Design of Partially-isolated Bidirectional Multiport

Converter Topology with Less-switch Count for Renewable

Energy System

by

MOHAMMAD FARIS AIMAN BIN ZULKIFLI

(191292494)

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Technology
(Industrial Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

2023
 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

DECLARATION OF REPORT

Author’s Full Name : MOHAMMAD FARIS AIMAN BIN ZULKIFLI

Title : DESIGN OF PARTIALLY-ISOLATED BIDIRECTIONAL
MULTIPORT CONVERTER TOPOLOGY WITH LESS-
SWITCH COUNT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
Date of Birth : 7 FEBRUARY 1998
Academic Session : 2022/2023

I hereby declare that this report becomes the property of Universiti Malaysia Perlis
(UniMAP) and to be placed at the library of UniMAP. This report is classified as:
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official
Secret Act 1997)*
RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the
organization where research was done)*
 OPEN ACCESS I agree that my report to be published as online open
access (Full Text)
I, the author, give permission to reproduce this report in whole or in part for the purpose of
research or academic exchange only (except during the period of _______ years, if so
requested above)
Certified by:

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

MOHAMMAD FARIS AIMAN BIN DR NURHAKIMAH BINTI MOHD

ZULKIFLI MUKHTAR
(980207355287) NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date:

NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the
organization with the period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction. Replace thesis with dissertation
(MSc by Mixed Mode) or with report (coursework)

1
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I’d want to say Alhamdulillah and thank you to my supervisor,
Dr Nurhakimah Binti Mohd Mukhtar for advice and support throughout the research. It
was an honor to work under her guidance and supervision.

Next, is my family members, especially my brother, Mohammad Danial Imran

Bin Zulkifli, which have been a continual source support in thriving to complete my
research. Thank you for the most support and encouragement to me.

Last but not least, it was a pleasure to complete this research successfully
according to the plan and time given.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
DECLARATION OF REPORT 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

LIST OF TABLES 5

LIST OF FIGURES 6

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7

LIST OF SYMBOLS 8

ABSTRAK 8

ABSTRACT 10

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 11

1.1 Introduction 11

1.2 Problem Statements 11

1.3 Project Objectives 12

1.4 Project Scopes 12

1.5 Report Guideline 13

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 16

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Critical Review from Related Work 14

2.2.1 Non-Isolated Converter 14

2.2.2 Buck Converter 15

2.2.3 Boost Converter 15

3
 2.2.4 Buck-Boost Converter 16

2.3 Partially Isolated Converter 17

2.3.1 Isolated Flyback Converter 17

2.3.2 Isolated Forward Converter 18

2.3.3 Multiport Converter 18

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 Introduction 20

3.2 Overall Project Workflow 20

3.3 Block Diagram of Closed Loop and Open Loop System 22

3.4 Bidirectional Power Flow 23

CHAPTER 4 : RESULT & DISCUSSION 33

4.1 Introduction on result and discussion 24

4.2 Equation 26

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 35

5.1 Summary 27

REFERENCES 28

4
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1.0 Parameter for design of Partially-Isolated Single Magnetic Multiport 25

Converter

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

2.0 Non-Isolated Converter 14

2.1 Buck Converter 15

2.2 Boost Converter 15

2.3 Buck Boost Converter 16

2.4 Partially Isolated Converter 17

2.5 Isolated Flyback Converter 17

2.6 Isolated Forward Converter 18

2.7 Multiport Converter 18

3.0 Project Workflow of FYP 21

3.1 Block Diagram of Closed-Loop control system 22

3.2 Block Diagram of Open-Loop control system 22

3.3 Bidirectional Power Flow 23

4.0 Design of project using MATLAB Simulink 24

6
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PV Photovoltaics
MATLAB MATrix LABoratory
PID Proportional, Integral, and Derivative
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
e.m.f Electric and Magnetic field
DC Direct Current
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
LLC Magnetic inductor, resonant inductor and resonant capacitor

7
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

L Inductors
C Capacitor
D Diode
Vs Voltage Source
Vo Voltage Output
k Kilo
Hz Hertz

8
Rekabentuk Topologi Penukar Pelbagai Arah Dua Arah Terasing Separa dengan
Kiraan Kurang Suis untuk Sistem Tenaga Boleh Diperbaharui

