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GENERAL ELECTRIC GAS TURBINE
ALTITUDE CORRECTION CURVE
ALTITUDE VS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AND
ALTITUDE VS CORRECTION FACTOR
FOR GASTURBINE OUTPUT, FUEL CONSUMPTION, AND EXHAUST FLOW
NOTES:
1. Exhaust Temperature, Heat Rate, and Thermal Efficiency are not affected by altitude.
2. Correction Factor = P(atm)/14.7
15.5 1.00
15.0 0.95
Correction Factor
14.5 0.90
Atmospheric Pressure (PSIA)
14.0 0.85
Correction Factor
13.5 0.80
13.0 0.75
12.5 0.70
12.0 0.65
Atmospheric Pressure
11.5 0.60
11.0 0.55
10.5 0.50
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Altitude (Feet)
Gajipara H. N. 416HA662
6/30/99 Rev-B
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Tab 21
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 1/5
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
OPERATION
OPERATION PRINCIPLE
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 2
2. OPERATION PRINCIPLE....................................................................................................... 2
3. OPERATION MONITORING .................................................................................................. 2
3.1. DATE, TIME AND METERS ................................................................................................ 3
3.2. OPERATION PHASES ........................................................................................................ 3
3.3. ALARMS AND TRIPS .......................................................................................................... 4
3.4. SPECIAL NOTES AND ABNORMALITIES.......................................................................... 4
3.5. INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................................. 4
3.6. PARAMETER READOUTS.................................................................................................. 4
4. LOCKOUTS/TAGOUTS ......................................................................................................... 5
5. SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................ 5
All right reserved copyright - Droits de reproduction réservés

OMMO_TOC1_ALL GT_EN_V2 Revision: A Date: 07/2008
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 2/5
OPERATION
1. INTRODUCTION
This document contains a standard text applicable to all gas turbine types and is intended
as a guide for the operator.
The experience acquired during daily operation of the installation will enable the operating
staff to further supplement and refine the control procedures described below.
2. OPERATION PRINCIPLE
The operation of Gas Turbines under optimum economic conditions in terms of availability
and reliability requires the implementation of a work structure with the following main
elements:
x Operation monitoring: for monitoring the day-to-day operation.
x Lockout/tagout (LOTO): for safety of the personnel during interventions.
x Servicing and maintenance: based on the operation monitoring and the different
maintenance programmes, allows the machine to be maintained in a proper operational
and reliable state.
3. OPERATION MONITORING
After commissioning of the turbine, it is imperative to record all events that mark out the
life of the turbine.
The events may be recorded manually or automatically, on paper or on data carrier. The
wealth of information that these records represent for operation and maintenance will
become apparent during their use.
The following data shall be recorded :
x Date, time and meters.
x Operation phases.
x Alarms and trips.
x Special notes.
x Instructions.
x Parameter readouts.

OMMO_1_ALL GT_EN_V2 Revision: A Date: 07/2008
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 3/5
OPERATION
3.1. DATE, TIME AND METERS
Relevant data :
x Date of the day.
x Time of the operation: start-up, shutdown…
x Daily meter readouts: number of start-ups, number of ignitions, number of emergency
shutdowns…, number of flame hours according to the fuel used…
x Climatic conditions :
¾ External ambient temperature.
¾ External atmospheric pressure.
x Weather conditions :
¾ Wind, rain, storm, snow, frost, humidity...
3.2. OPERATION PHASES
x Start-up :
¾ State of liquids: level readouts, e.g. fuel oil tank; readout of totaliser flowmeters…
¾ State of alarms.
¾ State of LOTO removals.
¾ Meter readings before and after start-up: flame hours, number of start-ups, number
of trips…
¾ Reason of start-up: power generation, compressor wash…
¾ Type of fuel at start-up.
¾ Time of start-up command.
¾ Time of ignition.
¾ Time of reaching nominal speed.
¾ Time of coupling.
x Operation :
¾ Change in base load/peak load operation - average power output.
¾ Gas - fuel oil (for multi-fuel turbines) or domestic fuel - heavy fuel transfers.
x Shutdown :
¾ Meter readings before and after shutdown.
¾ Time of shutdown command.
¾ Time of opening of the generator circuit breaker.
¾ Time of extinction of the flames.
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 4/5
OPERATION
¾ Time of starting of the turning phase.

¾ Protections and interlocks.
¾ Time of stopping of the turning gear (at least 24 hours).
x Standby, safety measures taken.
x Unavailability for works :
¾ Type of works.
¾ LOTO reference.
3.3. ALARMS AND TRIPS
x Time of occurrence of alarms/trips.

x Chronological occurrence of alarms: the automatic readouts of the control systems
(history) are useful aids for incident analysis.
x Summary of the intervention carried out.
x Measures taken prior to restart of the turbine.
3.4. SPECIAL NOTES AND ABNORMALITIES
Any machine behaviour that is considered abnormal or unusual: vibrations, noise,

defective instrumentation etc...
3.5. INSTRUCTIONS
x General operating instructions.

x Provisional instructions specific to each unit, with exact date.
x Restrictions of use.
x Specific shift-change instructions.
3.6. PARAMETER READOUTS
Parameters of the turbo-generator set: pressures, temperatures, vibrations, analog and

digital control values etc.
These values must be read out cyclically, either manually or automatically, to demonstrate
the proper operation of the systems.
See document on parameter readouts.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 5/5
OPERATION
4. LOCKOUTS/TAGOUTS
Repair, servicing and maintenance interventions must be carried out in accordance with
the personnel and equipment safety procedures and regulations.
The operator must establish and observe work permit and equipment lockout/tagout
procedures.
5. SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE
The information collected during operation monitoring allows to define the scheduling of
the interventions or to complete the maintenance programmes defined in the next
maintenance part.
See document on operational inspections.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 1/4
OPERATION
OPERATIONAL INSPECTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 2
2. CLEANLINESS OF THE EQUIPMENT .................................................................................. 2
3. FLUID LEVELS....................................................................................................................... 3
4. CONDITION OF FILTERS ...................................................................................................... 3
5. INSTRUMENTATION.............................................................................................................. 4
6. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT ................................................................ 4
7. LIGHTING AND SIGNALLING ............................................................................................... 4

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 2/4
OPERATION
1. INTRODUCTION
This document describes the inspections that are performed when the gas turbine is
operating or during short shutdowns. They are linked to the daily monitoring of the turbo-
generator set and are independent of the combustion, hot gas path and major inspections
during which the turbine is immobilised.
The following standard text applies to all gas turbine types and is intended as a guide for
the operator.
Optional equipment is often identified by the symbol () in the text.
The experience acquired during day-to-day operation of the installation will enable the
operating staff to further supplement and refine the recommendations contained in this
document.
2. CLEANLINESS OF THE EQUIPMENT
The cleanliness of the equipment allows to :

x Easily detect possible leaks.
x Limit the propagation of fire caused by leaks or dirt deposits.
x Preserve the efficiency of the plant’s refrigeration, filtration and ventilation systems.
x Ensure the safety of the operating staff during inspection rounds and maintenance.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 3/4
OPERATION
3. FLUID LEVELS
Although certain levels are monitored automatically, it is nevertheless advisable to check

the proper functioning by a visual inspection. The main levels are related to:
x The lube oil in the tank.
x The turbine and possibly generator cooling water.
x The electrolyte in the batteries ().
x The oil of the circuit breakers ().
x The fuel in the tanks ().
x Absence of any condensates ().
x Oil, water and fuel of the starting motor or the standby diesel generator ().
x Dielectric of the transformers and colour of the coloured granules of the desiccant ().
REMARK: An abnormal level increase may be due to pollution by another fluid, a
significant decrease may be due to a leak.
In both cases appropriate action must be initiated as quickly as possible.
4. CONDITION OF FILTERS
Regular monitoring of the filters for loss of charge allows a schedule to be drawn up for
appropriate replacement of the cartridges. The main filters are located on the following
circuits :
x Lube oil.
x High pressure oil and control oil ().
x Gas, liquid and atomization () fuels.
x Starting diesel or standby diesel generator () oil.
x Turbine air intake.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 4/4
OPERATION
5. INSTRUMENTATION
Rapid identification of an instrumentation defect or fault allows the fault to be brought

under control and appropriate corrective action to be implemented.
The instrumentation relates to all checks and measurements of physical parameters :
x Pressure, temperature, flow rate…
x Vibration, valve position…
6. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT
The following parameters shall be monitored :

x For the motors: noise, vibrations, absorbed current.
x For driven equipment: noise, vibrations, input conditions: cleanliness of exhaust ducts,
fluid pressure level, output conditions : pressure, flow rate, fluid leaks.
7. LIGHTING AND SIGNALLING
Lighting lamps and signalling devices such as alarms or motor status indicators must be
operational at all times. Rapid replacement of defective bulbs is part of compliance with
the operating regulations.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 1/7
OPERATION
PARAMETER READOUTS AND ANALYSIS
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 2
2. PARAMETER READOUTS .................................................................................................... 2
2.1. PERFORMANCES............................................................................................................... 2
2.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES........................................................................................ 2
2.3. COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURES AND TURBINE COOLING.......................................... 2
2.4. TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURES............................................................................. 2
2.5. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES FLUID PRESSURES AND LEVELS.................................... 3
2.6. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES TEMPERATURES ............................................................... 3
2.7. SHAFT LINE VIBRATION.................................................................................................... 3
2.8. TURBINE CONTROL........................................................................................................... 3
2.9. START-UP AND SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................ 3
2.10. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................. 3
3. ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETERS...................................................................................... 4
3.1. PERFORMANCES............................................................................................................... 4
3.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES........................................................................................ 4
3.3. COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURES AND TURBINE COOLING.......................................... 4
3.4. TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURES............................................................................. 4
3.5. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES FLUID PRESSURES AND LEVELS.................................... 5
3.6. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES TEMPERATURES ............................................................... 5
3.7. SHAFT LINE VIBRATION.................................................................................................... 5
3.8. TURBINE CONTROL........................................................................................................... 5
3.9. START-UP AND SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................ 6
3.9.1. START-UP ........................................................................................................................... 6
3.9.2. SHUT DOWN....................................................................................................................... 6
3.10. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................. 6
4. VIBRATION READOUTS ....................................................................................................... 7
4.1. NOTE ................................................................................................................................... 7
4.2. VIBRATION READOUTS..................................................................................................... 7
4.3. ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 7

