AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAFIZ BIN MOHD TAUFIK

MUHAMMAD NABIL FIKRI BIN JAMALUDIN
MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN MAZLAN

University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

 i

AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT

MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAFIZ BIN MOHD TAUFIK

MUHAMMAD NABIL FIKRI BIN JAMALUDIN
MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN MAZLAN

This Report Is Submitted In

Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for
The Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Centre for Diploma Studies

University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Jun 2020
 ii

I hereby declare that this project report is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged

Signature : ……………………………………………………
Author : MUHAMMAD IKMAL HAFIZ BIN MOHD
TAUFIK
Date : ……………………………………………………

Signature : ……………………………………………………
Author : MUHAMMAD NABIL FIKRI BIN
JAMALUDIN
Date : ……………………………………………………

Signature : ……………………………………………………
Author : MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN MAZLAN
Date : ……………………………………………………
 iii

I hereby declare that this project report has been examined and is sufficient in fulfilling
the scope and quality for the purpose of awarding the Diploma Electrical In
Engineering

Signature : ……………………………………………………
Supervisor Name : Ts. Mohd Hamim Bin Sanusi @ Ikhsan
Date : ……………………………………………………
 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby acknowledge that this report is the result of our work and is made
following the rules provided under the Electrical Engineering Final Year Project,
Diploma Studies School, UTHM. It is based on the research we have done. This project
has not been produced by any party or institute for any diploma or qualification.
We hereby promise that if the project is implemented in violation of any of the
above conditions, all work will be cancelled and found to be without completing a
diploma or agreeing to take any action as specified in the final year project rules.

Course: Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Department: Department of Electrical Engineering
Project Title: AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT
 v

ABSTRACT

This project proposed to create and design new system of streetlights

automatically which consists of ultrasonic sensor that detect movement of project that
produced in front or near the meanwhile LDR used to detect sunlight at the project
site. The main objective of this project is to stop momentary the operation of
streetlights. Besides, the effectiveness of this system depends on the sensors we used
that able to save electricity of streetlights. Generally, many losses regard of wastage
from short circuits or streetlight that lit up for 12 hours in night due to LDR that
covered by other plants. After we applied this project, the problem can be solved and
the system can be used at urban and rural roads to avoid an accident. In conclusion,
this system can facilitate and save electricity by using sensors that can be found near
of the.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Projek ini diusulkan untuk membuat rekaan sistem baharu bagi lampu jalan
secara automatik di mana terdiri daripada sensor ultrasonik yang berfungsi untuk
mengesan pergerakan objek yang terhasil sama ada di bahagian hadapan atau
berdekatan dengan sensor tersebut manakala perintang peka cahaya(LDR) digunakan
bagi mengesan cahaya matahari di tapak projek. Objektif utama projek ini adalah
untuk menghentikan sementara operasi pengunaan lampu jalan. Selain itu,
keberkesanan terhadap sistem ini bergantung kepada sensor yang kami gunakan yang
mampu untuk menjimatkan tenaga elektrik bagi lampu jalan. Secara am, kerugian
bertambah kerana pembaziran yang berlaku akibat litar pintas atau lampu jalan yang
menyala selama 12 jam pada waktu malam disebabkan oleh perintang peka cahaya
(LDR) terlindung oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan. Selepas kami melaksankan projek ini,
masalah-masalah yang timbul dapat diselesaikan dan sistem baharu ini dapat
digunakan di jalan bandar dan luar bandar untuk mengelak daripada kemalangan.
Kesimpulannya, sistem ini memudahkan dan menjimatkan tenaga elektrik dengan
mengunakan sensor yang dipasang berdekatan lampu jalan.
 vii

CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
SUPERVISOR RECOGNITION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENY iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
CONTENT vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.3. OBJECTIVE 3
1.4. PROJECT SCOPE 3
1.5. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANT 4
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. INTRODUCTION 5
2.2. TYPE OF STREETLIGHT 6
2.2.1. Metal Halide Lamp (MH) 6
2.2.2. High Pressure Sodium Lamp (HPS). 8
2.2.3. Low Pressure Sodium Lamp (LPS). 9
2.2.4. Light-Emitting Diode Lamps. 11
2.2.5. Phosphor-Converted Amber Lamp (PCA). 12
2.2.6. Narrow-Band Amber Lamp (NBA). 13
 viii

2.3. SENSOR OF STREETLIGHT 13

2.3.1. 555 Timer IC 13
2.3.2. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). 15
2.3.3. Ultrasonic Sensor 16
2.4. CONCLUSION 18
3 METHODOLOGY 19
3.1. INTRODUCTION 19
3.2. PART AND MAIN COMPONENT 19
3.2.1. Software Involve: 19
3.2.2. Arduino Uno 21
3.2.3. Resistor 21
3.2.4. Distribution board (DB) box 22
3.2.5. Bulb 23
3.2.6. Relays 23
3.2.7. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 24
3.2.8. Ultrasonic Sensor 24
3.2.9. Jumper Wire 25
3.2.10. Potentiometer 25
3.3. TRUTH TABLE 26
3.4. FLOWCHART 26
3.5. CREATING SYSTEMS 28
3.5.1. CODING. 28
3.5.2. SIMULATION. 30
3.5.3. PROTOTYPE. 31
3.6. CONCLUSION 33
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 34
4.1. THE RESULT 34
4.2. THE RIGHT KIND OF STREETLIGHT 35
4.3. THE DISCUSSION ABOUT COMPARISON 36
4.4. COMMON SENSOR OF STREETLIGHT 37
5 SUMMARY 38
5.1. CONCLUSION 38
5.2. FUTURE RECOMMENDATION 38
 ix

LIST OF TABLES

NO. TITLE PAGE

Table 1: Tariff Street Light 1
Table 2: The connection of pins for a DIP package 14
Table 3: Resistance of LDR 15
Table 4: Features of Ultrasonic Sensor 18
Table 5: Truth Table 26
Table 6: Comparison Lamps and Technologies 36
 x

LIST OF FIGURES

NO. TITLE PAGE

Figure 1: Structure of Metal Halide lamp ................................................................... 6
Figure 2: High Pressure Sodium Street Lights. ........................................................... 8
Figure 3: Low Pressure Sodium Lamps .................................................................... 10
Figure 4: LED’s element ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 5: 555 Timer IC Pin Diagram ......................................................................... 14
Figure 6: LDR symbol .............................................................................................. 16
Figure 7: How wave reflect ........................................................................................ 17
Figure 8: Ultrasonic Sensor ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 9: Proteus Design Suite................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Arduino .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Arduino Uno ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 12: Resistance ................................................................................................. 21
Figure 13: DB box ...................................................................................................... 22
Figure 14: LED type Bulb .......................................................................................... 23
Figure 15: Relay ........................................................................................................ 23
Figure 16: LDR ......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 17: Ultrasonic Sensor ..................................................................................... 24
Figure 18: Potentiometer on Proteus .......................................................................... 25
Figure 19: Flowchart ................................................................................................. 27
Figure 20: Overview circuit on simulation ................................................................ 30
Figure 21: Overview of prototype .............................................................................. 31
Figure 22: Connection between Arduino and sensor ................................................. 32
Figure 23: the Bulb are light up ................................................................................. 34
 xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS

TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad

IoT - Internet of Thing
W - Watt
LDR - Light Dependent resistor
MH - Metal Halide
HID - – High-intensity discharge
HPS - High Pressure Sodium
LPS - Low Pressure Sodium
LED - Light-Emitting Diode
PCA - Phosphor-Converted Amber
CRI - Colour Rendering Index
NBA - Narrow-Band Amber
IC - Integrated Circuit
Hz - - Hertz
IR - Infrared
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
IDE - Integrated Development Environment
ELCB - Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
DB - Distribution Board
FMCW - Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave
RM - Ringgit Malaysia
 1

1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION

From 1878 until nowadays, streetlight was invented for all area whether urban
or rural since people know that street light is an alternative during the day night in
order to keep the safety of the road user. Management of street light actually quite
simple. It is because traditionally lighting streetlamp on off depend on chronological
time, which may inefficient and inflexible (N.L. Raml, 2015). Then, people is striving
hard to save electrical energy. Street are essential, but expensive. Therefore, need to
optimize the system in a way to conserves energy (Monika Vaghela, 2017).

Tariff Category Unit Current Rate (1 Jan 2014)

Tariff G- Street Lighting Tariff
For all kWh (excluding maintenance) sen/kWh 30.50
For all kWh (excluding maintenance) sen/kWh 19.20
The minimum monthly charge is RM 7.20
Tariff G1- Neon & Floodlight Tariff
For all kWh sen/kWh 20.80
The minimum monthly charge is RM7.20
Table 1: Tariff Street Light

Street Lighting Consumer mean a consumer lighting up public roads, highways

and bridges excluding tolled roads and highways. Neon & Floodlight consumer means
a lighting up neon and floodlight installations for road advertisements, billboards, and
traffic lights. The purpose is for the consumer must install facilities for separate
 2

between metering systems and pay full installation costs earn by Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB) to prepare supply. Based on table 1.0, statistic showed that the
minimum monthly charge for one street light is RM 7.20, which mean take 20 cent per
kilowatt (TNB Pricing and Tariff, 2014). Within era 4.0 industry that everything needs
involve in an Internet of Things (IoT), which the device communicating with each
other by using the internet (Boddapati Venkata sai Padmaja, 2019).

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The function of street light is to glowing during night day, and they light 12
hour per day. For example in Malaysia use one thousand street light, each one street
light consume 20W and always turn on 12 hour per day. This much causes 0.24MW
and may cost a thousand ringgit. Malaysia is developing country will install many
streetlights and consume much power in the future (Noriaki Yoshiura, 2013).First
problem is when there no road users in during day night, the street light remain on.
This is causes waste of energy when there is no road users (Yashaswini N, 2018).
The existing street lighting control system using timer and photocell. The timer
was set in 7.00 p.m., which is the light is turn on until 7.00 a.m. and it is off.
Meanwhile, photocell oppose against light presence or electromagnetic energy. On a
rainy day or when the intensity of light is low, the photocell will energize the contact
and automatically turn on. This system is inefficient since the weather inconsistent. It
is a waste of energy if sometimes at 7.00 p.m. the day is still bright but the light already
in on. In contrast, at 7.00 a.m. the street light already in off condition even the day still
dark. This system is quite inflexible. (N.L. Raml, 2015).
With a fragile economy, some country needs to minimize their expenditure to
reduce the risk of bankrupt because of cost street light involving in the budget of a
country. Also, this shows that they are costly and contribute considerably to
environment pollution. The street light system that needs production of electricity
significantly adds to carbon dioxide emissions and nuclear dust (Andrzej
Ożadowicz, 2016). In an example, at Seberang Perai had roughly 52000 streetlight,
which is the state government bear around 6 Million ringgits annually not included
maintenance (Majlis Bandaraya Seberang Perai, 2019). To overcome this problem,
there need to come up with a system which reduces the manual control, light intensity
 3

detector, detect movement vehicle and involve IoT (internet of things). This could be
done by using low power, robust and efficient components (Monika Vaghela, 2017).

1.3. OBJECTIVE

There is some objective that we identified in this project:

a) To stop operation the streetlight momentary if there are no vehicles or
person.
b) To reduce electricity usage.
c) To turn on or off whether it rainy or shiny day
d) To make a maintenance job easier

1.4. PROJECT SCOPE

For our project, we want to focus on the limitation of using streetlight based on
the weather and especially at night. As we know, the street was crowded with cars in
the morning who are going to work or citizen who is shopping at the mall and hang
out with members at night. Usually after midnight, the street not busy. The street lamp
will continue until the morning and it will cause a waste of electricity.
To achieve our objective, we decided to use a switch that controls the number
of streetlight. With many switches that we applied, it will reduce more user of the
streetlight. For example, we applied 2 switches that have 3 streetlights controlled by
each switch makes a total of 6 streetlights. The result that we gained was if one of the
switches turn off, it means there have 3 streetlights that function and it can reduce a
user of the street light.
Apart from that, we can see the function of the photoresistor or LDR at night.
This is due to the sensitivity that changed with the wavelength of light incident and
photocell that oppose the light presence or electromagnetic energy. In a rainy day or
when the intensity of light is low, the photocell will energize the contact and it will
turn on automatically. To raise until achieved the initial value of the resistance, it takes
1 seconds or more after the light has been removed.
 4

Last but not least, the system that had been set up can control automatically the
condition of the lamp either it is on or off as to reduce the current with using the
ultrasonic sensor. The effect of this implementation is able to reduce the electricity
consumption rate and help the individual in charge to not pay up with the high prices.
Besides, it can stop temporarily the operation of a street light that had been using in
all day at night.