ABSTRAK

Penjanaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui telah berkembang dengan pesat disebabkan

kebimbangan perubahan iklim dan kenaikan harga minyak. Suria, angin, biojisim,
gelombang pasang surut dan sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang lain menyediakan
penjanaan kuasa elektrik yang bersih. Penukar DC–DC kuasa sedang digunakan secara
meluas dalam pelbagai aplikasi seperti sistem tenaga hibrid, kenderaan hibrid,
aeroangkasa, aplikasi satelit dan peranti elektronik mudah alih. Disebabkan ini,
permintaan untuk penukar berbilang port semakin meningkat. Pada masa lalu, banyak
penyelidikan dan pembangunan telah dijalankan untuk meningkatkan kebolehpercayaan,
kecekapan, modulariti dan keberkesanan kos penukar ini, kerana potensi penggunaannya
dalam tenaga hijau atau sistem penjanaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui, had ini juga biasa
diketahui. bahawa perbelanjaan untuk membina sistem tenaga boleh diperbaharui jangka
panjang di Malaysia adalah sangat mahal. Idea ini juga mengehadkan penggunaan sistem
tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Sebelum ini, projek pada penukar berbilang input yang
mampu mengintegrasikan input tahap yang berbeza dan menggabungkan manfaatnya
untuk memberi makan kepada tahap output yang berbeza. Projek ini bercadang untuk
membina Topologi Penukar Berbilang Pelabuhan Dwi Arah Terpencil Separa dengan
Kiraan Kurang Suis untuk Sistem Tenaga Boleh Diperbaharui berdasarkan kekangan
yang dinyatakan sebelum ini. Topologi penukar separa terpencil terbentuk daripada
campuran penukar tidak terpencil dan terpencil. Penukar ini boleh memenuhi keperluan
aplikasi yang akan mempunyai ketumpatan kuasa tinggi dan struktur padat. Transformer
frekuensi tinggi akan digunakan untuk mengasingkan sisi primer dan sekunder penukar
ini.

9
 Design Of Partially-Isolated Bidirectional Multiport Converter Topology with
Less-Switch Count for Renewable Energy System

ABSTRACT

Renewable energy generation have grown greatly due to the concerns of climate change
and the increase in oil prices. Solar, wind, biomass, tidal waves, and other renewable
energy sources provide clean electrical power generation. Power DC–DC converters are
being widely used in various applications like hybrid energy systems, hybrid vehicles,
aerospace, satellite applications and portable electronics devices. Because of this, the
demand for multiport converters is on the rise. In the recent past, a lot of research and
development has been carried out to enhance the reliability, efficiency, modularity and
cost effectiveness of these converters, because of their potential use in green energy or
renewable energy generation systems, the limitation is also commonly known that the
expense of constructing a long-term renewable energy system in Malaysia is prohibitively
expensive. This idea also limits the use of renewable energy system. Previously, a project
on multiinput converter that are able to integrate different level inputs and combine their
benefits to feed the different level of outputs. This project intends to build a Partially-
isolated Bidirectional Multiport Converter Topology with Less-switch Count for
Renewable Energy System based on the previously mentioned constraint. The topology
of a partially isolated converter is formed from the mixture of non-isolated and isolated
converters. This converter can meet the requirements of applications that will have a
high-power density and compact structure. The high-frequency transformer will be used
to isolate the primary and secondary sides of this converter.

10
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind power, have gained significant
attention in recent years due to their sustainable and environmentally friendly nature.
These systems typically employ power electronic converters to efficiently manage the
energy flow between different sources and loads. Among the various converter
topologies, the bidirectional multiport converter has emerged as a promising solution for
renewable energy systems due to its ability to handle multiple energy sources and loads
simultaneously.

This chapter presents an overview of the research and its significance. Firstly, the
background of renewable energy systems and their integration challenges is discussed.
Next, the limitations of existing bidirectional multiport converter topologies are
highlighted, emphasizing the importance of reducing the switch count. Finally, the
research objectives, methodology, and structure of the thesis are outlined, providing a
roadmap for the subsequent chapters.

1.1 Background History

In the last few decades, renewable energy has drawn a lot of interest as an
alternative to fossil fuels. The integration of renewable energy sources into the existing
power grid has become a global imperative in response to the increasing demand for clean
and sustainable energy. Solar and wind power, in particular, have experienced significant
growth and are widely recognized as viable alternatives to traditional fossil fuel-based
energy generation. However, this alternative energy is renowned for its sporadic nature,
whether it comes from the sun, wind, or water. Power electronic converters play a crucial
role in renewable energy systems by enabling efficient energy conversion and
management. These converters facilitate the bidirectional flow of power between the
energy sources (e.g., solar panels, wind turbines) and various loads (e.g., the grid, energy

11
storage systems). Bidirectional multiport converters have emerged as a key solution for
integrating multiple energy sources and loads simultaneously, allowing for greater
flexibility and control in renewable energy systems. As a result, the majority of
applications for renewable energy now require energy storage devices. If the input
provides more power than the output requires, those units serve as a balancing stage
between the input and the output where they absorb the remaining source power.
Additionally, it helps the input by feeding the output if the output requires more power
than the input can provide.

Historically, conventional bidirectional multiport converter topologies, such as

the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) and the Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped (3L-NPC)
converter, have been extensively researched and utilized. These topologies provided the
necessary functionality for power flow control in renewable energy systems but suffered
from several limitations.

One of the major drawbacks of existing bidirectional multiport converter

topologies is the high number of switches employed, resulting in increased complexity,
cost, and power losses. The large number of switches also affects the overall reliability
and durability of the converter system. Therefore, there is a growing need to explore
innovative converter topologies that can address these challenges and offer improved
performance.

