UNIT 3

Overview of Programming: Structure of a Python Program, Elements of Python

Introduction to Python: Python Interpreter, Using Python as calculator, Python shell,
Indentation. Atoms, Identifiers and keywords, Literals, Strings, Operators (Arithmetic operator,
Relational operator, Logical or Boolean operator, Assignment, Operator, Ternary operator, Bit
wise operator, Increment or Decrement operator).
Creating Python Programs: Input and Output Statements, Control statements (Looping while
Loop, for Loop , Loop Control, Conditional Statement- if...else, Difference between break, continue
and pass).

Elements of Python

Python has 4 components

1. IDLE (Python GUI): It is a cross platform GUI Integrated
Development Environmental that is provided with Python for
editing and running a Python programs. It is a bundled set of
software’s tools such as Python Shell for Scripting programs and
text editor for creating and modifying Python’s source code, an
integrated interactive debugger for finding error, help system etc.

2. Module Docs: This component allows us to access the python

documents such as build in modules, DLLs, libraries, packages etc.

3. Python (Command line): Python can also be access from the

command line. Command line mode provide very less features in
comparison to IDLE but it is fast.

4. Python Manual : This component include various documents related to Python such as :
installation cum setup guide, tutorials, Python API , FAQs etc.

Python Interpreter

Python is a high level language. We know that computer understand machine language or binary
language which is also known as low level language. The job to translate programming code
written in high level language to low level language is done with the help of two type of
softwares : compilers and interpreters.

Working of Compiler

Compiler is a special type of software it first check the source code of the complete program for
the syntax errors, if no error found in the program code then the source code of the program is
converted to the machine code and finally the executive file of the program is created. The
executive file can be executed by the CPU and can produce desired result as per the program
requirements.
Working of Interpreter

Interpreter check the code of program line by line if no error is found it is converted into the
machine code and simultaneously gets executed by the CPU.

An interpreter is a computer program, which coverts each high-level program statement into the
machine code. This includes source code, pre-compiled code, and scripts. Both compiler and
interpreters do the same job which is converting higher level programming language to machine
code. However, a compiler will convert the code into machine code (create an exe) before
program run. Interpreters convert code into machine code when the program is run.

Atoms

Atoms are the most basic elements of expressions. The simplest atoms are identifiers or literals.
Forms enclosed in reverse quotes or in parentheses, brackets or braces are also categorized
syntactically as atoms. The syntax for atoms is:

atom: identifier | literal | enclosure

enclosure: parenth_form|list_display|dict_display|string_conversion

Indentation

Indentation in Python refers to the (spaces and tabs) that are used at the beginning of a statement. The
statements with the same indentation belong to the same group.

For Example

a=2
print(a)
if a==3 :
print(“hello world”)
print(“HELLO WORLD”)
else :
print(“ bye world”)
print(“ BYE WORLD”)

Structure of Python Program

The typical structure of a python program include 3 parts

Import statements
// import statements are used to include library files to the python program
Function definitions
//This section include the definitions of various functions written in a Python Program
Program statements
// This section include the set of statements for solving the given problem.

Identifier
Identifier is a name given to various programming elements such as a variable, function, class,
module or any other object. Following are the rules to create an identifier.
1. The allowed characters are a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and underscore (_)
2. It should begin with an alphabet or underscore
3. It should not be a keyword
4. It is case sensitive
5. No blank spaces are allowed.
6. It can be of any size
Valid identifiers examples : si, rate_of_interest, student1, ageStudent
Invalid identifier examples : rate of interest, 1student, @age
Keywords
Keywords are the identifiers which have a specific meaning in python, there are 33 keywords in
python. These may vary from version to version.