1.5. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANT

The purpose of this project is to provide an intelligent system that flexible and
efficient system in order to control street lighting autonomously. This system is
controlled by one manually switch and two sensors which are Ultrasonic sensor and
LDR sensor. Switch as the main switch for one loop circuit. LDR sensor is used to
detect darkness to activate On/Off street light. Ultrasonic is to detect the presence of
the road user. With these two sensors that detect light and presence of human or cars
then it turned on the system automatically. Arduino Uno is the main controller for this
project (N.L. Raml, 2015).
 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Our project is related to today's technology being used around the world.
Therefore, we also implement all the current electronics in our project, such as LDR,
ultrasonic. Then we do some research on the functionality and uses of certain web
browsers to understand it. In fact, we hope to find out more about electronics that are
growing and used around the world. Below, we will tell you more about everything
we use and review it in our projects. We are also responsible for providing a deep
understanding of all our readers about our projects. We hope this project will enable
the public to know what technology is today. Each study we undertake is assisted by
our colleagues and our supervisors so that all information provided below is accurate
and correct.
 6

2.2. TYPE OF STREETLIGHT

2.2.1. Metal Halide Lamp (MH)

Metal Halide is a type of HID (high-intensity discharge) lamp. It works when

an electrical arc goes through a gaseous mix, causing light to be produced. MH is
produced as a result of combining halogen and metal. Then mix gases normally include
mercury, xenon or argon, and variety of metal halides. Additionally, the type of metal
halides used helps determine the colour temperature of the light emitted.

Figure 1: Structure of Metal Halide lamp

Figure 1 shown that MH has two sections which are the outer bulb and inner
arc tube. When the MH lamp turned off, the mercury and metal halide are dormant and
condensed inside the arc tube. There are two electrodes at either end of the arc tube.
When voltage is supplied to the MH lamp, a current of electricity starts at one electrode
and passes to the next. This begins to heat up the mercury, causing it to vaporize, and
actually helps the electrical current to grow. Things are now heating up, causing the
metal halides to turn into gas. The metal halide atoms begin to move away from the
arc, and in doing so white light is created.
It is intricate for the entire process, the Metal Halide lamp need materials that
can withstand it. The reason is for the inner arc tube is normally made of the ceramic
and outer bulb is generally made of borosilicate glass and it helps to minimize the
amount of ultraviolet radiation that generates when the Metal Halide lamp is turned
on. Some lamps may also a phosphor coating on the outer bulb to help with this as
well. Metal Halide has pros and cons. The pros is:
 7

 Longer lamp life. Generally, Metal Halide lamps will last about 10 times
longer than traditional incandescent bulbs, usually lasting for between
15,000-20,000 hours.
 Lot of colours which is MH lamps produce a much whiter, more "natural"
light to begin with. However, with the ability to use different metal halides,
MH lamps are able to come in a wide variety of colours and temperatures.
 Energy efficiency. When compared to incandescent and other older lighting
technologies, MH lamps use less energy and have a higher luminous efficacy.

For the cons:

 Warm up time, Metal Halide lamp operate need time to emit light. It require a
warm up period.
 Cool down period. If lamp cuts out for whatever reason the lamp turn of and
require a period before restart again.
 Arc tube rupture. It may start to discolour or generate more heat than it
should. Because of this, there is the chance the arc tube may rupture, which
would also cause the outer glass bulb to break as well (ShineRetrofits, 2014).
 8

2.2.2. High Pressure Sodium Lamp (HPS).

Figure 2: High Pressure Sodium Street Lights.

The most efficient member of the HID family is High-Pressure Sodium lamps
where some degree of colour rendition is important. Standard HPS lamp produces a
golden white light when they reach full brightness. Many recognize them as the
familiar golden light from street lights, one of their principal applications. There are
versions of the HPS lamp designed for indoor use with improved colour over standard
HPS lamp, but the improvement comes at the cost of shorter lamp life and lower
efficacy. These lamps are now a readily accepted light source in industrial plants and
also are being used in many commercial and institutional applications.

The wattage at HPS lamp operates will vary from its nominal rating depending
on the ballast, the supply voltage, the lamp voltage and the fixture design. It is
important to take these variables into account as the lumen output of the lamp varies
with the wattage while planning an HPS installation. High-Pressure Sodium is
designed that can start ambient temperatures of -40F and lower. When arc has been
established, they’ll warm up to full wattage and light output at any temperature.

About the efficiency, the maintenance of lighting systems that are mounted on
high ceilings or tall poles outdoors can be very cumbersome and costly. The 24,000
hour lamp life of HPS lamps reduce the frequency of lamp replacement and thus save
maintenance cost. These are the advantage of High-Pressure Sodium lamp:
 9

 Most efficient member of the HID light family, 7 times as efficient as

incandescent and over 2 times as efficient as mercury vapour.
 Warm up period is 3-4 minutes, which is somewhat less than that of a
mercury vapour or metal halide lamp.
 Long lamp life up to 24,000 hours.

The disadvantages of the High Pressure Sodium lamp:

 The light produced is a golden white colour, which may not be appropriate
for certain application.
 Require a ballast.
 Once started can take from five to ten minutes to reach full light output. They
also require at least a one minute cool-down to re-strike (Apogee Interactive,
2020).

2.2.3. Low Pressure Sodium Lamp (LPS).

The most efficient source of light commercially that available to up to 183

lumens per watt is Lower Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamp. Because of their poor colour
rendering characteristic, it has been used in very few application. An LPS lamp’s light
output is monochromatic yellow, this means that reds, blues, and other colours
illuminated by an LPS light source all appear as tones of grey. This lamp has a range
in size is from 35 watts to 180 watts. Ballast designed specifically for LPS must be
used. There is a limited range of either linear-lamp or U-tube fixtures available. LPS
will start at ambient temperature as low as -40F and will warm up to full wattage and
light output at any temperature.
 10

Figure 3: Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

The primary use of LPS lamps is for the street as well as an outdoor area. The
typical applications of LPS lighting include parking lots and garages, automobile and
train tunnels and street lighting. An indoor application such as warehouses are practical
where colour is not important.

The advantages of LPS lamp is:

 Most energy efficient light source commercially available. It efficacy off 100
to 185 lumens per watt.
 The average life is about 14,000 to 18,000 hour range and have excellent
lumen maintenance.
 Provides superior uniformity of light distribution over all HID lamps.

The disadvantage of LPS lamp is:

 Most expensive lamp

 Run time to full light output is longest
 Wattage will increase over the life of the lamp to maintain the lumen output
(Apogee Interactive, 2020).
 11

2.2.4. Light-Emitting Diode Lamps.

Light-emitting Diode (LED) lamp is a semiconductor device that emits visible

light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but
in most LED’s it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from
a LED can range from red (the wavelength is about 700 nanometers) to blue-violet
(about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs can emit infrared energy is about 830 nanometers
or longer. Such as device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).

Figure 4: LED’s element

Figure 4 shown that LED is consists of two elements of processed material

called P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. These two elements are
placed in direct contact, forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the
LED resembles most other diode types, but there are important differences. It has a
transparent package that allowing visible or infrared energy pass through. Also LED
has a large PN-junction is whose shape is tailored to the application (Margaret Rouse,
2005)
Advantages of LED lamp:

 Lower consumption of energy.

