Applsci 11 08604

STATUS OF TRACE
& TOXIC METALS IN

INDIAN RIVERS
Ministry of Jal Shakti

Dept. of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
Central Water Commission

August, 2019
RSVP TO ADELINE (123) 456 7890
STATUS OF TRACE & TOXIC
METALS IN INDIAN RIVERS
River Data Compilation-2 Directorate

Central Water Commission
Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation
MINISTRY OF JAL SHAKTI
Shri. A. K. Sinha
Chairman, Central Water Commission
& Ex-Officio Secretary to the GoI
Department of Water Resources,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
FOREWORD
Water is the most essential element for life existence on earth. The quantity and quality
of the world’s water has been deterioting with exponential growth in human population and its
needs for industrial and agricultural activities. Metal contamination in river water is increasingly
becoming common in India. Toxicity caused by metals posing problem for ecological,
evolutionary, nutritional and environmental areas. Presence of metals in river water in
excesses may cause a significant threat to human health and ecological systems.
Central Water Commission under Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Ministry of
Jal Shakti has been playing a vital role in water quality monitoring of river water over the past
years and at present, is observing water quality at 531 key locations covering all major river
basins of India. The present report attempts to provide the water quality scenario of Indian
rivers in respect of trace & toxic metals. Based on the analysis results of various metal
elements, first and second editions of the Status of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian rivers were
published by River Data Compilation Directorate, CWC in May 2014 and April 2018,
respectively. The revised and comprehensive edition of this report comprising the data of eight
elements viz; Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Nickel and Zinc for the period
from May 2014 to April 2018 has been prepared.
I would like to place on record my appreciation of Shri R.K. Sinha, Member (River
Management), CWC, Shri Ravi Shankar, Chief Engineer (P&D), CWC and his team for excellently
bringing out third edition of this publication. I also appreciate the sampling, testing and
compilation work done by scientific officers of CWC.
I hope this publication would prove to be useful to all the stakeholders and agencies
that are responsible for taking necessary remedial measures for conservation of river water
quality.
New Delhi
August, 2019 (A. K. Sinha)
Page | I
Shri. R.K. Sinha
Member (River Management), Central Water Commission
& Ex-Officio Additional Secretary to the GoI,
Department of Water Resources,
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation.
PREFACE
Pollution of river waters are gaining increasing attention worldwide because of its
impacts on social, economic, health and others. Anthropogenic activities and natural processes
have led to serious decline in river/surface waters quality. The extent of influence of the human
activities in the river waters of the developing countries has increased dramatically during the
past decades.
Metals play great role in the function of living organisms; they constitute a nutritional
requirement and fulfill a physiological role. But, its concentration beyond certain quantities in
the environmental is one of the persistent global environmental problems. This contamination
is caused by continuous growth of different industries such as mining, fertilizer, tannery, paper,
batteries, electroplating etc. Heavy metals such as Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Mercury, Cadmium,
Lead, Chromium and Arsenic released from there industries tend to accumulate in organisms,
which may lead to a reduction in species diversity.
I appreciate the commendable efforts put by Shri. Ravi Shankar (Chief Engineer, P & D)
for bringing out 3rd edition of this book. Efforts put in by the officers of River Data Compilation-
2 Directorate, Shri. Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Director, Shri. Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Dy. Director, Dr.
Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, Dr. N. Prabhakar Rao and Dr. Sakshi Sharma, Senior Research
Assistant in the preparation of the report are also appreciated. I also express sincere thanks to
all field Chief Engineers of CWC for making arrangements for collection and submission of river
water samples to the National River Water Quality Laboratory, CWC, New Delhi
I hope this publication will provide a vision of state of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian
rivers to all stake holders and then ponder to search for remedial measures to check the
pollution.
New Delhi
August, 2019. (R.K.Sinha)
Page | II
CONTRIBUTIONS
GUIDANCE
Shri A. K. Sinha, Chairman, CWC, New Delhi
Shri R. K. Sinha, Member (River Management), CWC, New Delhi
Shri Ravi Shankar, Chief Engineer (Planning & Development), CWC, New Delhi
Shri Pankaj Kumar Sharma, Director (RDC -2 Directorate), CWC, New Delhi
Shri Rakesh Kumar Gupta, Deputy Director (RDC -2 Directorate), CWC, New Delhi
PRINCIPLE CONTRIBUTION
Dr. Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, RDC-2 Dte, CWC, New Delhi
Dr. N. Prabhakarrao, Senior Research Assistant, RDC-2 Directorate, CWC, New Delhi
Dr. Sakshi Sharma, Senior Research Assistant, RDC-2 Directorate, CWC, New Delhi
INVESTIGATORS
Dr. Jakir Hussain, Research Officer, RDC-2 Dte, CWC, New Delhi
Shri. Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Research Officer, NRWQL, YBO, CWC, New Delhi
Shri. Nitish Kumar, Senior Research Assistant, NRWQL, YBO, CWC, New Delhi
Page | III
ABBREVIATIONS
µg/dL Microgram/ desci litre
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
APHA American Public Health Association
As Arsenic
BCM Billion Cubic meter
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
Cd Cadmium
Cr Chromium
Cu Copper
Fe Iron
Hg Mercury
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
kms kilo meters
M. ha Million hectres
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
mm milli meter
MSL Mean Sea Level
Ni Nickel
NRWQL National River Water Quality Laboratory
Pb Lead
ppb Parts Per Billion
ppm Parts Per Million
TEL Tetra Ethyl Lead
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organisation
WQ Water Quality
Zn Zinc
Page | IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ A to E
CHAPTER 1........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Sources of Metal Pollution ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1.1 Metal Pollution from Mining and Processing Ores .................................................................. 2
1.1.2 Other Sources of Metal Pollution .............................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.0 Indian Water Resources Scenario ............................................................................................. 5
2.1 India-Physiography.................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Rainfall ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 River Basin of India.................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3........................................................................................................................................... 7
3.0 Indian River System................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 Indus Basin (Within India) ......................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin ......................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Ganga Basin.................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2.2 Brahmaputra Basin ...................................................................................................................... 9
3.2.3 Barak & others Basin .................................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Godavari Basin ........................................................................................................................ 12
3.4 Krishna Basin ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.5 Cauvery Basin .......................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Subernarekha Basin ................................................................................................................ 15
3.7 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin ....................................................................................................... 15
3.8 Mahanadi Basin....................................................................................................................... 16
3.9 Pennar Basin ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Mahi Basin............................................................................................................................. 18
3.11 Sabarmati Basin .................................................................................................................... 19
3.12 Narmada Basin ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.13 Tapi Basin .............................................................................................................................. 21
3.14 West Flowing Rivers Basin from Tapi to Tadri Basin Basin ................................................... 22
3.15 West Flowing Rivers Basin from Tadri to Kanyakumari Basin .............................................. 24
3.16 East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar ........................................................... 24
3.17 East Flowing Rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari Basin ............................................. 25
3.18 West Flowing Rivers of Kutch & Saurashtra including Luni Basin ........................................ 25
3.19 Area of inland drainage in Rajasthan Desert Basin............................................................... 25
3.20 Minor rivers draining into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh Basin .................................. 26
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CHAPTER 4......................................................................................................................................... 27
4.0 River Water Quality Monitoring by CWC ................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER 5......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.0 Review of Trace & Toxic Metals .............................................................................................. 29
5.1 Metal Toxicity:......................................................................................................................... 30
5.1.1 Toxicity of Arsenic ...................................................................................................................... 30
5.1.2 Toxicity of Cadmium .................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.3 Toxicity of Chromium ................................................................................................................. 33
5.1.4 Toxicity of Copper ...................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.5 Toxicity of Iron ........................................................................................................................... 35
5.1.6 Toxicity of lead ........................................................................................................................... 37
5.1.7 Toxicity of Nickel ........................................................................................................................ 38
5.1.8 Toxicity of Zinc ........................................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 6......................................................................................................................................... 42
6.0 Water Quality Standards......................................................................................................... 42
6.1 Drinking Water Quality Standards............................................................................................ 42
6.2 Water Quality Criteria for Livestock ....................................................................................... 44
6.3 Water Quality for Irrigation .................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 7......................................................................................................................................... 46
7.0 Study Area ............................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 8......................................................................................................................................... 47
8.0 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 47
8.1 Heavy Metal Detection Techniques ........................................................................................ 47
8.2 Chemicals and Reagents ......................................................................................................... 48
8.3 Analytical Method Employed.................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 9......................................................................................................................................... 49
9.0 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................ 49
9.1 Summary of ARSENIC content in Indian Rivers ....................................................................... 54
9.2 Summary of CADMIUM content in Indian Rivers ................................................................... 54
9.3 Summary of CHROMIUM content in Indian rivers .................................................................. 57
9.4 Summary of COPPER content in Indian rivers ........................................................................ 60
9.5 Summary of LEAD content in Indian rivers ............................................................................. 62
9.6 Summary of NICKEL content in Indian rivers .......................................................................... 66
9.7 Summary of IRON content in Indian rivers ............................................................................. 69
9.8 Summary of ZINC content in Indian rivers .............................................................................. 78
9.9 Concept of Normalization ....................................................................................................... 79
9.10 Variation in Heavy Metal concentrations along the rivers in India ...................................... 79
9.10.1 Ganga River: ............................................................................................................................. 79
9.10.2 Yamuna River ........................................................................................................................... 81
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9.10.3 River Chambal .......................................................................................................................... 83
9.10.4 Brahmaputra River ................................................................................................................... 84
9.10.5 Ramganga River ....................................................................................................................... 85
9.10.6 Rapti River ................................................................................................................................ 87
9.10.7 Narmada River ......................................................................................................................... 88
9.10.8 Sone River ................................................................................................................................ 89
9.10.9 Godavari River .......................................................................................................................... 91
9.10.10 Wainganga River .................................................................................................................... 92
9.10.11 Krishna River .......................................................................................................................... 93
9.10.12 Tungabhadra River ................................................................................................................. 94
9.10.13 Mahanadi River ...................................................................................................................... 96
9.10.14 Brahmani River....................................................................................................................... 97
9.10.15 Subernarekha River ................................................................................................................ 98
9.10. 16 Cauvery River ........................................................................................................................ 99
9.10.17 Pennar River ......................................................................................................................... 100
9.10.18 Palar River .......................................................................................................................... 102
9.10.19 Gomti River .......................................................................................................................... 103
9.11 Index Value Calculation....................................................................................................... 105
9.11.1 Index Value variation along the Rivers during the study period ........................................... 105
CHAPTER 10 .................................................................................................................................... 112
10.0 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 112
10.1 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 116
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 118
Page | III
TABLES
Table 1: Sources of heavy metals in the environment ................................................................... 3
Table 2: Basin-wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission ................................. 27
Table 3: State wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission .................................. 28
Table 4: Drinking Water Standards for Trace & Toxic metals (BIS-10500-2012).......................... 42
Table 5: Maximum acceptable limits of several toxic heavy metal ions in the surface waters
based on WHO and US EPA regulations. ...................................................................................... 43
Table 6: Drinking water quality criteria for trace metals which might affect public health ........ 43
Table 7: Recommendations for levels of toxic substances in drinking water for livestock .......... 44
Table 8: Recommended limits for constituents in reclaimed water for irrigation. ...................... 45
Table 9: The wavelength, current, slit and method used for chemical analysis by AAS .............. 48
Table 10: Minimum and Maximum concentration of Metal during the May, 2014 to April, 2018
....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 11: Summary and statistical analysis of analytical results of water samples
(From May, 2014 to April, 2018)................................................................................................... 50
Table 12: Number of samples analysed and found above acceptable limits of toxic metals. ..... 51
Table 13: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Cadmium exceeded the acceptable limits 55
Table 14: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Chromium exceeded the acceptable limits.
....................................................................................................................................................... 58
Table 15: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Copper exceeded the acceptable limit. ... 60
Table 16: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Lead exceeded the acceptable limit. ........ 62
Table 17: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Nickel exceeded the acceptable limit ...... 66
Table 18: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Iron exceeded the acceptable limit .......... 69
FIGURES & GRAPHS

Figure 1: Indian River Basins ........................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Indus River Basin .............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3: Ganga River Basin ............................................................................................................ 9
Figure 4: Brahmaputra River Basin ............................................................................................... 11
Figure 5: Barak River Basin ........................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Godavari River Basin ...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7: Krishna River Basin ......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8: Cauvery River Basin........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 9: Cauvery River Basin........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 10: Brahmani-Baitarni River Basin ..................................................................................... 16
Figure 11: Mahanadi River Basin .................................................................................................. 17
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Figure 12: Pennar River Basin ....................................................................................................... 18
Figure 13: Mahi River Basin .......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14: Sabarmati River Basin .................................................................................................. 20
Figure 15: Narmada River Basin .................................................................................................... 21
Figure 16: Tapi River Basin ............................................................................................................ 22
Figure 17: Tapi to Tadri River Basin .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 18: Basin-wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission ............................. 27
Figure 20: Water Quality Monitoring Stations in India................................................................. 46
Figure 21: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer instrument ................................................... 48
Figure 22: Order of higher occurrence in non-monsoon period .................................................. 52
Figure 23: Order of higher occurrence in monsoon period .......................................................... 53
Figure 24: WQ monitoring stations where Cadmium exceeded the acceptable limits ................ 56
Figure 25: WQ monitoring stations where Chromium exceeded the acceptable limits .............. 59
Figure 26: WQ monitoring stations where Copper exceeded the acceptable limits ................... 61
Figure 27: WQ monitoring stations where Lead exceeded the acceptable limits ....................... 65
Figure 28: WQ monitoring stations where Nickel exceeded the acceptable limits ..................... 68
Figure 29: WQ monitoring stations where Iron exceeded the acceptable limits ......................... 77
Figure 30: Water Quality Polluted and Unpolluted Station in respect to Toxic metals ............. 112
Graph 1: Normalization of Ganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ...................................... 80

Graph 2: Normalization of Yamuna river (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon).................................... 82
Graph 3: Normalization of Chambal River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) .................................. 83
Graph 4: Normalization of Brahmaputra River (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon) .......................... 85
Graph 5: Normalization of Ramganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ............................... 86
Graph 6: Normalization of Rapti River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ........................................ 88
Graph 7: Normalisation of Narmada River (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon) ................................. 89
Graph 8: Normalization of Sone River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ........................................ 90
Graph 9: Normalization of Godavari River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ................................. 91
Graphs 10: Normalization of Wainganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) .......................... 92
Graphs 11: Normalization of Krishna River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)................................. 94
Graphs 12: Normalization of Tungabhadra River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ....................... 95
Graphs 13: Normalization of Mahanadi River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ............................ 96
Graphs 14: Normalization of Brahmani River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ............................. 97
Graphs 15: Normalization of Subarnarekha River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ...................... 98
Graphs 16: Normalization of Cauvery a River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)........................... 100
Graphs 17: Normalization of Pennar River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ............................... 101
Graphs 18: Normalization of Palar River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) .................................. 102
Graphs 19: Normalization of Gomti River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ................................ 103
Page | V
Graph 20: Variation in Index Value of Yamuna River ................................................................. 105
Graph 21: Variation in Index Value of Ganga River .................................................................... 105
Graph 22: Variation in Index Value of Krishna River .................................................................. 106
Graph 23: Variation in Index Value of Godavari River ................................................................ 106
Graph 24: Variation in Index Value of Brahmani River ............................................................... 106
Graph 25: Variation in Index Value of Brahmaputra River ......................................................... 107
Graph 26: Variation in Index Value of Cauvery River ................................................................. 107
Graph 27: Variation in Index Value of Chambal River ................................................................ 107
Graph 28: Variation in Index Value of Gomti River .................................................................... 108
Graph 29: Variation in Index Value of Mahanadi River .............................................................. 108
Graph 30: Variation in Index Value of Narmada River ............................................................... 108
Graph 31: Variation in Index Value of Palar River ...................................................................... 109
Graph 32: Variation in Index Value of Pennar River ................................................................... 109
Graph 34: Variation in Index Value of Rapti River ...................................................................... 110
Graph 35: Variation in Index Value of Sone River ...................................................................... 110
Graph 36: Variation in Index Value of Subarnarekha River ........................................................ 110
Graph 37: Variation in Index Value of Tungabhadra River ......................................................... 111
Graph 38: Variation in Index Value of Wainganga River ............................................................ 111
ANNEXURES
Annexure-1: List of Water Quality Monitoring Stations under Central Water Commission ..... 124
Annexure-2: Details of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring stations where the
water was found within acceptable limits in terms of toxic metal contamination as per (BIS
10500; 2012) metal concentration during the study period. ..................................................... 145
Annexure-3: List of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring stations and where the
water was found above acceptable limits (BIS 10500; 2012) metal concentration during the
study period. ............................................................................................................................... 148
Annexure-04: Details of water quality monitoring stations where the water was found above
the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) in presence of only one parameter (Iron or Copper or
Cadmium or Nickel or Lead) during the study period. ............................................................... 153
Annexure-5: Details of water Qquality monitoring stations where the water was found above
the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) in presence of more than one toxic metal during the
study period. ............................................................................................................................... 159
Annexure-6: Details of water quality sites, Rivers and the level of toxic metal concentration
found above the acceptable limist as prescribed by BIS during the study period. .................... 162
Annexure-7: Seasonal average values of Trace and Toxic metals with total no of water quality
samples found above / below the acceptable limist as prescribed by BIS 10500: 2012 ........... 180
Page | VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the developing countries like India, facilities of drinking water treatment

before supply are not always available or possible. In many parts of the country
people take water directly from the source for their domestic use. Because of the
rapid urbanization and industrialization, availability of good quality and quantity of
water is a threat.
To observe the current status of toxic metal content of Indian Rivers, 2959 no. of
river water samples from 424 water quality monitoring stations spread over major
river basins in India were collected in three different seasons viz, monsoon
(August, 2016 and August, 2017), summer (May, 2014; April, 2016, April, 2017 and
April, 2018) and winter (November, 2014; February 2015, December, 2015,
December, 2016 and December, 2017). These samples were analyzed for selected
eight trace and toxic metals at National River Water Quality Laboratory, Central
Water Commission, New Delhi. Toxic metal wise summary of the results are as
under:
Arsenic (As)
BIS (Bureau of Indian

As Permissible Limit as BIS 10500; 10
Standard) 10500-
2012 µg/L
2012) have
No of Samples Tested 2293
recommended an
No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 0
acceptable limit of 10
No. of Stations 0
µg/L of arsenic in drinking water.
No.of Rivers 0
Total 2293 numbers of water
No. of Rivers where it exceeded
samples from 424 water quality
more than one WQ Stations 0
monitoring stations were collected
and analyzed for arsenic content in Indian Rivers in the period May, 2014 to April,
2018. The arsenic concentration varies from 0.01 to 9.87 µg/L. Maximum arsenic
concentration (9.87 µg/L) was observed at Ekmighat water quality monitoring
station on Bagmati River during April, 2018. During the study period, all the River
water quality stations are reported that arsenic concentration is well within the
Page | A
acceptable limits according to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: 10500-2012)
and no toxicity of arsenic in the River waters is observed.
Cadmium (Cd)
BIS (Bureau of Cd Permissible Limit as BIS

Indian Standard) 10500; 2012 3 µg/L
10500-2012) have No of Samples Tested 2908
recommended an No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 40
acceptable limit of 3 No. of Stations 31
µg/L of cadmium in drinking water. No.of Rivers 24
Out of 2908 water samples, 40 no. No. of Rivers where it exceeded
of samples of 31 water quality more than one WQ Stations 5
stations found Cd concentrations
beyond the acceptable limit and on Rivers i.e. Ganga, Kopili, Rapti, Tungabhadra and
Yamuna rivers were found to have cadmium content more than one Water Quality
station above the acceptable limits. The highest cadmium concentration (70.518
µg/L) was observed at the Vautha water quality monitoring station on Sabarmati
River during February, 2015. It is also observed that Cadmium concentration
exceeds the acceptable limit during non-monsoon period.
Chromium (Cr)
Cr Permissible Limit as BIS
BIS (Bureau of 10500; 2012 50 µg/L
Indian Standard) No of Samples Tested 2959
10500-2012) have No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 42
recommended an No. of Stations 29
acceptable limit of No. of Rivers 22
50 µg/L of chromium No. of Rivers where it exceeded
in drinking water. Chromium more than one WQ Stations 3
concentration was 450.26 µg/L at Paliakalan water quality monitoring station on
Sharda River in August 2016, which is reported as the maximum concentration
during entire study period. Out of 2959 water samples, total 42 numbers of water
samples from 29 water quality monitoring stations located on 22 major Indian
Rivers were found above the tolerance limit of 50 µg/L with respect to chromium.
Page | B
Two or more water quality stations located on the rivers like Ganga, Ghagra and
Rapti have shown chromium concentration above permissible limit.
Copper (Cu)
BIS (Bureau of Indian Cu Permissible Limit as BIS 50

Standard) 10500- 10500; 2012 µg/L
2012) have No of Samples Tested 2959
recommended an No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 12
acceptable limit of 50 µg/L of No. of Stations 11
copper in drinking water. 2959 No. of Rivers 10
water samples from 424 water No. of Rivers where it exceeded
quality stations were collected and more than one WQ Stations 1
analyzed for copper content from May, 2014 to April, 2018. Out of 2959 water
samples, 12 samples were found to contain copper concentrations above the
acceptable limits of 50 µg/L during the study period, the maximum Copper
concentration 314.93 µg/L was observed at Pingalwada water quality station on
Dhadher River in April, 2017. Total 12 numbers of water samples exceeded the BIS
prescribed acceptable limit at 11 numbers of WQ monitoring stations situated on
10 Indian Rivers during the study period. Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Damanganga,
Dhadher, Dikhow, Ganga, Pranhitha, Sabarmati, Subarnarekha and Tel are the
rivers where one or two water quality monitoring stations were found contaminated
with copper. The stations i.e Ghatsila and Jamsolphat located on Subarnarekha
river have been found copper concentration above the permissible limit.
Iron (Fe)
Fe Permissible Limit as BIS
According to 10500; 2012 300 µg/L
BIS the No of Samples Tested 2959
acceptable No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 610
limit for Iron No. of Stations 245
is 0.3 mg/L No.of Rivers 142
(300 µg/L). Higher No. of Rivers where it exceeded
concentration of iron >300 more than one WQ Stations 47
Page | C
µg/L has been observed in 610 water samples collected from 245 WQ stations of
142 Indian Rivers during the study period. The highest concentration of 14.55
mg/L is observed at Chenimari on Buridehing River. Bagmathi, Beki, Bhagirath,
Brahmani, Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Desang, Dhansiri, Ganga, Godavari, Gomti,
Indravathi, Jaldhaka, Kopili, Narmada, Ramganga, Rapti, Sone, Subarnarekha,
Teesta and Wainganga are the Rivers where three or more water quality stations
have been found to have Iron concentration that exceed the limits throughout the
study period.
Lead (Pb)
Pb Permissible Limit as BIS 10500; 2012 10 µg/L
As per Bureau
of Indian
Standard
No. of Stations 92
(10500, 2012)
No.of Rivers 69
has
No. of Rivers where it exceeded more
recommended that the
than one WQ Stations 11
acceptable limit for lead is
0.01 mg/L or 10 µg/L in drinking water. Lead concentration was maximum (374.58
µg/L) at Lowara water quality station on Sheturni River during April, 2016. 128
water samples from 92 water quality monitoring stations were observed having lead
concentrations above the acceptable limit for drinking water in 69 rivers during
the study period. Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Cauvery, Ganga, Ghagra, Gomti,
Ramganga, Rapti, Sone, Tungabhadra, and Yamuna are the rivers where two or more
numbers of WQ monitoring stations were found to be contaminated with lead.
Nickel (Ni) Ni Permissible Limit as BIS 10500;

2012 20 µg/L
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard)
10500-2012) have
recommended an
No. of Stations 34
acceptable limit of
No.of Rivers 31
20 µg/L of nickel
No. of Rivers where it exceeded
in drinking water.
more than one WQ Stations 3
It is observed
that Nickel concentration found more than the prescribed limit in 45 water
Page | D
samples out of 2582 samples according to the BIS limits. Nickel concentration at
Durvesh water quality station on Vaitarna river in December 2017 is reported to be
the maximum (245.01 µg/L) during the entire study period. Seonath, Subarnarekha
and Tungabhadra are the rivers where 2 or more WQ monitoring stations were
found contaminated with Nickel. 45 water samples from 34 water quality
monitoring stations over 31 Indian Rivers were observed to have nickel
concentration that exceed the acceptable limit during the study period. The Rivers
where Nickel concentration found above permissible limits at more than one WQ
Stations are Seonath (WQ Stations: Ghatora & Simga), Subarnarekha (WQ
Stations: Ghatsila & Jamshedpur) and Tungabhadra (WQ Stations: Bawapuram &
Mantralayam).
Zinc (Zn)
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard)

10500-2012) have Zn Permissible Limit as BIS 5000
recommended an 10500; 2012 µg/L
acceptable limit of No of Samples Tested 2959