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 2/7
OPERATION
1. INTRODUCTION
This document contains a standard text that is applicable to all gas turbine types and is
intended as a guide for the operator.
The experience acquired during the day-to-day operation of the plant will enable the
operating staff to further supplement and refine the readout procedures described below.
In order to maintain the performance and the reliability of the gas turbine, the operating
parameters must be read out and analyzed. This information, which is available on the
control screens or on site, can be divided into two families: the operating parameters and
the vibration readouts.
The readouts are performed manually or automatically with a frequency that depends on
the operational requirements. The following frequency is recommended:
x For the operating parameters: 1 to 4 readouts every 24 hours.
x For the vibration readouts: 1 to 4 readouts per month.
2. PARAMETER READOUTS
One method for reading out the parameters consists in classifying them into the following
categories :
2.1. PERFORMANCES
Active power, reactive power, generator voltage, generator current, excitation voltage and
current, ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, loss of charge of air filter etc…
2.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES
All generator temperatures: hot air, cold air, stator bars, return oil of bearings etc...
2.3. COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURES AND TURBINE COOLING
Inlet temperature (CTIF), outlet temperature (CTDA), inter-wheel temperatures (TTWS),

tunnel temperature (TTIB).
2.4. TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURES
TTXD, average temperature TTXM.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 3/7
OPERATION
2.5. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES FLUID PRESSURES AND LEVELS
Turbine fluid pressures, differential pressures of filters and filter in service in case of
duplicated elements, and levels: lube oil, high pressure oil, atomization air, cooling water,
compressor outlet (CPD), liquid fuel supply, injectors (), gas supply, inter-valve (),
injection water () etc…
2.6. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES TEMPERATURES
Turbine fluid temperatures: lube oil in tank and collector (LTTH, LTOT), return oil of
bearings, atomization air, cooling water, compressor outlet (CPD), liquid fuel (), gas (),
injection water (), etc…
2.7. SHAFT LINE VIBRATION
Shaft line vibration values indicated by the control system.
2.8. TURBINE CONTROL
Turbine control signal (FSR), position of gas valves (VSR – VGC) or fuel oil flow control
valve (), etc…
2.9. START-UP AND SHUTDOWN
Start-up time, shutdown time.

For gas turbines type 6000B : turbine speed at which the electric starting motor stops or
the diesel motor goes into idling speed.
2.10. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Battery charger current and voltage, main transformer temperature and oil level, etc…

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 4/7
OPERATION
3. ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETERS
The parameter readouts taken during the first commissioning period serve as reference.
All subsequent readouts will be compared against the original readouts.
3.1. PERFORMANCES
The power output of the gas turbine varies with changes in the atmospheric conditions.
The analysis must be based on measurements carried out at full load with temperature
control (base load). The performances of the machine must therefore be corrected prior to
any comparison. A decrease in active power is generally linked to fouling of the
compressor. An ON line or OFF line wash allows to recover the largest part of the
kilowatts. Loss of charge of the air filter also reduces the machine performance. The
cartridge replacement frequency primarily depends on the air quality of the site.
3.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES
Refer to the volume on the generator.
3.3. COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURES AND TURBINE COOLING
The cooling temperatures must not exceed the limit values and two thermocouples
located in the same zone must have similar temperature values; example: zone after
second wheel: the difference between thermocouples TTWS 2A0-1 and TTWS 2AO-2
must be less than 75°C.
In the event of a fault, check the measuring circuit and implement the appropriate
corrective action.
3.4. TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURES
The exhaust temperature is limited by the control system as a function of the compression
ratio of the axial compressor.
Any drift of the measurement system or control system must be analyzed and corrected
as soon as possible.
The exhaust temperature measurement is performed by multiple thermocouples mounted
on the circumference of the exhaust and in the same measuring plane.
A major temperature difference between the exhaust thermocouples indicates a fault in
the measuring circuit or a combustion fault and must be analyzed and corrected as soon
as possible.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 5/7
OPERATION
3.5. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES FLUID PRESSURES AND LEVELS
The pressure values often provide an indication of the proper functioning of the systems.
Regular monitoring of the differential pressures of the filters allows to identify the fouling
condition of the cartridges and to schedule the replacement intervals.
If the turbine runs on fuel oil, the injector pressure of each chamber at the outlet of the
flow divider is read out. The maximum permissible pressure difference between these
pressures is 6% of the median value. If the difference exceeds this value, the machine
must be shut down and the difference corrected before it is restarted.
3.6. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES TEMPERATURES
Like the pressures, the temperatures reflect the proper functioning of the systems. It is
sometimes necessary to monitor temperature differences; example: difference between oil
supply and return values of the bearings.
3.7. SHAFT LINE VIBRATION
The vibration values read out after the first run-ups of the turbo-generator set represent
the vibration signature of the shaft line. This signature is machine-specific.
The vibration values must be compared against the vibration signature.
3.8. TURBINE CONTROL
The analysis of the control parameters allows to highlight system drifts.

The following relationships must be checked :
x Exhaust temperature versus compression ratio.
x Position of gas () and/or liquid () valves versus turbine control signal (FSR).
x Inter-valve gas pressure versus turbine speed () during the start-up phases.
x Rotating speed of flow divider (FQL) versus turbine control signal (FSR) during
operation on liquid fuel.
The control constants of the gas turbine are given in the document “control specification”
included in the volume “PLAN”.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 6/7
OPERATION
3.9. START-UP AND SHUTDOWN
3.9.1. START-UP
The parameters listed below allow to confirm the proper functioning of the starting system
and its operating conditions by comparing them against the original readouts :
x Turbine speed (TNH), control signal (FSR) and exhaust temperature (TTXM) as a
function of the start-up time.
x Start-up time. The start-up time must always be timed with respect to the same
conditions; example: from the start command when the machine is turning until the
100% speed level.
() Depending on the turbine model, the starting system contains one or more of the
following components: electric motor, diesel motor, torque converter, static frequency
converter.
3.9.2. SHUT DOWN
Measurement of the shutdown time allows to validate the rotating conditions of the shaft
line. The timing must also be performed under the same conditions; example: from 99%
speed level until activation of the turning gear.
3.10. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
For analysis of the environmental parameters of the gas turbine, reference shall be made
to the documents of the manufacturers.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 7/7
OPERATION
4. VIBRATION READOUTS
4.1. NOTE
This standard text applies to all gas turbine types and is intended as a guide.
The experience acquired during operation of the plant will enable the operating staff to
further supplement and refine the vibration measurements.
4.2. VIBRATION READOUTS
The vibration measurements discussed in this chapter are carried out with a portable
device. The measuring frequency may be monthly or bimonthly. It is important to specify
the following:
x The type of value measured: displacement or speed.
x The units : µm or mm/s.
x The amplitude: single or double.
The readouts are related to the following auxiliaries: motor pump units, motor fans,
auxiliary gearbox. Displacement measurements on lifting lugs or on the bases of the
different modules provide information on the strength of the anchorages in the civil
engineering structures.
It is advisable to mark the exact location of the measurements on the equipment to allow
the results to be compared in time (for instance, by applying paint marks).
To characterize the vibration, it is preferable to make 3 measurements in the same plane:
x Along the vertical axis, (V : vertical).
x Along the horizontal axis parallel to the axis of rotation, (A : axial or L : longitudinal).
x Along the horizontal axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation. (H : horizontal or
T : transverse).
4.3. ANALYSIS
Increased vibrations are often an indication of degradation of the rotating parts of the
machine, of their attachments or of their alignment.
Refer to the supplier documents for the acceptable limits and the corrective actions.
In certain cases the vibration frequency and phase values are read out to allow for a more
precise diagnostic.

GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 1/23
OPERATION
OPERATION SEQUENCES
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 2
1.1. FOREWORD........................................................................................................................ 2
1.2. OPERATING SEQUENCES ................................................................................................ 2
1.3. SCREEN SHOTS................................................................................................................. 2
2. OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY.......................................................................................... 3
3. TURNING GEAR OPERATION (COOLDOWN CONTROL) ............................................... 3
3.1. INITIAL CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 3
3.2. SEQUENCES ...................................................................................................................... 4
3.3. FINAL CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................... 5
4. NORMAL START-UP .......................................................................................................... 5
4.2. SEQUENCES ...................................................................................................................... 6
5. SYNCHRONIZING............................................................................................................. 10
5.1. INITIAL CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................... 10
5.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 11
5.3. FINAL CONDITIONS ......................................................................................................... 11
6. LOAD PICK UP ................................................................................................................. 12
6.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 13
7. LEAD / LAG MOTORS...................................................................................................... 14
7.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 14
8. NORMAL SHUTDOWN ..................................................................................................... 16
8.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 16
9. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN.............................................................................................. 18
9.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 18
10. ON-LINE COMPRESSOR WASH ..................................................................................... 19
10.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 19
11. OFF-LINE COMPRESSOR WASH.................................................................................... 21
11.2. SEQUENCES .................................................................................................................... 22

OMMO_TOC4_6FA_E0765_EN_V6 Revision: A Date: 01/2009
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 2/23
OPERATION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. FOREWORD
After on-site installation, the first commissioning of the gas turbine is carried out with the
participation of General Electric Engineers and according to the specific commissioning
procedures.
The present document, which relates to the operation of the gas turbine, only addresses
the normal operating procedures.
Each technical intervention on the gas turbine must be backed up by a work permit.
Strict adherence to the work permit procedures guarantees the safety of the personnel as
well as observance of the initial functional configuration of equipments.
1.2. OPERATING SEQUENCES
The sequences described in the tables below include initial conditions, sequences and
final conditions. The sequences are represented in four columns:
x The first column, titled Input, lists the manually initiated actions and significant
thresholds in sequences execution
x The second column describes the main events
x The third column, titled Output, lists the principal motors
x The last column, title Status, specifies the status of the relevant component or
sequence:
¾ 0 means that the motor stops
¾ 1 means that the motor runs
¾ 2min means that the sequence lasts 2 minutes
1.3. SCREEN SHOTS
The screen shots included in this document are carried out without equipment of control
connected to the gas turbine. The posted physical values are thus not representative of
operating parameters.
Example: -18°C for the exhaust temperature.
These sights only facilitate the understanding of the text.