 Has predictable and long life.
 LED colours is more accurate (SUNPER, 2016).

Disadvantages of LED lamp is the installation and purchase costs stopped

many local authorities form converting to them. Then, ambience that they produce,
some people do not like. The LED produce directional light, so they cannot produce a
spherical glow emanating in all direction (Vision, 2018).
 12

2.2.5. Phosphor-Converted Amber Lamp (PCA).

Phosphor-Converted Amber was another type of LED streetlamps that have

been used in the past 2 to 3 years (Ashish Batra, 2017). This streetlamps featured have
converted the blue light of phosphor to green, yellow, amber and red light. The amber
colour that represented of warm shade halfway between yellow and orange on the
colour wheel (Dena Przybyla, 2018) have better colour user compared to high-pressure
sodium. The reason was producing very little of the blue light that capable maintains
the night sky. Besides, the specification of phosphor-converted amber that discovered
was the highest of energy used that was 300 watts with highest brightness 18 300 lm.
The effectively of PCA LED in range of 30 to 40 lm/watts while the Colour Rendering
Index (CRI) was 59 which a good light. With the user of Phosphor-Converted amber
that able to make less attracted from the insects compared to white lights. Advantages:
 The light pollution be able to reduce.
 Amber’s LED were efficiently worked and affordable rather than white light.
 Safety used to avoid an accident happen due to veiling luminance and disability
glare.
The disadvantages of Phosphor-Converted Amber is it has a lower efficacy
than Low- Pressure Sodium (LPS) lamps (Blanco County Friends of the Night Sky,
2019).
 13

2.2.6. Narrow-Band Amber Lamp (NBA).

Narrow Band Amber (NBA) LED fixtures to utilize the latest in LED
technology to eliminate short-wavelength blue light which has been identified as a
major contributor of sky glow and light pollution. NBA LED technology that has been
electronically adjusted to emit a narrow band of amber light at a specific wavelength.
Narrow Band Amber (NBA) LED & LPS. These will give off the least light pollution,
contain no harmful blue light, and are used by a city of over 70,000 which can still see
the Milky Way--Flagstaff, AZ. They mostly use LPS (low-pressure sodium), or NBA
(narrow-band amber) LEDs. LPS can be hard to find and maintain, and the NBA is
still very expensive. Both are quite orange, but Flagstaff uses both successfully.
Flagstaff is the model city when it comes to dark skies. Rather than emitting all the
colours of the rainbow and a lot of blue light, they emit mostly in the yellow. They still
have good colour rendition, meaning that they do not make things look grey like LPS
lamps do. Because this technology is so new, these bulbs are not widely available and
they are still expensive also they are very efficient.

2.3. SENSOR OF STREETLIGHT

2.3.1. 555 Timer IC

Common streetlight using the 555 timer IC before using ultrasonic and LDR.
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit chip used in a variety thing that is a timer,
pulse, generation and oscillator application. It can be used to provide time delays and
flip-flop element. The manufacturer is the standard 555 package includes 25
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-
in-line package. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5k
ohm resistors used within.
 14

Figure 5: 555 Timer IC Pin Diagram

The connection of pins for a DIP package shown on figure 5 is as follows:

No. of pin Function
1 Ground reference voltage, low level (0V)
2 The output pin goes high and a timing interval start when this input falls
below half of control voltage
3 This output driven to approximately 1.7 below power supply or ground.
4 A timing interval may reset by driving this input to ground, but the timing
does not begin again until reset rises above approximately 0.1 volts.
Overrides trigger which override threshold.
5 Provides “control” access to internal voltage divider.
6 When the timing of output is high, the interval will ends when the voltage
at threshold that greater than that at control voltage.
7 Open collector output, which may discharge a capacitor between
intervals. In phase with output.
8 Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending
on the variation.
Table 2: The connection of pins for a DIP package

Pin 5 also can be called the control voltage pin. By applying a voltage to the
control voltage input one can alter the timing characteristics of the device. The control
voltage input can be used to build an astable with a frequency-modulated output. There
is a mode of 555 timer, which is the monostable mode, astable mode and bistable
mode. Monostable function as a one-shot pulse generator. The astable mode is a free-
 15

running mode. The last mode is a bistable mode, which that it can operate as a flip-
flop.
555 timer is very easy to use because it is used in everything from toys to the
street light. One of the secrets to its success is it a true black box. 555 timer IC as the
symbolized schematic is simple and accurate enough that design using this
simplification as a reference tend to work the first time (Hunain Khan, 2012).

2.3.2. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).

LDR is a component that has a resistance that changes with the light intensity
that falls upon it. This allows LDR to be used in light sensing circuits. The most
common type of LDR has a resistance that falls with an increase in the light intensity
falling upon the device. The resistance of an LDR may typically have the following
resistances (Mark Donnison, 2014).

Daylight Dark
5000Ω 20000000Ω
Table 3: Resistance of LDR

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or Photoresistor, which is a passive electronic

component, a resistor that has a resistance that varies depending on the light intensity.
The photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor that absorbs photons and
based on the quantity and frequency of the absorbed photons the semiconductor
material give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons conduct electricity resulting in lowering the resistance of the
photoresistor. The number of electrons is dependent on the frequency of the photon.
The resistance is very high in the darkness, almost high as 1MΩ but when there
is a light that falls on the LDR, the resistance is falling down to a few KΩ (10-20kΩ
or 10 lux, 2-4kOmega or 100 lux) depending on the model. LDRs are very useful in
many electronic circuits, especially in alarms, switching devices, clocks and street
lights. Also in audio application uses such as audio limiters or compressors. It is used
to turn ON or OFF a device according to the ambient light (P.Marian, 2014).
 16

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a device whose resistivity is a function

of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, LDR is light-sensitive devices. They
are also called as:
 Photoconductors
 Photoconductive cells
 Simply photocells.

They made up of semiconductor materials that have high resistance. There are
many different symbols used to indicate a photoresistor or LDR, one of the most
commonly used symbols is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling
on it.

Figure 6: LDR symbol

Figure 6 show the structure of a light-dependent resistor that consists of a light-

sensitive material, which is the deposit on an insulating substrate such as ceramic. The
material deposited in a zigzag pattern to obtain the desired resistance and power rating.
This zigzag area separates the metal-deposited areas into two regions.