The research presented in this thesis aims to address this need by proposing a
partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology with a reduced switch count.
By reducing the number of switches, the proposed topology can enhance the overall
efficiency and reliability of renewable energy systems, making them more economically
viable and sustainable.

1.2 Problem Statement

In comparison to other industrialized countries across the world, renewable

energy system is not frequently used in Malaysia. Furthermore, in Malaysia, there is a
lack of understanding and exposure. Because of domestic business limits in adopting
renewable energy systems, a financial issue is also a barrier to implementing green

12
renewable energy [1]. The cost of implementing bidirectional multiport converters with
a high switch count is often prohibitive, especially for large-scale renewable energy
installations.

Finding a solution that reduces the switch count without compromising the
converter's functionality and efficiency is crucial to improve the economic viability of
renewable energy systems. Solar PV systems are one of the most widely used renewable
energy sources. It's an intriguing energy source because, unlike conventional fossil fuels
like coal, oil, and gas, it's not only renewable but also inexhaustible and non-polluting.

Moreover, another problem faced in the past project is power density, as there
may be losses in conduction or at turn-on and turn-off points and can be reduced by using
a smaller number of switches and increase the frequency of switching [2]. The high
switch count in conventional bidirectional multiport converters also poses reliability and
durability concerns. The increased number of switches can lead to a higher probability of
component failures, impacting the overall system performance and requiring frequent
maintenance. From previous project, on isolated forward converter only uses single
transistor which effected the output voltage accuracy and must include different type of
duty cycles and increase the output to be multiport converter The existing bidirectional
multiport converter topologies used in renewable energy systems suffer from a high
number of switches, leading to increased complexity, cost, and power losses. This
complexity hinders the widespread adoption and efficient operation of renewable energy
systems. [2]. To overcome these problems, a new project will be implemented which is
bidirectional multiport converter topology.

1.3 Objective

a) To design a partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology that uses

fewer switches.

b) To evaluate the performance in theoretical study which supported voltage, current

and power generated from the system.

13
1.4 Project Scopes

This project is limited with particular scope. During day time the Solar PV will
generate 12 volts into the Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter. It will then charge
the battery and it will also send 120 Volts to the load. When during night time or solar
resonance the Solar PV cannot produce any voltage so the charged battery will then send
to the voltage to the load.

The selection of the component is very important to get a good design and the
components must be correct and appropriate for the implementation of the project.
However, all the material selections depend on cost consideration.

The MATLAB software is used to design and simulate the open loop and close
loop system. PI/PID control methods are widely used and preferred in most of control
applications. PI/PID controller parameters are calculated in literature using heuristic
methods such as Ziegler Nichols. A PID controller will be integrated in this circuit by
simulation using an 8-bit microcontroller to control the system.

1.5 Report Guideline

In this report, there are five chapters, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Chapter 1 is the project
overall introduction. In chapter 1, explain about background of bidirectional multiport
converter and its integration on renewable energy system. Next, the problem statement
has been discussed with proper current researcher’s project weakness, problem causes
and also disadvantage by comparison. The objectives that needed to be accomplished and
scopes of the project have been also given. Project scope and the background of the
project will be presented.

Next, Chapter 2 various sources of information is gathered from journal, papers

from conferences and other sources on the bidirectional multiport converter. Chapter 2
deals with the background and development of bidirectional multiport converter literature
review. This chapter also reviewed the types of converters that exists.

14
 For chapter 3 will enable to see the multiport converter used in solar PV and
flowchart on the project overall process is presented. It also discussed the step by step
taken throughout the entire process of the project development. The block diagram of the
project, flowchart of the project, design circuit for A Partially-Isolated Single Magnetic
Multiport Converter is explained.

Chapter 4 highlights the analysis of the result obtain through simulation using
MATLAB Simulink. This chapter also discussed the result obtained in detail of the output
power and output voltage of PV module and the battery.

Finally, in chapter 5 detailed summary and conclusion is presented for the overall
project. The conclusion and recommendation for future study will be recommended in
Chapter 5 in order to improve the charging circuit system performance and efficiency in
future.

15
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing

research and development in the field of bidirectional multiport converters, with a
specific focus on topologies that have been proposed to reduce the switch count. By
exploring the current state of the art, this review will identify the research gaps,
challenges, and potential opportunities for improving the performance, efficiency, and
cost-effectiveness of bidirectional multiport converters in renewable energy systems.

This chapter is divided into several sections. Firstly, an overview of bidirectional

multiport converters and their significance in renewable energy systems is presented. The
fundamental operation principles, advantages, and challenges associated with
bidirectional multiport converters are discussed, emphasizing the importance of reducing
the switch count. Next, a review of the existing bidirectional multiport converter
topologies is provided, with a focus on those proposed to minimize the switch count. This
section will explore the design principles, key features, and performance characteristics
of these topologies.