OMMO_4_6FA_E0765_EN_V6 Revision: A Date: 01/2009
GE Energy
Rev. : A
Page : 3/23
OPERATION
2. OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY
The operator is a person, authorized by his employer, who is familiar with the operation
of a turbo-generator used for electrical power generation.
His role consists in conducting the installation in accordance with the relevant
operational, system and personal safety procedures.
3. TURNING GEAR OPERATION (COOLDOWN CONTROL)
3.1. INITIAL CONDITIONS

This operation consists of starting the shaft turning gear after a complete shutdown of the
gas turbine.
The initial conditions are as follows :
x No works in progress on the gas turbine, no work permit opened
x Shaft at complete standstill
x Control cabinets energized and operational
x Power equipment available and operational
x Fluids available with the correct levels
x No unjustified alarms
x Fire detection and protection are operational
x Availability of fuel is not required if the machine is not to be fired.

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OPERATION
3.2. SEQUENCES
Input Description Output State

Cooldown
The cooldown is selected.
Control : On
The visual alarms on the turbine compartment blink to Blinking
Start command
indicate the imminent start-up of the gas turbine. duration
The selected auxiliary oil pump starts, the oil pressure
88QA 1
builds up.
Start up of the mist eliminator fan. 88QV 1
The lube oil compartment ventilation starts 88BL 1
The GT bearing number 2 ventilation starts 88BN 1
The turning gear motor starts. 88TG 1
The shaft starts, the "zero speed" signal detects the
14HR
start of rotation.

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OPERATION
3.3. FINAL CONDITIONS
The shaft line rotates at low speed and the gas turbine is available for start-up.
Deselecting the turning gear sequence will stop the shaft line rotation if the turbine is
cold.
4. NORMAL START-UP

This operation consists in starting up the gas turbine from standstill or from turning gear
speed to nominal speed.
x No works in progress on the gas turbine, no work permit opened.
x Shaft line at standstill or at turning gear speed.
x No alarm on the control cabinets.
x Fire detection and protection operational.
x Control cabinets energized and operational.
x Power equipment available and operational.
x Fluids available with the correct levels.
x Fuel available.
x Start-up permissives (green status).
x Power grid available if the machine is started up for electrical power supply..
If the shaft is already turning, following the start command, the starting frequency
converter starts, the turning motor stops and the sequence proceeds as described below.
When the gas turbine has been at standstill for more than two days without barring, it is
recommended to start the auxiliaries first and keep the machine at turning speed for few
minutes, as described in the above chapter “cool down control”. After few minutes
running, the normal start up sequence may be initiated.

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OPERATION
4.2. SEQUENCES

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OPERATION

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OPERATION

Mode select :
The automatic mode is selected.
Auto
Master control : The visual alarms of the turbine compartment blink to indicate Blinking
Start the imminent start. duration
Start up of the selected main oil pump, pressure builds up. 88QA 1
The emergency lube oil pump proceed to test sequence 88QE 1/0
The turbine compartment ventilation proceed to test
88BT 1/0
sequence.
The turbine compartment ventilation is running 88BT 1
The gas compartment ventilation proceed to test sequence. 88VL 1/0
The gas compartment ventilation is running 88VL 1
The oil mist eliminator fan starts. 88QV 1
Start up of the high pressure oil pump. 88HQ 1
The lube oil compartment cooling fan is running. 88BL 1
The GT bearing number 2 ventilation starts 88BN 1
The turning gear motor start up. 88TG 1
The shaft line breaks away, the "zero speed" signal detects
14HR
the rotation.
Start up of starting frequency converter. SFC 1
14HT The gas leak test is activated
14HM The shaft line speed reaches the minimum speed threshold.
The turning gear motor stop. 88TG 0
The ventilation of the load compartment is active. 88VG 1
The turbine speed reaches purge speed.
The generator compartment ventilation starts. 88GV 1
The exhaust duct purge cycle is activated,
for Simple cycle, 3 min
or for Combined cycle. 12 min
The turbine speed drop down to firing speed.
The firing sequence is enabled.
The ignition transformers are energized.
The fuel valves open.
The presence of flame is detected in the combustion
28FD
chambers.
After firing, the fuel flow is maintained to its warm up value for
1 min
1 minute.
The fuel flow increases gradually to accelerate the shaft line.
14HA The "acceleration" speed threshold is reached.

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OPERATION

14HC The self sustaining speed threshold is reached.
The starting frequency converter stops. SFC 0
14HS Start up of the exhaust frame cooling blower. 88TK 1
The generator is energized.
The turbine reaches its rated speed
Lubrication of the shaft line is ensured by one of the two AC lube oil pump.
Gas turbine is at nominal speed, generator excited at nominal voltage, turbo-generator
set ready to be synchronized to the grid for electrical power supply.

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OPERATION
5. SYNCHRONIZING

This operation consists in synchronizing the turbo-generator set to the grid for electrical
power generation.
The initial conditions are as follows:

x Turbine at nominal speed.
x Generator excited at nominal voltage.
x Grid available.
The sequence described below corresponds to an automatic operation.
Manual synchronizing is allowed if the following conditions are fulfilled:

x Identical generator and grid voltages.
x Identical generator and grid frequencies.
x Identical phase.
Manual operation is the responsibility of the operator. Automatic synchronizing process is
to be preferred.
RESYNC push button has the same function as automatic synchronizing. It must be used
to allow automatic re-synchronizing.

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OPERATION
5.2. SEQUENCES

Sync Control : The speedtronic adjust the speed of the unit and the
AUTO SYNC generator voltage.
The generator circuit breaker closes automatically.
The compressor bleed valves close.
Unit reach spinning reserve load.

Turbo-generator set is operational to produce full electrical power supply.
Generator voltage can be adjusted manually to satisfy the reactive power conditions.

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OPERATION
6. LOAD PICK UP

This operation consists in adjusting the active power.

x Turbo-generator set synchronized to the grid.
x Grid available for loading.
The operator can choose one of the following loading modes:
Preselected Ld : the load reaches a preselected power according to a loading slope

defined by the Speedtronic.
Base Load : the load increase until the base load is reached according to a loading
slope defined by the Speedtronic.
Action on + / - Speed push buttons cancels Base mode selection.
External : The load follows the external load command given by remote operation
according to a loading slope defined by the Speedtronic.
Action on + / - Speed push buttons cancels External mode selection.
Manual : Action on + / - Speed push buttons allows the operator to adjust the load.
The operator can choose one of the following generator modes:

Off : Automatic voltage control by generator control.
PF : Automatic Power factor control according to setpoint selected by the operator.
VAR : Automatic Reactive Power control according to setpoint selected by the operator

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OPERATION
6.2. SEQUENCES

The set generates the power required by the operator.

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OPERATION
7. LEAD / LAG MOTORS
Some motors and associated driven components like pumps, fans, boosters, are
redundant and running in a lead/lag philosophy which means that the operating motor is
the “lead” motor, the other been in standby. The operator has the choice to select the
motor to run by #1 Lead or #2 Lead, and to change over to the standby motor at any
time, to balance the running hours. Changeover is manual, or automatic in case of failure
of the active motor.
Auto Rotate : Enable / Disable : if Enable is selected, the automatic change over occurs
at each starting sequence of the gas turbine. If Disable is selected, the lead motor
selected by the operator remain the same at each gas turbine starting up.
Prior to any manual changeover, check that the relevant motor and associated system
are available.
7.2. SEQUENCES

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OPERATION
7.2.1. MANUAL CHANGE OVER

#1 Lead or The operator select the standby motor to become the
#2 Lead “lead” motor.
Confirm select The operator confirm the choice.
The standby motor starts and keeps running. 1
The previous lead motor stops after and become
0
“standby”.
7.2.2. AUTOMATIC CHANGE OVER
Suppose two redundant motors and associated driven components M1 and M2. M1 is the
lead motor, M2 is the standby motor. If M1 fails, M2 starts automatically, a corresponding
alarm will inform the operator. The speedtronic logic will keep in memory that M1 is “lead”,
the operator must select “M2 lead” to confirm unavailability of M1.

Selected motor is active, the other motor has stopped.

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OPERATION
8. NORMAL SHUTDOWN

This operation consists in shutting down the gas turbine-generator set.
1-Set synchronized to the grid
Or
2-Gas Turbine at full speed no-load
8.2. SEQUENCES

1- Set synchronized to the grid.
Master control : The turbine active power decreases if the generator is
Stop connected to the network.
The reverse power relay opens the generator circuit
breaker.
The bleed valves open.
2- Set at full speed no load.
Deceleration of the shaft line as a result of the fuel flow
reduction.
14HS The exhaust frame blower stop. 88TK 0
28FD Loss of flame is detected.
The gas leak test is activated.
The gas compartment ventilation stops 88VL 0
The ventilation of the load compartment is stopped. 88VG 0
14HM Start up of the turning motor. 88TG 1
The generator compartment ventilation stops. 88GV 0
The turbine compartment ventilation stops 88BT 0
14HT The hydraulic pump stops. 88HQ 0
The turbine operates on turning mode for at least 24
hours.

