National University of Modern Languages Islamabad

Course Title:
Constitutional and Political development in Pakistan from
1947 to 1973
Topic of Assignment:
Fall of Dhaka 1971
Semester:
BS PS Bridging 6th Semester
Submitted to:
Sir Azhar Mahmood
Submitted by:
Muhammad Tarique, Waqar Hussain, and Asmatullah
Date:
05/06/2023

Contents
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................3
BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................3
MAIN CAUSES OF FALL OF DHAKA......................................................................................4
Bengali Nationalism:.................................................................................................................4
Language Movement:................................................................................................................4
Political and Economic Grievances:.........................................................................................4
Political Repression:..................................................................................................................4
Cyclone and Relief Mismanagement:......................................................................................4
Military Crackdown and Human Rights Abuses:..................................................................4
Indian Intervention:..................................................................................................................5
Non-Resolution of Constitutional Issues:................................................................................5
Military Imposition of Martial Law:.......................................................................................5
Formation of Mujibnagar Government:.................................................................................5
International Diplomatic Factors:............................................................................................5
Armed Resistance:.....................................................................................................................5
Refugee Crisis:...........................................................................................................................5
Language Issue:.........................................................................................................................5
Economic Injustice:...................................................................................................................5
Political Causes:.........................................................................................................................6
Role of Ruling Elite:..................................................................................................................6
Election of 1970:.........................................................................................................................6
Mukhti bahini cause:.................................................................................................................6
CONSEQUENSES OF FALL OF DHAKA.................................................................................6
Formation of Bangladesh:.........................................................................................................6
Humanitarian Crisis:.................................................................................................................6
Reconciliation and Healing:......................................................................................................7
Economic and Social Reconstruction:.....................................................................................7
International Recognition and Diplomatic Relations:............................................................7
Impact on South Asian Politics:................................................................................................7
National Identity and Cultural Expression:............................................................................7
Impetus for Liberation Movements:........................................................................................7
CONSEQUENSES ON PAKISATN.............................................................................................7
 Territorial Loss and Fragmentation:.......................................................................................7
Political and Economic Challenges:.........................................................................................7
Social and Cultural Shifts:........................................................................................................8
Military Reassessment:.............................................................................................................8
Political Debates and Accountability:......................................................................................8
Shift in Foreign Relations:........................................................................................................8
Internal Political Turmoil:........................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION OF FALL OF DHAKA 1971..............................................................................8
The End...........................................................................................................................................8

FALL OF DHAKA 1971

INTRODUCTION
The Fall of Dhaka in 1971 was a significant event in the Indian subcontinent's history,
marking the culmination of the Bangladesh Liberation War and the emergence of an independent
nation. The conflict arose due to political, cultural, and economic disparities between East
Pakistan and West Pakistan. East Pakistan, dominated by Bengali-speaking population, felt
marginalized and oppressed by the central government based in West Pakistan. The Awami
League's victory in the 1970 elections, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, further escalated tensions
as the ruling elite in West Pakistan refused to transfer power. This resulted in a brutal crackdown
by the Pakistani military in March 1971, triggering widespread armed resistance. With India's
intervention in support of the Mukti Bahini, the conflict escalated into a full-scale war. On
December 16, 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered in Dhaka, leading to the fall of the city and the
birth of Bangladesh as an independent nation.
The Fall of Dhaka had far-reaching implications. It brought an end to the oppressive rule of West
Pakistan and led to the disintegration of Pakistan into two separate nations, with the
establishment of Bangladesh. The conflict highlighted the significance of regional and linguistic
identities, as well as the struggles for self-determination in the Indian subcontinent. It also
exposed the brutality of the Pakistani military junta and the humanitarian crisis that unfolded
during the war. The event marked a turning point in the history of South Asia, reshaping
geopolitical dynamics and serving as an inspiration for other independence movements around
the world.