2.2.1 Non-Isolated Converter

Non-isolated converters are typically less adaptable than isolated converters in

terms of utilisation. They do, however, offer a number of advantages for designers in
situations when isolation is not necessary. In a non-isolated power converter, the input
and output are connected by a single circuit that allows current to pass. [3]. Since a non-
isolated converter does not need to physically separate the input from the output and does
not need a transformer, they are often smaller and lighter. Since there are no transformer
losses to account for, it also increases efficiency. Since no isolation is necessary for any
signals that cross the isolation barrier, the design of non-isolated converters is typically
simpler. From the research of S. m. Dwari and L. Parsa a non-isolated power converter
16
is utilised when the isolation feature between the power converter's ports is not necessary
in some applications. This type of topology has some advantages, including low-cost,
high-power density, and high efficiency []. From the research from T. J. K. C. T. Liang
this topology ensures that all ports have direct connections and share the same ground. It
is referred to as non-isolated for this reason. The voltage gain between the ports is another
drawback of this topology. It is not very high. Consequently, in some circumstances
where high voltage gains are required, multi-stage converters may be used [].

Figure 2: A Non-Isolated Converter[3].

2.2.2 Buck converter

A particular kind of chopper circuit called a "buck converter" is intended to step-

down convert the supplied dc input signal. Buck converters transform the fixed dc input
signal into a different, lower value dc signal at the output. This indicates that it is intended
to generate a dc signal at its output that is smaller in magnitude than the applied input.[4].
From figure 2.1, a freewheeling diode serves as a second switch in the circuit in addition
to the solid-state power electronics device that serves as the circuit's switch. To lessen
current or voltage ripples, a low-pass LC filter is connected to the combination of these
two switches. This facilitates producing regulated DC output. Across the entire
configuration is a pure resistor that serves as the circuit's load [4]. From the research
Baharudin, Nor & Tunku Mansur, Tunku Muhammad Nizar & Hamid, F & Ali, Rosnazri
& Irwanto, Muhammad. (2018). This paper presents the analysis of DC-DC buck
converter for renewable energy application. Renewable energy resources mostly produce
DC voltages that are used DC-DC converter to convert the DC voltage from one level to
another level according to different applications. This DC-DC buck converter is used to
step down the high-level DC voltage to low level DC voltage. By varying the duty cycle,
the performance of buck converter in term of its output voltage can be obtained and
analysed. Simulations have been performed using PSIM and validated with hardware
implementation. All of the results are recorded and showed that very low voltage can be
produced using this topology[].

17
 Figure 2.1: A Buck Converter [4].

2.2.3 Boost Converter

The input voltage source is connected to an inductor. The device that functions as
a solid-state switch is connected to the source. Diodes are utilised as the second switch.
As seen in figure 2.2, the load is connected in parallel with the capacitor, diode, and two
other components [4]. The circuit which actually starts the MOSFET gate during the
initial high period of the high frequency square wave. A short circuit is created from the
right side of L to the negative input supply terminal during this period of MOSFET
conductivity. Current will flow to L, which keep energy in the magnetic field, at the
positive and negative terminals. Due to the synergy of D and C, load have a substantially
high impedance than the path running directly through the heavily conducting MOSFET,
there are no current flowing through the circuit's remaining components. At some point
of the low duration of the switching square wave cycle. When the MOSFET is rapidly
became off the unexpected drop in cutting-edge causes L to provide a lower back
electromagnetic force withinside the contrary polarity to the voltage throughout L at some
point of the on duration, to hold cutting-edge flowing. This makes 2 voltages, the deliver
voltage Vs and the lower back e.m.f (Vo) throughout L in series with each other. From
the the research of JN Rai, Nikhil Gupta, Prashant Bansal. This paper demonstrates the
design of a working prototype of 5-12V DC-DC Boost Converter. The boost converter
circuit is designed using MOSFET, Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor and Diode. The key
principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes
in current. Inductor is designed using ferrite pot core and windings. This paper briefly
reviews the technology used in switched mode power supplies for DC to DC conversion
for transferring energy from input to output. Simulation studies are performed using
MATLAB tool to validate the proposed scheme as well as hardware practical results [].