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OPERATION
The shaft line is rotating at turning gear speed to allow the cooling cycle to be carried out.
The compartments fans remain in operation according to the compartments temperature.
The cooling water pump remains in operation according to lube oil temperature.
Deselecting the turning gear sequence is forbidden during the first hours of cooling.
Normal restart is possible at any time.

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OPERATION
9. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN

This manual or automatic operation consists in quickly closing the gas valve in order to
stop the fuel flow.
This action can be initiated with the gas turbine loaded, starting or in normal shutdown
condition:
x Either by pressing an emergency shutdown pushbutton.
x Or through the operation of an electrical or mechanical protection.
9.2. SEQUENCES
The sequence is similar to a normal shutdown, with instantaneous loss of flame.

An alarm indicates the cause of the fault.
Gas turbine is at turning gear speed.

It is imperative to eliminate the fault that has caused the emergency shutdown before
any restart of the Gas Turbine.

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OPERATION
10. ON-LINE COMPRESSOR WASH
This operation consists in carrying out a compressor wash at nominal speed.

x Turbine at base load therefore IGVs are fully open.
x Washing skid available.
x The compressor inlet temperature is appropriate for the on line washing.
10.2. SEQUENCES

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OPERATION

On Line Water
The on line washing is selected. 88BW 1
Wash : Start
After 30 minutes, washing stops automatically. 88BW 0

Gas turbine is running in a cleaner condition.
The next on line washing cannot be started 24 hours after start up of the previous one.
Wash frequency depends on the site conditions and the operation of the gas turbine.
Follow-up of the main operating parameters as a function of the ambient conditions allows
to determine the need of washing.

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OPERATION
11. OFF-LINE COMPRESSOR WASH

This operation consists in carrying out a compressor wash sequence according to phases
A, B, C, D, E as indicated on the graph below:
A : Turbine at cranking speed : pre-wash and detergent application cycle.
B : Turbine at turning gear speed : soak cycle.
C : Turbine at cranking speed : rinse cycle.
D : Turbine stopped to allow the water to be recovered by gravity.
E : Turbine at cranking speed : drying cycle.
OFF line wash cycle

30
A B C D E
Turbine speed
20
10
0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90
Time

x Gas turbine at standstill or at cool down sequence, in cold condition, i.e. difference
between highest wheelspace temperature and wash water temperature must not
exceed 67°C. Example: if the water temperature is 80°C, the temperature inside the
turbine should be less than or equal to 80 + 67 = 147°C.
x Ambient temperature higher than 4°C to avoid any risk of frost.
x Water Wash reserve available and at a temperature between 66°C and 93°C.
x Detergent reserve available.
x Compressor and gas turbine manual valves open or closed according to compressor
washing procedure established from information given in the maintenance chapter.

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OPERATION
11.2. SEQUENCES

Crank
Select “Crank mode” on the main display. A
mode
Off line
Select “ON” on the Off line Water Wash screen. A
water wash
Start Select “Start” on the main display to start the gas turbine. A
Turbine starts and accelerates to water wash reference speed. A
IGV’s open fully and turbine frame blower start. A
Pre-wash water is injected automatically. A
Initiate
Select “Initiate Wash” on the water wash screen. A
Wash
Detergent is injected automatically in a pulsed mode A
At the end of the detergent injection main cycle, the starting
B
means stop and the turbine coast down to turning gear speed.

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OPERATION

The gas turbine remains at turning gear speed for soak cycle. 20 min
Initiate
Select “Initiate Rinse” on the water wash screen. C
Rinse
Turbine starts and accelerates to water wash reference speed. C
Water is injected automatically in a pulsed mode C
At the end of rinse cycle, the Speedtronic proposes to the
choice between “Extra Rinse” or “End Rinse” C
Operator choice is according to water sample quality.
Extra Select “Extra Rinse” on the water wash screen to carry out
C
Rinse additional rinse.
End Rinse Select “End Rinse” on the water wash screen. D
Stop Select “Stop” on the main display. D
The gas turbine coast down to turning gear speed. D
Off line
Select “Off” on the Off line Water Wash screen. D
water wash
Wash, Soak and Rinse cycle are completed. D
Master
Execute a “Master Reset” on the main display. D
Reset
Select “Start” on the main display to start the gas turbine for
Start E
Drying cycle.
Turbine starts and accelerates to drying cycle reference speed. ~20 min
The operator must insure that there is no more water flowing
E
out of the drain.
Stop Select “Stop” on the main display to stop the gas turbine. E
The gas turbine coast down to turning gear speed. E

After compressor washing, the compressor valves must be back in original configuration
before to start and fire the gas turbine.
The gas turbine must be re-started to full speed within 24 hours to complete the drying out
process.

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OPERATION
SPECIAL SEQUENCES
1. GENERAL............................................................................................................................... 2
2. STARTING MODE .................................................................................................................. 2
3. FAULTY IGNITION ................................................................................................................. 2
3.1. NORMAL IGNITION............................................................................................................. 2
3.2. FAULTY IGNITION .............................................................................................................. 3
4. INLINE FILTER CHANGEOVER ............................................................................................ 3
5. OVERSPEED TEST................................................................................................................ 4
5.2. SEQUENCE......................................................................................................................... 4
6. OIL PUMP RESTART TEST................................................................................................... 5
6.2. SEQUENCE......................................................................................................................... 5
7. PROLONGED SHUTDOWN................................................................................................... 6

OMMO_TOC6_6FA_EN_V3 Revision: A Date : 07/2008
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OPERATION
1. GENERAL
This document completes the normal operation sequences and contains specific
instructions for special sequences.
The following standard text applies to all gas turbines type 6FA (60 -80MW). Optional
equipment is often identified by the symbol () in the text.
The text is intended as a guide for the operator. The experience acquired during the day-
to-day operation of the plant will enable the operating staff to further supplement and
refine the recommendations contained in this document.
2. STARTING MODE
The operator usually starts the gas turbine in automatic mode by selecting “Auto“ on the
main screen, or “Remote” for remote operation. Mode Select “Crank” and “Fire” are
available for specific sequence test.
“Crank” allows normal starting sequence of the gas turbine up to firing speed but without
firing. This mode is used to test the starting means system.
“Fire” allows normal starting sequence of the gas turbine including firing, but without
accelerating the shaft line. This mode is used to test the firing sequence.
Both “Crank” and “Fire” mode select may be used to demonstrate or to test manually
cranking and/or firing after main maintenance activity on the gas turbine and are not used
during normal operation.
3. FAULTY IGNITION
3.1. NORMAL IGNITION

During the ignition sequence the control signal (FSR) assumes its ignition value,
x With gas fuel (), the pressure control valve (VRS) opens to regulate the inter-valve
pressure as a function of the speed, the flow control valve (VGC) assumes its ignition
value.
x With liquid fuel (), the flow control valve closes to obtain the ignition speed of the flow
divider corresponding to the control signal (FSR) and the turbine speed.
The flame must rapidly establish itself in all combustion chambers.

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OPERATION
3.2. FAULTY IGNITION

Faulty ignition is an incident that requires investigation and corrective action. Prior to any
new attempt, the following must be checked:
x The fuel conditions: availability, pressure.
x The proper functioning of the igniter plugs.
x The proper functioning of the flame detection system.
x The proper functioning of the fuel valves.
x The proper functioning of the liquid fuel atomization conditions ().
x The presence or absence of liquid fuel at the automatic purge valves at low points of
the turbine and the exhaust (VA17) ().
4. INLINE FILTER CHANGEOVER

Some of the systems are equipped with double filters () allowing switching between the
filters during operation.
For this switching, the standby filter must be available: cartridges installed and in good
condition, drain circuit closed, vent circuit closed, loss of charge measurement system
operational.
Let us consider an active filter (A) and a standby filter (S). The changeover procedure is
comprised of the following steps:
x Filling of filter S: use the small manual valve provided for this purpose. Check that the
filter is filled either via glass inspection windows (e.g. lube oil) or at the vent located at
the high point. Purge at the high point, if necessary.
x Switching from A to S: slowly open the inlet and outlet valves of filter S, or slowly
operate the changeover valve ().
x Deactivation of filter A: slowly close the inlet and outlet valves or operate the
changeover valve, close the small filling valve.

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OPERATION
5. OVERSPEED TEST
The overspeed protection circuit must be inspected once a year by simulation and with the
turbine in standstill position.
Real testing of the protection is not necessary if the simulation yields satisfactory results,
including the turbine trip circuits.
If a real test is scheduled, the following conditions must be fulfilled.

x Hot gas turbine having reached thermal stability, i.e. having operated at no-load for 90
minutes.
x Gas turbine running at nominal no-load speed, disconnected from the grid.
x Compressor bleed valves are open.
x Compressor bleed heating valve open.
x With the IGV control screen, open the blades to 88° and let the turbine operate in this
configuration for 45 minutes.
All these conditions are mandatory, it is recommended to contact a qualified GE engineer
for assistance.
5.2. SEQUENCE
Choose the overspeed test control screen
Select the protection module
Increase the speed until a trip occurs. The speed increase must be maintained without
interruption until the trip occurs.

Following this test, the turbine trips and continues its shutdown cycle until the turning gear
is activated.
Restore the normal conditions of the IGV and of the compressor bleed heating system.
Upon the start the turning sequence the turbine is available.

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OPERATION
6. OIL PUMP RESTART TEST

The emergency oil pump automatically starts upon the gas turbine start-up command in
order to check the proper functioning of the pump and its sequence. This test is
systematically repeated every seven days when the gas turbine is operating in continuous
mode. The emergency oil pump is thus carried out automatically and does not require any
manual intervention.
The main pump manual sequence test can be performed on the standby main pump.
Test valves are mounted on the oil supply circuit upstream of the pressure control valve
(VPR2). When closing the plunger valves, these valves allow the pressure of the sensors
to be reduced in order to activate the pump restart sequences.

