Senior High School

Reading &

Writing
WEEK 1

Anna Patrisha P. Banawa

You are expected to:
1. familiarize yourself with the different writing patterns in paragraph
development;
2. identify the transitional words and phrases used in the different writing
patterns;
3. write a short paragraph using a certain writing pattern; and
4. distinguish the uses and the differences of each writing pattern.
Opening Activity
01 Form a group

Connect the word/phrase to form

02 a correct and meaningful
sentence
 Buffalo buffalo Buffalo
buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo
buffalo.
The boat sailed on the river
sank.
Let’s eat, Grandma!


Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

Man the bit sandwhich the

Grammatical but Meaningless
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

Meaningful but Ungrammatical

Man the bit sandwhich the
Patterns of Development in
Writing Across Disciplines
1. Narration
2. Description
3. Definition
4. Exemplification/Classification
5. Comparison and Contrast
6. Cause and Effect
7. Problem-Solution Essay
8. Persuasion
Exercise 1
Read the set of event then re-arrange it accordingly
1. Finally, the elderly crossed the street safely and Juan was able
to reach school on time.
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry to go to school.
3. Then, he thought of helping the elderly even though he will be
late for school.
4. Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing
the street.
Exercise 1
Read the set of event then re-arrange it accordingly
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry to go to school.
4. Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing
the street.
3. Then, he thought of helping the elderly even though he will be
late for school.
1. Finally, the elderly crossed the street safely and Juan was able
to reach school on time.
 Narration
a writing pattern that is used to tell a story
the plot of events helps to show the reader
how the story moves
narrative text contains the chronological
ordering which gives direction in the story
 Note: Learning Activity Sheet

Task 1
Being a transferee is never easy. At first, I was hesitant to come but my
mother told me that I would find new friends in Masayahin Senior High School.
I would never forget the day I first entered this school, I felt so shy and nervous.
I did not know anyone for I was a new Grade 11 student. When I entered my
first class looking for a chair to sit in, a boy sitting beside the window sill asked
me, “Are you new in this school?” and I answered shyly, “yes.” Then, he offered
me the vacant seat beside him. He was Jasper, a former student in that school.
We got along with each other well in our class. We worked on our assignments
and school projects, he slept in our house doing our research work. After a year,
we both realized that in many ways we had a lot of similarities in terms of
interests in life. In the end, we became best of friends.
 Task 1
Answer the following questions

1. Where and when did the story happen?

2. What transitional devices are used to indicate the
chronological order of time?
3. What event happened first?
4. What does the paragraph tell?
5. What sequence is presented in the story?
Task 2

Now Long ago Overhead Besides In the distance Under

Task 2

Now Long ago Overhead Besides In the distance Under

Overhead
In the distance

Long ago
Now
Quick Check
1. _________ is a writing pattern that is used to tell story.
2. A narrative text contains the _________ which gives
direction in the story.
3. _________are words or phrases that help carry a thought
from one sentence to
another, from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to
another.
4. Most of the common transitional words to show _________
of events are first,
next, then, after and suddenly.
5. The _________of events helps to show the reader how the
story moves.
 Exercise 2
complete the table by supplying words or phrases that best
describe the given subjects. Use any of your senses to provide appropriate
descriptions. Then answer the questions that follow

SIGHT HEARING SMELL TASTE TOUCH

SCHOOL
COMPETITION

BEACHSIDE

ADOBO
 Description
tell readers about the subject's
characteristics
uses adjective words or sensory words
types
objective - primarily factual, no bias
subjective - personal impression
 Text A
The kitchen table is rectangular, seventy-two inches long and
thirty inches wide. Made of a two-inch-thick piece of oak, its top
is covered with a waxy oilcloth patterned in dark red and blue
squares against a white background. In the right corner, close to
the wall, a square blue ceramic tile serves as the protective base
for a brown earthenware teapot. A single white placemat has
been set to the left of the tile, with a knife and fork on either
side of a white dinner plate, around nine inches in diameter. On
the plate are two thick pieces of steak.
 Text B
Our lives at home converged around the pleasantly-shaped kitchen table. It was the
magnet that drew our family together quite warmly. Cut from the sturdiest oak, the
table was tough, smooth, and long enough for my mother, my two sisters, and me to
work or play on at the same time. Our favorite light blue ceramic tile, stationed in the
right corner, was the table’s sole defense against the ravages of everything from a
steaming teapot to the latest red-hot gadget from the Sears catalogue. More often
than not, however, the heat would spread quickly beyond the small tile and onto the
checkered oilcloth, which just as quickly exuded a rank and sour odor. Yet no matter
how intensely the four of us competed for elbow room at the table, none dared venture
near the lone dinner place arranged securely to the left of the tile. There was no telling
when he would get home from work, but, when he did, he expected the food to be
ready–steaming hot. He liked to eat right away–steak mostly–two bloody but thick
pieces.
Task 1
Quick Check
1. ____________ is a writing pattern of developing
paragraph using detailed observation about the subject.
2. ____________ are used in writing descriptive
paragraph.
3. ____________ can be in a form of word, phrase or
clause.
4. ____________description presents impartial and
actual picture of the subjects without biases.
5. ____________ description gives the personal
impression of the writer.
Use Narration when the writer is telling a story to make a point.