18
 Figure 2.2: A Boost Converter [4].

2.2.4 Buck-Boost Converter

A diode is used as the second switch. As seen in figure 2.3, The capacitor and
load are joined in parallel with the diode in a manner that is the opposite of the direction
that electricity is flowing from the source [4]. From the research of Sairatun Nesa Soheli,
Dr. Golam Sarowar, Prof. Dr. Md. Ashraful Hoque and Md Saidul Hasan. The key
significantly lower output voltage than the input voltage is presented in the paper's
demonstration of a DC-DC buck boost converter. The MOSFET switch, paired inductors,
and switched capacitor are all components that are present in a traditional DC-DC buck
converter. The proposed DC-DC buck boost converter has a similar circuit layout to a
standard DC-DC buck converter, consisting of a DC input voltage (Vin), a MOSFET
switch (S), paired inductors (L1& L2), diodes (D1 & D2), a capacitor (CL), and a load
resistor (RL). Inductor L1 and capacitor CL in this converter stores energy and transfers
to output concurrently. Additionally, it works as a filter to provide a smooth voltage
transition from the circuit's input to its output. From the research of Shayeghi, Hossein &
Pourjafar, Saeed & Sedaghati, Farzad. (2020). This work introduces a new non-isolated
buck-boost DC-DC converter. Interleaved configuration of the suggested structure
increases the voltage conversion ratio. The voltage rate of the suggested converter can be
stepped-up and stepped down for lower values of duty-cycle, which causes to decrease
in the conduction losses of the system. The voltage conversion ratio of the recommended
structure is provided with low maximum voltage throughout the semiconductor elements.
Additionally, utilization of only one power switch facilitates the converter control. Using
a single power MOSFET with small conducting resistance, RDS-ON, increases the
overall efficiency of the recommended topology. To verify the performance of the
presented converter, technical description, mathematical survey and comparison

19
investigation with similar structures are provided in the literature. Finally, a laboratory
scheme with 100W load power rate at 50 kHz switching frequency is carried out to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter[].

Figure 2.3: A Buck-Boost Converter[4].

2.3 Partially Isolated Converter

Combining isolated and non-isolated topologies results in partially isolated

topologies. The partially isolated topologies maintain the compact structure with high
power density and adjustable voltage levels while providing the load with the necessary
isolation [5]. Abdullah Alhatlani and Issa Batarseh conducted a review topology used to
integrate a partially isolated multiport converter. The study compares the topologies
integration, the power flow modes and modulation strategies [5]. From the research of
Ranipriya, G. & Jegatheesan, Ra & Krishnasamy, Vijayakumar. (2021). A partially
isolated four-port converter is proposed in this paper for interfacing two renewable
sources and a storage device with an isolated load. This converter is capable of achieving
high power density because of the effective sharing of devices among the input ports.
Combined PWM and secondary phase shift control is employed to have a decoupled
power flow management of input and output side ports. PWM control is used at the input
side for maximum power tracking of renewable sources and battery power management.
At the output side, secondary Phase shift control is used for controlling the output voltage.
The adopted secondary phase shift control allows the primary switching legs to be
operated with 1800 phase shift which results in reduced current ripple at input ports. The
working principle of the converter, its output characteristics and control strategy are
discussed. Working of the converter and its control strategy is verified through simulation
for different input and output conditions. Further, to validate the simulation results, the
experimental results of a 500W prototype are also provided[].

20
 Figure 2.3: A Partially Isolated Multiport Converter[5].

2.3.1 Isolated Flyback Converter

Figure 2.4 shows Flyback converters are straightforward switch-mode power

supplies. From either an AC or DC input, flybacks can produce a DC output. When the
primary switch is off, electricity from the input is transferred to the output thanks to the
way flybacks are constructed.[6]. From the research of flyback topology selection by
T.Halder. The converter's ability to convert power efficiently depends on forward
excellent voltage due to a lack of tracking in numerous output supplies of dominant
inductances in secondary power circuits. There is also no need to charge output for each
cycle of operation[7]. From the research of Gokcegoz, Ferudun & Akboy, Erdem &
Obdan, A.. (2020). Flyback converters have the advantages of simple structure, low cost,
small volume, isolation and control simplicity. However, flyback converters suffer from
the leakage inductance and so extra losses. This causes external cooling system and
external costs. It also causes low efficiency and flyback converters to be used at low
power applications. Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is used for low power
applications for efficiency. At flyback converters, the reverse recovery losses of the diode
is eliminated with DCM. There are many applications of flyback converters in industrial
systems such as, led drivers, battery charge systems, telecommunication systems. In this
study analysis and design of a flyback converter for universal input and wide load ranges.
The detailed theoretical analysis is carried out and verified with an implementation of
DCM flyback converter for 85 V-265 V RMS AC input voltage, 12 Vo output, 100 kHz
switching frequency and 48 W output power. The overall efficiency of the proposed
converter at full load is measured 81 %. Also, there is no need for external cooling
systems which provides small volume and esay to apply for industrial system which needs
more serial flyback converters.[]