5mg/L (5000 No. of Samples Exceed the Limit 0
µg/L) of Zinc in No. of Stations 0
drinking water. Total 2959 water No.of Rivers 0
samples from the 424 water No. of Rivers where it exceeded
quality monitoring stations were more than one WQ Stations 0
analyzed during the reporting period. Maximum Zinc concentration (2.65 mg/L) was
observed at Manot water quality monitoring station on Narmada River during
August, 2016. In the study area, all the River water quality stations are reported
to have zin c concentration well within the acceptable and permissible limits of
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of Zinc in the River waters is
observed.
Page | E
Status of Trace & Toxic Metals in Indian Rivers 2019
CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
Environmental health has been deterioting day by day due to exponetial increment in human
population in the world. Which results acceleration in emission of organic and inorganic
pollutants such as pesticides, salts, petroleum products, acids, heavy metals etc. Most of the
pollutants cannot be easily degraded and hence they accumulate in the environment. Heavy
metals are widespread pollutant of great environmental concern as they are non-degradable,
toxic and persistent with serious ecological ramification on aquatic ecology (Jumbe and Nandini,
2009). Heavy metals discharged into a river system by natural or anthropogenic sources during
their transport are distributed between the aqueous phase and sediments. Heavy metals are of
high ecological significance since they are not removed from water as a result of self-purification,
but accumulate in water systems and enter the food chain (Loska and Wiechula 2003). But,
majority of the people having limited knowledge abouth the pollution caused by the heavy
metals. Therefoe, Central Water Commission (CWC) made an attempt to study the heavy metals
concentration in Indian River Systems.
These are important in aquatic systems because of their demonstrated effects as both
essential at low levels and toxic agents at higher levels for biota. The term ‘‘heavy metal’’ refers to
any metal and metalloid element that has a relatively high density ranging from 3.5 to 7 g/cm 3
and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations, and includes mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic
(As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). Although ‘‘heavy
metals’’ is a general term defined in the literature, it is widely documented and frequently applied
to the widespread pollutants of soils and water bodies (Duffus, 2002).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 2011 the common toxic ‘heavy
metals’ that can be of public health concerns include beryllium (Be), aluminium (Al), chromium
(Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As),
selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), silver (Ag), cadmium (Ca), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), barium (Ba),
mercury (Hg), thallium (Tl) and lead (Pb). This list includes beryllium, which is the second lightest
metallic element (an alkaline earth metal) after lithium with an atomic number of four, as well as
aluminium, one of the most widely used industrial light metals with a density of 2.7 g/cm 3, and
arsenic and selenium, which are not even metals, but a metalloid and a non-metal, respectively.
These metals are found widely in the earth’s crust and are non-biodegradable in nature.
They enter into the human body via air, water and food. Metals in environmental waters arise
from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In many cases, anthropogenic inputs of metals
exceed natural inputs. Living organisms require some metals as essential nutrients, including
calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, manganese,
molybdenum, and selenium. Excessive levels or certain oxidation states of some essential metals,
however, are detrimental to living organisms. In addition to non-nutrient metals generally
recognized as toxic, such as antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, lead, and mercury, health-
Page | 1
based water quality standards will also include the nutrient metals chromium, copper, nickel,
selenium, and zinc, all of which can be toxic at too-high levels or in certain oxidation states
(Weiner, E.R. 2013).
1.1 Sources of Metal Pollution

The main sources of heavy metal pollution are mining, milling, plating and surface finishing
industries that discharge a variety of toxic metals such as Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, Zn and Pb into the
environment. Over the last few decades, the concentration of these heavy metals in river water
and sediments has increased rapidly. Consequently, concentrations of toxic metals in grains and
vegetables grown in contaminated soils have increased at alarming rates. This poses a serious
threat to humans and the environment because of its toxicity, non-biodegradability and
bioaccumulation (Bahadir et al., 2007; Perez-Marin et al., 2008; Reddad et al., 2003).
1.1.1 Metal Pollution from Mining and Processing Ores

Digging a mine, removing ore from it, and extraction and processing of the minerals sometimes
cause environmental damage. For example, mining operations can destroy habitat, farmland, and
homes; produce soil erosion; and pollute waterways via toxic drainage. Emission of toxic materials
from smelters such as arsenic (As), selenium (Se), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and sulfur oxides,
among others — causes serious air pollution. Surface mining produces about eight times as much
waste as underground mining, but deep mining can produce even worse problems, such as
earthquakes. When underground mines cave in, not only do they kill miners but they also cause
subsidence of the surface, forming holes into which roads and houses may collapse. As near-
surface minerals are depleted, miners have to dig deeper to find the mineral. A study by the
National Academy of Science predicted that copper (Cu) mining operations in the year 2000
would produce three times as much waste per ton of copper output compared to the same
activities in 1978.
Exposure of pyrite (FeS) and other sulfide minerals to atmospheric oxygen and moisture
results in oxidation of this mineral and the formation of acid-mine drainage water. The release of
acid-mine drainage from active and abandoned mines, particularly coal mines, has been widely
associated with serious water quality problems. It dissolves toxic elements from tailings and soils
and carries them into waterways and even groundwater. Water quality problems involve
relatively high levels of metals such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel
(Ni) and cobalt (Co).
Ore processing, smelting, and refining operations can cause deposition of large quantities
of trace metals such as lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As) and silver (Ag), into drainage
basins or direct discharge into aquatic environments.
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1.1.2 Other Sources of Metal Pollution

Domestic Wastewater Effluents
Domestic wastewater effluents contain large amounts of trace metals from metabolic waste
products, corrosion of water pipes - copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd), and
household products, such as detergents - iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni),
cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), boron (B), and arsenic (As). Wastewater treatment usually removes less
than 50% of the metal content of the influent, leaving the effluent with significant metal loading.
The sludge resulting from wastewater treatment is also rich in metals. Domestic wastewater and
the dumping of domestic and industrial sludge are the major artificial sources of cadmium (Cd),
chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) pollution.
Stormwater Runoff
Stormwater runoff from urbanized areas is a significant source of metal pollution in the receiving
water streams. Metal composition of urban runoff water is dependent on many factors, such as
city planning, traffic, road construction, land use, and the physical characteristics and climatology
of the watershed.
Industrial Wastes and Discharges
In general, the concentration of heavy metals in industrial effluents is much greater than their
prescribed permissible limits in the aqueous solutions, so there is an urgent need to treat the
metal containing effluents before they are discharged into the aquatic bodies. Metals and their
concentrations in industrial waste discharges specifically depend on the profile of that particular
industry.
Table 1: Sources of heavy metals in the environment
S. No. Pollutant Major sources

Arsenic containing fungicides, pesticides and herbicides, metal
1. Arsenic
smelters, byproducts of mining activities, chemical wastes
Cadmium producing industries, electroplating, welding. Byproducts
2 Cadmium from refining of Pb, Zn and Cu, fertilizer industry, pesticide
manufacturers, cadmium–nickel batteries, nuclear fission plants.
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S. No. Pollutant Major sources

Metallurgical and chemical industries, processes using chromate
3 Chromium
compounds, cement and asbestos units
Iron and steel industry, fertilizer industry, burning of wood,
4 Copper discharge of mine tailings, disposal of fly ash, disposal of municipal
and industrial wastes are the sources of copper in the atmosphere
Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, steel, alloys, construction, transportation,
5 Iron
machine manufacturing
Automobile emissions, lead smelters, burning of coal and oil, lead
6 Lead
arsenate pesticides, smoking, mining and plumbing
Mining and refining of mercury, organic mercurial’s used in
7 Mercury
pesticides, laboratories using mercury
Metallurgical industries using nickel, combustion of fuels containing
8 Nickel nickel additives, burning of coal and oil, electroplating units using
nickel salts, incineration of nickel containing substances
Zinc refineries, galvanizing processes, brass manufacture, metal
9 Zinc
plating, plumbing
Sanitary Landfills
The metal contents and average concentrations of sanitary-landfill leachates are Cu (5 ppm), Zn
(50 ppm), Pb (0.3 ppm), and Hg (60 ppb).
Agricultural Runoff
The metal content of agricultural runoff originates in sediments and soils saturated by animal and
plant residues, fertilizers, specific herbicides and fungicides, and use of sewage and sludge as
plant nutrients.
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Fossil fuel combustion is a major source of airborne metal contamination of natural.
Page | 4
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Indian Water Resources Scenario
2.1 India-Physiography
India lies in the south-central peninsula of the Asian continent. Besides the main land, there are
two groups of islands, namely Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea and Andaman & Nicobar Islands in
the Bay of Bengal. The mainland of India lies between 804’N and 3706’ N latitude and 6807’ E and
97025’E longitude. India occupies 329 million hectare (Mha) geographical areas, which forms 2.4%
of world’s land area.
Physiographically, India may be divided into seven well defined regions. These are: the
Northern Mountains comprising the mighty Himalayan ranges; the Great Plains traversed by the
Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems; the Central Highlands, consisting of a wide belt of
hills running east-west between the Great Plains and the Deccan plateau; the Peninsular Plateaus;
the East Coast, a belt of land of about 100-130 km wide, bordering the Bay of Bengal; the West
Coast, a narrow belt of land of about 10-25 km wide, bordering the Arabian Sea; and the islands,
comprising the coral islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea and Andaman and Nicobar group of
islands in the Bay of Bengal.
2.1.1 Climate
The great mountain mass of Himalayas in the north and the ocean in the south are the two major
influences operating on the climate of India. The Himalaya poses an impenetrable barrier to the
influence of cold winds from central Asia and gives the sub-continent the elements of tropical
type of climate. The oceans are the source of moisture-laden winds, giving India the elements of
the oceanic type of climate. India has a very great diversity and variety of climate and an even
greater variety of weather conditions. The climate ranges from extremes of heat to extremes of
cold; from extreme aridity and negligible rainfall to excessive humidity and torrential rainfall. The
climatic condition influences to a great extent the water resources utilization in the country.
2.1.2 Rainfall
Rainfall in India is dependent on the South-West and North-East monsoons, on shallow cyclonic
depressions and disturbances and on violent local storms which form regions where cool humid
winds from the sea meet hot dry winds from the land and occasionally reach cyclonic dimension.
Most of the rainfall in India takes place under the influence of South-West monsoon between
June to September except in Tamil Nadu where it is under the influence of North-East monsoon
during October and November. However, there is considerable spatial variation in rainfall which
ranges from less than 100 mm in the western Rajasthan to more than 2,500 mm in North-Eastern
areas. The total mean annual rainfall as calculated from IMD data in study area comes out to be
1,105 mm.
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2.2 River Basin of India

India is blessed with many rivers. Land slope determines the river to which the rain falling on an area
will eventually flow. A river basin, also called catchment area of the river, is the area from which the
rain will flow into that particular river. The shape and size of the river basin is determined by the
topography. A river basin is the most appropriate unit for planning, development and
management of water resources. The drainage area of a system of rivers normally flowing into a
common terminus constitutes a drainage basin.
CWC’s publication No. 30/88 “Water Resources of India”, April 1988 has standardized the river
basins of India. The country was divided into 20 river basins comprising of 12 major basins and 8
composite river basins.
The twelve major basins are: (1) Indus; (2) Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna; (3) Godavari; (4)
Krishna; (5) Cauvery; (6) Mahanadi; (7) Pennar; (8) Brahmani-Baitarani; (9) Sabarmati; (10) Mahi; (11)
Narmada and (12) Tapi, each of these basins having a drainage area exceeding 20000 sq.km. and eight
composite river basins combining suitably together all the other remaining medium and small river
systems for the purpose of planning and management..
The eight composite river basins are: (1) Subarnarekha – combining Subarnarekha and other
small rivers between Subarnarekha and Baitarni; (2) East flowing rivers between Mahanadi and
Pennar; (3) East flowing rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari; (4) Area of Inland Drainage in
Rajasthan Desert; (5) West flowing rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni; (6) West flowing
rivers from Tapi to Tadri; (7) West flowing rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari; and (8) Minor rivers
draining into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh.
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CHAPTER 3
3.0 Indian River System

The Indian River
Systems can be
divided into four
categories– the
Himalayan, the
Rivers traversing
the Deccan
Plateau, the
Coastal and those
in the inland
drainage basin
(Figure 1). The
Himalayan Rivers
are perennial as
they are fed by
melting glaciers
every summer.
During the
monsoon, these
Rivers assume
alarming
proportions.
Swollen with
rainwater, they
often Figure 1: Indian River Basins
inundate villages and towns in their path. The Gangetic basin is the largest River system in India,
draining almost a quarter of the country.
The Rivers of the Indian peninsular plateau are mainly fed by rain. During summer, their
flow is greatly reduced, and some of the tributaries even dry up, only to be revived in the
monsoon. The Godavari basin in the peninsula is the largest in the country, spanning an area of
almost one-tenth of the country. The Rivers Narmada and Tapi flow almost parallel to each other
but empty themselves in opposite directions. The two Rivers make the valley rich in alluvial soil
and teak forests cover much of the land. While coastal Rivers gush down the peaks of the
Western Ghats into the Arabian Sea in torrents during the rains, their flow slow down after the
monsoon. Streams like the Sambhar in western Rajasthan are mainly seasonal in character,
draining into the inland basins and salt lakes. In the Rann of Kutch, the only River that flows
through the salt desert is the Luni. The major River systems of India are discussed below.
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3.1 Indus Basin (Within India)

The Indus basin spreads over states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and part of
Rajasthan, Haryana, besides Union Territory of Chandigarh having an area of 3,17,708 sq.km
which is nearly 9.8 percent of the total geographical area. The geographical extent of the basin is
between 72°28’ to 79°39’ East longitudes and 29°8’ to 36°59’ North latitudes of the country. The
upper part of the basin, which lies in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, is dominated by
mountain ranges and narrow valleys. In Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, the basin consists of vast
plains, which are fertile granary of the country. There are 6 major rivers which are flowing in the
basin namely, Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Indus is a trans-boundary river that
originates in Tibet, it flows in Jammu & Kashmir region and further goes in Pakistan. Sutlej is also a
trans-boundary river originating in Tibet and flows in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab region. There
is snowmelt runoff addition in the flow in the summer months of the year.
Figure 2: Indus River Basin
Rainfall
The rainfall varies temporally and spatially across the basin. The south-west monsoon brings rains
in the summer months while the winter rains are caused by the storms in Jammu & Kashmir.
Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is 896 mm for the basin. During the period (1985 to
2015) maximum rainfall was recorded as 1315.6 mm in 1995-96 and minimum as 512.6 mm in
2000-01.
Temperature
The Indus basin faces variability in temperature from upper portion of the basin to the lower
portion of the basin. The difference may be due to variation in topography of the basin. The
temperature goes below 0 oC in the upper part of the Indus basin, whereas the temperature rises
above 40 oC in the lower part of the basin.
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3.2 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin
3.2.1 Ganga Basin

The Ganga basin outspreads in India, Tibet (China), Nepal and Bangladesh over an area of
10,86,000 sq.km. In India, it covers states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar,
West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Union
Territory of Delhi draining an area of 8,38,803 sq.km which is nearly 26% of the total geographical
area of the country. The basin lies between East longitudes 73°2’ to 89°5’ and North latitudes
21°6’ to 31°21’ having maximum length and width of approximately 1,543 km and 1,024 km. The
basin is bounded by the Himalayas on the north, the Aravalli on the west, the Vindhyas and
Chhotanagpur plateau on the south and the Brahmaputra Ridge on the east. Mean annual rainfall
of the study time period is 1,007 mm for the basin.
Figure 3: Ganga River Basin

River Ganga rises in the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas at an elevation of about 7,010 m
in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand. At its source, the river is called as the Bhagirathi. It
descends down the valley upto Devprayag where after joining another hill stream Alaknanda, it is
called Ganga. The total length of river Ganga (measured along the Bhagirathi and the Hooghly) up
to its outfall into Bay of Bengal is 2,525 km. The principal tributaries joining the river from right
are the Yamuna and the Sone. The Ramganga, the Ghaghra, the Gandak, the Kosi and the
Mahananda join the river from left. The Chambal and the Betwa are the two other important sub-
tributaries. The major part of basin in Indian Territory is covered with agricultural land accounting
to 65.57% of the total area and 3.47% of the basin is covered by water bodies.
3.2.2 Brahmaputra Basin

The Brahmaputra basin spreads over countries of Tibet (China), Bhutan, India and Bangladesh
having a total area of 5,80,000 sq.km. In India, it spreads over states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
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West Bengal, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim and lies between 88°11’ to 96°57’ East longitudes
and 24°44’ to 30°3’ North latitudes and extends over an area of 1,93,252 sq.km which is nearly
5.9% of the total geographical area of the country. It is bounded by the Himalayas on the north,
the Patkari range of hills on the east running along the India-Myanmar border, the Assam range of
hills on the south and the Himalayas and the ridge separating it from Ganga basin on the west.
The Brahmaputra River originates in the north from Kailash ranges of Himalayas at an elevation of
5,150 m just south of the lake called Konggyu Tsho and flows for about a total length of 2,900 km.
In India, it flows for 916 km. The principal tributaries of the river joining from right are the Lohit,
the Dibang, the Subansiri, the Jiabharali, the Dhansiri, the Manas, the Torsa, the Sankosh and the
Teesta whereas the Burhidihing, the Disang, the Dikhow, the Dhansiri and the Kopili joins it from
left. The major part of basin is covered with forest accounting to 55.48% of the total area and
5.79% of the basin is covered by water bodies. Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is
2,330 mm (IMD rainfall) for the basin.
The Teesta basin extends over an area of 9,855 sq.km, which is nearly 0.28% of the total
geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Sikkim and West Bengal. The
Teesta River is a 309 km long river with drainage area of 12,540 sq.km, flowing through India and
Bangladesh and finally draining into Bay of Bengal. The Teesta River originates from the Pahunri
(or Teesta Kangse) glacier above 7,068 m, and flows southward through gorges and rapids in the
Sikkim Himalaya. The river then flows past the town of Rangpo where the Rangpo River joins, and
where it forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal up to Teesta Bazaar. Just before the
Teesta Bridge, where the roads from Kalimpong and Darjeeling join, the river is met by its main
tributary, the Rangeet River. At this point, it changes course southwards flowing into West Bengal.
The river then goes merging up with the Brahmaputra River after it bifurcates the city of Jalpaiguri
and flows just touching Cooch Behar district at Mekhliganj and moves to Fulchori in Bangladesh.
The Teesta River is one of the rivers that has changed over the years. Teesta river area is in the
seismically active Zone-IV and has experienced micro-seismic activity. The hydroelectric projects
are cascaded over the length of the river, do not store large amounts water, have small reservoirs,
and therefore the projects are expected to have very low risk from the reservoir induced
seismicity in the area. The Teesta basin receives major part of its rainfall during the South-West
monsoon period. Rainfall is heavy and well distributed during the months from May to early
October. July is the wettest month in most of the places. The intensity of rainfall during South-
West monsoon season decreases from South to North, while the distribution of winter rainfall is
in the opposite order. Some tributaries flowing from Bhutan also contribute to the basin, which
have been considered in the present study.
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Figure 4: Brahmaputra River Basin
3.2.3 Barak & others Basin

The Barak & others basin extends over an area of 86,335 sq.km, which is nearly 1.44% of the total
geographical area of the country. The basin covers the states of Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram,
Tripura, Assam and Nagaland. The Barak river rises from the Manipur Hills, south of Mao in
Senapati District at an elevation of 2,331 m. Then it flows along Nagaland-Manipur border
through hilly terrains and enters Assam. It further enters Bangladesh where it is known by the
Surma and the Kushiyara and later called the Meghna before receiving combined flow of the
Ganga and the Brahmputra. The length of Barak River from its origin up to the border of Assam
along the Kushiyara is 564 km. The principal tributaries from right are the Jiri, the Chiri, the
Modhura, the Jatinga, the Harang whereas the Dhareshwari, the Singla, the Longai, the Sonai are
principal tributary joining from the left.
Figure 5: Barak River Basin
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Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Barak & other basins. Annual rainfall of
the basin varies from 1,975 mm to 3,518 mm. The average annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the
Barak & others basin is 2,625 mm.
Climate: The Barak & other basins has a tropical climate. The average annual monthly maximum
temperature is about 27.9 °C and average annual minimum temperature is about 26.5 °C in the
basin. Temperatures in the bordering region with Bangladesh are higher, whereas in interior
location temperature is moderate.
3.3 Godavari Basin

The Godavari basin extends over an area of 3,12,150 sq.km, which is nearly 9.5% of the total
geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh &
Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and Karnataka.
Godavari is a perennial and the second largest river draining in India. Godavari River
originates near Trayambakeswar near Nasik, northeast of Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra at
an elevation of 1,067 m and flows for a length of about 1,465 km before joining the Bay of Bengal.
It flows through the Eastern Ghats and emerges out at Polavaram into the plains. At
Dhawaleswaram the river divides into two branches, the Gautami and Vasishta. Between the two
lies the Godavari Central Delta. Pranahita, Manjeera, Sabari, Indravati, Maner and Manar are the
main tributaries of the Godavari River. The Godavari basin receives major part of its rainfall during
the South-West monsoon period. The other rainy seasons are not so well defined and well spread
as the South-West monsoon season. Floods are the regular phenomenon in the basin.
Bhadrachalam, Kunavaram, and Deltaic portion of the river are more flood-prone.
Figure 6: Godavari River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Godavari Basin. Annual rainfall of the
basin varies from 877 mm to 1,493 mm. The mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the Godavari
basin is 1,117 mm.
Page | 12
Climate: The Godavari basin has a tropical climate. The temperature varies from 20 oC to 35 oC in
a year which causes lot of monthly variations in the potential evapotranspiration in the basin.
Minimum potential evapotranspiration in the basin is 30 to 100 mm during January/February and
maximum goes up to 400 mm to 450 mm during April/May months.
3.4 Krishna Basin

The Krishna basin extends over an area of 2,59,439 sq.km, which is nearly 7.9% of the total
geographical area of the country. Krishna basin lies in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The river Krishna is a perennial river and second largest eastward
draining interstate river in Peninsular India. The river rises from the Western Ghats near Jor village
of Satara district of Maharashtra at an altitude of 1,337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar. The total
length of river from origin to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is 1400 km. Its principal tributaries
joining from right are the Ghatprabha, the Malprabha, the Koyna, the Varna, the Panchganga, the
Dudhganga and the Tungabhadra whereas the Bhima, the Khagna, the Musi and the Munneru are
principal tributaries joining the river from left. The Krishna basin receives major part of its rainfall
during the South-West monsoon period. Around 70% of the rainfall takes place during July to
September months. The other rainy seasons are not so well defined and well spread as the South-
West monsoon season.
Figure 7: Krishna River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Krishna basin. Annual rainfall of the basin
varies from 604 mm to 1,045 mm and the mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the Krishna basin is
841 mm. Many times basin receives high rainfall in less duration causing floods in those years.
Climate: The Krishna basin has a tropical climate. The mean monthly maximum and minimum
temperature is about 32.1°C and 26.5°C in the basin respectively. Temperatures in the coastal
region are moderate but humidity is higher.
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3.5 Cauvery Basin

The river Cauvery is biggest river in south India. It rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri range in
the Western Ghats in Karnataka at an elevation of about 1,341 m above Mean Sea Level and flows
for about 800 km, before its outfall into the Bay of Bengal. The Cauvery river system consists of 21
principal tributaries each with catchment area around 250 sq.km. The Cauvery basin extends over
states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Union Territory of Puducherry, draining an area of
85,167sq.km (GIS Calculated as per India-WRIS Database) which is nearly 2.59% of the total
geographical area of the country with a maximum length and width of about 560 km and 245 km,
respectively. The total length of the river Cauvery from the head to its outfall into the sea
comprises a length of 320 km in Karnataka, 416 km in Tamil Nadu and remaining length of 64 km
forms the common boundary between states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Its principal
tributaries are Shimsa, Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Kabini, Amravati, Noyil and Bhavani.
Figure 8: Cauvery River Basin
Rainfall: The rainfall in the basin varies from region to region. The normal annual rainfall in Kerala
region is about 2,400 mm. In the Western Ghats it ranges from 1,700 mm to 3,800 mm. In
Karnataka for the Cauvery basin, the average rainfall is between 600 mm to 800 mm resulting into
semi-arid condition. In Tamil Nadu, under the Cauvery basin the average rainfall is low ranging
from 500 mm to 1,000 mm and is semi-arid. In general, the highest rainfall in the Cauvery basin
usually occur in July or early August and the mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) is around 949 mm.
Climate: The Cauvery basin has a tropical and sub-tropical climate. The average annual monthly
maximum temperature is about 30.56 °C and average annual minimum temperature is about
20.21 °C in the basin. Temperatures in the coastal region are moderate but humidity is higher.
Page | 14
3.6 Subernarekha Basin