2.3.3. Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Sensor waves are known as one of the high frequency
than other waves with more than 20 kHz, which cannot be heard by humans (Ayed
Ahmed Ibrahim, 2016). Improvement has been done until produced an ultrasonic
sensor in daily life were able to determine a quantity of water level or detect an object
movement in some range that had been set up by its sensor. The ultrasonic sensor has
2 main components such as transmitter that function to emit the sound of waves and
receiver that receive the sound from the input towards an object (Danny Jost, 2019).
 17

Figure 7: How wave reflect

The implementation of the ultrasonic sensor widely used in nowadays

technologies such as streetlights. With this implementation, it helped the citizen to
make them aware of the effectiveness of the lamps when they in 2.5m before the
sensor. In this matter, their safety guaranteed while driving especially in midnight.
Besides that, the application of the ultrasonic sensor can be found in liquid level
measurements. The user of this sensor was able to process control and preparation of
management in many industries (MigatronCorp, 2015). Benefit for using an ultrasonic
sensor such as it is not affected by colour or the transparency object but it reflected the
sound off the object. On top of that, it has greater accuracy than other sensors in
measuring thickness and distance to the parallel surface. Lastly, the ultrasonic sensor
was easy to detect the external and deep objects if the frequency, sensitivity and
penetrating is higher (Kristin Gillespie, 2019).

Figure 8: Ultrasonic Sensor

In other matter, the ultrasonic sensor was different than the infrared sensor in
the way of using it. The infrared sensor was able to detect a specific light in wavelength
with range 760nm that radiating by LED (Adarsh, 2016) meanwhile ultrasonic sensor
to measure the distance from the object (Learn Robotics, 2019). Based on the example
of an ultrasonic sensor such as LV MaxSonar EZ1 and IR sensor. There were some
features at the table below that been provided (Baharuddin Mustapha, 2013).
 18

Sensors Ultrasonic IR
Features
RANGE 0.15-6.45m 0.2-1.5m
BEAM-WIDTH 2.54cm 1cm
RESOLUTION ±30° 10°
WEIGHT 4.3g 4.8g
Table 4: Features of Ultrasonic Sensor

In our project, it was suitable for us to use the ultrasonic sensor because it more
reliable and data provided was accurate than an IR sensor (Learn Robotic, 2019).

2.4. CONCLUSION

The information in this chapter showed about capability of sensors and lamps
that used at streetlights. Besides, we do strengthen the system for the streetlight that
improve the safety of society and reduce the usage of the streetlights. When the system
stabled and used the right lamp, the operation of streetlights were able to work
smoothly. The benefits of an updated system streetlights that able to save the electricity
and electrical bills (Zain Mumtaz, 2018). It helps the organization incharge to reduce
big losses from the user of the streetlights in all night.
 19

3 METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Improvement of streetlights with added technology and other components to

make sure the citizen feel safer especially at night. Besides, electricity is quite an area
able to reduced due to the closure of lights whenever there were no people in that area.
In automation LED streetlights, we had added such as ultrasonic sensor and Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) to fulfil of our requirement objectives. Besides, other
hardware or components involved in this automation of LED streetlights will be
specified in detail information. We also simulate this project in the software
application to make sure the operation works well and same in prototype.

3.2. PART AND MAIN COMPONENT

3.2.1. Software Involve:

 Proteus design suite

Figure 9: Proteus Design Suite

 20

The Proteus Design Suite is a propriety software tool suite used

primarily for electronic design automation. It developed In Yorkshire, England
by Labcenter Electronics Ltd. The software used mainly by electronic design
engineers and technician to create schematics and electronic prints for
manufacturing printed circuit boards. Because of that, it is widely used across
various industry sector and cost-effective solution for professional PCB design
and as a rapid prototyping tool for R&D. It also found in High school, colleges
and university across the world. Teaching about electrical and electronic,
embedded design and PCB layout to tens of thousands of student every year.
We show the system of this project using simulation in this software.

 Arduino IDE

Figure 10: Arduino

Arduino IDE is an open source software that focuses on writing and

compiling the code into the Arduino Module. This software easy user for
making code compilation even a common people who do not have prior
technical knowledge can learn the process. It has the main code also a known
sketch that generates a Hex file, which is, then transfer to the Proteus Design
Suite. This environment supports both C and C++ languages. We program the
system using C++ and Arduino languages, which it will upload to prototype
and export compiled binary for the simulation use.
 21

3.2.2. Arduino Uno

Figure 11: Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the chip named
ATmega328. Arduino Uno has 14 digital input and output pins, 6 analog inputs, a16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button. It contains everything required to support the microcontroller. By connecting
it to a computer with a USB cable or power AC-to-DC adapter or battery, the process
of prototyping can take place. Besides that, we only use a USB connection to the power
source, four-pin from digital input and output pins, one analog input, ground pin and
+5V pin.

3.2.3. Resistor

Figure 12: Resistance

Resistor 10K ohm, connected from LDR and ground. Other than that, we use
220 ohm for connect to LED for the prototype. Function we use resistors to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, terminate
transmission lines and reduce LED brightness. Price we buy it at shopee with price
RM1.00 to 10 pieces.
 22

3.2.4. Distribution board (DB) box

Figure 13: DB box

In Distribution Board (DB) box had 3 main component which is ELCB (earth
leakage circuit breaker), main switch and circuit breaker. The function for each
component, ELCB is a safety device used in electrical installation with high earth
impedance to prevent shock also it will detect small stray voltage on the metal
enclosures of electrical equipment an interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is
detected, the circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or
short circuit also to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected and the main switch
is to serve as the main switch for electrical conductivity into the circuit and also as a
safe alternative for maintenance. The main switch we accept voltage from a supply
(relay 1 and relay 2) and connect aside circuit breaker and will allow current flow to
ELCB, ELCB will flow current into a circuit. The black wire is neutral (N) wire, the
blue wire is live (L) wire and yellow wire is earth (E) wire. We use this 3 component
to protect our component.
 23

3.2.5. Bulb

Figure 14: LED type Bulb

We use 4 bulb for the simulation. By connected from output relay to bulb (3.3v)
and all of them connect to ground. Each 2 bulb connect as parallel circuit for one pin.
Function of the bulb is to indicate which light is on when no one is present or which
light is off, to indicate the use of AC to DC electricity.

3.2.6. Relays

Figure 15: Relay

We use in this circuit is 2 units which is 2 pole 1 throw and it for simulation
only. Connected from input 12V to relay to bulb to ground. Function relays are the
switches that aim at closing and opening the circuits electronically as well as
electromechanically. On real situation of streetlight, the power source of street light is
AC power and Arduino is DC power. It controls the opening and closing of the circuit
contacts of an electronic circuit. When the relay contact is open (NO), the relay is not
energize with the open contact.
 24

3.2.7. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Figure 16: LDR

We use only one is this circuit. Connected from supply to LDR from Arduino
and to +5V power source for the simulation and the prototype. Function Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes
with the light intensity that falls upon it. This allows them to used in light sensing
circuits. Also to detect the presence of sunlight. Price for Function Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) is RM 1.00 at shopee.