False None True and

as assert break class
continue def del elif
else except finally for
from global if import
in is lambda nonlocal
not or pass raise
return try while with
yield

Variables and Types

When we create a program, we often need store values so that it can be used in a program. We
use variables to store data which can be manipulated by the computer program.
Every variable has:
A. Name and memory location where it is stored.
A variable name:
1. Can be of any size
2. Have allowed characters, which are a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and underscore (_)
3. should begin with an alphabet or underscore
4. should not be a keyword
It is a good practice to follow these identifier naming conventions:
1. Variable name should be meaningful and short
2. Generally, they are written in lower case letters

B. A type or datatype which specify the nature of variable (what type of values can be stored in
that variable and what operations can be performed)
We can check the type of the variable by using type command
>>> type(variable_name)
C. A value

Various datatypes available in python are as follow :

1. Number
Number data type stores Numerical Values. These are of three different types:

a) Integer & Long

b) Float/floating point
c) Complex

1.1 Integers are the whole numbers consisting of + or – sign like 100000, -99, 0, 17. While
writing a large integer value

e.g. age=19
salary=20000

1.2 Floating Point: Numbers with fractions or decimal point are called floating point numbers.
A floating point number will consist of sign (+,-) and a decimal sign(.)

e.g. temperature= -21.9,

growth_rate= 0.98333328

The floating point numbers can be represented in scientific notation such as

5
-2.0X 10 will be represented as -2.0e5
-5
2.0X10 will be 2.0E-5

1.3 Complex: Complex number is made up of two floating point values, one each for real and
imaginary part. For accessing different parts of a variable x we will use x.real and x.imag.
Imaginary part of the number is represented by j instead of i, so 1+0j denotes zero imaginary
part.
Example
>>> x = 1+0j
>>> print x.real,x.imag
1.0 0.0

2. None
This is special data type with single value. It is used to signify the absence of value/false in a
situation. It is represented by None.

3. Sequence
A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers. Three types of
sequence data type available in Python are Strings, Lists & Tuples.

3.1 String: is an ordered sequence of letters/characters. They are enclosed in single quotes (‘’) or
double (“”).
Example
>>> a = 'Ram'
>>>a=”Ram”

3.2 Lists: List is also a sequence of values of any type. Values in the list are called elements /
items. The items of list are accessed with the help of index (index start from 0). List is enclosed
in square brackets.
Example
Student = [“Ajay”, 567, “CS”]
3.3 Tuples: Tuples are a sequence of values of any type, and are indexed by integers. They are
immutable i.e. we cannot change the value of items of tuples . Tuples are enclosed in ().
Student = (“Ajay”, 567, “CS”)

4. Sets
Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, with no duplicate entry. Sets are immutable.
Example
s = set ([1,2,3,4])

5. Dictionaries: Dictionaries store a key – value pairs, which are accessed using key. Dictionary
is enclosed in curly brackets.
Example
d = {1:'a', 2:'b', 3:'c'}

Literals
A literal is a constant that appear directly in a program and this value does not change during the
program execution i.e. remain fixed.
Example:
Num1=5
Principle_amount= 5000.00

Here 5 and 5000.00 are literals. Python support the following literals
 Numeric literals
 String Literals
 Special Literals
 Collection Literals

Operators and Operands

Operators are special symbols which represents specific operations. They are applied on operand(s),
which can be values or variables. Same operator can behave differently on different data types. Operators
when applied on operands form an expression. Following is the partial list of operators:
Arithmetic Operators : Arithmetic operators are used to apply arithmetic operation.
Relational Operators : Relation operators are used to compare two items. The result of relational
operator is True or False.
Logical Operators
Logical Operators give the logical relationship based upon the truth table.
AND OR NOT
Value1 Value2 Result Value1 Value2 Result Value1 Result
False False False False False False True False
False True False False True True False True
True False False True False True
True True True True True True

Bitwise Operators : Bitwise operators are applied upon the bits.

Membership Operator
Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign a value to the variable.