21
 Figure 2.4: An Isolated Flyback Converter[6].

2.3.2 Isolated Forward Converter

The Isolated forward converter is a DC-to-DC converter which employs a

transformer to galvanically isolate the load and increase or reduce the output voltage. It
is feasible to deliver both high and low voltage outputs concurrently with numerous
output windings.[8]. An isolated bidirectional forward DC to DC converter is presented
by Nurhakimah M. Mukhtar and Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu. The converter is shaped through
combining same two switch ahead converters via a shared transformer. Once power is
transferred from the lower voltage side to the higher voltage side, this device starts to
work in step-up mode. When electricity flows from a side with higher voltage to a side
with lower voltage, the converter operates in step-down mode as opposed to that.[8].
From the research of M. Kohno and T. Suzuki, this thesis pertains to a forward converter
consisting only of primary-side control circuits for regulating the output voltage. Control
circuits in a conventional forward converter for regulating the output voltage control the
on and off times of primary-side switching transistor by comparing the output voltage
directly with the reference voltage. To isolate the primary from the secondary, the
converter must contain not only the main transformer but also insulated transformers in
control circuit power supply and transistor driver circuits. Since the forward converter
described in this thesis converts output voltage to primary-side voltage proportioned to
the output voltage by the main transformer, all control circuits in the converter can be
configured on the primary side; to isolate the primary side from the secondary side, only
the main transformer need be insulated. The converter generates a fly-back voltage from
energy stored in the main transformer by turning a transistor on and cramps the voltage
at a level proportional to the output voltage. This thesis describes how this forward
converter produces stable output.[]

22
 Figure 2.5: An Isolated Forward Converter[8].

2.3.3 Multiport Converter

Multiple input and/or output ports on multiport converters allow for the
connection of power supplies and electric loads. The converter regulates the flow of
electrical energy between power sources and loads. Every port has the ability to transfer
energy in both directions. [9]. Mihaescu Mihai presented review on multiport converter.
Multiport converters are unique for both power supplies and loads because they offer
several advantage such as the compact size of the device, high energy efficiency, good
dynamic performance and good control are all due to the centralized control[9]. One of
the main problems to face about multi-port converters is management strategy, control of
various loads and power management between ports[9].

Figure 2.6: Block Diagram of Multiport Converter[9].

23
 2.4 Comparison of partially isolated converters

The table shows that the three-port converter reported uses the fewest active and
passive components, but the converter's reported output voltage is significantly lower
than that of the other converters listed in the table. Only four controllable switches and
four diodes are used in the converter to distribute power among the four ports. This
converter uses two sources to guarantee a consistent supply of power to the load; as a
result, even if power generation from one source declines, the load will still be supplied
by the other source and battery.

Table 2.4 Comparison of Components Count of Partially Isolated Converters

No. of
No. of Ports No. of passive devices
semiconductors Degree of
Converter
integratio
Input Output Switches Diodes Inductors Capacitors n

Multi-input Low ( No sharing

bidirectional dc-dc 2 1 6 - 4 5 of devices among
converter ports)
Bidirectional three- Low ( No sharing
port dc-dc converter 2 1 5 - 3 4 of devices among
ports)
Buck- Boost four Very high(
port converter primary side
3 1 4 4 4 4
devices are shared
by three ports)
PWM and secondary High(primary side
side phase shifted 2 1 6 2 3 3 devices are shared
converter by two ports)
Secondary side High(primary side
regulated 2 1..n 6 2 3 2 devices are shared
converter by two ports)
Three port full High(primary side
bridge bidirectional devices are shared
PWM and secondary by two ports)
2 1 8 - 3 3
side phase shift
controlled converter

24
 Table 2.4.1 Features of Different Partially Isolated Converters
Current ripple at Bidirectional
Converter Soft switching
input side power transfer

Multi-input Primary side switches attain ZVS for all Low due to current Allows Bidirectional
bidirectional dc-dc conditions. Secondary switches ZVS source structure at power flow between
converter performance depends on transformer input side. battery and load
current and fuel cell current side.
Bidirectional three- Not mentioned Not mentioned Allows Bidirectional
port dc-dc converter power flow between
battery and load
side.
Buck- Boost four ZVS operation of switches is limited by High (since primary Unidirectional from
port converter the values of inductor currents of boost side switches don’t battery to load side.
converter section. work in interleaved
manner)
PWM and secondary Secondary side active switches attain Very low (since Unidirectional from
side phase shifted natural ZVS, but the presence of boost primary side battery to load side.
converter inductors limits the ZVS range in switches work in
source side
interleaved manner)
Secondary side Secondary side active switches attain Very low (since Unidirectional from
regulated natural ZVS. The ZVS range of source primary side battery to load side.
converter side switches depends on the inductor switches work in
currents
interleaved manner)
Three port full Secondary side switches attain natural Very low (since Allows Bidirectional
bridge bidirectional ZVS. Presence of boost inductors at the primary side power flow between
PWM and secondary limits the soft switch range of switches switches work in battery and load
at the primary side
side phase shift interleaved manner) side.
controlled converter

25
 Table 3. Comparison of Output Voltage, Power and Efficiency
Reported Reported Reported
Converter output output power transfer
voltage power efficiency

Multi-input bidirectional dc-dc converter

400 V 1 kw -

Bidirectional three-port dc-dc converter

24 V - -

Buck- Boost four port converters 100 V 500 w 92.3%

PWM and secondary side phase shifted

100 V 600 w 95%
converter

Secondary side regulated converter 300 V 500 w 95.3%

Three port full bridge bidirectional PWM

and secondary side phase shift-controlled 7000 V 250 kw -
converter

26
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The methodology chapter of this project presents the systematic approach

employed to achieve the objectives of designing and evaluating a partially-isolated
bidirectional multiport converter topology with a reduced switch count for renewable
energy systems. This chapter outlines the key steps and methods utilized in the design,
simulation, prototype development, and performance evaluation of the proposed
converter topology. The methodology encompasses various stages, including design and
simulation, component selection and integration, control algorithm development, and
performance evaluation. The first section of this chapter focuses on the design and
simulation phase. It discusses the software tools employed for converter design and
simulation, such as MATLAB software and simulation platforms. The design
considerations, mathematical models, and simulation parameters used to achieve the
desired performance and reduced switch count are also explained.