Gas turbine at nominal operating speed and no oil pressure related alarm.
Observe the procedures for gaining access to the compartments.
Temporarily install a pressure gauge at the outlet of the pump to check the appropriate
pressure level based on the information to be found on the lube oil diagram.
6.2. SEQUENCE
Close the plunger valve and slowly open the test valve.
Main pump test 88QA 1
The main oil pump starts.
Slowly close the test valve and then open the plunger
Main pump test valve. Select again the lead pump on the speedtronic 88QA 0
screen. The main standby pump stops.
Main pump test Acknowledge the alarms on the control cabinets.

This test demonstrates the proper functioning of the lube oil pump restart sequences.

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OPERATION
7. PROLONGED SHUTDOWN
For particular operating reasons, the turbo-generator set may be shut down for a relatively
long period of time, more than one week, provided it can be started up, at short notice, to
generate power for the grid.
In this standby situation, the following instructions must be observed:
x Keep the electric auxiliaries and the control cabinets energized.
x Keep the heating systems (cabinet, compartments, generator…) and the air
conditioning system in automatic mode.
x The lube oil heating system automatically starts, with the oil pump, to keep the viscosity
at a value that is compatible with the turbine start-up.
x Keep the pipe tracing systems in automatic mode.
x Start up the gas turbine two to four times a month with few minutes at turning gear
before starting, fire and synchronize to the grid at low load to validate all sequences.
Shut down the turbine and observe the 24-hour turning sequence.

Tab 22
GEK 103823b
g
Revised, May 2007
GE Energy
Description Totally Enclosed Water- to- Air- Cooled 6FA

Generator with Brushless Excitation
Electrical and Mechanical Features
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for every
possible contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should further
information be desired or should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser's
purposes the matter should be referred to the GE Company.
© 2007 General Electric Company

GEK 103823b Description Totally Enclosed Water- to- Air- Cooled 6FA Generator with Brushless Excitation
I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GENERATOR
The totally enclosed, water- to- air- cooled (TEWAC) generator is designed for operation with air as the
cooling medium. Fans located at the ends of the generator rotor circulate the ventilating air. The
separately excited rotating field is supported by end shield- mounted bearings located at each end of the
generator frame (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Typical Generator Assembly
2
Description Totally Enclosed Water- to- Air- Cooled 6FA Generator with Brushless Excitation GEK 103823b
The frame containing the stator core and winding, the pedestals that support the rotor, and the coolers
mounted in a plenum chamber on top of the outer frame are assembled on a flat concrete foundation.
Flange connections are provided for the customer’s cooling water lines to the air coolers. Mechanical
power is derived from the turbine, which also supplies the bearing lubricating oil.
The generator is designed for continuous operation. Temperature detectors installed in the generator
permit the measurement of the winding and air temperatures. The generator is constructed to withstand,
without harm, all normal conditions of operation, as well as transient conditions such as system faults,
load rejection and lack of synchronization.
A. Stator Frame
The stator frame consists of a casing of welded plate construction, reinforced internally by web plates
in the radial direction, and by braces, key bars and ventilating ducts in the axial direction.
The key bars that support the stator core are welded directly to the fixed web plates. Radial and
tangential magnetic vibration of the core is transmitted to the frame but is isolated from the
foundation.
B. Stator Core
The stator core is made up of segmented, annealed, insulated punchings (see Figure 2) of high-
quality, silicon steel. These punchings are assembled in an interleaved manner on keys machined on
the key bars and are separated into packets by space blocks to provide ventilation ducts. The
punchings are stamped from thin steel sheets and contain open- end slots for the armature bars with
dovetail slots for the wedges that hold the armature bars in place. Other dovetail slots at the back of
the punching are for assembly and locking of the segments on the key bars. The assembled punchings
are clamped into a stiff cylindrical core by pressure applied through end flanges by means of the
stator key bars. Pressure is applied to the teeth by nonmagnetic steel fingers located under the end
flanges (see Figure 3). In order to reduce end heating caused by the end leakage flux and its
associated electrical losses, the end packets of punchings are stepped back at the ends of the stator
core to increase the gap between the punchings and the rotor. The punching insulation is a
thermosetting varnish designed to maintain its insulating value at temperatures above the normal
operating range.
3
Figure 2. Typical Stator Punching.
Figure 3. Stator End- Winding Structure
4
C. Stator Winding
The stator winding is composed of insulated bars assembled in the stator slots, joined at the ends to
form coils and connected in the proper phase belts by bus rings. Each phase is split into groups of
coils 180 apart. The stator bars are composed of insulated copper conductors (strands) transposed by
the Roebel method so that each strand occupies every radial position in the bar for an equal length
along the bar. This arrangement minimizes the circulating current loss that otherwise would be
present under load conditions due to the distribution of magnetic flux in the coil slot (see Figure 4 for
details of the transposed bar).
Figure 4. Armature Conductors Assembled in a Roebel Bar
High- voltage insulating system is provided according to the proven ELIN Vacuband System. With
this system, several half- overlapped, continuous layers of mica tape are applied to the bars. The
number of layers depends on the machine voltage. The bars are dried under vacuum and impregnated
with epoxy resin. Good penetration is reached by an impregnation pressure phase (VPI- System).
After impregnation, the bars are calibrated to the required shape in molds and cured in an oven. This
high-voltage insulation is obtained void free and characterized by its excellent electrical, mechanical
and thermal properties.
An outer covering of protective tape is applied to the core portion of the bar to protect the bar from
abrasion in the slot. This protective tape is impregnated with a controlled- resistivity material to
prevent slot discharge sparking and vibration sparking. The end arms of the bars are graded with a
nonlinear voltage grading material.
5
The stator coil ends are covered with an outer layer of tape to bind and protect the mica insulation,
after which they are sprayed with epoxy paint. These end turns are securely laced with treated glass
cord to the binding bands, which are molded fiberglass rings supported from the stator core flanges
(see Figure 3). The armature bars are held in the coil slots by wedges driven into dovetail slots.
D. Resistance Temperature Detectors and Terminal Boards

Dual- element resistance temperature detectors are located between coils of the armature windings to
measure the temperature of the windings at the points of highest normal temperature.
Temperature detectors are provided to measure the inlet air temperature. The leads from the detectors
are brought out through the generator frame and connected to terminal boards for connection to
temperature meters or relays. The locations of the resistance temperature detectors and the
arrangement of connections at the terminal board are shown on the connection outline drawing. A
description of the detectors and circuit is given in the instructions for “Resistance Temperature
Detectors.”
E. Generator Leads
The main armature leads are brought out of either the upper or lower portion of the stator frame at the
exciter end, depending on the product line.
The leads exit through insulated terminal plates, bolted to the base or frame, which clamp and support
the leads. The leads are suitable for connection to bus bars. The neutral tie is formed within the base
and connected to the neutral grounding transformer and resistor.
F. Air Coolers
Generator air coolers are mounted horizontally in the plenum chamber on top of the frame. Water
inlet, outlet and vent pipe connections are made externally on either side of the unit to suit station
arrangement. Gaskets between the frame and the cooler water box make seals. The method of sealing
is such that the water boxes and covers can be removed to clean a cooler without opening the
generator air ventilation circuit. See instructions in MAINTENANCE.
G. Stator Ventilation
The rotor fans provide the ventilation of the generator. They are the radial flow type assembled near
the ends of the rotor. The entrance condition of the air to the fans is controlled by an inlet nozzle.
Cooling air is forced by the fans into the air gap and also around and behind the stator core. The
stator is divided axially into sections by the web plates and outer wrapper so that in some sections
cold air is forced from the outside of the core toward the air gap through the radial air ducts, while in
other sections it passes from the air gap toward the outside of the core through the radial ducts. The
cooling air is conducted through tubes or ducts to the proper section, and hot air is directed to the
outlet of the generator.
The arrangement of alternate inward and outward air flow in the stator core results in a substantially
uniform cooling of the core and windings, thus avoiding excessive local heating and reducing stresses
caused by temperature differentials.
6
II. GENERATOR ROTOR (MECHANICAL AND VENTILATION)
The construction of the generator rotor is illustrated in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The rotor is machined from
a single alloy- steel forging that has passed extensive tests to assure that the forging meets the required
physical and metallurgical properties.
Figure 5. Typical Machined Rotor
Figure 6. Typical Assembled Rotor
7
Longitudinal slots, machined radially in the body, contain the field coils. The field coils are held in the
slots against centrifugal force by steel wedges. These wedges are fitted into dovetail openings machined
in the rotor slots.
The rotor fans, provided for the ventilation of the generator, are assembled near the ends of the rotor. The
rotor is cooled externally by the air flowing along the gap over the rotor surface and internally by air that
passes under the rotor end windings and axially under the rotor winding, through the sub slot channels
and radially outward through holes in the coils and wedges.
A. Field Winding and Retaining Rings

The field winding consists of rectangular copper bars fabricated into coils. Several turns in one pair
of slots around one pole form a coil. Several coils are assembled around each pole to form the
winding. The individual turns are insulated from each other. The coils are insulated from the slot wall
in the body portion by molded slot liners. To provide maximum ventilation and cooling, the end
portions of the field coils are left bare except for turn insulation. Molded ring insulation is provided
between the coils and the retaining rings, and epoxy- glass blocking is provided in the end windings
to separate and support the coils and restrict their movements under stresses from thermal and
rotational forces.
The end turns are held in place against centrifugal force by heavy retaining rings machined from
high-strength, corrosion- resistant, alloy- steel forgings that are shrunk and key- locked onto the rotor
body.
The axial movement of the field winding is restricted by the centering ring, which is held in place by
a shrink fit onto the retaining ring.
B. Brushless Excitation
A description of the brushless exciter may be found in the “Exciter Section” of the instruction book.
C. Pedestals and Bearings

