Chapter 5, Problem 6

A cantilever carries a concentrated load P as shown in Figure P5.6. Using Castigliano’s

theorem, determine the vertical deflection vA at the free end A.

a P
A B M AC = Qx M CB = Qx + P( x − a )
x C
Q L

∫M
∂M i
Thus vA = 1
EI i ∂Q dx
a L
= 1
EI [∫ ( Qx )( x )dx + ∫ [Qx + P( x − a )]( x )dx
0 a

Set Q = 0, and integrate:

L
vA = 1
EI ∫ P( x − a ) xdx =
a
P
6 EI ( 2 L3 − 3aL2 + a 3 ) ↓
Chapter 5, Problem 7
A cantilevered spring of constant flexural rigidity E I is loaded as depicted in Figure
P5.7. Applying Castigliano’s theorem, determine the vertical deflection at point B.
Assumption: The strain energy is attributable to bending alone.

M BC = Px M CA = PL + PR sin θ
L π
[∫ M BC dx + ∫
∂M BC ∂M CA
δB = Rdθ ]
2
Thus
1
EI ∂P M CA ∂P
0 0

= P
12 EI ( 4 L3 + 6πRL2 + 24 R 2 L + 3πR 3 )
Chapter 5, Problem 9
A continuous beam is subjected to a bending moment Mo at support C (Figure P5.9).
Applying Castigliano’s theorem, find the reaction at each support.

B C M0
A Consider RA as
RA L/2 L
redundant. RB
M0 RA
x x’ RC = L + 2

∫M
M0 RA ∂M i
M AB = RA x M CB = ( L + 2 ) x '− M 0 , vA = 0 = 1
2 i ∂RA dx
Thus
L L
v A = ∫ ( RA x ) xdx + ∫ (
M0 RA
+ ) x '− M 0 ] x2' dx = 0
2

L 2
0 0

After integrating

2 M0
RA = 3 L ↑

4 M0
Then RC = 3 L ↑

For the entire beam, ∑F y = 0: RB = 2

M0
L ↓
Chapter 5, Problem 22
A curved frame of a structure is fixed at one end and simply supported at another,
where a horizontal load P applies (Figure P5.22). Determine the roller reaction F at the
end B, using Castigliano’s theorem.
Assumption: The effect of bending moment is considered only.

M = FR sin θ + PR(1 − cos θ ), δv = 0 = 1

EI ∫ M ∂∂
M
F dx
Therefore
π
δv = 1
EI ∫0
[ FR sin θ + PR(1 − cos θ )]( R sin θ ) Rdθ

πFR3
= 2 EI + 2 PR 3
EI = 0, F = − 4πP = 4P
π ↑
Chapter 5, Problem 30
A simply supported beam carries a distributed load of intensity w = wo sin πx/L as
shown in Figure P5.30. Using the principle of virtual work, determine the expression for
the deflection curve v.
Assumption: The deflection curve has the form v = a sin πx/L, where a is to be found.

L L
U= ∫ ( ddx 2v ) 2 dx = ∫ ( πL ) 4 a 2 sin 2 πx
dx = EIπ 4
a2
2
EI EI
2 0 2 0 L 4 L3

L L
W = ∫ wvdx = w0 ∫ a sin 2 πx w0 L
L dx = 2 a
0 0

w0 L w0
Thus δU = δW : EIπ 4
2 L3
a= 2 , a= EI ( πL )4
We have

w0
v= EI ( πL ) 4 sin πLx
Chapter 6, Problem 1
An industrial machine requires a solid, round steel piston connecting rod of length L
that carries a maximum compressive load P. Determine the required diameter.
Given: L = 1.2 m, P = 50 kN, E = 210 GPa, Sy = 600 MPa
Assumption: The ends are taken to be pinned.

π d4 π d2
I= 64 , A= 4 , r = I A = d 4 , Le = L
We have

σ cr = P
A = π 2E
( Le r ) 2
; 4P
π d2
= π 2 Ed 2
16 L2
, d =4 64 PL2
π 3E

Substituting given data:

64( 50×103 )(1.2 )2 1

d =[ π 3 ( 210×109 )
]4 = 29 mm
 L
= 4L
= = 165.5
4 (1.2 )
Check: r d 0.029 . Also

4( 50×103 )
σ= P
A = π ( 0.029 )2
= 75.7 MPa < 600 MPa. OK.