3.2 Overall Project Work Flow

The subsequent section discusses the project work flow methodology. It describes
the conduct a comprehensive literature review to gather information on existing
bidirectional multiport converter topologies, their limitations, and proposed solutions to
reduce switch count. firstly, analyze previous research and identify research gaps and
opportunities. The project begins with Based on the problem statement and literature
review, clearly define the objectives of the project, including the design and evaluation
aspects of the proposed converter topology.

Second, develop a detailed methodology outlining the steps and approaches to be

followed for design, simulation development, and performance evaluation. At the same
time, also define the software tools, simulation platforms, and analysis and
troubleshooting setups to be used.
27
 In MATLAB software apply the chosen design tools and simulation software to
develop the partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology. Then, consider
design considerations, mathematical models, and simulation parameters to achieve the
desired performance with a reduced switch count. and optimize the design parameters as
necessary. When the develop advanced control strategies to enable efficient power flow
control, grid interaction, and energy management within the proposed converter
topology. Implement and simulate the open loop control system using suitable software
tools. In addition, conduct comprehensive performance evaluations simulation under
various voltage, power and current conditions.

The results obtained from the performance evaluation and compare them with the
objectives defined in the project. Lastly, assess the effectiveness of the proposed
converter topology in achieving a reduced switch count, improved efficiency, and cost-
effectiveness. At the end of project, summarize the findings and discuss their implications
within the broader context of renewable energy systems.

28
 Project Workflow

START

Literature Review

MATLAB software used to design and simulate

partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter

Open Loop Control System

Success NO
Simulation

Closed Loop Control System

NO
Success
Simulation

Circuit
Analysis

END

Figure 3: Project Workflow of FYP.

29
3.3 The Block Diagram of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Control System

In this section, The closed-loop control system enables the converter topology to
dynamically respond to changes in renewable energy input, load demand, and system
conditions. By incorporating feedback and control mechanisms, it enhances the
converter's performance, stability, and efficiency. Whereas, an open-loop control system
refers to a control approach that does not incorporate feedback from the system's output.
However, it is important to note that in the specific case of the design of the partially-
isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology, an open-loop control system may not
be directly applicable or optimal.

As the converter topology operates in a dynamic and variable renewable energy

system, closed-loop control is generally preferred due to its ability to adapt to changing
conditions and maintain stable and efficient power flow. Open-loop control, which lacks
feedback, may not be sufficient to handle variations in renewable energy input, load
characteristics, or system disturbances.

Therefore, while the open-loop control system concept exists, the closed-loop control
system with feedback and real-time adjustments is typically more relevant and suitable
for the design of the partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology for
renewable energy systems.

Figure 3.1 illustrates a closed-loop control system. Their input determines the
system's output. The input and output of the system are connected through feedback
loops. Closed-loop systems are built to automatically produce the desired output by
comparing it to the actual input. A closed-loop system produces the error signal, which
is the difference between the input and output.

Figure 3.2 illustrates an open loop control system. The output in an open loop control
system has no impact on how the system controls itself. Time affects how well the system
functions. The system has no feedback.

30
 Error Signal
Reference Controlled Output

Input Amplifier Controller Process

Feedback

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Closed-Loop control system

Required Process Response Output of Controller

Controller Process
Process Input Process Output

Figure 3.2: Block Diagram of Open-Loop control system

3.4 Bidirectional Power Flow

In an electric power supply system, bi-directional power flow refers to power

flowing in two directions that are diametrically opposed. Every day, factories that use
both an internal electric power generator and electricity from the electric utility
experience bidirectional power flow [10]. A single-phase current source inverter connects
it to a single-phase rigid grid. An inductive filter on the DC inverter lowers the low-order
current harmonics produced by the inverter's input voltage. The battery bank is connected
to the inverter via a 4-quadrant DC / DC converter that manages the direct current
between the lowpass filter and the battery bank.

31
Figure 3.3 Bidirectional Power Flow[10].

32
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

The results and discussion chapter of this project presents the findings and
analysis of the performance evaluation conducted on the designed partially-isolated
bidirectional multiport converter topology with a reduced switch count for renewable
energy systems. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the obtained results,
compares them with the project objectives, and discusses their implications in achieving
efficient power, improved stability, and enhanced energy management. The subsequent
chapters of the thesis will delve deeper into the detailed analysis, interpretation, and
discussion of the individual aspects of the performance evaluation, presenting further
insights into the findings and their implications for renewable energy systems. The data
has been collected and recorded using simulation software MATLAB Simulink.