The Subernarekha (Including Burhabalang) basin extends over an area of 26,804 sq.km, which is
nearly 0.82% of the total geographical area of the country. The basin covers the states of
Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. The river Subernarekha is one of the longest east flowing
interstate rivers. It originates near Nagri village in Ranchi district of Jharkhand at an elevation of
600 m. The total length of river is about 395 km. The principal tributaries of the river are Kanchi,
Kharkai and Karkai. Subernarekha river is situated in the North-East corner of peninsular India. It
is bounded on the North-West by the Chhotnagpur Plateau, in the South-West by Brahmani basin,
in the South by Burhabalang basin and in the South-East by the Bay of Bengal. The basin is
generally influenced by the South-West monsoon, which onsets in the month of June and extends
up to October.
Figure 9: Cauvery River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Subernarekha basin. Annual rainfall of the
basin varies from 1,007 mm to 1,810 mm. The mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the
Subernarekha basin is 1,427 mm. Many times basin receives high rainfall in less duration causing
floods in those years.
Climate: The Subernarekha basin has a tropical climate with hot summers and mild winters. Mean
monthly maximum and minimum temperature varies from 27°C to 25°C in the basin (2004-05).
3.7 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin

The combined Brahmani-Baitarani river basin extends over a geographical area of 53,902 sq.km
and the basin is bounded on the north by the Chhotanagpur Plateau, on the west and south by
the ridge separating it from Mahanadi basin and on the east by the Bay of Bengal. Through
intersection of state administrative boundaries and basin boundary (derived for the present
study) state-wise drainage areas are computed. The drainage area of the basin lies in the states of
Page | 15
Odisha (33,923 sq.km.), Jharkhand (15,479 sq.km.) and Chhattisgarh (1,367 sq.km.). The basin is
bounded by 20o29'00" to 23o37' 47" North latitude and 83o53'49" to 87o1'27" East longitude.
Figure 10: Brahmani-Baitarni River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Brahmani-Baitarani basin. Annual rainfall
of the basin varies from 1,108 mm to 1,452 mm. The mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the
basin is 1,456 mm. Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in the Brahmani-Baitarani basin.
Climate: In Brahmani-Baitarani basin, maximum temperature rises to 47 °C during summer while

the minimum during winter may be as low as 4 °C. Temperatures in the coastal region are
moderate but humidity is higher.
3.8 Mahanadi Basin

The Mahanadi basin extends over states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha and comparatively smaller
portions of Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, draining an area of 1,44,905 sq.km
which is nearly 4.4% of the total geographical area of the country. The geographical extent of the
basin lies between 80°28’ and 86°43’ East longitudes and 19°8’ and 23°32’ North latitudes. The
basin has maximum length and width of 587 km and 400 km. It is bounded by the Central India
hills on the north, by the Eastern Ghats on the south and east and by the Maikala range on the
west. The Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of the country and among the peninsular rivers, in
water potential and flood producing capacity, it ranks second to the Godavari. It originates from a
pool, 6 km from Farsiya village of Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh. The total length of the river
from origin to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is 851 km. The Seonath, the Hasdeo, the Mand and
the Ib joins Mahanadi from left whereas the Ong, the Tel and the Jonk joins it from right. Six other
small streams between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya draining directly into the Chilka Lake
also forms the part of the basin. The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land
accounting to 54.27% of the total area and 4.45% of the basin is covered by water bodies. The
Mahanadi basin receives major part of its rainfall during the South-West monsoon period. Around
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70% of the rainfall takes place during July to September months. The other rainy seasons are not
so well defined and well spread as the South-West monsoon season.
Figure 11: Mahanadi River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Mahanadi Basin. Annual rainfall of the
basin varies from 923 mm to 1,905 mm. The average annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the Mahanadi
basin is 1,317 mm.
Climate: The Mahanadi basin has a sub-tropical climate. The mean monthly maximum and
minimum temperature is about 29 °C and 21 °C in the basin respectively. Temperatures in the
coastal region are moderate but humidity is higher.
3.9 Pennar Basin

The Pennar River (also known as Uttara Pinakini) is one of the major East Flowing Rivers in
southern India. It rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range in Karnataka, flows in the
North Westerly direction through Kolar and Tumkur districts of Karnataka and enters Andhra
Pradesh in the Hindupur taluk of Anantapur district, runs eastwards before draining into the Bay
of Bengal near Nellore. The Somasila is major project in the catchment area of the river basin.
Located in peninsular India, the Pennar basin extends over states of Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka having an area of 54,905 sq.km, which is nearly 1.67 % of the total geographical area of
the country with maximum length and width of 433 km and 266 km. The basin lies between 77°1’
to 80°10’ East longitudes and 13°18’ to 15°49’ North latitudes. The fan shaped basin is bounded
by the Erramala range on the north, the Nallamala and Velikonda ranges of the Eastern Ghats on
the east, the Nandidurg hills on the south and the narrow ridge separating it from the Vedavati
valley of the Krishna basin on the west. The other hill ranges in the basin to the south of the river
are the Seshachalam and Paliconda ranges. The total length of the river from origin to its outfall in
the Bay of Bengal is 597 km. The principal tributaries of the river joining from left are the
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Jayamangali, the Kunderu and the Sagileru whereas the Chitravathi, the Papagni and the Cheyyeru
join it from right.
Figure 12: Pennar River Basin
Rainfall: The entire basin lies largely in a semi-arid region with low rainfall. The annual average
rainfall is highest in Nellore region in the Eastern end of the basin. A large part of the basin lying in
the region of Karnataka and Anantapur, Kurnool and Cuddapah districts of Andhra Pradesh
receives rainfall ranging from 400-800 mm. Parts of Nellore district, adjacent to the sea-coast
receive some rain from the retreating monsoon also. Mean annual rainfall of the study time
period is 716 mm for the basin.
Climate: As far as the temperature is concerned, the annual average maximum, minimum and
mean temperature for the basin for the years from 1969 to 2004 is found to be 32.71 °C, 21.63 °C
and 27.17 °C respectively.
3.10 Mahi Basin

The Mahi basin extends over an area of 39,566 sq.km (which includes the independent Dhadhar
basin having as area of 4,131 sq.km), and is nearly 1.2% of the total geographical area of the
country. The basin lies in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. River Mahi is the
major inter-state west flowing river of India. The river is rising from the northern slopes of the
Vindhyas near the village of Sardarpur in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of
about 500 m and draining in to the gulf of Khambhat. Before falling in to Arabian Sea through the
Gulf of Khambhat in Kheda district of Gujarat, the river flows about 538 km through Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat states. The major tributaries of river are Som, Anas and Panam.
The Mahi basin receives major part of its rainfall during South-West monsoon, that to in the
months of July and August. The other rainy seasons are not so well defined and well spread as the
South-West monsoon season. Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is 811 mm for the
basin.
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Figure 13: Mahi River Basin
Rainfall: Rainfall varies both spatially and temporally in Mahi basin. The mean rainfall of these 30
years is found to be 811 mm. When spatial variations are considered, some areas receive 405 mm
and some other areas receive 1,366 mm annual rainfall for year 2004-05. Major part of the basin
receives an annual rainfall of 500 mm to 1,000 mm.
Climate: The mean annual temperature in Mahi basin varies from 25.00 oC to 27.44 oC in 2004-05.
3.11 Sabarmati Basin

The Sabarmati River is one of the major west flowing inter-state rivers in India draining into the
Gulf of Khambhat. The Sabarmati river originates in the Aravalli hills at latitude 24 o 40’ North and
longitude 73o 20’ East in the State of Rajasthan at an elevation of 762 m above Mean Sea Level.
The basin is bounded by Aravalli hills in the North and north-east, ridge separating it from Minor
streams which are flowing into the Rann of Kutch in the west and Gulf of Khambhat in the south.
The total catchment area of the Sabarmati basin extends over an area of 31,901 sq.km and is
nearly 0.97% of the total geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Rajasthan
and Gujarat and have a drainage area of 4,126.2 sq.km and 27,775 sq.km respectively. Before
falling in to Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat in Kheda district of Gujarat, the river flows
about 371 km through Rajasthan (48 km) and Gujarat states (323 km). The major tributaries of the
Sabarmati are Sei, Wakal, Harnav, Hathmati and Watrak. The Sabarmati basin receives major part
of its rainfall during South-West monsoon, in the months of July and August. The other rainy
seasons are not so well defined and well spread as the South-West monsoon season. Mean
annual rainfall of the study time period is 727 mm for the basin.
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Figure 14: Sabarmati River Basin
3.12 Narmada Basin

The Narmada basin extends over an area of 96,659.79 sq.km, which is nearly 2.9 % of the total
geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and
Maharashtra. The Narmada originates from a Kund (spring) at an elevation of 1,057 m at
Amarkantak in the Maikal hill in Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh and flows through Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat between Vindhya and Satpura hill ranges before falling into
the Gulf of Cambay in the Arabian Sea, about 10 km north of Bharuch, Gujarat. The total length of
this west flowing river from its origin to its outfall into the Arabian Sea is 1,312 km. For the first
1,079 km, it flows in Madhya Pradesh and thereafter forms the common boundary between
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra for 35 km, and Maharashtra and Gujarat for 39 km. In Gujarat
State it stretches for 159 km. There are 41 important tributaries to the Narmada. Significant
among them are Burhner, Banjar, Hiran, Tawa, Chhota Tawa, Orsang and Kundi which are major
tributaries having catchment area more than 3,500 sq.km. The remaining tributaries are having
catchment area ranging from 500 to 2,500 sq.km. The Narmada basin receives major part of its
rainfall during the South-West monsoon period. The other rainy seasons are not so well defined
and well spread as the South-West monsoon season. Mean annual rainfall of the study time
period is 1,114 mm for the basin.
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Figure 15: Narmada River Basin
3.13 Tapi Basin

The Tapi basin extends over states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and having an
area of 65,805.80 sq. km which is nearly 2 % of the total geographical area of the country, with a
maximum length and width of 534 and 196 km. It lies between 72°33’ to 78°17’ East longitudes
and 20°9’ to 21°50’ North latitudes. Situated in the Deccan plateau, the basin is bounded by the
Satpura range on the north, the Mahadev hills on the east, the Ajanta Range and the Satmala hills
on the south and the Arabian Sea on the west. The hilly region of the basin is well forested while
the plains are broad and fertile areas suitable for cultivation. The Tapi is the second largest
westward draining river of the Peninsula. It originates near Multai reserve forest in Betul district
of Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of 752 m. The total length of the river from origin to outfall
into the Arabian Sea is 724 km and its important tributaries are the Suki, the Gomai, the Arunavati
and the Aner which joins it from right, and those joining from left are the Vaghur, the Amravati,
the Buray, the Panjhra, the Bori, the Girna, the Purna, the Mona and the Sipna. The major part of
basin is covered with agriculture accounting to 66.19 % of the total area. 2.99 % of the basin is
covered by water bodies. Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is 839 mm for the basin.
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Figure 16: Tapi River Basin
3.14 West Flowing Rivers Basin from Tapi to Tadri Basin Basin
The West Flowing Rivers Basin between Tapi to Tadri is a composite basin lying in Gujarat and
Maharashtra states. The basin consists of a number of small independent River systems of
peninsular India. The basin is bounded on the north by Tapi basin, on the east by Western Ghat
and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
All the Rivers in the basin originate from Western Ghat and exhibit similar character. The
Rivers have steep high banks. Important Rivers in the basin are the Purna, the Ambica, the
Damanganga, the Vaitarna, the Ulhas, the Kal, the Gad the Mandovi etc. Brief description of the
Rivers is as follows:-
 The River Purna is one of the important western flowing Rivers in Gujarat state. It originates
from the Satpura Hill Ranges and after flowing for a length of 142 kms falls in the Arabian Sea.
The catchment area of the Purna basin is 2,431 km2.
 The Damanganga is one of the main westward draining interstate River basins. The River
originates at an elevation of 930.5 m in Sahyadri Hills in Nashik district. Majority of its
catchment area lies in the state of Maharashtra besides some catchment area lying in the
state of Gujarat and the Union Territory of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman. The
Damanganga drains an area of 2,318 km2.
 The River Vaitarna originates from the hilly terrain of Maharashtra at Trimbak, in district
Nashik. After running for 120 kms in Maharashtra towards west, it falls in the Arabian Sea. The
catchment area of the basin is 3,637 km2.
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 The Ulhas River raises from the Sahyadri hill Ranges in the Raigad district of Maharashtra at
an elevation of 600 m above MSL. The total length of this west flowing River from its origin to
its out fall into the Arabian Sea is 122 kms The River drains an area of 4,637 km 2 which lies
completely in Maharashtra state.
 The Kal River is one of the western flowing Rivers in Maharashtra state. This is a major
tributary of the River Savitri. The River rises from the Sahyadri Hill Ranges in the Raigad
district of Maharashtra at an elevation of 652 m above MSL. The total length of the River
from its origin to its confluence with the Savitri River is 40 Kms. The River drains an area of
670 km2 which lies completely in the Raigad district.
 The Gad River rises from the Sahyadri Hill Ranges in the Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra at
an elevation of 600 m above MSL. The total length of the west flowing River from its origin to
its out fall into the Arabian Sea is 66 kms The River drains an area of 890 km 2 which lies
completely in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra state.
Figure 17: Tapi to Tadri River Basin
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3.15 West Flowing Rivers Basin from Tadri to Kanyakumari Basin

The composite basin extends over the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Union Territory of
Puducherry. It has an area of 54,231 sq.km, which is 1.66 % of total geographical area of the country with a
maximum length and width of 777 km and 135 km respectively. The basin is divided into nine sub-basins
namely Gurpur, Netravati, Valapatanam, Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, Pamba, Kallada, and Others
(ungauged portion of composite basin). There are 54-river systems in the basin. The total river length is
about 98,395 km. The major independent rivers (directly draining into Arabian Sea) in the basin having
length more than 150 km are Bharathapuzha, Periyar, and Pamba. The basin falls into three Agro-Climatic
Zones and three Agro-Ecological Zones. As per LULC statistics (2014-15), major part (52.80 %) of the basin
is covered with agricultural land. Forest cover in the basin is about 37.90 % of the total basin area. The
basin is bounded by Sahyadri hills on the north, the Western Ghats on the east, Indian Ocean on the south,
and the Arabian Sea on the west. The mean annual rainfall in the composite basin during 1985-2015 is
2,854 mm. The sub-basins namely Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Periyar, and Kallada have lesser rainfall as
compared to sub-basins like Gurpur,Netravati, Valapatanam, Pamba, and others. Mean annual rainfall of
the study time period is 2,773 mm for the basin.
3.16 East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar

The composite basin extends over an area of 82,073 sq.km. and is nearly 2.50 % of the total
geographical area of the country. The basin lies in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and
Telangana and stretches between 78°40’ to 85°1’ East longitudes and 14°34’ to 20°22’ North
latitudes. It is bounded by the Eastern Ghats on the north and west, Nallamala Range and Andhra
plains on the south and the Bay of Bengal on the east. This composite basin comprises of three
river systems. The river systems between Mahanadi and Godavari covers an area of 49,685 sq.km
and the river systems between Krishna and Pennar extends over an area of 24,669 sq.km. In
addition, there is also a small area between Godavari and Krishna drained mainly by the small
stream of Palleru. This minor portion of the basin has an area of about 12,289 sq.km. The
independent rivers (directly draining into Bay of Bengal) in the basin from north to south are the
Rushikulya, the Bahuda, the Vamsadhara, the Nagavali, the Sarada, the Varaha, the Tandava, the
Eluru, the Gundlakamma, the Musi, the Paleru and the Manneru. The major part of basin is
covered with agricultural land accounting to 59.85 % of the total area and 3.66 % of the basin is
covered by water bodies.
Rainfall: The mean annual rainfall (1985-2015) in the composite basin is 1,144 mm. The South-
West monsoon sets in by the middle of June and withdraws by the first week of October. About
90% of total rainfall is received during the monsoon months of which 50% is received during July
and August.
Climate: The composite basin has a sub-tropical climate. The average annual monthly maximum
temperature is about 29° C and average annual minimum temperature is about 21 °C in the basin.
Temperatures in the coastal region are moderate but humidity is higher.
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3.17 East Flowing Rivers between Pennar and Kanyakumari Basin

The composite basin comprises the river systems between Pennar and Kanyakumari having an
area of 1,01,657 sq.km. The basin lies in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Puducherry and Kerala. The independent rivers (directly draining into Bay of Bengal) are the
Kandleru, the Swarnamukhi, the Arani, the Korttalaiyar, the Cooum, the Adyar, the Palar, the
Gingee, the Ponnaiyar, the Vellar, the Varshalei, the Vaigai, the Gundar, the Vaippar and the
Tambraparni. The basin comprises four sub-basins viz. Vaippar and others sub-basin, the Palar and
other sub-basin, Pamba and others sub-basin and Ponnaiyar and other sub-basin. Pennar to
Cauvery part of this basin is bounded on the north, west and south by the various ranges of the
Eastern Ghats. These are the Velikonda Range, the Nagari Hills, the Javadi Hills, the Shevaroy Hills,
the Chitteri Hills, the Kalrayan Hills, the Kollaimalai Hills, the Pachai Malai Hills etc., and on the
east by the Bay of Bengal. This basin area has a maximum length of about 290 km and a maximum
width of about 360 km. Cauvery to Kanyakumari basin area is bounded by the Varushanad hills,
the Andippatti hills, the Cardamom hills and Palani hills on the west, the Indian Ocean on the
south, the Palk-Strait, Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar on the east and the ridge, which separates
it from the Cauvery basin on the north. Shape of the area is irregular; it has a maximum length of
236 km in the northwest-southeast direction and a maximum width of 275 km in the northeast-
South-West direction. Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is 960 mm for the basin.
3.18 West Flowing Rivers of Kutch & Saurashtra including Luni Basin
The composite basin extends over large areas in Rajasthan and Gujarat and covers whole of Diu
having an area of 1,92,112 sq.km with maximum length and width of 865 km and 445 km. It lies
between 67°52’ to 75°19’ East longitudes and 20°53’ to 26°57’ North latitudes. The basin is
bounded by Aravalli range and Gujarat plains on the east, Rajasthan desert on north, and the
Arabian Sea on the south and the west. Luni is the major river system of the basin and it
originates from western slopes of the Aravalli ranges at an elevation of 772 m in Ajmer district of
Rajasthan. The total length of the river is 511 km and it drains a total area of 32,879 sq.km. The
river flows up to Rann of Kutch forming a delta where the water spreads out and does not
contribute any runoff. The main tributaries of Luni joining from left are the Lilri, the Guhiya, the
Bandi (Hemawas), the Sukri, the Jawai, the Khari Bandi, the Sukri Bandi and the Sagi whereas the
Jojri joins it from right. Other independent rivers of the basin are the Shetrunji, the Bhadar, the
Machhu, the Rupen, the Saraswati and the Banas. The Shetrunji drains into the Gulf of Khambhat,
the Bhadar outfalls into Arabian Sea, and the Machhu, the Rupen, the Saraswati and the Banas
drains into Little Rann of Kutch. The major part of basin is covered with agriculture accounting to
65.06% of the total area and only 5.25% of the basin is covered by water bodies. Mean annual
rainfall of the study time period is 479 mm for the basin.
3.19 Area of inland drainage in Rajasthan Desert Basin

The composite basin extends over states of Haryana and Rajasthan and lies between 69°13’ to
77°15’ East longitudes and 25°31’ to 29°44’ north latitudes. The basin is having an area of
1,44,836 sq.km. It is bounded by the Punjab plains on the north and east, Aravalli range on the
Page | 25
south and Thar Desert on the west. Small rivers draining into the basin are the Kantu, the Kakni,
the Ghugri and the Sukri. The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to
64.15% of the total area and 0.4% of the basin is covered by water bodies. Mean annual rainfall is
302 mm (1985-2015) for the basin.
3.20 Minor rivers draining into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh Basin
The composite basin extends over states of Manipur (40%), Mizoram (39%), Nagaland (15%) and
Tripura (6%) having a total area of nearly 31,382 sq.km and its geographical extent is between
91°33’ to 94°52’ East longitudes and 21°45’ to 26°40’ North latitudes (Figure 3.35). The basin is
bounded by Purvanchal range in the north and the west and Bay of Bengal in the east and the
south. The Imphal is the main river of the basin and it rises near Kangpokpi in Senapati district of
Manipur and receives the Iril from the south and the Thoubal from the east. It also receives the
Khuga from the south-west and is known as Manipur River below its confluence. The Chakpi River
joins Imphal from the opposite direction 3 km below Shuganu and the combined water flows
southward through a narrow gorge to fall into the Chindwin river of Burma. The major part of
basin is covered with forest accounting to 71.64% of the total area and only 1.66% of the basin is
covered by water bodies. Mean annual rainfall of the study time period is 1,812 mm for the basin.
{Source: this chapter from CWC publication “Reassessment of Water Availability in India using
Space inputs” June 2019 from Basin Planning & Management Organization, CWC, New Delhi.
(http://old.cwc.gov.in/main/downloads/ReassessmentMainReport.pdf)}
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CHAPTER 4
4.0 River Water Quality Monitoring by CWC

Presently, Central Water Commission (CWC) is monitoring river water quality at 531 key locations
covering all the major River basins of India. Previously, it was 429 water quality monitoring stations,
but in perspective of strengthening of water quality network in CWC it was increased from 429 to 531
stations. Further, CWC is planning to increase the water quality network on Indian rivers by
considering future objectives and necessacities, to cover each and every corner in the country.
The details of basin wise water quality stations are given below. The basin wise WQ
stations monitored by Central Water Commission are depicted in Table 2.
Table 2: Basin-wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission
Type of Staion
S.No. Name of Basin Total
GDQ GDSQ GQ WQSS
1 Brahamputra, Barak & Meghana Basin 23 28 31 82
2 Brahmani-Baitarni Basin 9 1 14 24
3 Cauvery Basin 16 24 40
4 EFR b/w Mahanadi and Pennar 5 5 10
5 EFR b/w Pennar and Kanyakumari 10 9 19
6 Ganga Basin 49 86 5 5 145
7 Godavari Basin 5 32 2 39
8 Indus Basin 3 6 9
9 Krishna Basin 7 28 35
10 Mahanadi Basin 1 20 7 8 36
11 Mahi Basin 1 3 4
12 Narmada Basin 5 11 16
13 Pennar Basin 4 4 8
14 Sabarmati Basin 1 1 1 3
15 Subarnarekha Basin 1 5 3 5 14
16 Tapi Basin 1 3 4
17 WFR from Tadri to Kanyakumari 11 18 29
18 WFR from Tapi to Tadri 3 5 1 9
19 WFR of Kutchh, Saurashtra including Luni 2 3 5
20 Minor Rivers draiing to Myanmar (Burma) and Bangaldesh 0 0 0 0 0
Grand Total 143 300 55 33 531
Note: GQ = Gauge & Water Quality; GDQ= Gauge, discharge & Water Quality; GDSQ= Gauge, Discharge, Sediment &
Water Quality, WQSS = Water Quality Sampling Station
150 145
125
No. of WQ Stations
100 82
75 40 39 35 36
50 24 19 16 29
10 9 4 8 3 14 4 9 5
25
0
Basin
Figure 18: Basin-wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission
Page | 27
The State wise WQ stations monitored by Central Water Commission are depicted in Table 3.
Table 3: State wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission
Type of Stations
S.No. State Total
GDQ GDSQ GQ WQSS
1 Andhra Pradesh 6 21 2 29
2 Arunachal Pradesh 4 1 8 13
3 Assam 8 18 23 49
4 Bihar 4 14 18
5 Chhattishgarh 1 18 4 8 31
6 Delhi 1 1 2
7 Gujarat 4 9 1 1 15
8 Haryana 1 1 2
9 Himachal Pradesh 3 2 5
10 Jammu & Kashmir 3 4 7
11 Jharkhand 3 6 1 4 14
12 Karnataka 14 24 38
13 Kerala 4 17 21
14 Madhya Pradesh 13 22 1 36
15 Maharashtra 6 32 1 39
16 Meghalaya 5 1 6
17 Odisha 1 18 10 15 44
18 Pondicherry 3 3
19 Rajasthan 5 7 12
20 Tamilnadu 20 22 42
21 Tripura 1 1
22 Utrakhand 1 1
23 Uttar Pradesh 20 39 3 4 66
24 Uttarakhand 5 6 11
25 West Bengal 9 16 1 26
70 66
No. of WQ Stations
60 49
50 44 42
40
38 36 39
29 31
30 26
18 21
20 13 15 14 12 11
5 7 6
10 2 2 3 1 1
0
States
Figure 19: State wise Water Quality Stations of Central Water Commission
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CHAPTER 5
5.0 Review of Trace & Toxic Metals

