates along the longitudinal, transverse. But if the castellated beams are subjected to concentric loading (for
example Gantry girders) in such case castellated beam prove to be inappropriate. In such cases castellated beams must be
reinforced at the places where these load concentrations occur. For example by inserting plates called as stiffeners, into
one or more of the web openings by additional fitting and welding work. It is observed that there is no regulated
knowledge of how a beam with web openings would behave if a stiffener is placed. A computational finite element (FE)
analysis and a parametric study of a stiffened castellated beam with web openings, is essential to understand its behavior.

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The various types of stiffeners are used for I Beam or castellated beam are as listed below,

1. Intermediate transverse web stiffener:

2. Load carrying stiffener
3. Bearing stiffener
4. Torsion stiffener:
5. Diagonal stiffener
6. Transverse stiffener
7.
. Modes of Failure in castellated beam with stiffener -
1. Flexural failure of the section
2. Lateral torsional buckling of beam
3. Local buckling of web or flange
CASTELLATED BEAM
A) Terminology
Throughout this paper various terms will be used to discuss castellated beam components and testing
results. This section introduces the reader to the definition of these terms. Web Post: The cross-section of
the castellated beam where the section is assumed to be a solid cross-section.
Castellation: The area of the castellated beam where the web has been expanded (hole).
Throat Width: The length of the horizontal cut on the root beam. The length of the portion of the web that is
included with the flanges.
Throat Depth: The height of the portion of the web that connects to the flanges to form the tee section. [1]

Fig. 1. Terminology

B) Notation-

b Flange width
Cd Coefficient relating relative brace stiffness and
curvature
CL Reduction factor for the initial imperfection
E Modulus of elasticity
G Shear modulus of elasticity
h Full depth of the section
ho Distance between flange centroids
hw Clear distance between flanges less the corner radius
Iy Out-of-plane moment of inertia
L Span length
Lb Unbraced length
Lp Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limitstate of yielding
Lr Limiting laterally unbraced length for the limitstate of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling
Mcr Critical moment

C)Fabrication of Castellated Beam and Cellular Beam

Fabrication of castellated beams is a comparatively common events of operations when
adequate handling and controlling equipment is used. Structural Steel by burning two or more at a
time, depending upon their depth. Division is performed by using a component of the oxy-acetylene gas
cutter machine. This is an electrically actuated buggy which function on a fixed track. The buggy has
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building burning patterns that can be adjusted to any one of live standard longitudinal "module"dimensions
and to any hall-opening height.Castellated steel beams fabricated from standard hot-rolled I-sections have
many advantages including greater bending rigidity, larger section modulus, optimum self-weight-depth
ratio, economic construction, easy services through the web openings and aesthetic architectural
appearance. However, the castellation of the beams results in classifiable failure modes depending on
geometry of the beams, size of web openings, web slenderness, type of loading, quality of welding and
lateral restraint conditions. The failure modes comprise shear, flexural, lateral torsional buckling, rupture
of welded joints and web post-buckling failure modes.

1)In the beginning we cut the I-section into 12 pieces of 1m each.

2) Then we marked the cutting alignment to each three section of hexagonal, square, circular Resp.
3) By using gas cutter, we cut the each nine I-Beam in pre-determined pattern.
4) Then we welded the two Separated I-section face-to-face.
5) Then we observed all the un-Alignment corner parts.
6) Then we filled the un-Alignment parts by weldingplates at the corner to make the stability.
7) Then test these prepared Beams on the UTM machine to gain its strengths.[5]

Fig. 2. Fabrication of Castellated Beam and Cellular Beam

D) Design of Cellular Beam
1) Guidelines for web perforations The limits of applicability are:
a) 1.08 < S/D0 < 1.5
b) 1.25 < D/D0 < 1.75
Where, S= center /center spacing,
Do= Diameter of opening,
D= Total depth of beam
2) Ultimate limit state:
To check the beam for the ultimate limit state condition, it is necessary to check the overall strength
of the beam the strength of its elements. The following checks should be carried out:
a) Overall beam flexural capacity.

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b) Beam shear capacity (based on the reduced section)

c) Overall beam bucking strength.
d) Web post flexure and bucking.
e) Vierendeel bending of upper and lower tees.

3) Overall beam flexural capacity:

The maximum moment under factored dead and imposed loading, Mu should not exceed Mp, where
Mp is calculated as follows:
Mu ≤ Mp = AT Py h
Where, AT =area of lower Tee,

as the shear force given above approaches Pv, the axial or bending capacity of the web portion of the web tee
reduces to zero. This interaction may be taken into account by modifying the web thickness depending on the
shear force resisted by the web.