BACKGROUND
The background leading to the Fall of Dhaka in 1971 encompasses a complex web of
political, cultural, and economic factors. Following the partition of India in 1947, Pakistan
emerged as a separate nation for the Muslim-majority regions. However, it was divided into two
wings: East Pakistan and West Pakistan, with India geographically separating the two. Despite
sharing the Islamic faith, the two wings had significant differences. East Pakistan, primarily
comprised of Bengali-speaking population, felt marginalized and suppressed by the West
Pakistani-dominated central government.
Economic disparities further exacerbated the divide, with West Pakistan benefiting more from
resources and development projects. The language issue served as a major point of contention, as
the central government imposed Urdu as the sole national language, disregarding the majority
Bengali-speaking population. These grievances led to the rise of Bengali nationalism and
demands for greater autonomy in East Pakistan, culminating in the political triumph of the
Awami League in the 1970 elections.
However, the refusal of the West Pakistani ruling elite to transfer power to the Awami League
ignited a brutal military crackdown, prompting an armed resistance movement and eventually
leading to the full-scale war between East Pakistan and West Pakistan, with India supporting the
East. The conflict culminated in the fall of Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan, and the birth of
Bangladesh as an independent nation. The Fall of Dhaka had significant implications, exposing
the brutality of the Pakistani military junta, emphasizing the importance of regional identities,
and reshaping the geopolitical dynamics of the Indian subcontinent.

MAIN CAUSES OF FALL OF DHAKA

The Fall of Dhaka refers to the events that led to the surrender of the Pakistani forces and the
subsequent independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The causes of the Fall of Dhaka are complex
and multifaceted. Here are some key factors that contributed to the fall:

Bengali Nationalism: The people of East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) felt

marginalized and discriminated against by the Pakistani government, which was largely
dominated by West Pakistanis. There was a growing sense of Bengali nationalism, demanding
greater autonomy and recognition of their cultural and linguistic identity.

Language Movement: The Language Movement of 1952 played a significant role in

shaping Bengali nationalism. Bengalis protested against the imposition of Urdu as the sole
national language of Pakistan, leading to a strong sense of linguistic identity and cultural pride.

Political and Economic Grievances: East Pakistan faced economic disparities,

with the majority of resources and development projects being directed towards West Pakistan.
This created resentment among the Bengalis, who felt economically disadvantaged and
exploited.

Political Repression: The Pakistani government's response to the demands for greater
autonomy and rights was often met with repression. The Bengali political leaders were sidelined,
arrested, or suppressed, which further fueled the sentiment for independence.

Cyclone and Relief Mismanagement: In 1970, a devastating cyclone hit East

Pakistan, causing widespread damage and loss of life. The Pakistani government's inadequate
response and relief efforts were seen as a failure to protect and assist the people of East Pakistan,
leading to further discontent.

Military Crackdown and Human Rights Abuses: As tensions escalated, the

Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight in March 1971, aiming to suppress the Bengali
nationalist movement. This military crackdown resulted in widespread human rights abuses,
including mass killings, rapes, and forced displacements, which intensified the demand for
independence.

Indian Intervention: India provided support to the Bengali nationalist movement,

including military assistance, which ultimately led to the defeat of the Pakistani forces and the
liberation of Bangladesh.
Non-Resolution of Constitutional Issues: The failure to resolve the
constitutional issues between East and West Pakistan further exacerbated the tensions. The
Awami League demanded greater autonomy and a federal system to address the economic and
political disparities, while West Pakistan insisted on a centralized control structure.

Military Imposition of Martial Law: The Pakistani military, led by General

Yahya Khan, imposed martial law in an attempt to suppress the growing Bengali nationalist
movement. This move was met with resistance and further heightened the demand for
independence.

Formation of Mujibnagar Government: In response to the military crackdown,

the Bengali political leaders formed the Mujibnagar government in exile, led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman. This government symbolized the aspirations of the Bengali people and worked towards
gaining international support for their cause.