The generator rotor bearings and oil supply piping are contained in pedestals. The bearings are split
on the horizontal centerline of the bearing to facilitate their removal.
The bearing at the exciter end of the generator is insulated from the generator frame to prevent the
flow of shaft currents.
The lubricating oil is retained within the end shield by seal rings on the bearing assembly and by oil
deflectors on either side of the bearing.
D. Air Shields
The end shields are bolted to the frame to limit the amount of air leakage.
Inner air shields are located between the ends of the armature windings and the outer air shields to
separate the fan discharge air from the air entering the fans. Air seal fan nozzle rings are attached to
the inner air shields to prevent the fan discharge air from leaking into the fan inlet.
8
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.
9
g GE Energy
General Electric Company
www.gepower.com
10
GEI 85803F
Reviewed, March 2001
Reformatted, February 1992
GE Power Systems
Generator
Shaft-Grounding Brushes
I. INTRODUCTION
Shaft-grounding brushes are supplied on turbine-generator units to prevent damage to bearings by electrical
discharge through the oil films. Because of their small oil film thickness, bearings most susceptible to dam-
age are the centrifugal oil pump thrust bearing (or the worm drive for the main oil pump) and the turbine
thrust bearing. Damage to the main turbine generator bearings, hydrogen seals, gears, and other equipment
has also occurred and can be prevented by shaft grounding brushes.
Shaft-to-ground voltages occur on a turbine-generator shaft in three ways. First, charge separation in wet-
steam stages of condensing turbines can cause a buildup of electrostatic voltage (dc) between shaft and sta-
tionary parts. Second, on units with static excitation systems, the output of the three-phase full wave bridge
rectifiers is not pure dc, but contains a 360 Hertz ripple of appreciable magnitude. Under certain conditions
this ripple can cause currents to flow through the capacitive circuit consisting of the field insulation, the bear-
ing oil films, and the distributed capacitance of the excitation system transformers and rectifiers. Finally,
asymmetries in the generator magnetic circuit induce a stiff source of shaft voltage between the collector and
turbine ends of the generator.
Shaft-grounding brushes provide a low-impedance path to ground so that:
A. Buildup of electrostatic voltages is prevented.
B. Current flow due to static excitation voltage ripple flows harmlessly to ground, bypassing the bearings.
C. The brushes ground the shaft at the turbine end of the generator so the voltage from magnetic asymmetry
does not impact the turbine end generator bearing and the turbine bearings and other low clearance com-
ponents.
The grounding-brush assembly consists of a bracket or yoke carrying one or more constant-pressure
brush-holders and is located at the turbine end of the generator shaft. Note that the outboard bearing (and
seal housing on hydrogen-cooled generators) are deliberately insulated from ground to prevent the flow
of currents due to a loop-type voltage along shaft and through bearings which may be produced by minor
dissymmetry in the generator stator magnetic paths. Therefore, the grounding brushes must never be lo-
cated at the outboard end of the generator. The brushes used in this grounding assembly are like those
used on collector rings. The bracket or yoke should be electrically connected to the same station ground
as the turbine and generator casings.
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for every possible
contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should further information be desired or
should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser’s purposes the matter should be
referred to the GE Company.
 1991 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
GEI 85803F Shaft-Grounding Brushes
In operation, the voltage from shaft to ground should be checked at least once per week to insure that
the shaft-grounding brush assembly is functioning properly. The method of checking voltage is de-
scribed in the following paragraphs.
II. INSTRUMENTATION
In order to obtain meaningful data, high-impedance instruments must be used, preferably those having an
impedance of at least one megohm. The reason for this is to prevent loading down the source voltage through
its own internal impedance. Electronic voltmeters, digital voltmeters, and oscilloscopes in general will satis-
fy the requirement for high impedance.
Another consideration is the wave shape of the shaft-to-ground voltage, which may depart considerably from
a sine wave. Even under the best conditions when the voltage appears as a basic square wave, there may be
high-voltage spikes on the order of microseconds in duration due to rectifier commutation. Since even a
short-duration spike of sufficient magnitude can initiate the flow of current through a bearing, it is the peak
value of voltage, rather than the average or RMS value, that is of interest. As an example, if the shaft voltage is
40V peak to peak, a comparison of the shaft voltages measurement by different instruments typically could
be as follows:
Oscilloscope 40 volts peak-to-peak

Electronic or digital voltmeter* 17 volts peak-to-peak (peak reading voltmeter **)
6 volts ac,rms scale
1.4 volts dc scale
*With input impedance one megohm or greater
**Voltmeter with a peak voltage measurement function
Thus the reading taken on a rms reading voltmeter should be multiplied by a factor of about 7 to correlate with
peak-to-peak voltage observed on an oscilloscope. The factor 7 is probably typical, but it might be less if the
wave shape contained no spikes. An oscilloscope or peak reading voltmeter is recommended if available.
III. PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING SHAFT-TO-GROUND VOLTAGE
The voltmeter or oscilloscope should be connected solidly to ground on one terminal, the other terminal to an
insulated probe containing a metal-graphite or bronze brush. To read shaft voltage, press the probe firmly
against the shaft at a point adjacent to the grounding brush assembly, but preferably not in the track of the
grounding brush.
The dc component of shaft-to-ground voltage is usually below 2 volts, and this dc component is not greatly
affected by the type of meter used. Be sure to connect the meter to get an upscale reading.
The 0-to-peak voltage is of greatest interest. If the true 0-to-peak voltage is 6 volts or less, the indication is
that the grounding brush assembly is functioning satisfactorily. A 0-to-peak voltage above 6 volts indicates
that maintenance is required.
IV. MAINTENANCE
Whenever an unsatisfactory indication is obtained on the shaft-to-ground voltage check, the following steps
should be taken:
A. Remove the brushes from their holders, one at a time. Clean brush and holder so brush may move freely.
2
Shaft-Grounding Brushes GEI 85803F
B. Scrape brush face with a knife to remove glaze.
C. Use a soft brush seating stone or a canvas-padded board to remove excess film from shaft.
D. Clean brush clip contacts.
E. Check spring force. It should be at least 3 3/4 pounds (1.7 kg); an even higher force may be advisable
in some instances. Machines using a shaft voltage monitor should use a spring force of 7 1/2 pounds (3.4
kg).
F. Replace brushes before the pigtail is in contact with top of brush box.
G. Check for corrosion or damage on the bracket mounting surface. Clean the surface if necessary.
H. If replacing brush holder, check gap between brush holder and shaft. Gap typically should be adjusted
to 0.12 to 0.25 inch.(3.0 to 6.4mm)
During turbine inspections, all bearings and hydrogen seal rings should be carefully checked for any
signs of electrical pitting, which will appear to be an etched or frosted surface, but at a magnification
of 25x will show numerous individual small pits or craters. The thrust bearings deserve particular atten-
tion during inspection. The amount of taper on tapered land thrust bearings should be checked with a
micrometer or feeler gauge in addition to making a visual inspection for pitting.
Some idea of the importance of keeping the shaft grounded can be gained by considering that a failure
of one or more bearings might be expected within a year if the shaft voltage is allowed to rise to approxi-
mately 50 volts 0-to-peak. As the shaft-to-ground voltage is reduced, bearing life is increased, and it is
expected that the bearings will suffer no damage from shaft currents as long as the shaft-to-ground volt-
age is held to 6 volts 0-to-peak or less.
3
GE Power Systems