Heavy metals are one
of the most
widespread causes of
pollution both in
water and the soil;
Further, increasing
levels of these metals
concentration in the
environment is
causing serious
concern in public
opinion owing to the
toxicity shown by
most of them. Heavy
metals are usually defined as metals with high atomic number, atomic weight and a density
greater than 5.0 g/cm3, but in the literature it is possible to find so many different definitions.
Recently, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defined the term “heavy
metal” as a confusing and misleading one. Generally speaking, metals are natural components of
the Earth’s crust and some of them (e.g. copper, selenium, and zinc) are essential as trace
elements to maintain the metabolism of the human body although at higher concentrations, they
may show toxic effects. Many other metals (e.g. mercury, cadmium, lead, etc.) have direct toxic
effects on human health. Owing to their chemical characteristics, metals remain in the
environment, in many cases only changing from one chemical state to another one and eventually
accumulating in the food chain. These pollutants enter the environment through a variety of
human activities such as mining, refining and electroplating industries. The effluents produced by
these industries contain a variety of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel,
lead and zinc, subsequent release of these effluents into water bodies may significantly contribute
to the increment in loads of toxic heavy metals in aquatic environments. Because of their high
water solubility, heavy metals can be easily absorbed by living organisms and, due to their
mobility in natural water ecosystems and their toxicity to living forms, have been ranked as major
inorganic contaminants in surface and ground waters. Even if they may be present in dilute,
almost undetectable quantities, their recalcitrance to degradation and consequent persistence in
water bodies imply that, through natural processes such as bio-magnification, their concentration
may become elevated to such an extent that they begin exhibiting toxic effects. Out of the 35
metals considered dangerous for human health, 23 have been defined as heavy metals: antimony,
arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, iron, lead,
manganese, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tellurium, thallium, tin, uranium, vanadium, and
zinc. However, the major lethal effects to human health caused by these heavy metals are
Page | 29
associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic (this element is a metalloid but
it is usually defined as a heavy metal). Large amounts of any of these metals may cause acute or
chronic toxicity (poisoning), resulting in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous
functions, modify blood composition, damage the lung, kidney, liver, and other vital organs.
Long-term exposure to the above-mentioned heavy metals may result in slowly

progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophy and multiple sclerosis.
Allergies are not uncommon and repeated long term contact with some metals or their
compounds may even cause cancer. Heavy metals may enter the human body through food,
water and air, or it may be absorbed through the skin when they enter into contact with humans
in agriculture and in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, industrial or residential settings. Although
several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known since a long time, exposure to
these metals is continuing and even increasing in some parts of the world. Thus, the control of
heavy metal dumplings and the removal of toxic heavy metals from waters has become a
challenge for the twenty-first century.
5.1 Metal Toxicity:

Important issues related to selected toxic metals like occurrences in nature, sources of water
pollution, toxic effects etc. are described here under:
5.1.1 Toxicity of Arsenic

Chemical Properties:
Arsenic is ubiquitous and ranks 20th in
natural abundance, comprising about
0.00005% of the earth’s crust, 14th in the
seawater, and 12th in the human body
(Mandal and Suzuki, 2002). Arsenic
occurs in the environment in rocks, soil,
water, air and in biota.
The element occurs in the

environment in different oxidation states
e.g. As as As(V), As(III), As(0) and As(-III).
The chemical forms and oxidation states of ars enic are more important as regards to toxicity.
Generally, inorganic forms are more toxic and mobile than organo-arsenic species, while arsenite
is considered to be more toxic than arsenate. It has been reported that As(III) is 4 to 10 times
more soluble in water than As(V) (Squibb and Fowler 1983; Xu et al. 1988; Lambe and Hill 1996;
US EPA, 2002). Moreover, it has been found that As(III) is 10 times more toxic than As(V) and 70
times more toxic then Mono Methyl Arsonate {MMA(V)} and Di Methyl Arsinate {DMA(V)}.
However, the trivalent methylated arsenic species, i.e., MMA(III) and DMA(III) have been found to
Page | 30
be more toxic than inorganic arsenic because they are more efficient at causing DNA breakdown
(Styblo et al. 2000; Dopp et al. 2004).
Health Effects:
Arsenic enters the human body through ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Most ingested
and inhalated arsenic is well absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and lung into the
bloodstream. People drinking arsenic contaminated water generally show arsenical skin lesions,
which are a late manifestation of arsenic toxicity. Long term exposure to arsenic contaminated
water may lead to various diseases such as conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation,
cardiovascular diseases, disturbance in the peripheral vascular and nervous systems, skin cancer,
gangrene, leucomelonisis, non pitting swelling, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly (Kiping, 1977;
WHO, 2001; Pershagen, 1983). Chronic symptoms caused by a long exposure to As are unspecific
(weight loss, chronic weakness) but a long exposure provokes arsenicosis, cardiovascular diseases,
skin lesions among other organ function disorders (Bissen and Frimmel 2003). Arsenicosis is a
chronic illness resulting from drinking water with high As level over a long period of time (Kapaj et
al. 2006). The effects on the lungs, uterus, genitourinary tract and other parts of the body have
been detected in the advance stages of arsenic toxicity. Besides, high concentrations of arsenic in
drinking water also result in an increase in stillbirths and spontaneous abortions (Csanady and
Straub, 1995).
5.1.2 Toxicity of Cadmium

Cadmium is an element that occurs naturally in the

earth’s crust. It is uniformly distributed in the Earth’s
crust, where it is generally estimated to be present
at an average concentration of between 0.10 and
0.50 µg/L. Cadmium occurs in nature in the form of
various inorganic compounds and as complexes with
naturally occurring chelating agents; organo-
cadmium compounds are extremely unstable and
have not been detected in the natural environment. Cadmium is produced during extraction of
zinc and is used in plating industry, pigments, in manufacture of plastic material, batteries and
Page | 31
alloys. The water is contaminated with cadmium by industrial discharge, leaches from land filled
area. Drinking water is generally contaminated with galvanized iron pipe, plated plumbing fitting
of the water distribution pipes. Cadmium ranks next to mercury in its toxicity.
Health Effects:
Exposure at low levels usually does not

produ ce immediate health effects, but may
cause severe health problems over long
periods. The gastrointestinal tract is the
major route of Cd uptake in both humans
and animals. Cadmium is toxic to humans,
animals, micro-organisms and plants,
however only a small amount of cadmium
intake is absorbed by the body and will be
stored mainly in bones, liver and, in case of
chronic exposure, in kidneys. In the last few years there have been some evidences that relatively
low cadmium exposure may give rise skeletal damage due to low bone mineral density
(osteoporosis) and fractures. The toxicity of the metal lies in that, after absorption, it accumulates
in soft tissues. Animal tests have shown that cadmium may be a risk factor for cardiovascular
disease (Jarup, 2003). For acute exposure, absorbed cadmium can cause symptoms such as
salivation, difficulty in breathing, nausea, vomiting, a pain, anemia, kidney failure, and diarrohea.
Inhalation of cadmium dust or smoke may cause dryness of the throat, headache, chest pain,
coughing, increased uneasiness and bronchial complications (Lu et al., 2007). The adverse health
effects caused by ingestion or inhalation of Cd include renal tubular dysfunction due to high
urinary Cd excretion, high blood pressure, lung damage and lung cancer.
Furthermore, cadmium accumulation in animals and humans occurs throughout their life
spans. The sites of greatest cadmium accumulation are the liver and kidney. After inhalation or
absorption from the gastrointestinal, cadmium is concentrated in the kidney, where its half-life
may exceed 10 to 20 years. One of the most widely known toxic effects manifested by Cd
poisoning is nephro-toxicity. Adverse renal effects are more commonly seen with exposure to low
levels of Cd. The effects are manifested by excretion of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins,
such as β2-microglobulin and retinol-binding protein (RBP). -The widely reported Cd poisoning
itai-itai byo episode occurred in Japan after World War II. In Japan cadmium from mining and
refinery factories polluted Jinzo River water which was used for irrigation purpose. The rice grown
on such cadmium accumulated fields, which the humans consumed through water and food chain
affected by ostomolacia and skeletal deformation. There was sever pain in body and joints and
the people cried ITAI –ITAI (it hurts-it hurts).
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5.1.3 Toxicity of Chromium

Chromium can exist in

valencies from -2 to 6 but
it present in the
environment mainly as
trivalent or hexavalent
state. Trivalent chromium
(Cr [III]) is the most
common naturally
occurring state; most soils
and rocks contain small
amounts of chromic oxide
(Cr2O3). Hexavalent
Chromium Pollution from Tanneries
chromium (Cr[VI]) occurs
(Source: Blacksmith Institute’s The World’s Worst Toxic Pollution
frequently in nature as Problums Report, 2011)
chromates (CrO42-) and
dichromates (Cr2O72-) which are generally obtained from industrial and domestic emissions.
Chromium is considered as an essential nutrient and a health hazard because Cr exists in more
than one oxidation state. Specifically, Cr in oxidation state +6, written as Cr(VI), is considered
harmful even in small intake quantity (dose)
whereas Cr in oxidation state +3, written as
Cr(III), is considered essential for good health
in moderate intake. Chromium (III) is an
essential nutrient for humans and shortages
may cause heart conditions, disruptions of
metabolisms and diabetes. Trivalent
chromium is necessary for the synthesis of fat
from glucose and also for the oxidation of fat
to carbon dioxide. But the uptake of too much
chromium (III) can cause health effects as
well, for instance skin rashes.
Health Effects:
People who smoke tobacco also have a higher

chance of exposure to chromium. Chromium Source: Matveyeva N.A., Dupliy V.P., Hydrobiological
Journal. – 2013.
(VI) is known to cause various health effects.
When it is a compound in leather products, it can cause allergic reactions, such as skin rash. After
breathing in, chromium (VI) can cause nose irritations and nosebleeds. Other health problems
that are caused by chromium (VI) are:
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 Skin rashes
 Upset stomachs and ulcers
 Respiratory problems
 Weakened immune systems
 Kidney and liver damage
 Alteration of genetic material
 Lung cancer
 Death
The health hazards associated with exposure to chromium are dependent on its oxidation
state. The metal form (chromium as it exists in this product) is of low toxicity and the hexavalent
form is toxic. Adverse effects of the hexavalent form on the skin may include ulcerations,
dermatitis, and allergic skin reactions. Inhalation of hexavalent chromium compounds can result
in ulceration and perforation of the mucous membranes of the nasal septum, irritation of the
pharynx and larynx, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchospasms and edema. Respiratory symptoms may
include coughing and wheezing, shortness of breath and nasal itch.
Hexavalent chromium is toxic to plants and animals. It causes yellowing of leaves of wheat
and paddy. Maximum permissible limit of chromium in drinking water as recommended by WHO
is 0.05 mg/L.
5.1.4 Toxicity of Copper

Copper is an essential micronutrient (Underwood 1977;

Goyer 1991). The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)
recommends dietary copper intake for adults of 1.53
mg/day (NRC, 1989). Three major valence states: copper
metal Cu(0), Cu(I) and Cu(II). Copper is commonly found
in ores. Copper occurs in nature as the metal and in
minerals, most commonly cuprite (Cu2O) and malachite
(Cu2CO3(OH)2). The principal copper ores are sulphides,
oxides, and carbonates.
Copper is both essential and toxic to living systems. As an essential metal, copper is
required for adequate growth, cardiovascular integrity, lung elasticity, neovascularization,
neuroendocrine functions, and iron metabolism. An average adult human ingests about 1 mg of
copper per day in the diet; about half of which is absorbed (Harris 1997). Copper is obligatory for
enzymes involved in aerobic metabolism, such as cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria, lysyl
oxidase in connective tissue, dopamine mono-oxygenase in brain, and ceruloplasmin. As a co-
factor for apo-copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (apoCuZnSOD), copper protects against free-
radical damage to proteins, membrane lipids, and nucleic acids in a wide range of cells and
organs.
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Health Effects:
Severe copper deficiencies, either gene defects due to mutations or low dietary copper
intakes, although relatively rare in humans, have been linked to mental retardation, anemia,
hypothermia, neutropenia, diarrhea, cardiac hypertrophy, bone fragility, impaired immune
function, weak connective tissue, impaired central-nervous-system (CNS) functions, peripheral
neuropathy, and loss of skin, fur (in animals), or hair color (Linder and Goode 1991; Uauy et al.
1998; Cordano 1998; Percival 1998).
Long-term exposure to copper

can cause irritation of the nose, mouth
and eyes and it causes headaches,
stomachaches, dizziness, vomiting and
diarrhea. Intentionally high uptakes of
copper may cause liver and kidney
damage and even death. Whether
copper is carcinogenic has not been
determined yet. There are scientific
articles that indicate a link between
long-term exposure to high
concentrations of copper and a decline
in intelligence with young adolescents. Whether this should be of concern is a topic for further
investigation. Industrial exposure to copper fumes, dusts, or mists may result in metal fume fever
with atrophic changes in nasal mucous membranes. Chronic copper poisoning results in Wilson’s
Disease, characterized by a hepatic cirrhosis, brain damage, demyelination, renal disease, and
copper deposition in the cornea.
Excess amount of copper sulphate also shows detrimental effect on botanical

environment. Copper in ionic form is very toxic to the photosynthesis of the green algae, Chlorella
pyrenoidosa and the diatom, Nitzchiz palea in concentrations of copper normally found in natural
waters. Copper accumulates progressively in soils where copper fungicides are used, particularly
in vineyards and orchards, which are spread repeatedly. Thus, it is seen that though copper is
essential of life and health, its deficiency or excesses both cause adverse effects.
5.1.5 Toxicity of Iron

Iron is essential to almost all living things, from micro-

organisms to humans. Iron is the fourth most abundant
element in the earth’s crust and the most abundant
heavy metal; it is present in the environment mainly as
Fe (II) or Fe (III). Iron is generally present in surface
waters as salts containing Fe (III) when the pH is above
Page | 35
7. Most of those salts are insoluble and settle out or adsorbed onto surfaces; therefore, the
concentration of iron in well-aerated waters is seldom high. Under reducing conditions, which
may exist in groundwater, some lakes or reservoirs, and in the absence of sulphide and carbonate,
high concentrations of soluble Fe(II) may be found. The presence of iron in natural waters can be
attributed to the weathering of rocks and minerals, acidic mine water drainage, landfill leachates,
sewage effluents and iron-related industries.
Health Effects:
Iron, an essential element in human nutrition, is an integral component of cytochromes,

porphyrins and metalloenzymes. Dietary iron requirements vary according to sex and age; older
infants, children and women of menstrual age are most vulnerable to iron deficiency. Iron is an
essential constituent in plant metabolism. It is indispensable for the synthesis of chlorophyll in
green plants, although it does not enter in the constituent of the chlorophyll molecules. Most of
the iron in plants is present as a constituent of organic molecules, enzymes and carries catalase,
peroxide and cyto-chromes which play important role in cellular metabolism. Iron is indispensable
for the synthesis of chlorophyll molecules. Deficiency of iron in plants causes chlorosis. It is one of
the most immobile elements in plants.
Iron is also widely distributed in human body where it exists in the ionic (loosely bound,
inorganic iron) and nonionic (tightly bound organic form) state. It is also a constituent of
hemoglobin molecule. It is more often suggested that iron deficiency predispose children to lead
poisoning. Deficiency of iron with other trace elements is the cause of pica (a morbid appetite for
unusual or unfit food, as clay, chalk, ashes, bricks etc., showing itself especially in hysteria,
pregnancy and chlorosis). Iron deficiency also affects the transport of lead to the tissue. According
to Dr. Ronald Hoffman, depending upon the age, sex and body weight, minimum daily
requirement of iron varies from 6 mg/day to 30 mg/day. Following are the recommendations for
intakes of iron, according to Dr. Hoffman:
 Infants upto 6 months require 6 mg/day.

 From 6 months to 1 year, 10 mg/day is
required.
 Children age 1 to 10 years, require 10 mg/day.
 Males age 11 to 18 years, require 12 mg/day.
 Males age 19 to 51+ years, require 10 mg/day.
 Females age 11 to 50 years, require 15 mg/day.
 Females over 51 years, require 10 mg/day.
 Pregnant women require 30 mg/day.
 Lactating women require 15 mg/day.
Thus while normal amount of iron is essential,
the normally large amount adversely affects the
human system, which may result in
haemochromatosis. Iron absorption is enhanced by
heme, ascorbic acid, amino acids and inhibited by
Page | 36
tannins, calcium, phosphate, phytic acid and fibers. Although the human body contains only about
0.004% iron, this element plays a central role in the life processes. As a constituent of the
respiratory pigment haemoglobin, iron is essential for the functioning of every organ and tissue of
the human body. Over half of the iron is present in the form of haemoglobin; the remaining iron is
stored mainly in the liver. Nutritional anaemia is one of the most prevalent deficiency diseases
throughout the world. Although anaemia may result from many different causes, the form most
frequently encountered is iron deficiency anaemia (Tsai, 1975). Anaemia is a major health
problem in India, with over half of ever-married woman having the condition. The problem clearly
requires immediate attention and intervention.
Iron usually exists in natural water both in ferric and ferrous form. The form of iron
however may be altered as a result of oxidation or reduction due to the growth of bacteria in the
water during storage, usually the ferric form is predominant in the most of the natural waters.
Iron in water may be either in true solution or in a colloidal state or in the form of relatively
coarse suspended particles. The iron determination is helpful in assessing the extent of corrosion
and aiding in the solution of these problems. Research on corrosion and methods of corrosion
control requires the use of many types of tests to evaluate the extent of metal loss. The most
important one of them is the iron determination (Sawyer, 1978). In drinking water 0.3 mg/L is the
highest desirable limit and 1 mg/L the maximum permissible limit of iron in absence of alternative
sources.
5.1.6 Toxicity of lead

Lead is the most common in the heavy

elements. Several stable isotopes exist in
nature, 208Pb being the most abundant. Lead is
used mainly in the production of lead-acid
batteries, solder and alloys. The organo-lead
compounds tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead
have also been used extensively as antiknock
and lubricating agents in petrol, although their
use for these purposes in many countries is
being phased out. Owing to the decreasing use of lead containing additives in petrol and of lead
containing solder in the food processing industry, concentrations in air and food are declining,
and intake from drinking water constitutes a greater proportion of total intake.
Lead toxicity has been known for over two thousand years. The early Greeks used Pb as a
glazing for ceramic pottery and became aware of its harmful effects when it was used in the
presence of acidic foods. Researchers suggest that some Roman emperors became ill and even
died as a result of Pb poisoning from drinking wines contaminated with high levels of Pb.
Page | 37
Health Effects:
Lead is found in all human tissues and organs though it is not needed nutritionally. It is known as
one of the systemic poisons because, once absorbed into the circulation it will distribute
throughout the body, where it affects various organs and tissues. It inhibits hematopoiesis
(formation of blood or blood cells) because it interferes with heme synthesis, and Pb poisoning
may cause anaemia. Pb also affects the kidneys by inducing renal tubular dysfunction. This, in
turn, may lead to secondary effects.
Effects of Pb on the gastrointestinal tract
include nausea, anorexia, and severe
abdominal cramps (lead colic) associated
with constipation. Pb poisoning is also
manifested by muscle aches and joint
pain, lung damage, difficulty in breathing,
and diseases such as asthma, bronchitis,
and pneumonia. Pb poisoning can also
damage the immune system, interfering
with cell maturation and skeletal growth. Pb can pass the placental barrier and may reach the
fetus, causing miscarriage, abortions and stillbirths.
According to the CDC, lead poisoning is the most common and serious environmental
disease affecting young children. Children are much more vulnerable to Pb exposure than adults
because of their more rapid growth rate and metabolism. Pb absorption from the gastrointestinal
tract in children is also higher than in adults (25% vs. 8%), and ingested Pb is distributed to a
smaller tissue mass. Children also tend to play and breathe closer to the ground, where Pb dust
concentrates. One particular problem has been the Pb poisoning of children who ingest flakes of
lead-based paint. This type of exposure accounts for as much as 90% of childhood Pb poisoning.
The main health concern in children is retardation and brain damage. High exposure may be fatal.
Plants grown in lead mining area are known to accumulate high levels of lead. Plants near
highways accumulate atmospheric dust containing Pb as foliar deposits, from the combustion of
petrol as well as absorb if from soil.
5.1.7 Toxicity of Nickel

Nickel is the 24th most abundant element (twice as

Cu) and comprises approximately 0.008% of the
content of the earth’s crust; hence, it is a natural
component of soil (parent material) and water
(Alloway 1995; Hostynek and Maibach 2002; Hedfi
et al. 2007). It is the 5th most abundant element in
the biosphere, Ni was only discovered through the
Page | 38
mining of other metals. Its principal ores are nickelite (NiAs), millerite (NiS), and pentlandite ([Ni,
Fe]S).
Nickel is released into the environment from a variety of natural and anthropogenic
sources. Among industrial sources, a considerable amount of environmental Ni derives from the
combustion of coal, oil, and other fossil fuels. Other industrial sources that contribute to nickel
emissions are mining and refining processes, nickel alloy manufacturing (steel), electroplating,
and incineration of municipal wastes (Sharma 2005; Ensink et al. 2007). Wastewater from
municipal sewage treatment plants also contributes to environmental metal accumulation (van
der Hoek et al. 2002).
Health Effects:
In small quantities nickel is essential, but when the uptake is too high it can be a danger to human
health. Humans may be exposed to nickel by breathing air, drinking water, eating food or smoking
cigarettes. Skin contact with nickel-contaminated soil or water may also result in nickel exposure.
The most common type of Ni exposure for the public is through direct skin contact with Ni plating.
Ni(CO)4 gas is the most toxic out of the Ni compounds and it is the first to cause deaths in
refineries. The immediate symptoms included headaches, nausea, weakness, dizziness, vomiting,
and epigastric pain. There was a latency period of 1 to 5 days, followed by secondary symptoms
which included chest constriction, chills and sweating, shortness of breath, coughing, muscle
pains, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort and in severe cases, convulsions and delirium.
Nickel fumes are

respiratory irritants and may
cause pneumonitis. Exposure to
nickel and its compounds may
result in the development of a
dermatitis known as “nickel
itch” in sensitized individuals.
The first symptom is usually
itching, which occurs up to 7
days before skin eruption
occurs. The primary skin
eruption is erythematous or follicular which may be followed by skin ulceration. Nickel sensitivity
once acquired appears to persist indefinitely. High level occupational exposure has been
associated with renal problems, vertigo and dyspnoea (Commission of European Communities,
1976). Nickel and certain nickel compounds have been listed by the National Toxicology Program
(NTP) as being reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens. The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) has listed nickel compounds within group 1 (there is sufficient evidence for
carcinogenicity in humans) and nickel within group 2B (agents which are possibly carcinogenic to
humans).
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5.1.8 Toxicity of Zinc

Zinc is the twenty-fifth most abundant element. It is

widely found in nature and makes up 0.02% by weight
of the earth’s crust (Budavari, 1989). Zinc normally
appears dull grey owing to coating with an oxide or
basic carbonate. It is extremely rare to find zinc metal
free in nature (Beliles, 1994). The major source of zinc
is sphalerite, smithsonite, hemimorphite and
franklinite. The largest natural emission of zinc to water results from erosion. Natural inputs to air
are mainly due to igneous emissions and forest fires. Anthropogenic and natural sources are of a
similar magnitude. The main anthropogenic sources of zinc are mining, zinc production facilities,
iron and steel production, corrosion of galvanized structures, coal and fuel combustion, waste
disposal and incineration, and the use of zinc-containing fertilizers and pesticide
Health Effects:
Zinc is an essential element for both animals and man which is necessary for the functioning of
various enzyme systems. Nutritional zinc deficiency in humans has been reported in a number of
countries. In Egypt endemic zinc deficiency syndrome among young men has been reported
(Prasad, et al., 1961; Halsted et al., 1972). This syndrome having characters of retarded growth,
signs of immaturity and anemia is probably caused by low intestinal absorption of zinc. Its
complete cure was observed by administration of large doses of zinc sulfate.
Acute toxicity arises from the

ingestion of excessive amounts of zinc salts,
either accidentally or deliberately as an
emetic or dietary supplement. Vomiting
usually occurs after the consumption of
more than 500 mg of zinc sulfate. Mass
poisoning has been reported following the
drinking of acidic beverages kept in
galvanized containers; fever, nausea,
vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhea
occurred 3–12 h after ingestion. Food
poisoning attributable to the use of
galvanized zinc containers in food
preparation has also been reported; symptoms occurred within 24 h and included nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by bleeding and abdominal cramps.
Symptoms of zinc toxicity in humans include vomiting dehydration, electrolyte imbalance,

abdominal pain, nausea lethargyness, dizziness and lack of muscular co-ordination (Prasad and
Page | 40
Oberleas, 1976). Acute renal failure caused by zinc chloride has also been reported (Csata, 1968).
Zinc unlike Hg, Pb or Cd is an essential trace element for organism and plays a vital role in the
physiological and metabolic processes of many organisms. However, zinc can be toxic to the
organisms in high concentrations.
Zinc is an essential trace element for plants and animals including human begins and it
plays vital role in metabolic processes. The most common effect of zinc poisoning in human are
non fatal ‘metal fume’ fever caused by inhalation of zinc oxide fumes and illness arising from the
ingestion of acidic foods prepared in zinc galvanized containers. Particularly, zinc chloride in Zn
salts produce dermatitis upon contact with the skin.
Page | 41
CHAPTER 6
6.0 Water Quality Standards