Chapter 6, Problem 4
A two-member pin-connected structure supports a concentrated load P at joint B as
shown in Figure P6.4. Calculate the largest load P that may be applied with a factor of
safety n.
Given: n = 2.5, E = 210 GPa .
Assumption: Buckling occurs in the plane of the structure.

P
FAB B
LBC = 0.65 m FAB = 5
12 P, FBC = 13
12 P 1 1
5 FBC
Bar AB
π
π 2 ( 210×109 )[ ( 5×10 −3 ) 4 ]
( FAB ) cr = π 2 EI
L2e
= 4
( 0 .4 ) 2
= 6.359 kN = 5
12 Pcr , Pcr = 15.26 kN
Bar BC
π
π 2 ( 210×109 )[ ( 7.5×10 −3 ) 4 ]
( FBC ) cr = 4
( 0.65 ) 2
= 12.19 kN = 13
12 Pcr , Pcr = 11.25kN
Choose the small value, Pcr = 11.25 with n = 2.5 . Thus

Pcr
Pall = n = 11.25
2.5 = 4.5 kN
Chapter 7, Problem 1
An AISI-4340 steel ship deck of thickness t and width 2w is in tension. If a central
transverse crack of length 2a is present (Case A of Table 7.1), estimate the maximum
tensile load P that can be applied without causing sudden fracture. What is the nominal
stress at fracture?
Given: t = 25 mm, w = 250 mm, a = 25 mm

Table 7.2: K c = 59 1000 MPa mm and S y = 1503 MPa

Case A of Table 7.1: with a w = 0.1, λ = 1.01

From Eq.(7.3), with n = 1 :

σ= Kc
λ πa
= 59 1000
(1.01) π (25)
= 208.4 MPa

Thus, we have
P = σ (2wt ) = 208.4(0.5 × 0.025)106 = 2, 605 kN

The nominal stress at fracture

σ= 2.605(106 )
0.025(0.5− 0.05) = 231.6 MPa

This is well below the yield strength of 1503 MPa.

Chapter 7, Problem 3
A2024-T851 aluminum-alloy plate of width w and thickness t is subjected to a tensile
loading. It contains a transverse crack of length a on one edge (Figure 7.2). There is
concern that the plate will undergo sudden fracture. Calculate the maximum allowable
axial load P. What is the nominal stress at fracture?
Given: w = 125 mm, t = 25 mm, a = 20 mm

From Table 7.2: K c = 23 1000 MPa mm and S y = 444 MPa

Case B of Table 7.1: a w = 0.16, λ = 1.12

By Eq.(7.3), with n = 1:

σ= Kc
λ πa
= 1.12
23 1000
π (20)
= 81.93 MPa

It follows that
P = σ ( wt ) = 81.93(125 × 25) = 256 kN
Then

σ= P
( w− a ) t = 256(103 )
(0.125− 0.02)0.025 = 97.5 MPa

= 97.5 MPa < S y

Chapter 7, Problem 11
A cantilever WF aluminum alloy beam of yield strength Sy is loaded as shown in Figure
P7.11. Using a factor of safety of n, determine whether failure occurs according to the
maximum shear stress criterion.
Given: Sy = 320 MPa, n = 2, Iz = 13.4 • 106 mm4

QB = 102(10.3)( 74.85) = 78.6 × 103 mm3

QC = QB + 6.6( 69.7)(34.85) = 94.6 × 103 mm3
We have

σA = Mc
I = 24 (103 )( 0.08 )
13.4 (10 − 6 )
= 1433
. MPa, σB = 69.7
80 . ) = 124.9 MPa
(1433

and

60 (103 )( 78.6×10−6 )
τ B = VQIb =
B
13.4 (10− 6 )( 0.0066 )
= 53.3MPa, τ c = VQIbc = 64.2 MPa