International Diplomatic Factors: The international community's response and

diplomatic efforts played a significant role in shaping the outcome. Many countries, including
India and several Western nations, expressed support for the Bengali cause and condemned the
Pakistani military's actions.

Armed Resistance: The Fall of Dhaka was also influenced by the armed resistance
movement waged by the Mukti Bahini (Bengali guerrilla fighters) against the Pakistani military
forces. Their guerrilla warfare tactics, along with support from India, weakened the Pakistani
forces and contributed to their eventual defeat.

Refugee Crisis: The mass influx of Bengali refugees into India due to the military
crackdown created a humanitarian crisis and international attention. The suffering and plight of
the refugee’s garnered sympathy and support for the Bengali cause, further isolating Pakistan.

Language Issue: The imposition of Urdu as the sole national language of Pakistan in 1948
created resentment among the Bengali-speaking population of East Pakistan. This led to protests
and demands for recognition of the Bengali language, which eventually evolved into a broader
movement for autonomy and cultural identity.

Economic Injustice: East Pakistan, despite being more populous, suffered from
economic disparities and exploitation. The majority of development projects and resources were
directed towards West Pakistan, leading to a sense of economic injustice among the Bengalis.
The neglect of East Pakistan's economic development contributed to the growing grievances and
discontent.

Political Causes: The political dynamics between East and West Pakistan played a crucial
role in the Fall of Dhaka. The ruling elite in West Pakistan maintained a dominant role in the
political arena, which marginalized the political aspirations of the Bengalis. The lack of
representation and decision-making power for the Bengali population fueled demands for greater
autonomy and self-determination.

Role of Ruling Elite: The ruling elite in West Pakistan, consisting of political leaders,
military officials, and bureaucrats, often held prejudiced views towards the Bengalis. Their
discriminatory policies and disregard for the aspirations of East Pakistan exacerbated the sense
of alienation and fueled the movement for independence.

Election of 1970: The 1970 general elections in Pakistan, which were held after a gap of
almost a decade, played a crucial role in shaping the events that led to the Fall of Dhaka. The
Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a sweeping majority in East Pakistan,
securing a popular mandate for greater autonomy and rights. However, the refusal of the ruling
elite in West Pakistan to transfer power to the Awami League deepened the political crisis and
escalated the demand for independence.

Mukhti bahini cause:

The Mukti Bahini, formed in response to the brutal repression and atrocities committed by the
Pakistani military in East Pakistan, played a vital role in the liberation struggle. They emerged as
a self-defense force to protect the Bengali population and engaged in guerrilla warfare tactics,
targeting the Pakistani military and collaborators. With support from India and international
recognition, the Mukti Bahini's determination, popular support, and successful military
operations weakened the Pakistani forces, contributing significantly to the Fall of Dhaka and the
eventual independence of Bangladesh.

CONSEQUENSES OF FALL OF DHAKA

The Fall of Dhaka, which resulted in the surrender of the Pakistani forces and the independence
of Bangladesh in 1971, had significant consequences both for Bangladesh and the broader
region. Here are some major consequences of the Fall of Dhaka:

Formation of Bangladesh: The most immediate and significant consequence was the
establishment of Bangladesh as an independent nation. The Fall of Dhaka marked the end of
Pakistan's control over East Pakistan, and Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign country with its
own government, constitution, and identity.

Humanitarian Crisis: The conflict leading up to the Fall of Dhaka resulted in a severe
humanitarian crisis. The mass exodus of Bengali refugees into India, fleeing the violence and
atrocities, created a massive strain on resources and infrastructure. It is estimated that millions of
people were displaced, and a large number of lives were lost.

Reconciliation and Healing: The Fall of Dhaka marked a period of reconciliation and
healing for the people of Bangladesh. Efforts were made to address the trauma and atrocities of
the past, promote national unity, and rebuild the nation from the devastating effects of the war.
Economic and Social Reconstruction: Bangladesh faced immense challenges in
terms of rebuilding its economy and infrastructure after the war. Efforts were made to invest in
development projects, agriculture, and industrial sectors to stimulate economic growth and
improve living conditions for the people.