As it is a well-known fact that the sources of usable water on the earth are limited, any kind of
pollution in such sources will further reduce its availability. Polluted water cannot be utilized for
drinking because of its inherent health risk. Water with high salt contents is not suitable for
agriculture and most industries. The quality of water also interferes with the aesthetic and
economic pursuits of water bodies by affecting marine and fresh water life. However, the water
which is not suitable for irrigation may be quite suitable for industrial cooling. Every use of water
requires a certain minimum quality standard with regards to the presence of dissolved and
suspended materials of both chemical and biological nature. The desirable quality of water
ensures no harm to the user. To maintain the minimum quality standard for diverse user has led
to the formulation of water quality criteria and water quality standards. Water quality criteria can
be considered as specific requirements on which a decision or judgment to support a particular
use will be based. The criteria for the various uses are developed based on the experimental data
and our current knowledge of the health, ecology and other issues and assessing its overall
economical effect these are not a set of fixed values, but subject to modification as the scientific
data get updated and more and more knowledge is gathered. The term standard applies to any
definite principle or measure established by an authority by limiting concentration of different
constituents in water to ensure the safe use of water and safeguard the environment.
6.1 Drinking Water Quality Standards

In view of the direct consumption of water by human beings, the domestic water supply is
considered to be most important use of water and drinking use has been given first priority on
priority on utilization of water resource in the National Water Policy. In India, agencies like the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) have formulated
drinking water standards. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also laid down drinking
water standards, which are considered as international standards. Drinking water standards for
trace and toxic metals according to BIS code 10500-2012 are given below in Table 4.
Table 4: Drinking Water Standards for Trace & Toxic metals (BIS-10500-2012)
Requirement Permissible Limit in the Absence of
S.
Toxic metal (Acceptable Limit ) Alternative Source
No
(mg/L) (µg/L) (mg/L) (µg/L)
1 Total arsenic as As 0.01 10 0.05 50
2 Cadmium as Cd 0.003 3 No relaxation
3 Total Chromium as Cr 0.05 50 No relaxation
4 Copper as Cu 0.05 50 1.5 1500
5 Iron as Fe 0.30 300 No relaxation
6 Lead as Pb 0.01 10 No relaxation
7 Mercury as Hg 0.001 1 No relaxation
8 Nickel as Ni 0.02 20 No relaxation
9 Zinc as Zn 5 5000 15 15000
Page | 42
Regulatory Limits of Heavy Metals US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
Several types of toxic heavy metals frequently pollute surface water bodies and their maximum
permissible limits according to WHO and US EPA are presented in Table 5. These limits are
mandatory for all water supply systems. Naturally occurring water (both surface and
groundwater) frequently contains some of these heavy metals at concentrations 100 or 1000
times more than the prescribed MCL values. Since these heavy metals are valuable resources for
different industrial applications, their removal, recovery and recycling assume greater
significance.
Table 5: Maximum acceptable limits of several toxic heavy metal ions in the surface waters
based on WHO and US EPA regulations.
Heavy Metal Toxicity rank WHO (µg/L) USEPA (µg/L)

Arsenic 1 10 10
Lead 2 10 15
Mercury 3 1 2
Cadmium 8 3 5
Chromium 17 50 100
Nickel 57 70 100
Zinc 75 NGL 5000
Copper 125 2000 1300
Iron - 300
Note : NGL = NO Guideline
In accordance with toxicity data obtained from human clinical investigations, and various
other studies such as animal experiments, drinking water standards have been proposed by
various governmental bodies. A brief summary is given in Table 6 compiled by Hattingh, 1977.
Table 6: Drinking water quality criteria for trace metals which might affect public health
Page | 43
Finally, it is worth noting that maximum permissible concentrations (USSR) and threshold
limit values (US) have been established within the field of occupational hygiene (Roschin and
Timofeevskaya, 1975). These values pertain to the control of occupational exposure with regard
to airborne particulates. In consequence, they are of no relevant importance in the present
context.
6.2 Water Quality Criteria for Livestock

A safe water supply is essential for healthy livestock. Contaminated water can affect growth,
reproduction and productivity of animals as well as safety of animal products for human
consumption. Contaminated water supplies for livestock and poultry can also contaminate human
drinking water. For these reasons, farm water supplies should be protected against contamination
from bacteria, nitrates, sulfates, and pesticides. The Environmental Protection Agency has set
drinking water standards for human consumption, but no set of standards exists for drinking
water for livestock or poultry. However, The National Academy of Science has recommended
maximum levels for some contaminants.
The permissible daily intake of substances is greatly dependent on the concentration of

the substances and the quality of water ingested. The daily water requirement of animals vary
with a number of factors such as temperature and humidity, the water content in the food, the
degree of exertion of the animal and the salinity of the water supply. Therefore, the
recommended concentrations of specific substance are based on typical usage.
Excessive salinity in livestock drinking water can upset the animals’ water balance and
cause even death. High levels of specific ions in water can cause animal health problems and
death. The National Academy of Sciences offers upper limits for toxic substances in water (Table
7).
Table 7: Recommendations for levels of toxic substances in drinking water for livestock
Upper Limit in
Sr. Toxic metal Sr. Toxic metal Upper Limit in mg/L
mg/L
1. Arsenic 0.2 5. Iron as Fe -
Mercury as
2. Cadmium as Cd 0.05 6. 0.01
Hg
3. Chromium as Cr 1.0 7. Zinc as Zn 24
4. Copper as Cu 0.5
Sources: Environmental Studies Board, Nat. Acad. Of Sci., Nat Acad of Eng., Water Quality Criteria, 1972 Ayers, R.S.
and D.W. Wescot, Water Quality for Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
1976
Page | 44
6.3 Water Quality for Irrigation

Nearly all waters contain dissolved salts and trace elements, many of which results from the
natural weathering of the earth’s surface. In addition, drainage waters from irrigated lands and
effluent from city sewage and industrial waste water can impact water quality. In most irrigation
situations, the primary water quality concern is salinity levels, since salts can affect both the soil
structure and crop yield. However, a number of trace elements are found in water which can also
limit its use for irrigation.
The required quality of Irrigation water varies substantially, depending upon the salinity,
soil permeability, toxicity and some miscellaneous concerns such as excessive nitrogen loading or
unusual pH of water. Some elements in irrigation water may be directly toxic to crops.
Establishing toxicity limits in water is complicated by reactions which take place once the water is
applied to the soil. When an element is added to the soil from irrigation, it may be inactivated by
chemical reactions or it may build up in the soil until it reaches a toxic level. An element at a given
concentration in water may be immediately toxic to a crop because of foliar effects if sprinkler
irrigation is used. If furrow irrigation is used, it may require a number of years for the element to
accumulate to toxic levels, or it may be immobilized in the soil and never reach toxic levels. The
recommended water quality for irrigation is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Recommended limits for constituents in reclaimed water for irrigation.
(Source: Rowe and Abdel-Magid, 1995)
Page | 45
CHAPTER 7
7.0 Study Area

A total number of 424 water quality stations covering all the major River Basins in India right from East to
West and North to South were studied for Trace and Toxic metals during May, 2014; November, 2014;
February, 2015; December, 2015; April, 2016; August, 2016; December, 2016; April, 2017; August 2017;
December, 2017 and April, 2018. The details of the 424 monitoring stations on the Indian Rivers with their
latitude, longitude, district and states are enclosed as Annexure-1. WQ monitoring station is given in GIS
map as figure 22. River water samples were collected by Punjab type sampler. The water samples were
stored in acid leached polyethylene bottles and preserved by adding ultra pure nitric acid as recommended
(APHA, 2012). During the study period, water samples from other than the registered water quality
monitoring stations of CWC were also received at National River Water Quality Laboratory, CWC, New
Delhi.
Figure 20: Water Quality Monitoring Stations in India
Page | 46
CHAPTER 8
8.0 Methodology
Living organisms require trace amounts of some metals including cobalt, copper, iron, manganese,
molybdenum, vanadium, strontium and zinc. Excessive levels of these essential metals are detrimental to
the organisms. Non- essential metals like cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, arsenic and antimony are of
more concern to surface water system because these metals produce undesirable effects on human and
animal life. Once these metals enter into the system, they remain for relatively longer periods. Once
absorbed, inorganic metals are capable of reacting with a variety of binding sites in the human body and
have strong attraction to biological tissues. Natural water contains toxic metals in traces. Industrial wastes
containing metals have aggravated the problem of metal pollution. Electroplating, metallurgical industry,
galvanising plants, tanneries and thermal power stations are few of the major contributors of metal
pollution in surface water. All metals exist in surface water in colloidal, particulate and dissolved forms,
although dissolved concentrations are generally low. The soluble forms are generally ions or unionized,
organo-metallic chelates or complexes. The solubility of trace metals in surface water is predominately
controlled by pH, the type and concentration of legends on which the metal can absorb and the oxidation
state of the mineral components.
8.1 Heavy Metal Detection Techniques

The analytical methods commonly used in estimation of heavy metals in water and waste waters are:
 Inductively coupled plasma analyser (ICP)

 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)
 Colorimetric methods
 Polarographic estimation
 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques and atomic absorption spectrophotometry are
applicable over a broad linear range and are especially sensitive for refractory elements. In general,
detection limits for ICP methods are higher than AAS. Colorimetric methods are applicable when
interferences are known to be within the limit of the particular method. Extreme care should be taken in
sampling and analysis to prevent contamination.
In the present study, samples were collected in polyethylene containers. These water samples
were prepared for the determination of heavy metals, viz., arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron,
lead, mercury, nickel and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This instrumental technique was
developed by Asian Walsh in 1955 by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and since
then AAS techniques have been considered as most reliable and have become more common in recent
times although the colorimetric/ spectrophotometric techniques have also been in use because of the
exorbitant cost of the AAS. AAS techniques are usually favored due to its rapidity, accuracy and
controllability while other methods do not respond if the metals are present in traces. It is generally
employed when exact quantity of interfering radicals or ions is known. The study was carried out on
Agilent 240FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer by graphite tube analyzer (GTA) using argon gas and
Iron analyzed by flame operation using air and acetylene gas.
Page | 47
8.2 Chemicals and Reagents

All chemicals and reagents used in the chemical analysis during the study were of analytical reagent grade
(Merck). Standard solutions of metals ions were procured from Merck, Germany. De-ionized water was
used throughout the study. All glassware and containers used were thoroughly cleaned by soaking in
detergent followed by soaking in 10% nitric acid for 48hrs and finally rinsed with de-ionized water several
times prior to use.
8.3 Analytical Method Employed

Trace and toxic metals were analysed by using Agilent 240FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The
wavelength, current, slit and method employed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer is given in
Table 9.
Figure 21: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer instrument
Table 9: The wavelength, current, slit and method used for chemical analysis by AAS
Current (mA) Method used for

Wave analysis
Sr. Parameter Slit (nm)
length (nm) Recommended Maximum
1 Arsenic 193.7 10 12 0.5 By AAS with VGA
2 Cadmium 228.8 4 10 0.5 By AAS with Graphite
3 Chromium 357.9 7 15 0.2 Tube Analyzer (GTA)
4 Copper 324.8 4 10 0.5
5 Mercury 253.7 4 8 0.5 By AAS with VGA
6 Iron 248.3 7 10 0.2 By AAS with Flame
7 Lead 217 10 12 1.0 By AAS with Graphite
8 Nickel 232 4 10 0.2 Tube Analyzer (GTA)
9 Zinc 213.9 5 10 1.0
Page | 48
CHAPTER 9
9.0 Results and Discussion

Details of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring stations where the water was found
within acceptable limits in terms of toxic metal contamination as per (BIS 10500; 2012) during the
study period is presented in Annexure-2. List of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring
stations and where the water was found above acceptable limits (BIS 10500; 2012) of metal
concentration during the study period is presented in Annexure-3. Details of water quality
monitoring stations where the water was found above the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) due
to presence of only one parameter (Iron or Copper or Cadmium or Nickel or Lead) during the
study period is presented in Annexure-4. Details of water Qquality monitoring stations where the
water was found above the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) due to presence of more than one
toxic metals during the study period is presented in Annexure-5.
The analytical results obtained from the trace and toxic metal analysis in the water
samples of Indian Rivers are expressed in µg/L (Microgram per Litre) throughout the report.
During the entire period of study, maximum concentration values of all eight metals in the Indian
Rivers observed are as: Arsenic (9.87 µg/L), Cadmium (70.52 µg/L), Chromium (450.26 µg/L),
Copper (314.93 µg/L), Lead (374.580 µg/L), Nickel (245.01 µg/L), Zinc (2.658 mg/L) and Iron
(14.555 mg/L).
Table 10: Minimum and Maximum concentration of Metal during the May, 2014 to April, 2018
Metal Min/Max WQS River Month/Year Season Con.
Ram Munshi
Minimum Jhelum May, 2014 Summer 0.010 µg/L
Arsenic Bagh
Maximum Ekmighat Bagmati April, 2018 Summer 9.87 µg/L
Minimum Jammu Tawi Chenab/Tawi December, 2017 Winter 0.001 µg/L
Cadmium
Maximum Vautha Sabarmati February, 2015 Winter 70.518 µg/L
Minimum Tuini Tuini April, 2016 Summer 0.002 µg/L
Chromium
Maximum Paliakalan Sharda August, 2016 Monsoon 450.26 µg/L
Minimum Nellithurai Bhavani November, 2014 Winter 0.003 µg/L
Copper
Maximum Pingalwada Dhadher April, 2017 Summer 314.93 µg/L
Minimum Chapra Jalangi April, 2017 Summer 0.005 µg/L
Nickel
Maximum Durvesh Vaitarna December, 2017 Winter 245.01 µg/L
Minimum Y.Nagar Giri April, 2016 Summer 0.003 µg/L
Lead
Maximum Lowara Sheturni April, 2016 Summer 374.58 µg/L
Minimum Y.Nagar Giri August, 2016 Monsoon 0.0003 mg/L
Zinc
Maximum Manot Narmada August, 2016 Monsoon 2.6579 mg/L
Minimum Safapora Jhelum April, 2016 Summer 0.001 mg/L
Iron
Maximum Chenimari Buridehing August, 2017 Monsoon 14.555 mg/L
Page | 49
Results were statistically analysed and minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation were
calculated using MS Excel (Table 11).
Table 11: Summary and statistical analysis of analytical results of water samples
(From May, 2014 to April, 2018)
As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Fe Zn
Period Particulars
(µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Minimum 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
Maximum 8.95 10.39 40.65 58.34 83.83 19.76 5.34 0.77
May,
2014
Average 3.97 0.30 2.85 5.11 6.93 2.07 0.21 0.03

Standard Deviation 2.44 0.88 4.29 6.53 8.37 2.52 0.50 0.07
Minimum 0.39 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.00
December, February, November,
Maximum 6.30 11.77 230.90 269.63 37.32 28.41 9.06 1.50

2014
Average 2.09 0.24 10.70 8.22 2.57 1.73 0.30 0.03

Minimum 0.30 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Maximum 4.28 70.52 61.26 72.87 184.64 116.29 1.92 1.94
2015
Average 1.91 1.06 3.31 6.55 5.85 6.88 0.03 0.02

Minimum 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.00
Maximum 8.88 9.17 81.70 34.30 17.14 19.83 3.81 0.22
2015
Average 1.55 0.25 2.73 2.34 1.08 1.97 0.21 0.01

Minimum 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
April,
Maximum 9.53 28.05 224.33 44.20 68.48 374.58 1.03 0.17

2016
Average 2.89 0.43 3.13 3.08 1.32 3.78 0.07 0.01

Minimum 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
August,
Maximum 8.16 0.65 450.26 27.22 32.72 51.52 6.12 2.66

2016
Average 1.54 0.11 15.70 5.30 1.30 3.36 0.66 0.04

Minimum 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00
December,
Maximum 8.91 3.25 68.56 26.89 85.94 156.07 4.32 0.30

2016
Average 2.09 0.14 4.45 3.19 2.30 4.06 0.26 0.02

Minimum 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00
April,
Maximum 9.52 3.94 202.71 314.93 12.58 227.93 6.13 1.08

2017
Average 2.29 0.22 5.57 6.82 0.72 4.08 0.30 0.02

Minimum 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00
August,
Maximum 9.39 2.51 133.49 75.58 16.81 14.56 0.80

2017
Average 2.23 0.25 7.03 4.82 2.24 0.92 0.02

Standard Deviation 1.66 0.35 11.38 7.58 2.00 2.03 0.06
Minimum 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.26 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
December,
Maximum 9.38 12.26 49.58 28.59 245.01 20.96 6.15 0.93

2017
Average 3.17 0.15 6.96 4.60 6.84 1.66 0.20 0.02

Standard Deviation 1.89 0.78 7.80 4.42 17.13 2.10 0.66
0.06
Page | 50
As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Fe Zn
Period Particulars
(µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Minimum 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00

April,
Maximum 9.87 2.22 169.95 47.72 109.66 82.40 3.61 1.02

2018
Average 2.15 0.12 3.88 4.88 6.97 2.20 0.26 0.04

Minimum 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL
Maximum 9.87 70.52 450.26 314.93 245.01 374.58 14.56 2.66

Average 2.35 0.30 6.03 4.99 3.59 3.09 0.31 0.02
Analytical results obtained were also compared with the Indian Standards, prescribed as
acceptable toxic metal content in the drinking water by the Bureau of Indian Standards (“Drinking
Water – Specification”, 10500:2012). Number of water samples analysed for each of nine metals
and total number of water samples exceeded the acceptable limits during the study period are
summarized for all five sampling occasions here under in Table12.
Table 12: Number of samples analysed and found above acceptable limits of toxic metals.
No. of Samples
Sampling
analysed/exceeded As Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Fe Zn
Month/Year the limits
A 296 313 313 313 313 313 313 313
May, 2014
B 0 6 0 1 10 4 51 0
November, A 20 355 355 355 355 355 355 355
2014 B 0 1 14 2 4 24 81 0
February, A 12 326 326 326 326 326 326 326
2015 B 0 16 2 2 18 50 1 0
December, A 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 174
2015 B 0 4 1 0 0 3 28 0
A 247 196 247 247 213 247 247 247
April, 2016
B 0 5 1 0 1 7 15 0
A 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210
August, 2016
B 0 0 12 0 1 16 94 0
December, A 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
2016 B 0 1 5 0 1 11 56 0
A 218 218 218 218 212 218 218 218
April, 2017
B 0 5 3 5 0 5 48 0
A 337 337 337 337 0 337 337 337
August, 2017
B 0 0 3 2 0 2 150 0
December, A 296 296 296 296 296 296 296 296
2017 B 0 2 0 0 8 3 26 0
A 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 262
April, 2018
B 0 0 1 0 2 3 60 0
Total No. of A 2293 2908 2959 2959 2582 2959 2959 2958
Samples B 0 40 42 12 45 128 610 0
A - Total No. of samples analyzed; B - Total No. of samples exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 51
From the above table, it is evident that Iron ranks first among the metals that exceeded
their respective acceptable limits on maximum occasions followed by Lead, Nickel, Chromium,
Cadmium and Copper. Exceeding the acceptable limits in Indian River waters by Lead, Cadmium,
Nickel, Chromium and Copper are more common in non-monsoon periods while Iron, Lead,
Chromium and Copper are the metals whose concentrations have exceeded their tolerance limits
in monsoon periods most of the time. This kind of tendency to exceed the tolerance limits is not
seen in case of other metals like Arsenic and Zinc. Arsenic and Zinc are the two toxic metals whose
concentration was always obtained within the limits throughout the study period.
During the study period, the samples were collected during monsoon (August, 2016 and
August, 2017), non-monsson (May, 2014; November, 2014; February 2015, December, 2015;
April, 2016; December, 2016, April, 2017, December, 2017 and April, 2018). For these monsoon
and non-monsoon occasions of analysis, seasonal average values of the toxic metal concentration
were evaluated and shown in Pie charts (Figures 18-19). From these figures, it is observed that
out of eight metals analysed, the concentration of Iron is always found maximum in all the time
during monsoon and nonmonsson period.
During all the monsoon and non-monsson period, the pattern of higher concentration
occurrence of these toxic metals is almost same but the percentage of the other metals except
iron is less during the monsoon season. The order of higher occurrence of these toxic metals in
Indian Rivers during non-monsoon period is Fe > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb> As > Cd (Figure-21).
Ar, 0.74%
Cd, 0.13%
Cr, 2.12%
Cu, 2.02%
Ni, 1.55%
Pb, 1.16%
Fe, 83.93%
Zn, 8.35%
Figure 22: Order of higher occurrence in non-monsoon period
Page | 52
Order of higher occurrence of these eight metals is different in different seasons. In

monsoon periods, the levels of many toxic metals like Zn, Ni and Cu fall down significantly. The
order of higher occurrence in monsoon period is Fe > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > As > Ni > Cd (Figure-22).
Ar, 0.23%
Cd, 0.02%
Cr, 1.20%
Cu, 0.58%
Fe, 94.5%
Ni, 0.06%
Pb, 0.31%
Zn, 3.11%
Figure 23: Order of higher occurrence in monsoon period
The parameter wise discussion on the results obtained from the trace and toxic metal
analysis in the water samples collected from the 424 water quality monitoring stations
functioning under Central Water Commission are given in subsequent paragraphs.
Page | 53
9.1 Summary of ARSENIC content in Indian Rivers

Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous element that is comparatively rare, but widely distributed in the
atmosphere, soils and rocks, natural waters and organisms. It is mobilised in the environment
through a combination of natural processes such as weathering reactions, biological activity and
volcanic emissions as well as through a range of anthropogenic activities. Most environmental
arsenic problems are the result of mobilisation under natural conditions, but human have added
to the adverse impact through mining activity, combustion of fossil fuels, the use of arsenical
pesticides, herbicides and crop desiccants and the use of arsenic as an additive to livestock feed,
particularly for poultry. Although the use of arsenical products such as pesticides and herbicides
has decreased significantly in the last few decades, their use for wood preservation is still
common. The impact on the environment of the use of arsenical compounds, at least locally, will
remain for some years.
BIS has recommended 0.01 mg/L (10µg/L) as acceptable concentration of arsenic in

drinking water. Total 2293 numbers of water samples were analysed and collected from 424
water quality monitoring stations for arsenic content in Indian Rivers in the period May, 2014 to
April, 2018. The arsenic concentration varies from 0.01 to 9.87 µg/L. Maximum arsenic
concentration (9.87 µg/L) was observed at Ekmighat water quality monitoring station on Bagmati
River during April, 2018. From reported data of all River water quality stations, it was found that
arsenic concentration well within the acceptable limits as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
and no toxicity of arsenic in the River waters is observed during the study period.
9.2 Summary of CADMIUM content in Indian Rivers

Cadmium is a rare natural element which is widely distributed in the earth's crust in very small
amount. It is uniformly distributed in the Earth’s crust, where it is generally estimated to be
present at an average concentration of between 0.15 and 0.2 mg/kg. Cadmium may be present in
the aquatic environment at relatively low levels as inorganic complexes such as carbonates,
hydroxides, chlorides or sulphates, or as organic complexes with humic acids. Even in polluted
rivers the cadmium levels in aqueous phase may be significantly low and even sometimes below
detection limit.
A maximum acceptable concentration for cadmium in drinking water has been established
on the basis of health considerations. BIS proposed the maximum desirable limit of cadmium is
0.003 mg/L or 3 µg/L and there is no relaxation in maximum permissible limit in absence of
another source. The concentration of cadmium in unpolluted fresh waters is generally less than
0.001 mg/L. Surface waters containing in excess of a few micrograms of cadmium per litre have
probably been contaminated by industrial wastes from metallurgical plants, plating works, plants
manufacturing cadmium pigments, textile operations, cadmium-stabilized plastics, or nickel–
cadmium batteries, or by effluents from sewage treatment plants.
2908 numbers of river water samples from 424 WQ monitoring stations were collected
and analyzed for cadmium content during the study period from May, 2014 to April, 2018. Out of
Page | 54
2908 water samples, 40 water quality stations from Ganga, Kopili, Rapti, Tungabhadra and
Yamuna rivers were found to have cadmium content in more than one station above the
acceptable limits. The highest cadmium concentration (70.51 µg/L) was observed in the Vautha
water quality monitoring station at Sabarmati River during February, 2015. It is also observed
that, the acceptable limit exceed only during non-monsoon period. Table 13 shows the name of
WQ monitoring stations with respect to their river where cadmium concentration exceeded the
acceptable limits. These WQ monitoring stations are hot-spots from the point of view of cadmium
pollution in the Indian rivers.
Table 13: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Cadmium exceeded the acceptable limits
S. Total No. of Total No. Of

River WQ Stations (period)
No. WQ Stations water Samples
1 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe (Feb, 2015) 1 1
2 Buridehing Chenimari (May, 2014) 1 1
3 Dareng Sibbari (Dec, 2016) 1 1
4 Dikhow Sivasagar (May, 2014) 1 1
Mirzapur (Apr, 2017),
5 Ganga 2 2
Shahzadpur (Apr, 2017)
6 Ghagra Elginbridge (Feb, 2015) 1 1
7 Hagari T. Ramapuram (Feb, 2015) 1 1
8 Hindon Galeta (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016) 1 2
9 Kamang Seppa (May, 2014) 1 1
Dharamtul (May, 2014),
10 Kopili 2 2
Kampur (May, 2014)
11 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam (Feb, 2015) 1 1
12 Orsang Chanwada (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
13 Ponnaiyar Vazhavachanur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Balrampur (Feb, 2015), Bansi (Apr,
14 Rapti 3 3
2017), Regauli (Feb, 2015)
15 Sabarmati Vautha (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015) 1 2
16 Saryu Ayodhya (Feb, 2015) 1 1
17 Sharda Paliakalan (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Lowara (May, 2014; Feb, 2015; Apr,
18 Sheturni 1 3
2016)
19 Sone Chopan (Apr, 2017) 1 1
Bawapuram (Feb, 2015); Mantralayam
20 Tungabhadra 2 2
(Feb, 2015)
21 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) (Apr, 2017) 1 1
22 Ulhas Badlapur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
23 Vaitarna Durvesh (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
Delhi Rly Bridge (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016),
24 Yamuna Mathura (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016), 3 6
Mohana (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016)
Total 31 40
Page | 55
Figure 24: WQ monitoring stations where Cadmium exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 56
9.3 Summary of CHROMIUM content in Indian rivers

Chromium is used to call as metal with two faces, that it can be either beneficial or toxic to
animals and humans depending on its oxidation state and concentrations (Zayed et al., 1998). It
can exist in valences from -2 to 6 but it is present in the environment mainly in the trivalent or
hexavalent state. Cr(III) is considered to be a trace element essential for the proper functioning of
living organisms (Wang et al., 2009). Nutritionally, at lower concentrations, Cr(III) is an essential
component of a balanced human and animal diet for preventing adverse effects in the
metabolism of glucose and lipids, e.g., impaired glucose tolerance, increased fasting insulin,
increased cholesterol and triglycerides, and hypoglycemic symptoms (Zayed and Terry, 2003).
Cr(III) at increased concentrations can interfere with several metabolic processes because of its
high capability to coordinate various organic compounds resulting in inhibition of some
metalloenzyme systems (Zayed et al., 1998).
On a worldwide basis, the major chromium source in aquatic ecosystems is domestic

waste water effluents (32.2% of the total) (Barceloux 1999). The other major sources are metal
manufacturing (25.6%), ocean dumping of sewage (13.2%), chemical manufacturing (9.3%),
smelting and refining of nonferrous metals (8.1%), and atmospheric fallout (6.4%) (Nriagu and
Pacyna 1988). Annual anthropogenic input of chromium into water has been estimated to exceed
anthropogenic input into the atmosphere (Nriagu and Pacyna 1988). However, land erosion, a
natural source of chromium in water, was not included in the Nriagu and Pacyna (1988)
estimation of chromium contributions to the aquatic environment.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) 10500-2012) have recommended an acceptable limit of 50

µg/L of chromium in drinking water. Total 2959 numbers of water samples from 424 water quality
stations were collected and analyzed for chromium content during the study period. Data reveals
that 42 water samples have the Chromium concentrations above the acceptable limit of 50 µg/L.
Chromium concentrations at Paliakalan water quality monitoring station on Sharda River in
August 2016, which is reported as the maximum concentration 450.26 µg/L during the entire
study period. Annexure-5 shows the names of the WQ stations and the Rivers affected by high
chromium concentration (>50 µg/L) and these WQ stations are hot spots from point of view of
chromium pollution.
Total 42 numbers of water samples from 29 water quality monitoring stations located on
22 major Indian Rivers were found to have chromium concentration exceeding the tolerance limit
of 50 µg/L (Table 14). Some Indian Rivers viz. Ganga, Ghagra and Rapti have two or more water
quality monitoring stations which are polluted with chromium.
Page | 57
Table 14: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Chromium exceeded the acceptable limits.