Use Description when the writer wants to evoke the senses to

create a picture.

Often, the patterns are used together to give the reader a

compelling story with vivid, descriptive details which help to
illuminate and strengthen the writer’s thesis.
PERFORMANCE TASK 1 MARCH 02, 2022

Write a narration/description
about your favourite song, band,
or genre of music. Your job in
this first essay is to use your
writing as a means of inquiry.
 Definition
used to explain technical words and
concepts
methods
informal definition
Denotation - dictionary meaning
Connotation - secondary meaning of
a word
formal definition - (WORD) n + Genus
(CLASS) + Differentia
extended or expanded
 Informal Definition

Rose is a family of prickly shrub with

pinnate leaves and showy flowers.

A dozen of pink roses is usually given to their

beloved ones.
 Formal Definition

Skimming (species) is a reading

technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel
over a page very quickly, stopping only
here and there to gain an idea (differentiae).
 Extented Definition
Method Example

San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines

and today, it is known as one of the first-class cities in the
province of Laguna. It is also called the City of Seven Lakes
By stating its
namely: Bunot Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap Lake,
characteristics Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake, Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo
lake. These seven freshwater lakes are crater form of a
steam-blast eruption from Mt. Cristobal.

In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their

By function actions, such as following the precautionary measures given
by the health experts to avoid the spread of the virus.
 Extented Definition
Method Example

Far from the normal situations that we had before, the

By what it is
pandemic makes each one of us skip buying unnecessary
not items.

By what it is Jollibee and McDonalds both offer savory chicken and

similar to delicious pasta that children love.
 Extented Definition
Method Example

The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021

amids the pandemic is a great challenge to the Department
of Education. They continue researching alternative ways of
By Examples teaching and learning to be implemented in schools such as
online learning, modular learning, and learning from TV
shows and radio programs.

By origin of Writers around the world define literature in different ways.

word or The origin of the word literature is derived from the Latin
word Litera which means letter.
etymology
 Extented Definition
Method Example

Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the

world embraces the new normal. People have become more
conscious about sanitation and hygiene. They now learn
By its effect physical distancing in public places. And, most of the
people stay at home either working or developing new
hobbies and exploring new things.
Exercise 3

Analyze how the writer creates a shared concept

and what different expanded
definition methods are used in the paragraph.
 Exercise 3
(1) Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units,
each occupying a distinct position in the component. (2) Bimetal rods or
wires (also called clad metal, duo- or dual-metal) are made of dissimilar
metals. (3) The rod core a cylindrical body made of one metal, is
surrounded by a concentric, cylindrical sleeve of another metal. (4) Some
fibrous metals may also be regarded as bimetallic; for example, rods
made by unidirectional solidification of some eutectic compositions
containing a metallic (or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous filaments
embedded in an almost pure metallic matrix.
Quick Check
1. ____________ is a writing pattern of developing
paragraphs that provides a concise meaning of
unfamiliar words and a special meaning to familiar
words.
2. Methods of definition that are based on the writers
personal or consensual experiences.
3. Methods of definition that are based on dictionary
4. Methods to be used in defining concept/word in a
research paper
Exemplification/Classification
Exemplification
(or illustration) is the most common and effective
pattern to explain an idea or point
transitional expressions
for instance, namely, to be specify, to clarify, to
illustrate, for example, in short, as an example
Exemplification/Classification
Classification
used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange
subjects to groups or categories based on their
common and shared characteristics
transitional expressions
classified as, one kind, the last group, another kind,
another, final type, the first category, are
categorized as, the next part
Exercise 4
Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous substances
brought about by these three major types of pollution: land, air and water gravely
affects our health. For instance, a person may acquire skin problems and other
deformities from the toxic wastes in our land, such as garbage, pesticides, heavy
metals and other chemicals. Air pollution caused by toxic gases, solid and liquid
particles or aerosols, and other hazardous air pollutants adversely contaminate the
air that we breathe. Long-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked with
diseases of the heart and lungs, cancers and other health problems. Lastly, water
pollution observed in our primary water sources like oceans, rivers, and lakes is
caused by the presence of industrial wastes, sewage and waste waters, chemical
fertilizers and pesticides to be specific. Infectious diseases can be acquired through
contaminated water and can cause cholera, jaundice, liver damage and stomach
illness in people.
Topic Sentence:

Classification Examples

a.
b.
Pollution __________________
c.
d.

a.
Air b.
c.

a.
b.
__________________ c.
d.
e.