6) Overall beam buckling strength:

To assess the overall buckling strength of a cellular beam, it is recommended that beam properties are
determined at the center line of the opening and that lateral torsional buckling strength is then determined in
accordance with BS 5950: part 1, section 4. If thecompression Flange is restrained sufficiently, this check
may not be necessary.
7) Web post flexural and buckling strength
The web post flexural and buckling capacity should be checked using the equation.
8) Vierendeel bending of upper and lower tees:
The critical section for the tee should be
determined by using one the methods as described by Olander’s or Sahmel’s approach. The combined forces in the
tee should be checked as follows:
Po/Pu + M/Mp ≤ 1
Where Po and M are forces and moments on the section
Pu = area of critical section
Mp = plastic modulus of critical section for plastic sections

E) Fabrication of Fixed Support assembly

1) In this project work we have prepared a two Fixed Support assembly
2) Bottom Jaw of a Fixed Support assembly is of size 165mm x 230mm &It works of fixing to movable cross head of a
Universal Testing Machine.
3) Upper Jaw of a Fixed Support assembly is of size 165mm x 170mm and it performs load distribution to the castellated
beam.
4) Now by excluding distance 30mm from both side and mark it and drilled the holes of 16.5mm diameter at the center.

Fig 3. Fixed Support assembly

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3. TEST SETUP AND EQUIPMENT

1) At initial performed all the adjustment
2) remove all the fixtures on the lower - cross head of UTM.
3)then put cantilever fixture on the lower-cross head of UTM.
4) after that, fixed the Fixed Support assembly by using Nut-Bolt available at both side of Block.
5) Then fixed cantilever I-section between upper Block & steel plate using Nut-Bolts.
6) Then loading Assembly is fixed on the movable cross head of UTM with the I-Section.
7) put the extensometer Below the castellated I-section.
8) Then start loading taking loading assembly in the middle of cantilever beam.
9) Then noted down the result of Load & deflection. 10) Then, apply all the above step for the hexagonal, circular, square
& plane castellated Beam and Note down the Result of Load and deflection

Fig.5. Lateral torsional buckling on NPI-125 (Hexagonal)

Fig.6 Load vs Deflection Graphics for NPI-125 (Hexagonal)

Fig.7. Lateral torsional buckling on NPI-125 (Circular)

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Fig.8. Load vs Deflection Graphics for NPI-125 (Circular)

Fig.9. Lateral torsional buckling on NPI-125 (Square)

Fig.10. Load vs Deflection Graphics for NPI-125 (Square)

IV.ANALYSIS BY ANSYS

The finite element software ANSYS was used to investigate the bucking behavior of the web-post. The resulting
increased stress towards the edge of the opening, promotes a premature buckling along the web opening.

Fig.11 Total Deformation of hexagonal I Section in Cantilever condition

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Fig. 12 Equivalent Stress of hexagonal I Section in Cantilever condition

Fig. 13 Maximum Shear Stress of Plane I Section in Cantilever condition

V. CONCLUSION
Depth is the most important parameter which regulate the sectional property of the section. For the serviceability
moment of inertia plays very vital role and moment of inertia of I-section is directly proportional to the third power of
the depth Use of castellated beams and cellular beams for different structures rapidly gaining appeal. This is due to
increased depth of section without any additional weight, high strength to weight ratio, their lower maintenance and
painting cost, the prime advantage of castellated beam is increase in vertical bending stiffness, easy service
provision and attractive appearance primarily. In castellatedbeam and cellular beam, we increase the depth of the
section as discussed earlier up to certain limit and under the consideration of the web shear. In castellated beam to
avoid local failure of beam provision of plate below concentrated load, to provide reinforcement at the weak sections
of the beam, to avoid Vierendeel effect (to avoid stress concentration) corners of the holes are to be rounded are
concluded. From the test analysis result of this Study the following Conclusion can be reasonably made-
1)The composite moment of inertia of the castellated beam section as found in catalogs.
2)The castellated beam section properties should be used to calculate the flexure strength of castellated beam.

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REFERENCES

1) [SevakDemirdjian, stability of castellated beam webs, March 1999

2) D.A. Nethercot, D. Kerdal , “Lateral-torsional buckling of castellated beams”, Structural Eng, Lond, 60B (3),
53-61,1982.
3) Amir HosseinGandomi, SeyedMortezaTabatabaei, Mohammad Hossein, Moradia,AtaRadfar Amir
HosseinAlavi Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 1096-1105.
4) [5] Husain MU, Speirs WG. Failure of castellated beams due to rupture of welded joints. Acier-Stahl-Steel
1971;1.
5) [6] Husain MU, SpeirsWG. Experiments on castellated steel beams. J Am Weld Soc, Weld
ResSuppl1973;52(8):329-3423.
6) Galambos AR, Husain MU, Spin WG. Optimum expansion ratio of castellated steel beams.
EngOptim1975;1:213-25 [London, Great Britain].

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