Identity Operator
Operator Precedence :

Input and Output Statements

How to print/display a statement in Python

A statement is print with the help of print() method.
The syntax to use print() is as follow :
>>>print(“message to be printed”)
Or
>>>print(‘message to be printed’)
Or
>>>print(variable_name)
Or
>>>print(“message to be printed”, variable_name)
Or
>>>print(‘message to be printed’, variable_name)

How to input a value for the user in Python

A value can be input from the user with the help of input() method the syntax is as follow :
variable_name = input(“Enter any number”)
input method return a string. It can be changed to other datatypes by using type.
e.g. age = int(input(“Enter your age”))
percentage= float(input(“Enter you percentage”))

Control statements

Control structureis used to control the sequence of execution of statements written in a program.
Without using Control structure sequence of execution of statements in a program is line line by
and every statement is executed once .

In python we can divide the control structureinto two parts

1. conditional control structure
2. looping/iterative control structure

Conditional Control Structure

Conditional control structure is used in situations where the execution of statementsdepends
upon the result of conditioni.e. trueor false
Conditional control structureis of 3 types
i) if ii) if....else iii) if.......elif....... else
i) if: In this scontrol structure statement will execute only ifthe result of condition istrue .
flowchart syntax
if (condition) :
eFals e Tru Statement 1
condition
Statement 2
…………
sstatement
Statement n
Exit

ii) if.... else: In this control structure for true and false result of condition different-
different set of statements will execute.

flowchart syntax
if (condition) :
Statement 1
eFals eTru Statement 2
onconditi …………
Statement n
statements sstatement else :
Exit Statement A
Statement Z
…………
Statement N

iii) if.......elif....... else: This control structure is used in situations where on getting false
result of condition we want to check if some other condition is meeting. We can
increase the levels of elif according to the salutation of given problem. This control
structure is also called laddered elif.
flowchart syntax
if (condition) :
Statement 1
true
Statement 2
false
condition …………
false true statements
elif (condition) :
condition
Statement i
true
condition statements Statement ii
…………
statements
elif (condition) :
Statement a
Statement b
…………
else
Statement A
Statement B
…………
Looping Control Structure : This control structure is used to execute a set of statements multiple
times on the basis of condition. Loop is controlled by the loop counter. We need to initialize,
update and use the counter in loop termination condition.

Python has two types of loops

1. While Loop : In this loop the body of the loop is executed again and again until the loop
condition become false.
Syntax 1 :
While (condition):
statements to be executed in while loop

In Python we can also use else in while loop, The statements

written in this section gets executed when the loop condition
become false.

Syntax 2 :
while (condition):
statements to be executed till the loop condition
is true
else :
statements to be executed when the loop
condition become false

FOR loop : For loops are used for sequential traversal. This loop is
used when you know in advance that how many times the loop will
execute.
Syntax:
for counter in sequence:
statements(s)
Example
Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2, 5, 4, 11]
sum = 0
for val in numbers:
sum = sum+val
print("The sum is", sum)

Break Statement

Break statement is used to force fully terminate a loop. The use of this statement can be easily
understood with the help of following example.
Write a program to demonstrate the use of break
a=1
while a<=10:
print(a)
a=a+1
if a==5:
break

output: 1,2,3,4
Continue Statement

Continue statement is used to skip the execution of loop statements. The use of this statement
can be easily understood with the help of following example.
Write a program to demonstrate the use of continue
a=1
while a<=10:
if a==5:
a=a+1
continue
print(a)
a=a+1

output: 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10

Pass Statement
Pass statement is used in situations where there are no statements for execution in a particular
section of program but for following syntax rules the inclusion of section is must. The use of this
statement can be easily understood with the help of following example.