International Recognition and Diplomatic Relations: The independence of

Bangladesh gained international recognition, and the country began establishing diplomatic
relations with other nations. It joined the United Nations in 1974 and engaged in regional and
global affairs.

Impact on South Asian Politics: The Fall of Dhaka had far-reaching implications for
the political landscape of South Asia. It led to a significant shift in power dynamics within the
region, weakening the dominance of West Pakistan and shaping new alliances and geopolitical
realities.

National Identity and Cultural Expression: The independence of Bangladesh

fostered a strong sense of national identity and cultural expression. Bengali language and culture
were embraced and celebrated, and efforts were made to preserve and promote the distinct
heritage of the nation.

Impetus for Liberation Movements: The success of the liberation movement in

Bangladesh inspired other separatist and liberation movements around the world. It became a
symbol of resistance and self-determination, motivating similar struggles in different regions.
The Fall of Dhaka in 1971 was a culmination of various causes that led to the military defeat of
West Pakistan and the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation. These causes can be
broadly categorized into political, cultural, economic, and military factors.

CONSEQUENSES OF FALL OF DHAKA ON

PAKISATN
The Fall of Dhaka and the independence of Bangladesh had significant consequences for
Pakistan as well. Here are some major consequences on Pakistan:

Territorial Loss and Fragmentation: The secession of East Pakistan and the
emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country led to a significant territorial loss for
Pakistan. The breakup of the country severely impacted its geographical and demographic
makeup, as well as its national identity.

Political and Economic Challenges: The loss of East Pakistan presented Pakistan
with political and economic challenges. The country had to grapple with the loss of a significant
portion of its population, resources, and economic potential. It required efforts to rebuild and
reorient its political and economic systems to address the new realities.
Social and Cultural Shifts: The separation from East Pakistan brought about social
and cultural shifts within Pakistan. The loss of a predominantly Bengali-speaking region changed
the linguistic and cultural dynamics of the country. It required Pakistan to reassess its national
identity and reshape its cultural fabric.

Military Reassessment: The military defeat and loss of East Pakistan had a significant
impact on Pakistan's military establishment. It led to a reassessment of military strategies,
training, and capabilities. Lessons were learned from the conflict and applied to future military
planning and operations.

Political Debates and Accountability: The events leading to the Fall of Dhaka
sparked political debates and discussions within Pakistan. Questions were raised about the
policies and actions of the ruling elite and military establishment that contributed to the
disintegration of the country. Calls for accountability and reflection on the role of power
structures became prominent in the post-war discourse.

Shift in Foreign Relations: The emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation

and the fall of East Pakistan had implications for Pakistan's foreign relations. It led to changes in
regional dynamics and the reconfiguration of alliances and partnerships. Pakistan's relationship
with India, which supported the Bengali nationalist movement, underwent significant strain.

Internal Political Turmoil: The fallout from the Fall of Dhaka led to internal political
turmoil within Pakistan. There were debates and struggles for power, with different factions
vying for influence and seeking to shape the country's future direction.

CONCLUSION OF FALL OF DHAKA 1971

In conclusion, the Fall of Dhaka in 1971 marked a significant turning point in the history of
South Asia. The struggle for independence by the Bengali population of East Pakistan, supported
by the Mukti Bahini and aided by India, culminated in the establishment of Bangladesh as an
independent nation. The causes of the Fall of Dhaka were rooted in political, economic, and
cultural grievances, including language issues, economic disparities, political marginalization,
and human rights abuses. The consequences of the event were far-reaching, leading to the
formation of a new nation, the reconfiguration of regional power dynamics, and the reshaping of
national identities. The Fall of Dhaka remains a pivotal moment that continues to shape the
collective memory and aspirations of the people of Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The End