One River Road, Schenectady, NY 12345
518 • 385 • 2211 TX: 145354
GEK 106933a
Revised March 2003
GE Power Systems
Generator
Horizontal Duplex Air Coolers
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for
every possible contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should
further information be desired or should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for
the purchaser’s purposes the matter should be referred to the GE Company.
© 1998 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
GEK 106933a Horizontal Duplex Air Coolers
I. GENERAL
The generator uses two coolers (heat exchangers) to transfer the heat from the generator ventilating air to
water. Each cooler consists of two independent sections. Each section, in turn, consists of a pair of water
headers (water boxes) and tube sheets with a bank of finned tubes, supported by a steel frame. The cooling
water circulates in the tubes in each section with two or more passes as determined by the arrangement
of partitions in the water boxes. The air flows through the finned tube bank. When practical, the coolers
will be constructed to achieve a “counterflow” between the air and the water. Counterflow will attempt to
achieve a uniform difference in the temperature between the air and the water throughout the cooler.
A. Description of Single Section
The frame is of welded steel construction and is fabricated to a box-like structure. An air-seal gasket
assembly seals between the cooler and the generator base as well as between the cooler and the foun-
dation, thereby forcing all of the air to flow through the tube bank for maximum cooling.
B. Tubes
The tubing is at least 13 mm ( inch) nominal diameter to reduce the chance of the tubes plugging un-
der normal operation. Typically the tubes are 16 mm (0.63,) O.D, 1.25 mm (0.049,) thick, (18 BWG)
condenser quality tube as described by A.S.T.M Specification B-111. The extended surface on the out-
side of the tube consists of a continuous plate fin with a shoulder formed at the tube holes for stacking
as required.
C. Tube Sheets
Both ends of the tubes are expanded into the tube sheets. Standard condenser tube expanders that roll
to a depth of approximately 19 mm (0.75,) are satisfactory for re-rolling any tube joint which may
loosen and leak. The tube sheet at the water connection end of the cooler is held rigidly to the end of
the cooler frame. This end of the cooler is called the "fixed end". A seal plate fastened to the cooler
frame laterally restrains the tube sheet at the opposite end. This end of the cooler is called the "floating
end". This assembly arrangement allows movement in the axial direction for the differential expansion
between the tube bank and the cooler frame. The edges of the tube sheets provide a surface for making
an airtight seal. If the surfaces become excessively marred, the scratches should be blended smooth to
minimize air leakage.
D. Water Boxes
The water boxes are bolted to the tube sheets with bolts or studs and nuts. The water boxes on the
floating tube sheet end of the cooler have provisions for installing eyebolts. The eyebolts facilitate
handling the cooler in the horizontal position for assembly into the foundation or roof openings. Refer
to the generator’s mechanical outline drawing for the size and location of the water connection flanges
and any extension pieces that may be required to pass through the foundation.
E. Gaskets and Pressure Testing
Joints between the water boxes and the tube sheets are furnished with gaskets. Normally, any gasket
leakage can be corrected by tightening the water box bolts (nuts). The leakage should be checked at the
test pressure normally shown on the cooler nameplate. The standard generator cooler the test-pressure
is 8.64 bars (125 psig or 8.8 kg/cm2).
2
Horizontal Duplex Air Coolers GEK 106933a
F. Air Removal
Since the coolers and cooler sections are usually connected in parallel, there is a possibility that one of
the cooler sections may become partially or completely air bound, which will impair heat transfer and
accelerate corrosion.
To assist in avoiding this condition, vent connections are provided in the connection end water box
of each cooler section. If the water pressure inside the cooler is above atmospheric pressure, the pip-
ing should consist of a line from each vent connection with a valve cracked slightly open to permit
continuous discharge of coolant into a funnel or other visible drain. The continuous flow of coolant
indicates that the cooler is properly vented. In closed systems, such as condensate or ethylene-glycol
based coolant mixtures; provision must be made to properly handle the vented coolant.
It is recommended that the coolers be operated with a relatively low water pressure, 15 to 30 psig
(1.05 to 2.11 kg/cm2). The primary advantage of low-pressure operation is that water leakage into the
generator will be minimized in the event of a tube failure. The coolant supply pressure must be checked
periodically to assure that it is within the design operating pressure.
G. Coolant Flow
The coolant flow rate to the coolers must be throttled to provide an even distribution of flow to each
cooler section. This can be accomplished by balancing the pressures at the inlet and outlet flanges of
each cooler section. Calibrated pressure gauges can be mounted on each flange and the cooler isolation
valves adjusted to obtain a balanced flow distribution.
It is recommended that a flow meter be installed to measure the total flow to the coolers or, if possible,
two meters - one for each cooler assembly. Coolant systems designed with no provision for flow mea-
surement run the risk of exceeding cooler tube and nozzle velocity limits. Excessive coolant velocities
accelerate tube erosion and shorten the life of the coolers.
An alternate piping scheme where the two individual cooler sections are connected in series and the
cooler assemblies connected in parallel may offer some advantage in some installations. Such a scheme
requires more valves (to allow isolation when required) but uses less total flow with a somewhat-higher
pressure drop. Contact GE Product Service for assistance in evaluating this alternative.
H. Servicing or Repairs
Except for the rolled joints between the tubes and the tube sheet, all of the joints on the waterside of
cooler section are outside of the generator circulating air space. This design permits normal servicing
or repairs, such as: plugging leaking tubes, re-rolling tubes, tightening or replacing gaskets, pressure
testing and cleaning tubes, without removing the cooler section from the generator.
NOTE
Coolers to be thoroughly dried when drained and allowed to sit.
I. Leaky Tubes
A cooler tube leak is found by performing a pressure decay test on each suspected tube. To locate a
leaky tube, remove both water boxes of the faulty section. Test each tube separately by plugging one
end and inserting a close-fitting nozzle at the other end. The nozzle connection should be provided
3
with a gauge and a valve, so that as soon as the tube is under static pressure, the supply can be shut
off and any reduction in pressure noted on the gauge. A leaky tube can be plugged by driving tapered
plugs (brass, maple or phenolic are best) into both ends. When the number of plugged tubes prevents
the cooler from accomplishing the required cooling, the cooler should be replaced.
The above method for locating leaky tubes will not identify tube-to-tube sheet leaks. These leaks are
usually caused by improper tube expansion and are usually discovered during the factory hydro test.
If the above pressure decay test fails to locate a suspected cooler leak, it probably is a tube connection
leak and must be located visually with the cooler removed from the unit.
J. Cleaning the Tubes
A rise in generator temperature over a period of time, under the same water and load conditions, may
indicate the need for tube cleaning. Each heat exchanger consists of two separate cooler sections that
allows for the isolation of any section for cleaning or repair. It is important that the piping to the coolers
be designed and installed so that the valves are located such that the necessary water connections can
be removed and access gained for the desired work while still permitting operation of the other cooler
sections. The interior of the tubes can be cleaned with compressed air. In extreme cases, it may be
necessary to use a brass brush or scraper plug.
Normally, the airside or finned surface should not become dirty. If this does happen, the cooler should
be removed and cleaned with a stream of water. If there is an oily deposit which water or detergents
will not remove, apply an air blast saturated with a solvent suitable for removing the film. The same
solvent used to clean the generator winding is recommended. Refer to CLEANING and CLEANING
FLUIDS instructions found elsewhere in the instruction book.
K. Inspection
The best time for the annual inspection and cleaning of the cooler is prior to the warm season. The
need for additional cleaning may be indicated by a gradual increase in the generator temperatures not
attributable to some other cause.
L. Correspondence
For identification purposes, all correspondence should reference the catalog number, serial number
and cooler manufacturer that are stamped on the cooler nameplate. The generator and turbine number
should also be included.
4
Horizontal Duplex Air Coolers GEK 106933a
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5
GE Power Systems
518 • 385 • 2211 TX: 145354
6
GEK 46135A
Revised, April 1991
GE Power Systems
Generator
Oil Recommendations
I. RESPONSIBILITY OF OPERATOR
Temperature and pressure of the oil to and from the bearings shall be within the limits specified.
The oil purity shall be sustained by checking for water leaks, draining sludge and closely adhering to the
regulation set forth by the oil vendor for sampling, purifying and oil replacement.
II. RESPONSIBILITY OF VENDOR
It is generally recognized that the lubricating oil should be a petroleum derivative free from water, sediment,
inorganic acids or any materials which in the service specified will prove injurious to the oil or the equipment,
and there should be no tendency toward permanent emulsification nor rapid oxidation with the formation
of sludge.
The responsibility of supplying the proper oil for the lubricating system rests with the oil vendor and the unit
operator. This responsibility includes specifications for flushing, purifying, inspection and treatment of the
oil during operation and maintenance to insure satisfactory performance of the equipment in service.
III. RUST PREVENTION AND OXIDATION
In the normal operation of generator, particularly during the starting and stopping periods, a certain amount
of water may find its way into, and become entrained in, the lubrication system. This water may come from
leaks in the oil cooler or from atmospheric condensation.
To meet this condition, it is essential that the oil have a preferred metal–wetting ability to coat the ferrous
metals of the system with a film of oil. Otherwise, the entrained moisture may be taken to, and deposited on,
the ferrous metal parts of the oil system and quickly start rusting.
It is recommended that the oil shall successfully pass the Referee Tests for rust prevention.
IV. OIL PURIFYING SYSTEM
In the servicing of lubricants, it is expected the operator will be governed by the specific recommendations
of the vendor from whom the oil is obtained. However, the opinion of the turbine–generator manufacturer
is often sought and in those cases, the following comments on water washing and clay filters are offered as
a general guide.
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for every possible
contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should further information be desired or
should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser’s purposes the matter should be
referred to the GE Company.
 1991 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
GEK 46135A Oil Recommendations
It is recommended that the purification system be such as to remove all water and other foreign matter.
V. WATER WASHING
The following action taken by Section 1 of Technical Committee C, D–2 of A.S.T.M. at their June 24, 1946
meeting is endorsed:
“The committee went on record against water washing oils containing rust and oxidation in-
hibitors since experience indicates such practice may cause some reduction in inhibitor con-
tent. The only exception to this recommendati on might be in the case of contamination of
the rust and oxidation inhibited turbine oil with corrosive materials which are water soluble.
The committee sees no objection to water washing straight mineral turbine oils if such prac-
tice is desirable to remove corrosive materials, oil deterioration products, or potentially cor-
rosive contaminants. It is recommended that, where water washing is employed, the water
have a pH of 6.5–8 and a conductivity of 2–5 microhms.”
VI. CLAY FILTERS
The following action taken by Section 1 of Technical Committee C, D–2 of A.S.T.M. at their June 24, 1946
meeting is endorsed:
“The committee went on record against the use of clay filters with rust and oxidation inhib-
ited turbine oils since experience indicates such filters will remove the rust inhibitor and
some types of oxidation inhibitor from present–day rust and oxidation turbine oils.”
VII. DEFINITIONS AND TESTS
A. Viscosity
The viscosity or body of an oil is the measure of its resistance to flow. Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU)
are the number of seconds required for 60 milliliters of oil to flow through the orifice of the Saybolt vis-
cosimeter a t a specified temperature.
REFEREE TEST ASTM–D–88
B. Flash Point
The flash point of an oil is the lowest temperature in degrees Fahrenheit at which sufficient vapors are
given off to form an inflammable mixture with air that will burn momentarily when a small flame is
applied.
REFEREE TEST ASTM–D–92
C. Neutralization Value
The neutralization value is the weight in milligrams of potassium–hydroxide required to neutralize one
gram of the oil and expresses the total amount of mineral acid and of the organic compounds having acid
characteristics.
REFEREE TEST ASTM–D–974–55T–0.20 MAX
2
Oil Recommendations GEK 46135A
D. Rust Prevention
This test is to determine the rust preventing characteristics of the oil in the presence of water.
REFEREE TEST ASTM–D–665–47T
TYPICAL OIL CHARACTERISTICS FOR GENERATORS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OIL
Saybolt Viscosity at 100°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–170 SSU

Saybolt Viscosity at 210°F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43–45 SSU
Minimum Flash Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330°F
Maximum Neutralization Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 mg KOH/g
Rust Prevention Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shall Pass
Oxidation Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000 hours
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Maximum Viscosity before Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 SSU