Write a program to demonstrate the use of pass

a=1
while a<=10:
if a%5==0:
pass
else:
print(a)
a=a+1

output: 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9

Computer Programs
Formula Based Simple Programs

1. Write a program to find Simple Interest

p=int(input(“Enter the principle amount”))

r=int(input(“Enter the rate of interest”))
t=int(input(“Enter the time”))
si=(p*r*t)/100
print(“Simple Interest = ”,si)

2. Write a program to find area of a circle

r= float(input(“Enter the radius of circle”))

area_of_circle= 22/7*r*r
print(“Area of circle = ”, area_of_circle)

3. Write a program to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit

C= float(input(“Enter the temperature in celsius”))

F=(C*9/5)+32
print(“The temperature in Fahrenheit is = ”, F)

Condition Based Simple Programs

1. Write a program to check whether a person is eligible for voting or note by checking his
age.

age=int(input(“Enter your age : ”))

if age>=18 :
print(“You can vote”)
else :
print(“You cannot vote”)

2. Write a program to find whether a year is leap year or not .

year1= int(input(“Enter any year”))
if year1%400 ==0 :
print(“It is a leap year”)
elif year1%4==0 and year1%100 !=0 :
print(“It is a leap year”)
else :
print(“It is not a leap year”)

3. Write a program to find the grade of a student based upon his percentage based upon following
conditions.
Percentage >= 80 A+ grade
Percentage>= 60 A grade
Percentage >= 50 B grade
Percentage >=40 C grade
Percentage>=35 D grade
Percentage>=0 F grade
Other : invalid percentage entered

percentage= float(input(“Enter your percentage : ”))

if percentage>=80 and percentage<=100 :
print(“Your grade is A+”)
elif percentage>=60:
print(“Your grade is A”)
elif percentage>=50:
print(“Your grade is B”)
elif percentage>=40:
print(“Your grade is C”)
elif percentage>=35:
print(“Your grade is D”)
elif percentage>=0:
print(“Your grade is F”)
else :
print(“You have entered a wrong percentage”)

Q4. Write a program to find the largest number among 3 numbers.

num1=int(input(“Enter 1st number”))
num2=int(input(“Enter 2nd number”))
num3=int(input(“Enter 3rd number”))
if num1>num2 :
if num1>num3:
print (num1 , “is greatest”)
else
print(num3, “is greatest”)
else :
if num2>num3:
print (num2 , “is greatest”)
else
print(num3, “is greatest”)

Loop Based Simple Programs

Q1. Write a program to print following series : 1,3,5………99
i=1
while i<=100:
print( i )
i=i+2

Q2. Write a program to find the sum from 1 to 100

num=1
sum1=0
while num<=100 :
sum1=sum1+num
num=num+1
print(“Sum from 1 to 100 = ” sum1)

Q3. Write a program to find the product from 1 to 100

num=1
product=1
while num<=100 :
product=product*num
num=num+1
print(“ Product from 1 to 100 = ” product)

Q4. Write a program to find the factorial of a number

num=int(input(“Enter the number whose factorial you want to find”))
fact=1
i=num
while i>=1:
fact=fact*i
i=i-1
print(“Factorial of ”, num ,” = ”, fact)

Q5. Write a program to print Fibonacci Series

a=0
b=1
num=int(input(“Enter the number of elements of Fibonacci series you want to print”))
i=1
while i<=num :
if i==1:
print (a)
 elif i==2:
print(b)
else
c=a+b
print (c)
a=b
b=c
Q6. Write a program to check whether a number is prime or not
num=int(input(“Enter the number you want to check for prime number”))
factor=0
i=1
while i<=num :
if num%i==0:
factor=factor+1
i=i+1
if factor==2:
print(“This number is a prime number”)
else :
print(“This number is not a prime number”)

Q7. Write a program to find the product of given 10 numbers

numbers=[23,2,34,45,21,4,5,6,12,9]
result=1
for s in numbers:
result=result*number
print(“The product of given 10 numbers = “,result)

Q8. Write a program to check whether a number is palindrome (same as its reverse) or not
num=int(input("Enter a number "))
num1=0
num2=num
while num2>0:
num1=num1*10
num1=num1+(num2%10)
num2=num2//10
if num1==num:
print(num ," is a palindrome")
else:
print(num, " is not a palindrome")