Thus

(σ1, 2 ) B =
1
124.9
2 ± [( 1242 .9 ) 2 + 533
. 2 ] 2 = 62.5 ± 821
.

or σ1B = 144.6 MPa σ 2 B = −19.65 MPa

(τ max ) B = 821
. MPa
Hence

Sy
(τ max ) B = 2( 2 ) = 320
4 ; . > 80
821 ∴ Fails

Alternatively, using Eq.(7.11), we have

1
[124.9 2 + 4(533
. )2 ]2 = 320
2 ; 164.2 > 160 ∴ Fails
Chapter 7, Problem 12
Resolve Problem 7.11 applying the maximum energy of distortion theory.
Given: Sy = 320 MPa, n = 2, Iz = 13.4 • 106 mm4

From Solution of Prob.7.11, at point B:

σ 1 = 144.6 MPa σ 2 = −19.65 MPa
Thus

Sy
[σ 12 − σ 1σ 2 + σ 22 ] 2 =
1

n = 320
2 = 160

or
1
[(144.6) 2 − (144.6)(−19.65) + (19.65) 2 ] 2 = 155.3 < 160 ∴ No failure

Alternatively, by Eq.(7.16):

[124.92 + 3(53.3) 2 ] 2 =
1
320
2 ; 153.3 < 160 ∴ No failure
Chapter 7, Problem 13
A thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel of diameter d and constructed of structural
steel with yield strength Sy must withstand an internal pressure p. Calculate the wall
thickness t required.
Given: Sy = 36 ksi, d = 20 in., p = 500 psi, n = 1.5
Design Decision: Use the following criteria:
(a) Maximum shear stress.
(b) Maximum energy of distortion.
Chapter 7, Solution 13

σ1 = σ θ = pr
t = 0.5(10)
t = 5t , σ 2 = 2.5
t , σ3 = 0

Sy
(a) σ1 − σ 3 = n ; 5
t = 1.5
36
, t = 0.208 in.

Sy
σ 12 − σ 1σ 2 + σ 22 = ( n )2 ; [( 5t )2 − ( 12.5 ) + ( 2.5t ) 2 ] = 1.5
1
36
(b) t 2
2

or

[25 − 12.5 + 6.25] 2 = 1.5

1
1
t
36
, t = 0.18 in.
Chapter 7, Problem 16
The state of stress shown occurs at a critical point in an ASTM A-48 gray cast iron
(Table B.1) component of a lawn mower. Calculate the factor of safety n with respect to
fracture.

Design Decision: Apply the following criteria:

(a) Maximum normal stress.

Su = 170 MPa Suc = 650 MPa (Table B.1).

Thus

σ 1,2 = 1002−50 ± [( 1002+ 50 )2 + (−70) 2 ]

1
2

and σ 1 = 127.6 MPa σ 2 = −77.6 MPa

(a) 170
n = 127.6, n = 1.34
170
n = −77.6 , n = 2.19

Chapter 7, Problem 26
At a critical location in a component in tension, the load induced stresses are
µl = 250 MPa and σl = 35 MPa. What is the reliability R against yielding?
Given: The material yield strengths are µs = 400 MPa and σs = 30 MPa

Applying Eq.(7.34), we have

µ s − µl
z= = 400 − 250
= 3.25
σ s2 +σ l2 302 + 352

From Fig.7.15: R ≈ 99.94 % .

Chapter 7, Problem 30
A bar under a maximum load of 5 kips was designed to carry a load of 6 kips. The
maximum load is applied with standard deviation of 600 lb and shaft strength standard
deviation of 400 lb, both are normally distributed. Calculate the expected reliability.

Maximum load: µl = 5 kips, σ l = 600 lb

Strength of part: µs = 6 kips, σ s = 400 lb

Equation (7.33a): µm = µs − µl = 6 − 5 = 1 kip

Equation (7.33b):

σ m = σ s2 + σ l2 = 400 2 + 600 2 = 721 lb

Thus, failure impends at

µm
z= σm = 1000
721 = 1.387

Figure 7.15: R ≈ 92 %