No WQ Stations water Samples
1 Aghanashini Santeguli (April, 2018) 1 1

2 Brahmaputra Tezpur (Aug, 2016) 1 1
3 Churni Hanskhali (Nov, 2014) 1 1
4 Desang Desangpani (Aug, 2016) 1 1
5 Dikhow Bihubar (Apr, 2017) 1 1
6 Gad Belne Bridge (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Bhitaura (Nov, 2014), Fatehgarh
(Nov, 2014), Kachlabridge (Nov,
7 Ganga 4 5
2014; Aug, 2016), Kanpur (Nov,
2014)
Elginbridge (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016),
8 Ghagra 2 3
Turtipar (Aug, 2016)
9 Hamp Andhiyar Kore (Feb, 2015) 1 1
10 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road Xing (Aug, 2016) 1 1
11 Kal Mangaon (Seasonal) (Aug, 2017) 1 1

12 Krishna Karad (Aug, 2017) 1 1
13 Mahananda Labha (Nov, 2014) 1 1
14 Mahi Khanpur (Dec, 2015) 1 1
15 Purna Mahuwa (Aug, 2016) 1 1
16 Ramganga Moradabad (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Balrampur (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016), Bansi (Nov, 2014; Apr,
17 Rapti 2016; Apr, 2017), Birdghat (Nov, 4 12
2014; Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016), Regauli
(Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016, Dec, 2016)
18 Sai Raibareli (Dec, 2016) 1 1
19 Sarju Ghat (Nov, 2014; Apr, 2017) 1 2
Paliakalan (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016;
20 Sharda 1 3
Dec, 2016)
21 Surma/Myntdu Kharkhana (Aug, 2016) 1 1
22 Tel Kantamal (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Total 29 42
Page | 58
Figure 25: WQ monitoring stations where Chromium exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 59
9.4 Summary of COPPER content in Indian rivers
Copper is a very common substance that occurs naturally in the environment and spreads to the
environment through natural phenomena. Humans widely use copper. For instance it is applied in
the industries and in agriculture. The production of copper has lifted over the last decades. Due
to this, copper quantities in the environment have increased. It is an essential element in human
metabolism, and it is well-known that deficiency results in a variety of clinical disorders, including
nutritional anaemia in infants. BIS, 10500, 2012 has recommended an acceptable limit of 0.05
mg/L (50µg/L) of copper in drinking water; this concentration limit can be extended to 1.5 mg/L
(1500 µg/L) of copper in case no alternative source of water with desirable concentration is
available. The intake of large doses of copper has resulted in adverse health effects. Copper and
its compounds are widely distributed in nature, and copper is found frequently in surface water
and in some groundwater.
2959 water samples from 424 water quality stations were collected and analyzed for
copper content from May, 2014 to April, 2018. Out of 2959 water samples, 12 samples were
found to contain copper concentrations above the acceptable limits of 50 µg/L throughout the
study period, the maximum Copper concentration 314.93 µg/L was observed at Pingalwada water
quality station on Dhadher River in April, 2017. Table 16 shows the names of water quality
stations and the Rivers affected by high copper concentration (>50 µg/L) and these WQ stations
are water quality hot spots from the point of view of copper contamination in Indian Rivers.
Total 12 numbers of water samples from 11 numbers of WQ monitoring stations exceeded

according to the BIS prescribed acceptable limit situated on 10 Indian Rivers during the study
period. Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Damanganga, Dhadher, Dikhow, Ganga, Pranhitha, Sabarmati,
Subarnarekha and Tel are the rivers where one or two water quality monitoring stations were
contaminated with copper (Table 15).
Table 15: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Copper exceeded the acceptable limit.
Total No. of Total No. Of

S. River WQ Stations (period)
WQ Stations water Samples
No
1 Brahmaputra Tezpur (Apr, 2017) 1 1
2 Buridehing Margherita (Nov, 2014) 1 1
3 Damanganga Vapi (Apr, 2017) 1 1
4 Dhadher Pingalwada (Apr, 2017) 1 1
5 Dikhow Bihubar (Apr, 2017) 1 1
6 Ganga Kachlabridge (Nov, 2014) 1 1
7 Pranhitha Tekra (Apr, 2017) 1 1
8 Sabarmati Vautha (May, 2014) 1 1
Ghatsila (Feb, 2015; Aug, 2017),
Subarnarekha
9 Jamsolghat (Aug, 2017) 2 3
10 Tel Kantamal (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Total 11 12
Page | 60
Figure 26: WQ monitoring stations where Copper exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 61
9.5 Summary of LEAD content in Indian rivers

Lead is the one of the most common of the heavy elements. It has therefore been used
extensively since Roman times and, as a result, has become widely distributed throughout the
environment. The acceptable limit (AL) for lead in drinking water is 0.010 mg/L (10 μg/L). Above
the acceptable limit lead is a cumulative general poison, with foetuses, infants, children up to six
years of age and pregnant women (because of their foetuses) being most susceptible to adverse
health effects. Lead can severely affect the central nervous system. Overt signs of acute
intoxication include dullness, restlessness, irritability, poor attention span, headaches, muscle
tremor, hallucinations and loss of memory. Signs of chronic lead toxicity, including tiredness,
sleeplessness, irritability, headaches, joint pain and gastrointestinal symptoms, may appear in
adults. After one or two years of exposure, muscle weakness, gastrointestinal symptoms, lower
scores on psychometric tests, disturbances in mood and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
were observed in occupationally exposed populations.
Bureau of Indian Standard (10500, 2012) have recommended an acceptable limit of lead is
0.01 mg/L or 10 µg/L in drinking water. India some rivers have lead concentration above the
acceptable limit prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards, 10500; 2012. 2959 numbers of water
samples from 424 water quality monitoring stations across India were collected and analyzed for
lead content using AAS. It is observed that the lead concentrations in 128 water samples are
greater than the acceptable limits of lead in drinking water i.e. 10 µg/L as set by BIS. Lead
concentration was maximum (374.58 µg/L) at Lowara water quality station on Sheturni River
during April, 2016. 128 water samples from 92 water quality monitoring stations are observed to
have lead concentrations exceeding the acceptable limits in drinking water in 69 Indian Rivers
during the study period (Table 16). Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Cauvery, Ganga, Ghagra, Gomti,
Ramganga, Rapti, Sone, Tungabhadra, and Yamuna are the rivers where morethan one WQ
monitoring stations are contaminated with lead.
Table 16: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Lead exceeded the acceptable limit.

S. No River WQ Stations (period)
1 Achankovil Thumpamon (Apr, 2016) 1 1
2 Aliyar Ambarampalayam (Feb, 2015) 1 1
3 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2016) 1 2
4 Barak Fulertal (Dec, 2016) 1 1
5 Brahmani Gomlai (Apr, 2017) 1 1
Dibrugarh (Aug, 2016), Pancharatna
6 Brahmaputra 3 3
(Aug, 2016), Pandu (Aug, 2016)
7 Bugi Dimapara (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017) 1 2
Chenimari (Aug, 2016), Margherita (Dec,
8 Buridehing 2 2
2016)
Page | 62

Kodumudi (Feb, 2015), Urachikottai (Feb,
9 Cauvery 2 2
2015)
10 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2015) 1 2
11 Damanganga Vapi (Aug, 2016) 1 1
12 Dhadher Pingalwada (Feb, 2015) 1 1
13 Digaru Sonapur (Aug, 2016) 1 1
14 Dikhow Sivasagar (Aug, 2016) 1 1
15 Dudhnai Dudhnai (Aug, 2016) 1 1
Ankinghat (Nov, 2014), Azmabad (Feb,
2015), Bhitaura (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015),
Buxar (Feb, 2015), Fatehgarh (Nov,
16 Ganga 2014), Hathidah (Feb, 2015), 9 12
Kachlabridge (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015),
Kanpur (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015),
Shahzadpur (Feb, 2015)
Elginbridge (Nov, 2014), Turtipar (Nov,
17 Ghagra 2 3
2014; Feb, 2015)
18 Godavari Polavaram (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Lucknow (Nov, 2015; Dec, 2016),
19 Gomti Neemsar (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015; Dec, 2 5
2016)
20 Hagari T. Ramapuram (Feb, 2015) 1 1
21 Haladi Haladi (Feb, 2015) 1 1
22 Hemavathi Sakleshpur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
23 Hindon Galeta (Nov, 2014) 1 1
24 Indravathi Nowrangpur (Apr, 2016) 1 1
25 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31 (Nov, 2014) 1 1
26 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road Xing (Feb, 2015) 1 1
27 Kallada Pattazhy (Feb, 2015; Apr, 2016) 1 2
28 Kamang Seppa (Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
29 Kanhan Ramakona (Feb, 2015) 1 1
30 Kharkai Adityapur (Apr, 2016) 1 1
31 Kopili Kheronighat (Feb, 2015) 1 1
32 Krishna Huvin Hedgi (Feb, 2015) 1 1
33 Kunderu Alladupalli (Feb, 2015; Apr, 2017) 1 2
34 Kwano Basti (Nov, 2014) 1 1
35 Lohit Dholabazar (Aug, 2016) 1 1
36 Longai Fakirabazar (May, 2014) 1 1
37 Mahananda Champasari (Feb, 2015) 1 1
38 Mahi Khanpur (Dec, 2015) 1 1
39 Munneru Keesara (Feb, 2015) 1 1
40 Narmada Garudeshwar (Feb, 2015) 1 1
41 Neo dihing Miao (Fen, 2015; Dec, 2016) 1 2
Page | 63

Elunuthimanagalam (Feb, 2015; Dec,
42 Noyyal 1 2
2017)
43 Orsang Chanwada (Feb, 2015; Aug, 2016) 1 2
44 Pagladiya Pagladiya N.T.Road Crossing (Aug, 2016) 1 1
45 Palar Arcot (Aug, 2016) 1 1
46 Pennar Chennur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
47 Ponnaiyar Gummanur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
48 Purna Gopalkheda (Feb, 2015; Aug, 2016) 1 2
49 Puthimari Puthimari D.R.F (Feb, 2015) 1 1
50 Raidak-I Tufanganj (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Bareilly (Nov, 2014), Dabri (Nov, 2014;
51 Ramganga Feb, 2015), Moradabad (May, 2014; Nov, 3 7
2014; Feb, 2015; Apr, 2018)
Balrampur (Nov, 2014), Bansi (Nov,
2014), Birdghat (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
52 Rapti 4 8
Feb, 2015), Regauli (May, 2014; Nov,
2014; Feb, 2015)
Vautha (Nov, 2014; Dec, 2015; Dec,
53 Sabarmati 1 3
2016)
54 Sai Raibareli (Nov, 2014; Dec, 2016) 1 2
55 Sankosh Sankosh LRP (Feb, 2015) 1 1
56 Saryu Ayodhya (Nov, 2014) 1 1
57 Seonath Simga (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Lowara (Apr, 2016; Dec, 2016; Dec, 2017;
58 Sheturni 1 4
Apr, 2018)
Koelwar (Apr, 2016), Kuldah Bridge (Aug,
59 Sone 2 2
2016)
60 Subansiri Badatighat (Feb, 2015) 1 1
61 Subarnarekha Ghatsila (Apr, 2016) 1 1
62 Swarnamukhi Naidupet (Feb, 2015) 1 1
63 Tapi Sarangkheda (Apr, 2017) 1 1
Bawapuram (Feb, 2015), Mantralayam
64 Tungabhadra 2 2
(Feb, 2015)
65 Ulhas Badlapur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
66 Umsohrynkiew Therriaghat (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Durvesh (Feb, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec,
67 Vaitarna 1 5
2016; Apr, 2017; Dec, 2017)
68 Yagachi Thimmanahalli (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Agra (Apr, 2018), Delhi Rly Bridge (Nov,
69 Yamuna 3 4
2014), Mohana (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015)
Total 92 128
Page | 64
Figure 27: WQ monitoring stations where Lead exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 65
9.6 Summary of NICKEL content in Indian rivers

Nickel is a nutritionally essential trace metal for at least several animal species, micro-organisms
and plants, and therefore either deficiency or toxicity symptoms can occur when, respectively, too
little or too much Ni is taken up. According to BIS-10500 (2012) the acceptable limit of nickel in
drinking water is 20 μg/L. Nickel and nickel compounds have many industrial and commercial
uses, and the progress of industrialization has led to increased emission of pollutants into
ecosystems. Nickel is easily accumulated in the biota, particularly in the phytoplankton or other
aquatic plants, which are sensitive bio-indicators of water pollution. It can be deposited in the
sediment by such processes as precipitation, complexation and adsorption on clay particles and
via uptake by biota.
Total 2582 numbers of water samples from 424 WQ monitoring stations of Central Water
Commission were collected and analyzed for Nickel content in Indian Rivers. From the results, it is
observed that Nickel concentration in 45 sampes of 34 water quality monitoring stations is found
beyond the prescribed limits of BIS. Nickel concentration at Durvesh water quality station on
Vaitarna river in December, 2017 is reported to be the maximum (245.01 µg/L) during the entire
study period. Seonath, Subarnarekha and Tungabhadra are the rivers where morethan one WQ
monitoring stations are observed being contaminated with Nickel (Table 18).
45 water samples from 34 water quality monitoring stations over 31 Indian Rivers were
observed to have nickel concentration that exceed the acceptable limit during the study period
(Table 17). Water quality monitoring stations and Rivers affected by high nickel concentration
(>20 µg/L) are presented in Table-18 and these WQ stations are hot-spots from point of view of
nickel pollution.
Table 17: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Nickel exceeded the acceptable limit

1 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe (Feb, 2015) 1 1

2 Brahmani Panposh (Feb, 2015) 1 1
3 Ganga Kachlabridge (Nov, 2014) 1 1
4 Hagari T. Ramapuram (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
5 Hasdeo Bamnidih (May, 2014) 1 1
6 Hindon Galeta (Dec, 2017) 1 1
7 Ib Sundergarh (Nov, 2014) 1 1
8 Jiabharali Bhalukpong (May, 2014) 1 1
9 Jonk Rampur (May, 2014) 1 1
10 Ken Banda (Feb, 2015) 1 1
11 Krishna Huvin Hedgi (Feb, 2015) 1 1
12 Kunderu Alladupalli (Feb, 2015) 1 1
13 Mahanadi Basantpur (May, 2014) 1 1
14 Mand Kurubhata (May, 2014) 1 1
Page | 66

15 Narmada Barmanghat (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2016) 1 2

Elunuthimanagalam (Feb, 2015; Feb,
16 Noyyal 1 2
2017)
17 Ong Salebhata (May, 2014; Apr, 2018) 1 2
18 Orsang Chanwada (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
19 Pennar Chennur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
20 Periyar Vandiperiyar (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
21 Purna Gopalkheda (Feb, 2015) 1 1
22 Sabarmati Vautha (Nov, 2014; Feb, 2015) 1 2
23 Saryu Ayodhya (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2017) 1 2
24 Seonath Ghatora (May, 2014), Simga (May, 2014) 2 2
25 Sharda Paliakalan (Aug, 2016) 1 1
Lowara (Feb, 2015; Apr, 2016; Apr,
26 Sheturni 1 3
2018)
27 Siang Passighat (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Ghatsila (May, 2014), Jamshedpur (May,
28 Subarnarekha 2 2
2014)
Bawapuram (Feb, 2015), Mantralayam
29 Tungabhadra 2 2
(Feb, 2015)
30 Vaitarna Durvesh (Feb, 2015; Dec, 2015) 1 2
31 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge (Dec, 2017) 1 1
Total 34 45
Page | 67
Figure 28: WQ monitoring stations where Nickel exceeded the acceptable limits
Page | 68
9.7 Summary of IRON content in Indian rivers

According to BIS the acceptable limit of Iron is 0.3 mg/L (300 µg/L). The occurrences of iron in
River water above maximum acceptable limit (>300 µg/L) have been shown in the table 18. Total
2959 numbers of water samples from 424 WQ monitoring stations were collected and analyzed.
Higher concentration of iron >300 µg/L has been observed in 610 water samples collected from
245 WQ stations of 142 Indian Rivers during the study period. The highest concentration of 14.55
mg/L is observed at Chenimari on Buridehing River. Table 19 shows the names of the water
quality stations and the Rivers affected by high iron concentration 300 µg/L and these WQ
stations are hot-spots in terms of Iron concentration.
Bagmathi, Beki, Bhagirath, Brahmani, Brahmaputra, Buridehing, Desang, Dhansiri, Ganga,

Godavari, Gomti, Indravathi, Jaldhaka, Kopili, Narmada, Ramganga, Rapti, Sone, Subarnarekha,
Teesta and Wainganga are the Rivers where three or more water quality stations have been found
to have Iron concentration that exceed the limits throughout the study period.
Table 18: Rivers and WQ monitoring stations where Iron exceeded the acceptable limit

Santeguli (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2017; Apr,

1 Aghanashini 1 3
2018)
2 Aie Aie NH Crossing (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Srinagar (Nov, 2014), Rudraprayag
3 Alakananda 2 4
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Apr, 2016)
4 Ambika Gadat (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
5 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe (Dec, 2016) 1 1
6 Bagh Rajegaon (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
Dheng Bridge (Aug, 2017), Ekmighat
(Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016;
7 Bagmathi 3 9
Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018), Hayaghat
(Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
Anandpur (Aug, 2017), Champua
8 Baitarni 2 2
(Aug, 2017)
9 Balason Matigara (May, 2014; Nov, 2014) 1 2
10 Banas Kamalpur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Bamni (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr,
11 Banjar 1 3
2018)
B.P. Ghat (Aug, 2017), Fulertal (Apr,
12 Barak 2 2
2018)
Beki Mathanguri (Nov, 2014), Beki
13 Beki Road Bridge (Nov, 2014), Mathanguri 3 3
(May, 2014)
Ganod (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2017; Apr,
14 Bhadar 1 3
2018)
Page | 69

15 Bhadra Holehonnur (Aug, 2017) 1 1

Deoprayag (May, 2014; Nov, 2014),
Koteshwar (Nov, 2014), Tehri (May,
16 Bhagirath 4 6
2014), Uttarkashi (May, 2014; Nov,
2014)
17 Bhagirathi Katwa (Nov, 2014) 1 1
18 Bhavani Nellithurai (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Gomlai (Aug, 2017), Jenapur (Nov,
2014; Aug, 2017), Panposh (Nov,
19 Brahmani 4 7
2014; Apr, 2016; Aug, 2017), Talcher
(Aug, 2017)
Bhomoraguri (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016;
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
2017; Dec, 2017), Dhubri (Nov, 2014),
Dibrugarh (Apr, 2016; Aug, 2016; Apr,
2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017),
Neamatighat (Apr, 2016; Aug, 2016;
20 Brahmaputra Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017, Apr, 7 33
2018), Pancharatna (May, 2014; Nov,
2014; Aug, 2017), Pandu (May, 2014;
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017),
Tezpur (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
2017; Apr, 2018)
21 Bugi Dimapara (Dec, 2016) 1 1
22 Burhabalang Govindapur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
23 Burhi Gandak Sikandarpur (Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018) 1 2
24 Burhner Mohgaoan (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
Chenimari (Apr, 2016; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr,
2018), Margherita (Apr, 2016; Aug,
2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
25 Buridehing 3 20
2017; Apr, 2018), Naharkatia (Dec,
2015; Apr, 2016; Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
2017; Apr, 2018)
26 Burisuti Panbari (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Chuchankatte (Aug, 2017), Kudige
27 Cauvery 2 3
(Dec, 2015; Aug, 2017)
28 Champamati Behalpur (Nov, 2014) 1 1
29 Chel Chel (May, 2014; Nov, 2014) 1 2
30 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur (Aug, 2016) 1 1
31 Churni Hanskhali (Nov, 2014) 1 1
32 Damanganga Vapi (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016; Apr, 1 4
Page | 70

2017; Aug, 2017)

Desangpani (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016;
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017; Apr,
2018), Dillighat (Aug, 2016; Apr,
33 Desang 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018), 3 16
Nanglamoraghat (Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
2017; Apr, 2018)
Pingalwada (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017;
34 Dhadher 1 4
Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017)
Bokajan (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr,
2018), Golaghat (Aug, 2016; Dec,
35 Dhansiri 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 3 17
2017), Numaligarh (Apr, 2016; Aug,
2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
2017; Apr, 2018)
Sonapur (May, 2014; Dec, 2015; Apr,
36 Digaru 1 4
2017; Apr, 2018)
Bihubar (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
37 Dikhow 2017; Apr, 2018), Sivasagar (Aug, 2 13
2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
2017; Dec, 2017; Apr, 2018)
Gelabil (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Apr,
38 Doyang 1 5
2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017)
Dudhnai (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Dec,
39 Dudhnai 2015; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 1 6
2018)
Lalganj (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
40 Gandak 2017; Apr, 2018), Tribeni (Apr, 2017; 2 7
Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
Allahabad (Aug, 2017), Ankinghat
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Dec, 2016),
Azmabad (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug,
2017; Dec, 2017), Bhitaura (May,
2014; Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016; Aug,
2017), Buxar (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017;
41 Ganga Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018), Fatehgarh 16 50
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017),
Garhamukteshwar (May, 2014; Nov,
2014; Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr,
2017), Haridwar (Nov, 2014),
Hathidah (Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr,
Page | 71