3.2.8. Ultrasonic Sensor

Figure 17: Ultrasonic Sensor

The installation of ultrasonic sensor at streetlights to detect an object moving such
as vehicles or people in distance approximately 2.5m from the streetlights. With this
method, people in the busy area does not to be worried because to save an electricity
from kept to operated. Whenever there were no people or vehicles on the road,
streetlights will hold in range 5 until 10 minutes and the operation will stopped. If there
had people or vehicles, it will be vice versa and the system will be the same.
 25

3.2.9. Jumper Wire

We Jumper wire consists of male to female wire , PVC wire and male to male
wire as a connection towards each component and allowed current or signal flow
through it. The function of jumper wire was to bear a mechanical loads or electricity
and telecommunications signal. We noticed price of male to female wire was RM 1.10
for 20 pieces at Lazada besides price of wire single core was RM 3.00 that can found
at TS Kubu Electronic Trading and price of male to male wire was RM 2.00 at Shoppe.

3.2.10. Potentiometer

Figure 18: Potentiometer on Proteus

Potentiometer used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on

audio equipment and it used to let ultrasonic sensor programmed voltage as distance.
This device needed to connect at supply and ground such as in Figure 18.
 26

3.3. TRUTH TABLE

We used a basic logic gate to show the result where it can be AND, OR, NOT,
NAND, NOR and XOR gate. The result that we gained able to do a process of
maintenance if there any problem towards with one of the lights or problem at input
sides.
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Table 5: Truth Table

Input 1 known as LDR while Input 2 known as Ultrasonic Sensor and the
output was bulbs or lamps. The logic gate that required at our project based on Table
5 was AND gate. Both sensor needed to active while there have presence of people or
vehicles and environment must be darken to active the bulbs. This shown as function
of AND gate which two or more events needed occurs together to start operation of
output.

3.4. FLOWCHART

Flowchart shown as steps of run the operation of projects which consists of

various symbols for worked operation and connected those with an arrows. Besides, it
used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing process and program in
various field.
 27

Figure 19: Flowchart

Figure 19 showed on how the system of streetlight worked in simulation. First

off all, LDR detected sunlight from early morning until dusk. At night, LDR ceases to
function because of the lack from sunlight. If LDR detected value less than 400 which
was intensity lights, so it proceeded towards motion sensor. If it happened in vice
versa, it was a false statement and bulb will not function. At block Ultrasonic Sensor
that detected presence or movement such as people or vehicles at range more and equal
than 200 cm besides it send signal towards relay for energized. If it happened in vice
versa, the bulb will off and relay back to de energized. Besides, the flow for prototype
of our project only dependent at distance of ultrasonic sensor and movement objects.
 28

3.5. CREATING SYSTEMS

3.5.1. CODING.

Before run project required, we needed to do a program coding to make sure that
the operation was going smoothly without a problem either in Proteus or on prototype.
Firstly, we needed to define the input number (A0-A5) and output with number of pin
(0-13) in Arduino IE program. Besides, defined the term long duration to get travel
time from the sensor and defined int distance with int safedistance as to get measured
value of distance (Dejan, 2019). Secondly. The component such as lamps and trigger
ultrasonic declared as output meanwhile echo and LDR declared an input in the void
setup. Serial.begin (9600) commonly to declare in void setup as a data rate in bits per
second for serial data transmission.
const int trigpin=9;
const int echopin=10;
const int light1=13;
const int light2=12;
const int ldrpin=A0;
long duration;
int distance;
int safedistance;
void setup() {
pinMode(trigpin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echopin,INPUT);
pinMode(light1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(light2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldrpin,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); }
void loop() {
digitalWrite(trigpin,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigpin,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigpin,LOW);
 29

duration=pulseIn(echopin,HIGH);
distance=duration*(0.034/2);
safedistance=distance;
int light=analogRead(ldrpin);
if(safedistance>=200 && light<=400){
digitalWrite(light1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(light2,HIGH);
delay(4000);
return; }
else {
digitalWrite(light1,LOW);
digitalWrite(light2,LOW);
delay(10);
return; }
delay(200); }

In third part that is Void loop was important part to know how the operation of
this project worked out. Trigger pin at ultrasonic sensor needed to be defined LOW for
2 Microseconds as for not detected any sound. Then, it needed to be defined HIGH for
10 Microseconds as for generate the Ultra sound wave that send out of 8 cycle sonic
burst which travel at speed sound (Dejan,2019). The user of function
pulseIn(echo,HIGH) were able read the input echo and return the sound of wave travel
time in microseconds to become a ‘duration’ value. As to get result distance, the
formula (distance= duration*(0.034/2)) applied (Dejan, 2019).
In addition, we applied a function analogRead(ldrpin) to read value of
brightness at the input LDR (int light). Then, we had applied conditional statement that
was if/else and boolean operator that was && for safedistance and light. The condition
stated the safedistance that more and equal than 200 cm AND light less and equal than
400 which intensity light, the streetlights was on and it will do nothing in 4 seconds to
make sure the people or vehicles passed the street safely without any fear in the real
application. Meanwhile, if the weather in sunny day or they were no people in night,
the operation of lamps would be stopped until the two input detected any movement
object and turned back on the lamps in range 200 cm..
 30

3.5.2. SIMULATION.

Figure 20: Overview circuit on simulation

In the simulation Proteus, we construct circuit of Automatic Streetlight. We

needed to setup the setting before proceed in construct circuit that was creating a new
file and change the file name towards Automatic Streetlight. Then, we needed chose
create a schematic, do not create PCB layout and no firmware project to proceed at
another stepped. Next, we started with looked up component such as ARDUINO UNO,
Torch_LDR, Lamp, Pot-HG (Potentiometer), MINRES10k (Resistor 10k) Relay,
Switch, Ultrasonic Sensor and V Sine (AC Voltage) in pick devices.
We started built for ultrasonic sensor circuit which have 2 pin needed to connect
at Arduino UNO meanwhile other 2 pin that was power pin and ground pin needed to
connected at 5V supply and ground. For trigger pin, we connected at pin 10 Arduino
UNO and echo pin connected at pin 9 Arduino UNO. In addition, potentiometer used
in Proteus as a reference of distance streetlight with object or vehicles. After completed
an ultrasonic sensor’s circuit, we moved towards circuit of LDR. Torch_LDR
connected at 5V supply while Resistor 10k connected at ground. It will read the value
of light at pin A0 (analogRead(ldrpin)). Next, we proceeded with output connection
circuit that started AC Voltage that consists 5 V and 3.5 Hz connected at both normally
open contact of relay while relay coil with 5 V connected at pin 13 and pin 12 at
Arduino UNO. There were 2 switch control each 2 lights to determine whether in can
be On or Off.
 31

3.5.3. PROTOTYPE.

The prototype is about sample that we built to test and show how the system
worked. This project follow the variety of context including flow chart, logic idea,
design schematic, electronic and software programming. To design and creating the
prototype, the step needed to be required for formalization and evaluation of an idea.
There two different circuit, which one of them will connect to AC supply and another
one will connect to DC supply.