Minimum Oil Temperature before Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70°F
Operating Bearing Inlet Oil Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120°F (See Note 3)
Normal Bearing Outlet Oil Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140–160°F
Note:
1. Specific instructions for equipment prevail when they differ from this tabulation.
2. No reference is made under these Typical Oil Characteristics to the ASTM steam–emulsion number
since these recommendations are for inhibited oils. Experience has indicated that the steam–emul-
sion number has little or no value when used in testing of inhibited turbine oils. This is consistent
with the action of ASTM Designation: D–157–36 which is as follows:
“Results obtained on rust and oxidation–inhibited turbine oils cannot be interpreted in the same
manner as in the practice with uninhibited oils. Steam–emulsion numbers of such inhibited oils are
not reproducible and the existence of any correlation to emulsion in service is considered doubtful.”
3. The cooling water through the oil coolers is controlled to maintain 130°F ambient, lube oil inlet oil
at 80°F ambient and below. Above 80°F ambient, lube oil inlet temperature will increase 1 degree
for every 1 degree increase in ambient. The oil temperature rise through the bearing should be
25–35°F. The oil drain alarm setting should be maximum ambient ±100°F.
E. Oxidation
To determine the oxidation characteristics of the oil, the time measured in hours required to build up a
neutralization value of 2.0 mg. KOH per gram of oil in a sample of oil subjected to temperature of 95°C
in the presence of water, oxygen, and an iron–copper catalyst.
REFEREE TEST ASTM–D943–54
3
GE Power Systems

518 • 385 • 2211 TX: 145354
Tab 23
N/A
Tab 24
GEK 95143b
Revised November 2004
GE Energy
Operation
Totally Enclosed, Water-to-Air Cooled Generator with Brushless Excitation Gas
Turbine Drive
These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for
every possible contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should
further information be desired or should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for
the purchaser's purposes the matter should be referred to the GE Company.
© 1995 General Electric Company
GEK 95143b Operation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. FINAL INSPECTION BEFORE STARTING THE GENERATOR FOR THE FIRST TIME . . 3
A. Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
B. Generator Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
C. Resistance Temperature Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
D. Insulation Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
E. Clearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
F. Rubbing and Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
G. Bearing Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
H. Exciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I. Air Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III. STARTING THE GENERATOR AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR

BRUSHLESS EXCITER REGULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
A. Conventional Starting Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B. LCI Starting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
IV. BEFORE SYNCHRONIZING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
V. SYNCHRONIZING THE GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
VI. SHUTTING DOWN THE GENERATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
VII. POWER FACTOR ADJUSTMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
VIII. EFFECT OF LEADING AND LAGGING POWER FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
IX. OPERATION WITH UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
X. OPERATION OF THE AIR COOLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
XI. RECTIFIER LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
XII. LOSS OF FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
XIII. INSPECTION FOLLOWING TRIPOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
XIV. GROUNDED FIELD WINDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
XV. GENERATOR LOAD CAPABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Typical Reactive Capability for a Given Value of Cold Gas Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 2. Negative Phase Sequence Current from the Magnitudes of the Three
Phase Currents (For Case of No Zero Phase Current) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2
Operation GEK 95143b
I. INTRODUCTION
A high-speed generator is a complex, precision built piece of equipment designed to operate in conjunction
with a turbine in a modern plant with a minimum of manual control. These machines are constructed to
operate continuously for long periods of time without shutdown. Proper operation of a high speed generator
requires close adherence to operating guides and procedures for the particular unit. Although operating
practices differ to some extent between various operators, there are many general operating rules that can
be applied universally. This instruction is included as a guide for operating a turbine-generator and does
not purport to cover all details or variations in operating procedures.
II. FINAL INSPECTION BEFORE STARTING THE GENERATOR FOR THE FIRST TIME
One of the most important periods in the life cycle of a turbine-generator is the initial start-up. During this
period each component part of the unit is checked and tested for proper installation and operation.
Before shipment, standard factory tests are performed on the generator, including the following:
• Mechanical inspection
• Mechanical balance
• Overspeed run
• Measurement of cold resistance of armature and field windings
• Insulation resistance measurements
• Dielectric tests
• Resistance temperature detector tests
To supplement the tests made in the factory, it is considered essential to repeat many checks just prior to
operating the unit in the power plant. The following inspections and preliminary checks should be made
just before the generator is started up for the first time.
A. Connections
Check the armature connections with the Connection Outline.
B. Generator Voltage
See that the voltage on the generator nameplate corresponds with the line voltage.
C. Resistance Temperature Detectors
The resistance temperature detectors should be checked to determine that they are indicating properly.
D. Insulation Resistance
The insulation resistance should be measured in accordance with instructions on INSULATION TEST-
ING.
3
GEK 95143b Operation
E. Clearances
Refer to the CLEARANCE Diagram.
F. Rubbing and Vibration
As specified in the instructions for bringing the turbine up to speed, checks should be made to ensure
that there is no rubbing between the rotating and stationary parts of the generator, and that the operation
of the combined turbine and generator rotors is free from excessive vibration.
G. Bearing Insulation
The exciter-end bearing insulation should be checked with an insulation resistance meter in accordance
with instructions on BEARING INSULATION.
H. Exciter
Refer to Exciter section.
I. Air Coolers
The air coolers should be checked as follows: the water supply to all cooler sections should be turned
on full. The cooler vents should be open to bleed all entrapped air. The cooler discharge lines should
be checked to ascertain that nearly an equal flow of water is discharging from each cooler section.
With the vents cracked open to provide for continuous venting, the water discharge may be throttled
to obtain the desired rate of flow. Excessive flow results in accelerated tube erosion and unbalanced
flow results in ineffective generator cooling. The coolant flow may be balanced by measuring the
differential pressure across the inlet and outlet nozzles at the connection end of each cooler section.
The discharge flow rate from the cooler vents and cold gas RTD temperatures are also good indicators
of balanced coolant flow.
Cooler water should be throttled on the discharge of the coolers to avoid air pockets and unstable oper-
ation with low flows. Where valves are located both before and after the coolers, care should be taken
to maintain a positive pressure on the coolers. If condensate is used for cooling, it may be necessary
to connect the discharge from the vent lines to the condenser in order to maintain an effective pressure
for venting.
The cooling water supply pressure should be checked to determine that this pressure is within the de-
signed operating pressure for the coolers.
Excessive flow results in accelerated tube erosion and unbalanced flow results in ineffective generator
cooling. The coolant flow may be balanced by measuring the differential pressure across the inlet and
outlet nozzles at the connection end of each cooler section. The discharge flow rate from the cooler
vents and cold gas RTD temperatures are also good indicators of balanced coolant flow.
III. STARTING THE GENERATOR AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR BRUSHLESS

EXCITER REGULATOR
When starting a turbine-generator, it is recommended that a start-up checklist be used to ascertain that no
items have been overlooked. The following items should be included on a checklist for starting a generator.
4
Operation GEK 95143b
This is a recommended list and does not purport to cover all items to be checked on a specific installation.
Refer to separate instruction for detailed operation of the exciter system.
Operator actions employing the regulator described below use datalink (digital regulators only) or remote
control switches/hardware.
The voltage regulator and exciter protective circuits must be set up according to detailed instructions con-
tained in a separate regulator instruction book prior to initial operation.
Two major starting methods are employed. The first is for turbine-generators which are started and brought
to operating speed using conventional starting motors. The second category has been included to cover the
unique generator requirements associated with LCI (Load Commutated Inverter) turbine-generator starting
systems. Refer to Turbine startup procedures for operational details related specifically to the LCI. Also
refer to separate instructions for detailed operation of the excitation system.
A. Conventional Starting Motor
1. The following initial checks to be made:
a. Armature circuit breaker open
b. Main and spare field circuit breaker open if so equipped
c. Regulator control switch in manual position
d. Manual voltage adjuster on extreme low
e. Turn on the water to the gas coolers
2. When the unit is turning slowly check for rubbing.
3. As the generator is brought up to speed, check the mechanical balance by taking shaft vibration
readings.
4. Regulate the cold liquid flow valves to obtain the rated flow condition. The cold gas temperature
inside the generator will then be a function of cold liquid temperature and the losses during the
start sequence.
B. LCI Starting System
***WARNING***
THE GENERATOR AND LCI MAY NOT BE USED TO PRODUCE

“TURNING GEAR” OPERATION FOR THE ROTOR TRAIN.
THE GENERATOR MAY NOT BE ENERGIZED BY THE LCI IN
SUCH A FASHION AS TO PRODUCE AN AVERAGE STEADY
STATE SPEED OTHER THAN THAT DEFINED AS NORMAL
OPERATION FOR WATER WASH, TURBINE PURGE OR HRSG
WARMUP.

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3.1. DATE, TIME AND METERS

3.2. OPERATION PHASES

¾ Time of starting of the turning phase.

3.3. ALARMS AND TRIPS

x Time of occurrence of alarms/trips.

3.4. SPECIAL NOTES AND ABNORMALITIES

Any machine behaviour that is considered abnormal or unusual: vibrations, noise,

x General operating instructions.

3.6. PARAMETER READOUTS

Parameters of the turbo-generator set: pressures, temperatures, vibrations, analog and

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5. SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

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2. CLEANLINESS OF THE EQUIPMENT

The cleanliness of the equipment allows to :

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Although certain levels are monitored automatically, it is nevertheless advisable to check

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Rapid identification of an instrumentation defect or fault allows the fault to be brought

6. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND DRIVEN EQUIPMENT

The following parameters shall be monitored :

7. LIGHTING AND SIGNALLING

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PARAMETER READOUTS AND ANALYSIS

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2.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES

2.3. COMPRESSOR TEMPERATURES AND TURBINE COOLING

Inlet temperature (CTIF), outlet temperature (CTDA), inter-wheel temperatures (TTWS),

2.4. TURBINE EXHAUST TEMPERATURES

TTXD, average temperature TTXM.

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2.5. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES FLUID PRESSURES AND LEVELS

2.6. TURBINE AND AUXILIARIES TEMPERATURES

2.7. SHAFT LINE VIBRATION

Shaft line vibration values indicated by the control system.

2.8. TURBINE CONTROL

2.9. START-UP AND SHUTDOWN

Start-up time, shutdown time.

2.10. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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3. ANALYSIS OF THE PARAMETERS

3.2. GENERATOR TEMPERATURES

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