Transitional Devices:
Topic Sentence:

Classification Examples

a. garbage
b. pesticide
Pollution land
c. heavy metals
d. other chemicals

a. toxic gases
Air b. solid and liquid particles
c. other hazardous air pollutants

a. industrial wastes
b. sewage
Water c. waste waters
d. chemical fertilizer
e. pesticides

Transitional Devices: For instance, such as, lastly, to be specific, like, and
Remember that you can use exemplification and
classification in developing a paragraph by simply
identifying categories on a particular subject and
providing examples or illustrations to explain and
clarify meaning.
Quick Check
1. ____________ is a writing pattern of developing
paragraphs that provides specific examples to prove a
point.
2. ____________ is a writing pattern of developing
paragraphs that use categories or types in order to
understand a larger concept.
3. The transitional device such as for instances,
namely, to illustrate indicate ____________.
4. The transitional device classified, one kind, the
category indicate _________________.
Opening Activity
Try this! Choose the
word/s that do/does not belong
on each line then write a
category name for each
group
Opening Activity
rose banana sunflower daisy flower

on land by water by air by bus

carrot cabbage radish onion

jazz rock pop ballet

Coins Dollar Yen Franc

Comparison and Contrast
analyzes two subjects
illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between two subjects
two common ways
Block method
Point-by-point
use cohesive devices
Comparison and Contrast
 Read the passage and analyze it carefully.
Exercise 5
Alligators and crocodiles, along with their relatives the caimans
and the gavials, are very much alike. These crocodilians are
reptiles with long snouts, long tails, four short legs, tough skin,
and sharp teeth. There are some differences, however. Gavials
have the longest snout and the most teeth. Some people say
that alligators and crocodiles differ in the shape of their snouts
and the positioning of their teeth. Zookeepers say that
crocodiles move faster than alligators and have nastier
dispositions.
Quick Check
1. A comparison and contrast writing analyzes two
subjects by ______________.
2. The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast
essay is not to state what seems so obvious about the
things being compared but __________________.
3. The two main organizing strategies for compariosn
and contrast writing are __________ and _________.
Assignment
Using the Venn diagram, jot down words and phrases
showing similarities and differences between Junior
High School and Senior High School.

Layout Requirements
A4 size bond paper
Landscape
Upper Right: FULL NAME in CAPITAL LETTERS
Upper Left: Year-Section
Bottom Middle: ASSIGNMENT. READING & WRITING
 Cause and Effect
reason and result text
expository essay that explores its topic by
discussing the issue’s causes and consequences
 Cause and Effect
The following guide questions can be used for cause-
effect development:
Why did it happen?
What caused it?
What does it cause?
What are the effects?
How is it related to something else?
 Cause and Effect

The Great Barrier Reef is threatened by global warming; the

rising water temperature causes reef bleaching, making the reef
less colorful and more prone to disease.
 Cause and Effect

CAUSE EFFECT

as a consequence of accordingly
as a result of consequently
because hence
because of so
now that therefore
since this resulted in to
 Cause and Effect
The cause-and-effect essay can be organized in one of
the following two primary ways:

a. Start with the cause and then talk about the effects.
b. Start with the effect and then talk about the causes.
Cause and Effect
Exercise 6
✓
Put a check ( ) if the item is suited for a cause-and-effect text
or a cross (x) if not.
1. How to play drums
2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness
Exercise 6
Identify if the underline phrase indicate reason (cause) or result
(effect)
a. Owing to the lack of customers, the restaurant closed down
this week.
b. she is scared of clowns, she never goes to the circus.
Quick Check
Complete the given statements to sum up your learning for this lesson.
1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains ___________
something happens and states ___________results a particular event
produces.
2. ___________focuses on: why did the topic happen; what caused it;
what does it cause; what are its effects; and, how is it related to
something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include:
______________________________________________
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include:
_______________________________________________
 Problem and Solution

presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects

ofthe problem, then concludes by discussing solutions to
the problem.
 Problem and Solution
The problem may be addressed in the following ways:

Describe the problem only in terms of its effects.

Effects only
Use Examples

Outline the causes of the problem. 