Figure 21: Overview of prototype

From Figure 21, live is yellow wire, ground is black wire and neutral is blue wire
which to show about AC circuit and for the DC circuit, we can seen between the
Arduino, sensor and relay. Based on AC circuit, live and neutral wire connected to the
live and neutral terminal of main switch and ground connected to the body of
distribution board (DB) box. From main switch, it connected to earth leakage circuit
breaker (ELCB) then connected to other two circuit breaker. Wire live in this 2 circuit
breaker needed to connect at each contact relay and eventually connected at live
terminal for each bulb.
 32

Figure 22: Connection between Arduino and sensor

Circuit that connected at DC supply consists of an ultrasonic sensor that has 4 pin
which voltage supply, ground, echo pin, and trigger pin. Both echo pin and trigger pin
connected at Arduino UNO which pin 10 and 9 while the other 2 connected at 5V
supply and ground. For LDR, it has 3 pin which voltage supply, analog and ground.
Both voltage supply and ground pin connected at each 5V supply and ground while
analog pin connected at Arduino UNO which A0. Lastly, each relay from AC circuit
and ground connected towards pin 13 and pin 12 at Arduino UNO.
We inserted the coding from laptop towards with Arduino. We can used a power
bank or laptop as a supply to an Arduino Uno meanwhile we connected the AC circuit
to household socket. We must bring an object to cross in front of Ultrasonic Sensor
meanwhile we close the lamp of the room or just close the face of LDR to test the
project.
 33

3.6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, every component we use is among the components that are

cheap and easy to use in electronics stores in Malaysia. Each of these components has
its task or function that makes it suitable for this street light automated project. The
price is also cheap for gathering work and for students. Next, this project requires
coding, so before we upload it into the Arduino, we will need the coding we made to
run smoothly and easily. Finally, before we test it on hardware, we simulate it first on
Proteus and make sure it meets our needs. After we finished with the simulation, we
proceeded to make the hardware for our testing.
 34

ULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. THE RESULT

This chapter was about the result from this project. As we knew, the system
worked if there was darker condition and presence of a passing object. The system
turned off if there were no responded for both sensor. This is similar to concept of
AND logic gate which is if either input is 0, the output will be 0. In addition, if both
input is 1 and the output will be 1.

Figure 23: the Bulb are light up

Based on our project, we noticed there were three condition happened to

express the user of streetlight. Firstly, movement object that passed the Ultrasonic
Sensor but the LDR not triggered due of the surrounding condition such as a shiny day
and made the relay also not triggered. Secondly, when surrounding is darker, LDR
triggered but there were none of the object crossed the Ultrasonic Sensor made the
 35

bulb still not turned on. Lastly, when the surrounding were darker and presence of
object detected, both sensor turned on and it received by the controller then the relay
triggered and turned on the streetlight based on Figure 23.
Besides that, we able to learn the user of the bulb in our project. Generally, the
connection between a bulb to other bulb require a parallel circuit. We try to relate with
circuit of streetlight in real life application which one circuit able to control with many
streetlight in one place. This shown the streetlights connect as parallel circuit
meanwhile for other component, it connect as a series circuit. In addition, alternate
installation streetlight between two circuit applied. If one of the circuit need to do a
maintenance, technician able to switch off the the circuit while the other circuit remain
on which help them to do maintenance in the night especially.

4.2. THE RIGHT KIND OF STREETLIGHT

Based on the real application, we noticed that the High Pressure Sodium (HPS)
lamp widely used at the most streetlights because it has a less maintenance. The other
example that was High-Intensity Discharge lamp (HID) had been reported as a likable
of HPS since after World War II that became a commonplace at streetlights. Besides
that, Light Emitted Dependant (LED) was a new technology as a substitution towards
a new streetlights.
Based on our project, we required to reduce an electricity to achieve our
objective. We chose LED because it reduced an energy consumption, it have very good
effectiveness in lightning and it have a low light decay in the lifetime. However, LED
only can be use when there is new street light installed (N.L. Raml, 2015). This is
because converting common street light to LED requires high expenses.
 36

4.3. THE DISCUSSION ABOUT COMPARISON

Based on the table below, we collected a data to get the power usage between
8 lamps of high pressure sodium (HPS) and 8 lamps of light emitted diode (LED) when
attached with technologies. Power used for one lamp HPS was 280 Watts and power
used one lamp LED was 139 Watts (Shane L.Silsby, 2013). For Ultrasonic Sensor and
LDR, we determined the power usage of both lamps in 7 hours meanwhile for timer
we calculated power usage in 12 hours for both lamps.
Power Usage ( kW )

Technologies Ultrasonic Sensor + Timer

Lamps LDR

1 lamp HPS = 280 W 1 lamp HPS = 280 W

High Pressure Sodium 8 lamp HPS = 8 X 280 W 8 lamp HPS = 8 X 280 W
(HPS) = 2.240 kW = 2.240 kW
1 Hour = 2.240 kW 1 Hour = 2.240 kW
7 Hours = 7 X 2.240 kW 12 Hours = 12 X 2.240 kW
= 15.68 kW = 26.88 kW

1 lamp LED = 139 W 1 lamp LED = 139 W

Light Emitted Diode 8 lamp LED = 8 X 139 W 8 lamp LED = 8 X 139 W
(LED) = 1.112 kW = 1.112 kW
1 Hour = 1.112 kW 1 Hour = 1.112 kW
7 Hours = 7 X 1.112 kW 12 Hours = 12 X 1.112 kW
= 7.784 kW = 13.344 kW
Table 6: Comparison Lamps and Technologies

As a result from table above, the streetlights installation when used

technologies such as ultrasonic and LDR was suitable to place at town and village road
rather than timer. There were less traffic happened especially in night was one of main
factor the placement for ultrasonic sensor and LDR meanwhile timer was not suitable
to place at those place because it will cause a waste of electricity when operated in
whole nights. As for lamps, we preferred used LED lights with ultrasonic sensors and
LDR rather than HPS lamps due the less power usage of the lights in 7 hours that was
an average used per night.
 37