4.1 Discussion of the project

The system can be made simpler by lowering the number of components by

integrating the planned converter, which consists of two distinct converters, into a single
unit. Additionally, by reducing the number of switches, the circuit level can be made
simpler. Since each switch requires multiple auxiliary components, such as a gate drive
integrated circuit and a backup power source, the number of switches is a good indicator
of the complexity of the circuit. The proposed multiport converter has a lot of advantages
thanks to its single magnet topology. Traditional multiport converters that are partially
isolated and non-insulated need two or more magnetic components since they combine
two distinct converters, each of which needs an inductor or transformer.

For example, the multiport converter shown in Figure 3.3 requires an inductor
and a transformer for a two-way PWM controlled converter and an LLC converter
controlled with pulse frequency modulation. On the other hand, the proposed multiport
converter needs a single main component, a transformer, which plays the dual role of
33
filter inductor and resonant inductor. A single magnetic topology can help reduce this.
Most of partially isolated conventional multiport converters use two modulation schemes,
such as pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation control or PWM, to
control the two power supplies individually. However, because the two inverters are
combined in a single device, there is an interdependence between the two control schemes
depending on the operating conditions. In other words, a disconnected output cannot be
controlled in any case.

Although interdependence problems can be avoided by introducing decoupling

networks, mathematical derivations based on state-of-the-art models for decoupling
networks can be a design obstacle, especially for resonant transducers such as the analysis
of state-space models is a big task.

Table 1.0 Parameter for design of a Partially-Isolated Single Magnetic Multiport

Converter
Parameters Values
Input Voltage 36 Volts
Battery Voltage 16 Volts
Load Resistance 100 Ohms
Switching Frequency 100 kHz
Output Power 150 Watts
Input Capacitor 68uF
Battery Capacitor 470uF
Resistance Capacitor 220nF
Output Capacitor 220uF
Diode 1-Diode 4 0.88 Volts
Current 100 Amp

34
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

The partially-isolated single-magnetic multiport converter has been proposed. To

create a single magnetic topology, the transformer's magnetization inductance is
employed as the filter inductor of the pulse width modulated converter and the leakage
inductance creates the resonance tank of the series resonant converter. A mathematical
model of the multiport transducer was created after a thorough investigation. In the
battery charging mode, the input power source supplies both the output power and the
charging power for the battery, and the output and voltage of the battery are regulated by
changing the pulse frequency. In battery discharge mode, the battery solely supplies
output power, and an optimal switching frequency controls the output voltage. control
over pulse width modulation.

The conclusion chapter of this project serves as a culmination of the research and
presents a comprehensive summary of the key findings, achievements, and contributions
in the design of a partially-isolated bidirectional multiport converter topology with a
reduced switch count for renewable energy systems. This chapter provides a concise
overview of the project objectives, recaps the methodology employed, and outlines the
major outcomes and their implications. It sets the stage for the subsequent sections where
the major outcomes and contributions are discussed in detail.

The first objective of this research is to design a partially-isolated bidirectional

multiport converter topology that employs a reduced number of switches. The reduction
in the number of switches is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, by reducing the switch
count, the complexity and cost of the converter topology can be minimized. Fewer
switches result in a simpler circuit layout, reduced component count, and lower
manufacturing and maintenance costs. This is particularly advantageous for practical

35
implementations of the converter topology, as it enhances its feasibility and market
competitiveness.
Secondly, a smaller number of switches can contribute to improved system
efficiency. Switches introduce power losses in the conversion process due to their
inherent resistance and switching losses. By reducing the number of switches, the overall
power losses in the converter can be minimized. This leads to improved energy
conversion efficiency, reduced heat dissipation, and enhanced overall system
performance. Moreover, with fewer switches, the converter can achieve higher power
density, as the space required for switch placement is reduced. This evaluation involves
analyzing and studying the converter's behaviour in terms of voltage, current, and power
generation within the system.

5.2 Recommendation for Future Work

It is evident from the review provided that multiport converters have attracted
significant research interest in fields such as electrical vehicles, fuel cell-based power
source applications, applications for uninterruptible power supplies, and others. The field
of multiport power electronics still needs to optimise existing structures and create new
ones. The area of multiport converters also needs to address the following problems.

1. It is necessary to develop multiport topologies that can simultaneously power

both dc and ac loads at different voltage levels.

2. Work can be done to remove the restrictions boost inductors place on the
partially isolated converters' soft switching range.

3. The majority of partially isolated multiport converters perform the battery's

charging and discharging within one period of the switching pulse itself.
Therefore, it is important to focus on creating effective battery management
techniques.

4. Enhancing the converters' static and dynamic performance requires accurate

modelling of multiport converters.
36
5. Bidirectional multiport converter compatibility with the system can be
achieved by integrating intelligent devices with intelligent energy
management and optimisation techniques.

37
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40