Causes and Effects
Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures.

 After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using an

Extended example extended example (through a story or an anecdote from
your introduction).
 Problem and Solution
Ways to present solutions

Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first

Preventive
place 
measures
For example: How to prevent Covid-19

Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if

A series of steps
that doesn’t work, try something else, etc.

Advice  Give some advice and helpful hints.

A choice of Include solutions that have already been tried, have been
solutions unsuccessful, and new solutions which you are proposing
 Problem and Solution
Transitional Devices

Introduction Body Conclusion

Nowadays…

For instance… In conclusion… 

It is a common trend
that…
Such as/like… To conclude… 


Society is becoming
Namely… To sum up…
increasingly concerned
about…
 Problem and Solution
Arrange the following steps in developing a problem-and-solution text.
_____ Brainstorm to identify several solutions.
_____ Gather supporting information.
_____ Define the problem to be solved.
_____ Decide how to organize your writing.
_____ Write a thesis statement.
_____ Support your thesis with examples and details.
_____ Write a strong conclusion.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
work in cooperative groups to brainstorm ideas
and organize them into a cohesive argument to
be presented to the class;
gain knowledge of the different strategies
that are used in effective persuasive writing;
critique a persuasive piece based on
information selection, organization, and
development;
use a graphic organizer to help them begin
organizing their ideas into written form.
Opening Activity
Opening Activity
CHOCOLATE IS A HEALTHY FOOD.

AGREE DISAGREE
 Persuasion
intends to convince the reader of a stated
opinion or belief
can be form of an argument, discussion,
exposition, review or even an advertisement

Development
Form a group
Choose a recorder, or designate a recorder
to write down the team's arguments
For 5 minutes, choose an item or a product
that your team frequently uses, the team
must come up with the best reason why the
class should pick/buy you
Present your arguments
 Persuasion
Structure
Introduction
Hook
Thesis Statement/Claim
Body
Arguments
(position that can either support or reject the issue)

Evidences
Conclusion
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Big Names
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
Kairos
Research
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Big Names- important people or experts that
support your side of the argument

Example:
Former U.S President Bill Clinton thinks
that junk food should be take out of
vending machines
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Logos - using logic, facts, numbers and
information/data to support your argument

Example:
A snicker bar has 280 calories
and 30 grams of sugar.
That's not very healthy.
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Pathos - appealing to your audience's emotions

Example:
Your donation might just get
this puppy off the street
and into a good home
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Ethos - making yourself seem trustworthy and
believable

Example:
Believe me! I’ve been there before.
I’m just like you.
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Kairos - building a sense of urgency for your
cause

Example:
This is a one-time offer.
You can’t get this price after today.
 Persuasion
Persuasive Strategies
Research - using studies and information to make
your argument seem more convincing; you can
use words, graphs, tables, illustrations
Example:
A recent study found that students
who watch TV during the week
don’t do as well in school
Exercise 1

Read the text and

identify the
strategies employ
in the text.
 The Benefits of Chocolate
Chocolate is frequently classified as a junk food. This
label is extremely unfair. Research had proven that
chocolate has many health benefits.
Firstly, dark chocolate contains high levels of
antioxidants. Studies have proven that antioxidants
lower the risk of heart disease, cancer, and Type 2
diabetes. How can a food such as this be labelled as
unhealthy?
 The Benefits of Chocolate

In addition to this, chocolate is full of minerals which

are vital to maintaining good health. Some of these
include potassium, zinc and selenium. Just a small
amount of chocolate is enough to provide a fabulous
boost of these minerals to daily diet.
 The Benefits of Chocolate
Finally, eating chocolate creates a feelings of
happiness. It increases the levels of endorphins and
serotoni in our brains, which makes us feel calm and
content. With all of these wonderful benefits, who
wouldn't want to eat chocolate?
Eating chocolate has healthy benefits for the mind
and body. It is unacceptable to continue labelling
chocolate as unhealthy.
Quick Check
1. __________ is a type of paragraph development that focuses on
presenting points of view with the intention to convince the reader.
2. An __________ serves as a background information about the topic.
3. An __________ is one’s claim or position that can either support or
reject the issue previously stated.
4. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched __________.
5. A __________ restating the main argument of the text will be the
end of the text.
 Note: Learning Activity Sheet

Task 1

Write a persuasive text to

encourage incoming senior high
school to choose the strand you
are enrolled in.
 Note: Learning Activity Sheet

Task 1 prewriting exercise

Using the Persuasion Map, the learners will
organize their idea with the topic below.

Encourage the incoming

senior high school to
choose the strand that is
offered in BIS.