2018), Kachlabridge (May, 2014; Nov,

2014; Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug,
2017), Kanpur (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017),
Mirzapur (Aug, 2017), Patna (Aug,
2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
2017; Apr, 2018), Rishikesh (May,
2014; Nov, 2014), Shahzadpur (Aug,
2017), Varanasi (Aug, 2017)
42 Ganjal Chhidgaon (Aug, 2017) 1 1
43 Gaurang Kokrajhar (May, 2014; Nov, 2014) 1 2
Elginbridge (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017),
44 Ghagra 2 9
Turtipar (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug,
2016; Dec, 2016)
45 Ghish Ghish (May, 2014; Nov, 2014) 1 2
Bhadrachalam (Aug, 2017),
46 Godavari Koperagaon (Aug, 2017), Perur (Aug, 4 4
2017), Polavaram (Aug, 2017)
Lucknow (May, 2014; Aug, 2016),
Maighat (Aug, 2017), Neemsar (May,
47 Gomti 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016; Dec, 4 9
2016), Sultanpur (Aug, 2016; Aug,
2017)
48 Gurupur Addoor (Aug, 2017) 1 1
49 Haladi Haladi (Aug, 2017) 1 1
50 Harohar/Phalgu Gaya (Aug, 2017) 1 1
M.H. Halli (Dec, 2015), Sakleshpur
51 Hemavathi 2 2
(Aug, 2017)
52 Hiran Patan (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Jagdalpur (Aug, 2017), Nowrangpur
53 Indravathi (Feb, 2015; Aug, 2017), Pathagudem 3 4
(Aug, 2017)
Jaldhaka NH-31 (May, 2014; Nov,
54 Jaldhaka 2014), Mathabhanga (Nov, 2014), 3 4
Nagrakata (Nov, 2014)
Bhalukpong (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016;
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017), Jiabharali NT
55 Jiabharali Road Xing (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; 2 10
Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr,
2018)
56 Kabini Muthankera (Dec, 2017) 1 1
Jai Nagar (Apr, 2016; Aug, 2017),
57 Kamala-Balan 2 5
Jhanjharpur (Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017;
Page | 72

Apr, 2018)
Seppa (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Dec,
58 Kamang 2016; Apr, 2017, Aug, 2017, Dec, 1 7
2017, Apr, 2018)
Ramakona (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017),
59 Kanhan 2 3
Satrapur (Aug, 2016)
60 Kanhar Duddhi (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
61 Kharkai Adityapur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
62 Khobragarhi Wairagarh (Aug, 2016) 1 1
63 Kim Motinaroli (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
Lakhisarai (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr,
64 Kiul 1 5
2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
65 Koel Jaraikela (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Dharamtul (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec,
2017; Apr, 2018), Jagibhakatgaon
(Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016; Aug, 2016;
66 Kopili Dec, 2016, Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 4 24
2017; Apr, 2018), Kampur (Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017),
Kheronighat (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016;
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
Baltara (May, 2014; Dec, 2015; Aug,
67 Kosi 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr, 1 6
2018)
Arjunwad (Aug, 2017); Huvinhedgi
68 Krishna 2 2
(Aug, 2017)
Kulsi (May, 2014; Dec, 2015; Apr,
69 Kulsi 1 5
2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
70 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi (Dec, 2017; Apr, 2018) 1 2
Basti (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug,
71 Kwano 1 5
2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017)
72 Lakshmantirtha K.M. Vadi (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Dholabazar (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016;
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018),
73 Lohit 2 8
Tezu (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug
2017)
74 Mahanadi Tikarpara (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Champasari (May, 2014; Nov, 2014),
75 Mahananda 2 4
Sonapurhat (May, 2014; Nov, 2014)
Khanpur (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2017; Apr,
76 Mahi 2018), Mataji (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017; 2 6
Apr, 2018)
77 Manas Manas NH Crossing (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Page | 73

78 Meenachi Kidangoor (Apr, 2016) 1 1

79 Murti Murti (Nov, 2014) 1 1
80 Muvvattupuzha Ramamangalam (Dec, 2017) 1 1
81 Nagavali Srikakulam (Nov, 2014) 1 1
82 Naora Neora (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Barmanghat (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2017;
Apr, 2018), Dindori (Apr, 2018),
Garudeshwar (Aug, 2016), Handia
83 Narmada (Apr, 2018), Hoshangabad (Nov, 7 13
2014; Aug, 2017), Manot (Aug, 2016;
Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018), Sandia (Nov,
2014; Aug, 2017)
Miao (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr,
2017; Aug, 2017), Namsai (Apr, 2016;
84 Neo dihing 2 10
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug,
2017; Apr, 2018)
85 Nethravathi Bantwal (Aug, 2017) 1 1
86 Orsang Chanwada (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road Crossing (May,
87 Pagladiya 1 1
2014)
88 Papagni Kamalapuram (Aug, 2017) 1 1
89 Pazhayar Ashramam (Nov, 2014) 1 1
90 Penganga P.G.Bridge (Aug, 2016) 1 1
91 Periyar Vandiperiyar (Dec, 2017) 1 1
92 Pranhitha Tekra (Aug, 2016) 1 1
93 Pravara Pachegaon (Aug, 2017) 1 1
94 Pulanthodu Pulamanthole (Apr, 2018) 1 1
Sripalpur (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; Apr,
95 Punpun 2017; Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017; Apr, 1 6
2018)
Gopalkheda (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016;
96 Purna Aug, 2017), Mahuwa (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2 6
2016; Aug, 2017)
Puthimari D.R.F. (May, 2014),
97 Puthimari Puthimari NH Road Crossing (May, 2 2
2014)
Chepan (Nov, 2014), Tufanganj (Nov,
98 Raidak-I 2 2
2014)
99 Raidak-II Barobisha (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Bareilly (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug,
2017), Dabri (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
100 Ramganga Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017), 3 12
Moradabad (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016)
Page | 74

101 Ramyala Alutuma (Aug, 2017) 1 1

Ranganadi NT-Road Xing (Dec, 2015;
102 Ranganadi Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr, 1 5
2018)
Majhitar (May, 2014), Singla-Bazar
103 Rangit 2 3
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014)
104 Rangpochu Rangpo (May, 2014; Nov, 2014) 1 2
Balrampur (Nov, 2014; Dec, 2016),
Bansi (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016; Dec,
2016; Apr, 2017), Birdghat (May,
105 Rapti 4 14
2014; Nov, 2014; Dec, 2016), Regauli
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017)
106 Sabari Konta (Aug. 2017) 1 1
Derol Bridge (Aug, 2017), Vautha
107 Sabarmati (Nov, 2014; Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016; 2 7
Apr, 2017; Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018)
108 Sagaileru Nandipalli (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Pratapgarh (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017),
109 Sai Raibareli (Nov, 2014; Aug, 2016; Dec, 2 5
2016)
110 Sankh Tilga (Aug, 2017; Apr, 2018) 1 2
111 Sankosh Sankosh LRP (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Ghat (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Dec,
112 Sarju 1 5
2016; Apr, 2017; Apr, 2018)
Ayodhya (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug,
113 Saryu 1 4
2016; Dec, 2016)
Paliakalan (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
114 Sharda 1 4
Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016)
115 Sher Belkhedi (Aug, 2016) 1 1
Lowara (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr,
116 Sheturni 1 3
2018)
117 Sita Avershe (Aug, 2017) 1 1
118 Som Rangeli (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017) 1 2
Chopan (Aug, 2016; Dec, 2016), Japla
(Aug, 2017; Dec, 2017; Apr, 2018),
119 Sone Koelwar (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017; Dec, 4 11
2017; Apr, 2018), Kuldah Bridge (Aug,
2016; Aug, 2017)
120 Sonkosh Golakganj (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Badatighat (Dec, 2015; Aug, 2016;
Dec, 2016; Apr, 2018),
121 Subansiri 2 9
Chouldhowaghat (Dec, 2015; Aug,
2016; Dec, 2016; Aug, 2017; Apr,
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2018)
Ghatsila (Aug, 2017), Jamshedpur
122 Subarnarekha (Aug, 2017), Jamsolghat (Aug, 2017), 4 4
Muri (Aug, 2017)
Suklai (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Dec,
123 Suklai 2015; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Apr, 1 6
2018)
124 Suruliar Theni (Dec, 2016) 1 1
Burhanpur (Aug, 2016; Apr, 2017;
125 Tapi Aug, 2017), Sarangkheda (Nov, 2014; 2 6
Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017)
Coronation (May, 2014; Nov, 2014),
Domohani (May, 2014; Nov, 2014;
Apr, 2018), Gajaldoba (May, 2014;
Nov, 2014), Khanitar (Nov, 2014),
126 Teesta 8 15
Mekhliganj (Nov, 2014), Sankalan
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014), Sevoke
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014), Teesta-Bazar
(May, 2014; Nov, 2014)
127 Tunga Shimoga (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Harlahalli (Aug, 2017); Honnali (Aug,
128 Tungabhadra 2 2
2017)
Udaipur (Dec, 2015; Apr, 2016; Aug,
129 Tirap 2016; Dec, 2016; Apr, 2017; Aug, 1 7
2017; Apr, 2018)
130 Tons Meja Road (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Ghugumari (Nov, 2014), Hasimara
131 Torsa 2 2
(Nov, 2014)
132 Umngot Dawki (Aug, 2017) 1 1
133 Vaitarna Durvesh (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
134 Valapatnam Perumannu (Apr, 2016; Apr, 2018) 1 2
135 Vamanapuram Ayilam (Dec, 2017) 1 1
Gunupur (May, 2014; Nov, 2014; Aug,
136 Vamsadhara 1 3
2017)
137 Varada Marol (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Ashti (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017), Keolari
(Aug, 2016), Kumhari (Aug, 2016;
138 Wainganga 4 7
Aug, 2017), Pauni (Aug, 2016; Aug,
2017)
139 Wardha Hivra (Aug, 2017) 1 1
140 Wyra Madhira (Apr, 2018) 1 1
141 Yamuna Agra (Aug, 2016; Aug, 2017) 1 2
142 Yennehole Yennehole (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Total 245 610
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Figure 29: WQ monitoring stations where Iron exceeded the acceptable limits
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9.8 Summary of ZINC content in Indian rivers

Zinc is an essential element for all living things, including man. Zinc-containing proteins and
enzymes are involved in every aspect of metabolism, including the replication and translation of
genetic material. BIS has recommended 5 mg/L (5000 µg/L) acceptable concentration of zinc in
drinking water, which can be extended to 15 mg/L in case no alternative source of water is
available, but the water with more than 5000 µg/L zinc content is not suitable for drinking
purpose.
Total 2958 water samples from the 424 water quality monitoring stations were collected
and analyzed for zinc content in Indian Rivers in the period between May, 2014 and April, 2018.
Maximum Zinc concentration (2.65 mg/L) was observed at Manot water quality monitoring
station on Narmada River during August, 2016. In the study area, all the River water quality
stations are reported to have zinc concentration well within the acceptable and permissible limits
of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of Zinc in the River waters is observed during
the study period.
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9.9 Concept of Normalization

In statistics and applications of statistics like data interpretation, normalization can have a range
of meanings. In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on
different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated
cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjustments where the intention is to bring
the entire probability distributions of adjusted values into alignment. In another usage in
statistics, normalization refers to the creation of shifted and scaled versions of statistics, where
the intention is that these normalized values allow the comparison of corresponding normalized
values for different datasets in a way that eliminates the effects of certain gross influences, as in
an anomaly time series
In this present case normalization concept is adopted to normalize the water quality Trace
& Toxic parameters for data interpretation to attain alignment in representation and to make its
respective permissible limit value into one unique value as 1 (one).
Normalized Value: Each parameter is divided with its own permissible limit. Following that,
permissible limit for all parameters also turns as 1 (one) and taking it as Threshold Value.
Threshold Value for all parameters is - 1
Seasonal wise normalized value graphs plotted here by considering the parameters such as
Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) with respect to their lethal capacity and Iron (Fe)
taken into account because of its more availability as pollutant during the study period.
9.10 Variation in Heavy Metal concentrations along the rivers in India
9.10.1 Ganga River:

The Ganga is the 20th longest river in the Asia and the 41st longest in the world (Source:
Philips World Atlas). The headwaters region of Ganga is the Himalayas dotted by number of
mighty tributaries. The Bhagirathi river that rises from the Gangotri glacier near Gomukh at an
elevation of about 7,010 m above mean sea level in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand is
considered as the source of Ganga river. It descends down the valley up to Devprayag where after
joining another hill stream Alaknanda, it is called Ganga. Flowing downhill, the river is joined by a
number of streams, such as the Mandakini, the Dhuli Ganga and the Pindar. The principal
tributaries joining the river from right are the Yamuna and the Son. The Ramganga, the Ghaghra,
the Gandak, the Kosi and the Mahananda join the river from left. The total length of river Ganga
(measured along the Bhagirathi and the Hooghly) up to its outfall into Bay of Bengal is 2,525 km
with 631 km navigable length.
Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time immemorial. Millions depend on
this great River for physical and spiritual sustenance. It is a life-line, a symbol of purity and virtue
for countless people of India. But due to rapid industrialization, increase in urban population,
change in lifestyle, use of artificial fertilizer has led to deterioration in water quality of holy river
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Ganga. At certain stretches the river water is grossly polluted mostly due to industrial and
municipal sewage discharge in the river Ganga. There are 18 water quality stations at Deoprayag,
Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kachlabridge, Fatehgarh, Ankinghat, Kanpur, Bhitaura,
Shahzadpur, Chhatnag Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Buxar, Gandhighat (Patna), Hathidah,
Azamabad and Farakka on the main stream of the river Ganga.
Graph 1: Normalization of Ganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
Oservations/Findings:
From the above graphs it is observed that, during the study period in monsoon and non-monsoon
seasons almost all the parameters concentration observed below the threshold value except iron
from Kanpur to Azmabad stretch during monsoon. During the study period, all the Ganga River
water quality stations data reported that arsenic and zinc concentration lies within the acceptable
limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of arsenic and zinc in the River waters is
observed. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Ganga River
are 0.001-3.936 µg/L; 0.080-205.82 µg/L; 0.020-36.91 µg/L and 0.002-1.53 mg/L respectively
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during the May, 2014 and April, 2018. Generally elementary iron dissolves in water under normal
conditions.The iron concentration in the River Ganga was vaired between 0.002-1.53 mg/L.
9.10.2 Yamuna River

Yamunotri, which is north of Haridwar in the Himalayan Mountains, is the source of the Yamuna.
The river Yamuna, a major tributary of river Ganges, originates from the Yamunotri glacier near
Banderpoonch peaks (38o 59' N 78o 27' E) in the Mussourie range of the lower Himalayas at an
elevation of about 6387 meters above mean sea level in district Uttarkashi (Uttrakhand). The
track along the river bank is quite magnificently dominated by wide panorama of mountains. In its
first 170 km stretch, the tributaries Rishi Ganga Kunta, Hanuman Ganga, Tons and Giri join the
main river.
Arising from the source, river Yamuna flows through a series of valleys for about 200 Kms,
in lower Himalayas and emerges into Indo-Gangetic plains. In the upper reaches, the main valley
is overlooked by numerous hanging valleys, carved by glaciers during the last ice ages. The
gradient of the river is steep here and the entire geomorphology of the valley has been influenced
by the passage of the river. In the upper stretch of 200 Km, it draws water from several major
streams. The combined stream flows through the Shivalik range of hills of Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand states of India and enters into plains at Dak Pathar in Uttrakhand where the river
water is regulated through weir and diverted into canal for power generation. From Dak Pathar it
flows through the famous Sikh religious place of Poanta Sahib. On the right side of the Yamuna
basin is the Mussourie spur-along which, lies sprawled, the hill station of Mussourie. Flowing
through Poanta Sahib it reaches Hathnikund/Tajewala in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana state,
where the river water is again diverted into Western Yamuna canal and Eastern Yamuna canal for
irrigation. During dry season, no water is allowed to flow in the river downstream to Tajewala
barrage and the river remains dry in some stretches between Tajewala & Delhi. The rivers regain
water because of ground water accrual and contributions of feeding canal through Som nadi
(seasonal stream) upstream of Kalanaur. It enters Delhi near Palla village after traversing a route
of about 224 Km.
The river is again tapped at Wazirabad through a barrage for drinking water supply to
Delhi. Generally, no water is allowed to flow beyond Wazirabad barrage in dry season, as the
available water is not adequate to fulfill the demand of water supply of Delhi.
Whatever water flows in the downstream of Wazirabad barrage is the untreated or

partially treated domestic and industrial wastewater contributed through several drains along
with the water transported by Haryana Irrigation Department from Western Yamuna Canal (WYC)
to Agra Canal via Nazafgarh Drain and the Yamuna. After 22 Km downstream of Wazirabad
barrage there is another barrage, Okhla barrage, through which Yamuna water is diverted into
Agra Canal for irrigation. No water is allowed to flow through barrage during dry season.
Whatever water flows in the river beyond Okhla barrage is contributed through domestic and
industrial wastewater generated from East Delhi, Noida and Sahibabad and joins the river through
Shahdara drain. The Yamuna, after receiving water through other important tributaries, joins the
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river Ganga and the underground Saraswati at Prayag (Allahabad) after traversing about 950 Km.
Thus, Yamuna river cannot be designated as continuous river particularly in dry seasons (almost 9
months), but can be segmented in five distinguished independent segments due to characteristic
hydrological and ecological conditions. The catchments of Yamuna river system cover parts of
Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh & Delhi
states.There are thirteen (13) water quality stations at Poanta, Kalanour, Mawi, Palla, Delhi,
Mathura, Mohana, Agra, Auraiya, Etawah, Hamirpur, Rajapur and Pratappur on river Yamuna.
Graph 2: Normalization of Yamuna river (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon)
Observations/Findings:
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except iron at Agra during
monsoon. In this study area, all the Yamuna River water quality stations data reported that
arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc concentration lies within the acceptable and
permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of arsenic, chromium,
copper, nickel and zinc in the River waters is observed during the study period. The concentration
of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Yamuna River are 0.002-9.166 µg/L; 0.010-
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36.370 µg/L; 0.010-22.67 µg/L and 0.001-0.613 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April
2018.
9.10.3 River Chambal

The Chambal River, called Charmanvati in ancient times, is the largest of the rivers flowing through
Rajasthan state. This tributary of Yamuna is 960km long. The total area drained by the Chambal up
to its confluence with the Yamuna is 143,219 sq km out of which 76,854 sq km lies in M.P. state,
65,264 sq km in Rajasthan state and 1,101 sq km in Uttar Pradesh. River Chambal, the biggest
tributary of Yamuna rises in Vindhyan range near Mhow in Indore District of Madhya Pradesh at an
elevation of 354 m at north latitude 22° 28' and east longitude 75° 40'. Chambal basin is bound on
north by the ridge separating it from Luni and Yamuna basins, on the south by Vindhyan range and
on the west by Aravali range, on east lies the ridge separating it from Kunwari and Sind rivers of
Yamuna basin. Chambal basin lies between north latitudes 22° 27' and 27° 20' and east longitudes
73° 20' and 79° 15'. Its total catchment area is 1,39,468 sq.km. There are three (03) water quality
stations at Tal, Dholpur, and Udi on River Chambal.
Graph 3: Normalization of Chambal River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
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seasons all the parameters observed below the threshold value. In this study area, all the
Chambal River water quality stations data reported that all trace and toxic metal (arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc and iron) concentration lies within the acceptable
and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of aforesaid metals in
the River waters is observed during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium,
chromium, lead and iron varies in the Chambal River are 0.002-1.251 µg/L; 0.680-12.290 µg/L;
0.010-5.070 µg/L and 0.001-0.276 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April 2018.
9.10.4 Brahmaputra River

The Brahmaputra River originates in the north from Kailash ranges of Himalayas at an elevation of
5,150 m just south of the lake called Konggyu Tsho and flows for about a total length of 2,900 km.
In India, it flows for 916 km. The principal tributaries of the river joining from right are the Lohit,
the Dibang, the Subansiri, the Jiabharali, the Dhansiri, the Manas, the Torsa, the Sankosh and the
Teesta whereas the Buridehing, the Desang, the Dikhow, the Dhansiri and the Kopili joins it from
left. There are 48 water quality stations in Brahmaputra basin out of which six (06) stations
Bhomoraguri, Dibrugarh, Pancharatna, Pandu, Tezpur and Neamatighat are located on the main
stream of Brahmaputra.
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Graph 4: Normalization of Brahmaputra River (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except for iron from
dibrugarh to pandu stretch in both the seasons. In this study area, all the Brahmaputra River
water quality stations data reported that arsenic, cadmium, nickel and zinc concentration lies
within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of
arsenic, cadmium, nickel and zinc in the River waters is observed during the study period. The
concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Brahmaputra River are
0.002-1.314 µg/L; 0.040-53.100 µg/L; 0.020-21.480 µg/L and 0.008-9.872 mg/L respectively during
the May, 2014 and April 2018.
9.10.5 Ramganga River

Ramganga is the first major tributary joining Ganga. It rises at an altitude of about 3,110 m in the
lower Himalayas near the Lohba village in the Garhwal district of Uttarakhand. The length of the
Ramganga River from the source to the confluence with the Ganga is 596 km. During its course,
the river flows through a mountainous terrain and has a number of falls and rapids. The river
enters the plains at Kalagarh near the border of the Garhwal district, where the famous
Ramganga dam has been constructed. Beyond Kalagarh, the river flows in a southeasterly
direction and finally joins the Ganga on its left bank near Kanauj in the Fategarh district. The river
flows entirely in the states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. The catchment area of the basin is
about 32,493 sq. km. The important tributaries that join the Ramganga River are the Kho, the
Gangan, the Aril, the Kosi, and the Deoha (Gorra). There are three (03) water quality stations at
Moradabad, Bareilly and Dabri on river Ramganga.
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Graph 5: Normalization of Ramganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except for iron throughout
the ramganga river stretch in both the seasons. In this study area, all the Ramganga River water
quality stations data reported that arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc concentration lies
arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in the River waters is observed during the study period.
The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Ramganga River are
the May, 2014 and April 2018.
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9.10.6 Rapti River

The Rapti is a tributary of Ghaghra river. The Rapti rises south of a prominent E-W ridgeline
midway between the western Dhaulagiri Himalaya and the Mahabharat Range. A 3,500 metres
summit on this ridgeline marks a triple divide. North of the triple divide
the Karnali and Gandaki basins are adjacent; south of it the Rapti and similar but smaller Babai
River separate the two larger basins. After crossing into India, the Babai and Rapti separately join
the Karnali's continuation called Ghaghara. The Ghaghara ultimately joins the Ganges, as does the
Gandaki.Four (04) water quality monitoring stations at Balrampur, Birdghat, Reguli and Bansi are
being operated by CWC on the Rapti River.
the rapti river stretch in both the seasons. In this study area, all the Rapti River water quality
stations data reported that arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc concentration lies within the
acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of arsenic,
copper, nickel and zinc in the River waters is observed during the study period. The concentration
of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Rapti River are 0.009-3.493 µg/L; 0.032-
229.73 µg/L; 0.030-18.650 µg/L and 0.006-1.362 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and
April, 2018.
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Graph 6: Normalization of Rapti River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
9.10.7 Narmada River

Narmada is the largest west flowing river of the peninsular India. It rises from Maikala range near
Amarkantak in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh, at an elevation of about 900 m. The total
length of the river is 1,312 km and its important tributaries are the Burhner, the Banjar, the Sher,
the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa , the Ganjal, the Kundi, the Goi and the Karjan which join from
left whereas the Hiran, the Tendoni, the Barna, the Kolar, the Man, the Uri, the Hatni and the
Orsang join from right. Narmada drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat. There
are eight (08) water quality stations at Barmanghat, Dindori, Handia, Hoshangabad, Madleshwar,
Manot, Garudeshwar and Sandia on the main stream of river Narmada while ten (10) water
quality stations are located at its tributaries viz., Orsang, Banjar, Sakkar, Burhner, Sher, Ganjal,
Uri, Kundi, Hiran and Goi. Narmada River has 41 tributaries. Of these, 22 are on the left bank and
19 are on the right.
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Graph 7: Normalisation of Narmada River (Monsoon and Non-Monsoon)
manot to hoshangabad stretch during monsoon season. In this study area, all the Narmada River
water quality stations data reported that arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc
concentration lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
and no toxicity of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the river waters is observed
during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the
Narmada River are 0.002-1.201 µg/L; 0.080-26.66 µg/L; 0.080-21.930 µg/L and 0.002-1.312 mg/L
respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10.8 Sone River