4.4. COMMON SENSOR OF STREETLIGHT

In our project, we used an ultrasonic sensor to detect movement of vehicles or

people, which used in small scales range to operate the streetlights. If we looked
forward in the real application of streetlights, we noticed that it used other sensor that
used the same function as ultrasonic sensor. The sensor that had been mentioned as
passive infrared sensor very useful in detect level of infrared radiation and detection
range about 5m to 12m towards an object movement (Elprocus, 2013). Presence
human be able tracked by this sensor with sensing change of heat radiation due to the
body movement which human body emits thermal radiation when moving because
energy metabolism to make muscle movement (Indra Riyanto,23 July 2018). One of
advantages of PIR sensor was it consumes less energy that range between 0.8 W to 1.0
W compared to microwave sensor (RF Wireless World, 2012).
Besides, wireless magnetometer sensor also applied at streetlights in large
range based on size of target excepted for small vehicles such as motorcycles. This
sensor detects big ferrous objects such as automobile and truck with used a passive
sensing technology by measured the change around magnetic field. One of advantages
of wireless magnetometer was less invasive, less expensive and easier to move
compared to inductive loops (Bill Klose, 2017).
Lastly, radar sensor, which have sensing detection about 40 meters and the size
target, approached large and any predictable targets. This sensor used
frequencymodulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar detected an actual moving
targeted include cars, trucks and trains in extreme weather. One of advantages for radar
sensor was it can hold up by the condition weather such as wind rain and fog which
other sensor such as ultrasonic sensor cannot be pull it off(Bill Klose,20 September
2017).
 38

5 SUMMARY

BAB 5

SUMMARY

5.1. CONCLUSION

This project is one of the new alternatives for the government to save on the
use of electricity, which often used solely for streetlights. In additional, this project is
also target the goal of the previous government, which is to apply time technology of
leading cities. Therefore, the presence of this circuit of automatic streetlight can boost
the country income and even show the Malaysia is becoming more and more
competitive with foreign country. This automatic streetlight is also one of the new
discoveries for the next generation to constant expand the user of electronic around
them. Finally, it is able to reduce electricity consumption on less-used roads.

5.2. FUTURE RECOMMENDATION

Improvement recommendation is to include a remote control system in this

project. Its use is to control the system at a long distance and help in the event of any
damage and for maintenance. Besides that, the installation of solar panels to reduce
the rate of electricity consumption and be able to function without aid of electricity
from socket because the source of electricity is stored in the battery. Automatic
streetlight also can be upgrade with a better antenna to get a better connectivity.
 39

REFERENCES

1. Listenlights (2017), Types Of Lamps, achieved on 13 October 2017, from

https://university.listenlights.com/2017/10/13/types-of-lamps/
2. Crossroadsled, ASTROPHILE SERIES NARROW BAND AMBER STREET
LIGHTS, from https://crossroadsled.com/lighting-products/narrow-band-amber
street-lights/
3. Lowell observatory (2018), Managing the Spectrum, achieve on 9 July 2018, from
https://lowell.edu/in-depth/dark-skies-bright-stars/managing-the-spectrum/
4. Shine Retrofit (2014), What is a Metal Halide Lamp?, achieve on 24 May 2014,
from https://www.shineretrofits.com/knowledge-base/lighting-learning-
center/what-is-a-metal-halide-lamp.html
5. Apogee Interactive (2020), High Pressure Sodium, from
https://c03.apogee.net/mvc/home/hes/land/el?utilityname=mp&spc=cel&id=1175
6. Margaret Rouse (2015), light-emitting diode (LED), achieve on September 2015,
from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED
7. SUNPER (2016), What are the advantages and disadvantages of street LED lights,
achieve on 6 May 2016, from
http://www.sunper.net/blog/lightingeducation_What-are-the-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-street-LED-lights/
8. LED by Vision (2018), LED Street Lighting - Advantages & Disadvantages
(Guide), achieved on 30 April 2018, from
https://www.ledbyvision.co.uk/article/are-there-advantages-to-led-street-lighting
9. Electrical4U (2020), Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or Photoresistor (What is
it?), achieve on 4 January 2020, from https://www.electrical4u.com/light-
dependent-resistor-ldr-working-principle-of-ldr/
10. P. MARIAN (2016), LDR = Light Dependent Resistor = Photoresistor, achieve
on 15August 2016, from https://www.electroschematics.com/ldr-light-dependent-
resistor-photoresistor/
 40

11. Mark Donnison (2014), How an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) Works,
achieve on 14 Jan 2014, from https://kitronik.co.uk/blogs/resources/how-an-ldr-
light-dependent-resistor-
works#:~:text=An%20LDR%20is%20a%20component,used%20in%20light%20
sensing%20circuits.
12. N. L. Ramli (2015), Implementation of passive infrared sensor in street lighting
automation system, 1-2.
13. TNB (2014), Charges and Tariff Rates, achieve on 1 January 2014
https://www.mytnb.com.my/business/understand-your-bill/pricing-
tariff#street_lighting
14. Yashaswini N (2018), Automatic Street Light Control by Detecting Vehicle
Movement, 847-848.
15. Monika Vaghela (2017), Arduino Based Auto Street Light Intensity Controller, 1.
16. Noriaki Yoshiura (2013), Smart street light system looking like usual street lights
based on sensor networks, 1-2.
17. Wikipedia (2009), Earth leakage circuit breaker, achieve on February 2019, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_leakage_circuit_breaker
18. Wikipedia (2020), Circuit breaker, achieve on 2 july 2020 , from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker
19. Hunain Khan (2012), Automatic Street Light Control System Using LDR and
IC555, from
https://www.academia.edu/8276092/Automatic_Street_Light_Control_System_U
sing_LDR_and_IC555_Timer
20. Danny Jost(2019),What is an ultrasonic sensor,7 october 2019 from
https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/what-ultrasonic-sensor
21. MigatronCorp(2015),Application of ultrasonic sensor, 2015 from
https://www.migatron.com/ultrasonic-detections-and-control-applications/
22. Adarsh,Mohamed Kaleemuddin S,Dinesh Bose, K I Ramachandran(2016),
Performance comparison of Infrared and Ultrasonic sensors for obstacles of
different materials in vehicle/ robot navigation applications, page 2
23. Baharuddin Mustapha,Aladin Zayegh,Rezaul K. Begg(2013), Ultrasonic and
Infrared Sensors Performance in a Wireless Obstacle Detection System, page 2.
24. Shane L.Silsby, PE(2013), HPS to LED Conversion –A City of Phoenix
Experience, page 5
 41

25. Indra Riyanto, Lestari Margatama, H. Hakim, Martini and Dicky Edwin
Hindarto(2018),Motion Sensor Application on Building Lighting Installation for
Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction Joint Crediting Mechanism, page 3
26. Bill Klose(2017),What are the Differences Between Vehicle-Detection
Technologies?,20 september 2017 from
https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical-motion-
systems/article/21835963/what-are-the-differences-between-vehicledetection-
technologies
27. Ashish Batra(2017),Street Lighting and Urban Design, 30 August 2017 from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/street-lighting-urban-design-ashish-batra