The river Sone is an important right bank tributary of the river Ganga. It originates from
Amarkantak high lands in hills of Maikala range in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh at an elevation
of 640 m and latitude 20°44’ N and longitude 82°4’E. The river outfalls into the Ganga at about 16
km. upstream of Patna at latitude 25°14’ N and longitude 84°42’ E. The total catchment area of
river system is 70,055 sq.km. The catchment of the whole river system is surrounded by the
Vindhachal range in the North, the Punpun river system and the Chotanagpur plateau on the East,
the Baghelkhand plateau and the Mahadeva hills on the South and the forest clad Maikal and
Bhamver ranges on the West. After flowing a distance of 655 km. through the states of
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, the river Sone enters in Jharkhand. Its
important tributaries lying in the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
Jharkhand are Johilla, Mahanadi, Banas, Gopad, Rihand, Ghaghar, Kanhar and North Koel. The
river Kanhar, a tributary of Sone, flows South to North and in the downstream reach and forms
boundaries between Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. The total length of the river is 784 km, out
of which about 500 km lies in Madhya Pradesh, 82 km in Uttar Pradesh and the remaining 202 km
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in Bihar. There are five (05) water quality stations at Kuldah Dridge, Chopan, Goverdhey Ghat,
Japla and Koelwar on river Sone.
Graph 8: Normalization of Sone River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
sone river stretch during monsoon season. In this study area, all the Sone River water quality
stations data reported that arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc concentration lies within
the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of
arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc in the river waters is observed during the study period.
The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Sone River are 0.006-
3.034 µg/L; 0.240-29.490 µg/L; 0.010-16.750 µg/L and 0.002-2.050 mg/L respectively during the
May, 2014 and April, 2018.
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9.10.9 Godavari River

The Godavari River rises from Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra about 80 km
from the Arabian Sea at an elevation of 1,067 m. The total length of Godavari from its origin to
outfall into the Bay of Bengal is 1,465 km. Its principal tributaries joining from right are the
Pravara and the Manjra whereas the Purna, the Penganga, the Wardha, the Wainganga, the
Indravati and the Kolab joins from left. There are nine (09) water quality stations at
Bhadrachalam, Perur, Polavaram, Mancherial, Dhaligaon, G.R. Bridge, Koperagaon, Nanded and
Yelli on Godavari River.
Graph 9: Normalization of Godavari River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except for iron at
mancherial in monsoon season. In this study area, all the Godavari River water quality stations
data reported that arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc concentration lies within
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arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and zinc in the river waters is observed during the
study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Godavari
River are 0.009-1.489 µg/L; 0.010-21.510 µg/L; 0.020-22.870 µg/L and 0.008-0.670 mg/L
9.10.10 Wainganga River

The Wainganga River originates near village Partabpur or Mundara (21057’N & 79034’E) about 20
km from the town of Satapura plateau and flows in a wide half circle, bending and winding among
the spurs of the hills from the west to the east of the Seoni District. Here it is directed to the
South being joined by the Thanwar river from Mandla and forms boundary of Seoni for some
Kilometers until it enters Balaghat. Subsequently emerging from the hills the river flows south &
south-west through rich rice lands of Balaghat, Bhandara & Pauni. The principal tributaries of the
river are Bagh in Balaghat, Bawanthari, Kanhan Chulband in Bhandara & Garvhi in Chandrapur. It
then flows through Chandrapur & Gadchiroli Districts and after a course of about 570 km. joins
the Wardha at Seoni in Chandrapur district. The total catchment area of the river upto Its
confluence with river Wardha is 51000 Sq. Km. There are four (04) water quality stations at Ashti,
Keolari, Kumhari and Pauni on river Wainganga.
Graphs 10: Normalization of Wainganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
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the complete wainganga river stretch during monsoon season. In this study area, all the
Wainganga River water quality stations data reported that all trace & toxic metal (Arsenic,
Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) concentrations excluding iron lies within the
acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of above said
trace & toxic metals in the river waters are observed during the study period. The concentration
of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Wainganga River are 0.003-0.741 µg/L;
0.110-15.990 µg/L; 0.060-8.960 µg/L and 0.005-0.740 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and
April, 2018.
9.10.11 Krishna River

The Krishna is the second largest eastward draining interstate river in Peninsular India. The
Krishna River rises from the Western Ghats near Jor village of Satara district of Maharashtra at an
altitude of 1,337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. Thirteen major tributaries join
the Krishna River along its course, out of which six are right bank tributaries and seven are left
bank tributaries. All the major tributaries draining the base of the triangle fall into the Krishna
River in the upper two thirds of its length. Among the major tributaries, the Ghatprabha, the
Malprabha and the Tungabhadra are the principal right bank tributaries which together account
for 35.45% of the total catchment area, whereas the Bhima and the Musi are the principal left
bank tributaries which together account 35.62% of the total catchment area. The total length of
the river from origin to its outfall into the Bay of Bengal is about 1300 km. There are six (06) water
quality stations at Wadenapally, Vijaywada, Kurundwad, Arjunwad, Huvenhedigi and Karad on
Krishna River.
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Graphs 11: Normalization of Krishna River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except for Iron at
arjunwad and huvinhedgi during monsoon season. In this study area, all the Krishna River water
quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc concentrations lies within
Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in the river waters are observed during the study period. The
concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Krishna River are 0.006-
2.708 µg/L; 0.050-98.350 µg/L; 0.260-14.340 µg/L and 0.008-0.396 mg/L respectively during the
May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10.12 Tungabhadra River

Tungabhadra River is formed from the union of the two rivers, namely Tunga and Bhadra, which
together rise in Varahagiri in the Western Ghats of Karnataka State at an altitude of about
1,196m. The two rivers confluence at a village called Kudali near Shimoga. The united
Tungabhadra River flows for about 531 km in a generally northeasterly direction, through Mysore
and Andhra Pradesh and joins the Krishna at an elevation of about 264 m beyond Karnool. The
length of the river is 786 km. The important tributaries of the Tungabhadra River are the Varada,
the Hagari, the Vedavati, and the Kumudvati. The total drainage area of the Tungabhadra is
71,417 km2. There are four (04) water quality stations at Bawapuram, Harlahalli, Honnali and
Holehonnur on Tungabhadra River.
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Graphs 12: Normalization of Tungabhadra River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
honnali to harlahalli stretch during monsoon season. In this study area, all the Tungabhadra River
water quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Chromium, Copper and Zinc concentrations lies
Arsenic, Chromium, Copper and Zinc in the river waters are observed during the study period. The
concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Tungabhadra River are
the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
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9.10.13 Mahanadi River

The Mahanadi River is one of the major rivers which flow from west to east and finally drains into
the Bay of Bengal. The Mahanadi River rises in a pool, 6km from Pharsiya village near Nagri town
in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh at a height of 442m. The Mahanadi flows for a total length of
about 851 km of which, 357km is in Chhattisgarh and the balance of 494 km isin Odisha. The river
enters Odisha state below Baloda Bazaar and crosses the Eastern Ghats to enter the Plains of
Odisha near Cuttack. It is finally debouches into the Bay of Bengal through a series of branches.
The Seonath, the Jonk, the Hasdeo, the Mand, the Ib, the Ong and the Tel are the principal
tributaries of Mahanadi. There are four (04) water quality stations at Tikarapara, Basantpur,
Seorinarayan and Rajim on main stream of river Mahanadi.
Graphs 13: Normalization of Mahanadi River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
Tikarpara in monsoon season. In this study area, all the Mahanadi River water quality stations
data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead and Zinc concentrations lies
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Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead and Zinc in the river waters are observed during the
study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the Mahanadi
River are 0.015-0.836 µg/L; 0.260-31.620 µg/L; 0.040-7.180 µg/L and 0.009-0.557 mg/L
9.10.14 Brahmani River

The Brahmani River is the second largest river in the state of Odisha. In fact, two headwater
streams, namely Sankh River and South Koel River originate in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand states,
respectively. After the confluence of Sankh River and South Koel River at Vedvyas, the combined
river is known by the name Brahmani. The Brahmani River flows through the heart of Odisha till it
joins the Bay of Bengal at Dhamara mouth. After the confluence at Vedvyas, the Brahmani River
heads towards the southeast direction and traverses a total length 461 km before it joins the Bey
of Bengal. It drains a total catchment area 39,269km2. There are four (04) water quality stations at
Gomlai, Jenapur, Panposh and Talcher on river Brahmani.
Graphs 14: Normalization of Brahmani River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
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Brahmani river stretch in monsoon season and at Panposh during non-monsoon. In this study
area, all the Brahmani River water quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium,
Chromium, Copper, Lead and Zinc concentrations lies within the acceptable and permissible limits
of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper and
Zinc in the river waters are observed during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium,
chromium, lead and iron varies in the Brahmani River are 0.006-0.688 µg/L; 0.090-36.960 µg/L;
0.030-77.420 µg/L and 0.008-1.793 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10.15 Subernarekha River

The Subernarekha River rises near Nagri village in the Ranchi District of Jharkhand at an elevation
of 600 m. It flows for a length of 395 km before outfalling into the Bay of Bengal. Out of this, 269
km lies in Bihar, 64 km in West Bengal and 62 km in Odisha. There are three (03) water quality
stations at Ghatsila, Jamshedpur, Jamsolghat and Muri on river Shernarekha. Its principal
tributaries joining from right are the Kanchi, the Karkari and the Kharkai.
Graphs 15: Normalization of Subarnarekha River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
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Subernarekha river stretch in monsoon season. In this study area, all the Subernarekha River
water quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc concentrations
lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no
toxicity of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc in the river waters are observed during the
study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron varies in the
Subernarekha River are 0.004-1.533 µg/L; 0.040-11.6 µg/L; 0.050-37.420 µg/L and 0.002-0.800
mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10. 16 Cauvery River

The Cauvery River is one of the major rivers of the peninsula. It rises at an elevation of 1,341 m at
TalaCauveryon the Brahmagiri range near Cherangala village of Kodagu district of Karnataka. The
total length of the river from origin to outfall is 800 km. Its important tributaries joining from left
are the Harangi, the Hemavati, the Shimsha and the Arkavati whereas the Lakshmantirtha, the
Kabbani, the Suvarnavati, the Bhavani, the Noyyal and the Amaravati join from right. The river
drains into the Bay of Bengal. There are seven (07) water quality stations at Biligundullu,
Chuchankatte, Kollegal, Kudige, Kodumudi, Musiri and Urachikottai on the main stream of
Cauvery river.
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Graphs 16: Normalization of Cauvery a River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
chuchankatte and kudige stations in monsoon season. In this study area, all the Cauvery River
water quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper Nickel and Zinc
concentrations lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) and no toxicity of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper Nickel and Zinc in the river waters
are observed during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and
iron varies in the Cauvery River are 0.008-1.609 µg/L; 0.050-35.36 µg/L; 0.010-16.670 µg/L and
0.004-0.416 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10.17 Pennar River

The Pennar (also known as Uttara Pinakini) is one of the major rivers of the peninsula. The Pennar
rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurg range, in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka
and flows towards east eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal. The total length of the river
from origin to its outfall in the Bay of Bengal is 597 km. The principal tributaries of the river
joining from left are the Jayamangali, the Kunderu and the Sagileru whereas the Chiravati, the
Papagni and the Cheyyeru joins it from right. There are four (04) water quality stations at
Chennur, Nagalamadike, Nellore and Tadipatri on river Pennar.
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Graphs 17: Normalization of Pennar River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value. In this study area, all the
Pennar River water quality stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper
Nickel, Zinc and Iron concentrations lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity of Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper Nickel, Zinc and
Iron in the river waters are observed during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium,
chromium, lead and iron varies in the Pennar River are 0.005-0.683 µg/L; 0.180-20.24 µg/L; 0.580-
38.5 µg/L and 0.014-0.199 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
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9.10.18 Palar River

The Palar Basin is an important basin among the 12 basins lying between the Pennar and the
Cauvery basins. This basin is divided into three major topographical divisions namely, i) the hill
ranges of Eastern Ghats ii) the plateau region and iii) the coastal plains. Though most of the
drainage area lies in Tamil Nadu, its drainage area extends to cover the South-East and South-
Western parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The shape of the basin is rhombus
and finds its outlet in to Bay of Bengal. Central Water Commission is operating three (03) water
quality monitoring stations at Avarankuppam, Arcot and Chengalpet on this river.
Graphs 18: Normalization of Palar River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except Lead at Arcot in
both the seasons. In this study area, all the Palar River water quality stations data reported that all
the trace and toxic metal (Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel, Zinc and Iron)
concentrations excluding Lead lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) and no toxicity in the river waters are observed for aforementioned trace &
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toxic metals excluding lead during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium,
chromium, lead and iron varies in the Palar River are 0.010-0.136 µg/L; 0.970-10.14 µg/L; 0.020-
51.52 µg/L and 0.003-0.212 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
9.10.19 Gomti River

The Gomti River originates near Mainkot, about 3 km east of the Pilibhit town in Uttar Pradesh, at
an elevation of 200 m. The river drains the area between Ramganga and Ghaghra systems. The
total length of the river is about 940 km and it flows entirely in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The
total drainage area of the river is 30, 437 sq. km. The river flows through Sahajahanpur, Kheri,
Lucknow, Barabanki, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Varanasi and Ghazipur districts before
merging into the Ganga in Audihar in Jaunpur. Lucknow, the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, is
situated on the banks of the Gomti River. The main tributaries of the Gomti River are the Gachai,
the Sai, the Jomkai, the Barna, the Chuha and the Sarayu. There are five (05) water quality
stations at Neemsar, Lucknow, Sultanpur, Maighat and Jaunpur on river Gomti.
Graphs 19: Normalization of Gomti River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon)
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seasons almost all the parameters observed below the threshold value except Iron from sultanpur
to maighat river stretch in monsoon season. In this study area, all the Gomti River water quality
stations data reported that Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc concentrations
lies within the acceptable and permissible limits of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and no
toxicity in the river waters are observed for Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Nickel and
Zinc metals during the study period. The concentration of the cadmium, chromium, lead and iron
varies in the Gomti River are 0.037-1.414 µg/L; 0.190-45.340 µg/L; 0.140-23.440 µg/L and 0.009-
0.782 mg/L respectively during the May, 2014 and April, 2018.
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9.11 Index Value Calculation

Index Value = Average of Normalised Values of all parameters.
Parameters considered for Index Value calculations:
(a) Cadmium (Cd) (b) Chromium (Cr) (c) Copper (Cu)

(d) Nickel (Ni) (e) Lead (Pb) (f) Iron (Fe)
Threshold value = 1 (One)
9.11.1 Index Value variation along the Rivers during the study period
Graph 20: Variation in Index Value of Yamuna River
Graph 21: Variation in Index Value of Ganga River
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Graph 22: Variation in Index Value of Krishna River
Graph 23: Variation in Index Value of Godavari River
Graph 24: Variation in Index Value of Brahmani River
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Graph 25: Variation in Index Value of Brahmaputra River
Graph 26: Variation in Index Value of Cauvery River
Graph 27: Variation in Index Value of Chambal River
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Graph 28: Variation in Index Value of Gomti River
Graph 29: Variation in Index Value of Mahanadi River
Graph 30: Variation in Index Value of Narmada River
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Graph 31: Variation in Index Value of Palar River
Graph 32: Variation in Index Value of Pennar River
Graph 33: Variation in Index Value of Ramganga River
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Graph 34: Variation in Index Value of Rapti River
Graph 35: Variation in Index Value of Sone River
Graph 36: Variation in Index Value of Subarnarekha River
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Graph 37: Variation in Index Value of Tungabhadra River
Graph 38: Variation in Index Value of Wainganga River
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CHAPTER 10
10.0 Conclusions
A comprehensive study of the results reveals that out of 424 River water quality stations
monitored, water samples collected at 137 water quality stations are found within the acceptable
limit as per BIS: 10500-2012. While results of samples from 101 stations were beyond the
acceptable limit due to presence of two or more toxic metals. At 156 numbers of stations, only
Iron concentration was beyond acceptable limit (0.3 mg/L). Similarly, results of samples were
above the acceptable limit at three stations due to presence of cadmium, at six stations due to
presence of Chromium, at nine stations due to presence of nickel and twelve stations due to
presence of lead contamination. Nevertheless, it was concluded that Arsenic and Zinc
concentrations are found within the acceptable limits as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and
no toxicity of Arsenic and Zinc in the River waters is observed during the study period.
Figure 30: Water Quality Polluted and Unpolluted Station in respect to Toxic metals
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Furthemore, it is evident from the Annexure-5 that 101 water quality stations across the
country were found contaminated with more than one toxic metal. At these locations, it is
necessasary to take measurers to remediate the river waters as far as drinking purpose is
concerned. The details thereof are as under,
 Brahmaputra River:
Dibrugarh, Pancharatna and Pandu WQ station were contaminated with respect to Pb &
Fe (Table 16: p62 & Table 18: p70) Tezpur WQ station was contaminated with respect to
Cu, Cr & Fe (Table 15: p60, Table 14: p58 & Table 18: p70).
 Brahmani River:
Gomlai and Paposh WQ stations were contaminated with respect to Pb, Fe (Table 16: p62,
Table 18: p58) and Ni, Fe (Table 17: p66, table 18: p70) respectively.
 Buridehing River:
Chenimari WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cd, Pb & Fe (Table 13: p55, Table
16: p62 & Table 18: p70). Margherita WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Cu, Pb
& Fe (Table 15: p60, Table 16: p62 & Table 18: p70).
 Dikhow River:
Bihubar WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cr, Cu & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table
15: p60 & Table 18: p71). Sivasagar WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cd, Pb &
Fe (Table 13: p55, Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p71).
 Ganga River:
Ankinghat and Azmabad WQ stations were contaminated with respect to Pb (only at one
time found above acceptable limit during Nov, 2011 at Ankinghat and Feb, 2015 at
Azmabad) and Fe (Table 18: p71). Bhitaura, Fatehgarh and Kanpur WQ stations were
contaminated with respect to Cr, Pb & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p71).
Kachlabridge WQ Station was contaminated with Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table
15: p60, Table 17: p67, Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p72).
 Ghagra River:
Elginbridge WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cd, Cr, Pb & Fe (Table 13: p55,
Table 14: p58, Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p72). Turtipar WQ station was contaminated with
respect to Cr, Pb & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p72).
 Gomti River:
Lucknow and Neemsar WQ stations were contaminated with respect to Pb & Fe (Table 16:
p72 & Table 18: p72).
 Kopili River:
Dharamtul and Kampur WQ stations were contaminated with respect to Cd & Fe (Table 13:
p5 & Table 18: p73). Kheronighat WQ station was contaminated with respect to Pb & Fe
(Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p73).
 Krishna River:
Huvenhedgi WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 17: p66,
Table 16: p63 & Table 18: p73)
.
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 Purna River:
Gopalkheda WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 17: p67,
Table 16: p64 & Table18: p74). Mahuwa WQ Station was contamined wih respect to Cr &
Fe (Table 14: p58 & Table 18: p74).
 Ramganga River:
Bareily and Dabri WQ Stations were contaminated with respect to Pb & Fe (Table 16: p64
& Table 18: p74). Moradabad WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cr
(November, 2014), Pb & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p75).
 Rapti River:
Balrampur, Bansi and Regauli WQ Stations were contaminated with respect to Cd, Cr, Pb &
Fe (Table 13: p55, Table 14: p58, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p75). Birdghat WQ Station was
contamined with respect to Cr, Pb & Fe (Table 14: p58, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p75).
 Sabarmathi River:
Vautha WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 13: p55,
Table 15: p60, Table 17: p67, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p75).
 Sone River:
Koelwar and Kuldah Bridge WQ stations were contaminated with respect to Pb & Fe (Table
16: p64 & Table 18: p75). Chopan WQ station was contaminated with respect to Cd & Fe
(Table 13: p55 & Table 18: p75).
 Subarnarekha River:
Ghatsila WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Cu, Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 15: p60,
Table 17: p67, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p76). Jamshedpur and Jamsolghat WQ Stations
were contaminated with respect to Ni, Fe (Table 17: p67, Table 18: p73) and Cu, Fe (Table
15: p60, Table 18: p75) respectively.
 Tungabhadra River:
Bawapuram and Mantralayam WQ Stations were contaminated with respect to Cd, Ni &
Pb (Table 13: p55, Table 17: p67 & Table 16: p64).
 Vaitarna River:
Durvesh WQ Station was contaminated with respect to Cd, Ni, Pb & Fe (Table 13: p55,
Table 17: p67, Table 16: p64 & Table 18: p76).
 Yamuna River:
Delhi Rly Bridge was contaminated with respect to Cd, Ni & Pb (Table 13: p55, Table 17:
p67 & Table 16: p64). Mohana and Agra WQ stations were contaminated with respect to
Cd, Pb (Table 13: p55, Table 16: p64) and Pb, Fe (Table 16: p64, Table 18: p76)
respectively.
Apart from the above, at few numbers of stations, the contamination due to different
parameters was found beyond the acceptable limits repeatedly. For example,
 With respect to Cd concentration, Lowara WQ stations located on Sheturni River was

found 3 out of 11 times, Mathura and Mohana WQ stations situated on Yamuna River
were found 2 out of 11 times above limits.
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 With respect to Cr concentration, the stations situated on Rapti River such as Balrampur (3
out of 10 times), Bansi (3 out of 9 times), Regauli (3 out of 10 times) and Birdghat (3 out of
10 times) were found above limits.
 With respect to Pb contamination, at Birdghat and Regauli WQ stations located on Rapti
River 3 out of 10 times, at Durvesh on Vaitarna River 5 out of 8 times, at Neemsar on
Gomti River 3 out of 9 times, and at Vautha on Sabarmati River 3 out of 11 times were
found above limits.
Metal contamination owing to anthropogenic sources is a persistent global issue, having

environmental, political and medical implications. Heavy metals are toxic, carcinogenic and bio-
accumulative in organisms which render serious health effects on humans and the flora & fauna.
As a consequence, various treatment methods have been developed for the treatment of metal
contaminated waste streams and some processes can also recover the metals.
Among the commonly used physico-chemical and biological technologies for heavy metal
removal and recovery, cost effectiveness, technical feasibility, plant simplicity and longevity of the
process are the factors that govern the selection of an appropriate technology. The wastewater
treatment technologies available for treating heavy metals contaminated water prior are chemical
precipitation, evaporative recovery, oxidation/ reduction, filtration, ion exchange, membrane
technologies and electrochemical treatment technologies are commonly used for practical
applications.
Adsorption is an effective physico-chemical process for removing heavy metals from

wastewater, especially for treating wastewaters with a low metal concentration. It is well known
method in metal removal because of its effectiveness and relatively cheap. It is widely used in
many countries, especially in developing and transition countries, where expensive, advanced
technologies cannot be afforded. There are many adsorbents available, varying from natural
materials (clay balls) to agricultural waste and waste materials (sludges). The advantage of using
agricultural waste as heavy metal adsorbent is the reduction of the solid waste problems and an
increase in economic value and incentive of several by-products from agricultural materials. Rice
husk, coconut shell, banana peel, sawdust, orange peel and groundnut shell are some examples of
adsorbents from agricultural materials which have been studied over the past years (Demirbas
2008; Janyasuthiwong et al. 2015a; Mohan and Singh 2002; Sud et al. 2008).
Phytoremediation is one of the biological technologies used for the treatment of pollutants
present in wastewater, including heavy metals. This technology not only offers advantages during
wastewater treatment, but also provides other advantages in terms of ecology, green area,
reduced carbon footprint and aesthetics. Phytoremediation is the method in which selected plant
species that are used to mitigate the environmental problems or pollutants (metals, pesticides,
solvents, crude oils and their derivatives) from soil, air, or water. There are many plant species that
are commonly used in this field: Vetiveria sp., Typha sp. and Cyperus sp. are examples of those
plants. Maine et al. (2006) reported that the constructed wetlands which were planted with
Page | 115
several plant species for example Pistia stratiotes, Cyperus alternifolius and Typha domingensis,
showed a high percentage of Cr and Ni removals and the Zn concentration was below 50 μg/L.
Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. In this regard, it may be mentioned that
the presence of higher concentration of iron in drinking water makes its taste unpleasant;
however, living organism can tolerate higher concentration of iron without any serious damage to
their system. Estimates of the minimum daily requirement for iron depend on age, sex,
physiological status, and iron bioavailability and range from about 10 to 50 mg/day (FAO/WHO,
1988). Although iron is essential element to humans and are relatively non-toxic, ions of these
elements in water often cause mild to severe aesthetic problems, such as discoloured water,
precipitation, scaling, staining and metallic water taste. Metallic taste and staining in laundry and
toilet staining occur at iron concentration above 0.3 mg/L. The BIS has set the drinking water
maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of 0.3mg/L for iron. Iron is not considered mutagenic or
carcinogenic in the forms typically found in the aquatic environment and drinking water. Because
of their ubiquitous presence in conventional drinking water sources, removal of iron is one of the
most common water treatment practices. A two-step process with chemical oxidation followed by
filtration is often employed for the removal of dissolved iron from water. The oxidants commonly
used include oxygen in air, chlorine, permanganate and ozone. Sand, anthracite, greensand and
other synthetic manganese dioxide media are commonly used as granular filter media to remove
oxidized iron. Ion-exchange softening may also be used, but only on smaller scales. Other
treatmentmethods that may be used for iron and manganese removal include water reverse
osmosis and nanofiltration.
10.1 Recommendations
Based on the evaluation of the results obtained from the analysis of River water samples of 424
water quality station spanning all over India, it is recommended that the trace and toxic metals in
the river water samples may be analysed at least twice a year during pre-monsoon and post-
mosoon as per “Guidelines on Water Quality Monitoring, 2017”. It was concluded that water
quality of the Indian rivers particularly in some identified polluted stretches have been affected
adversely by manmade activities by overcrowding accompanied by inadequate treatment or non-
existent sanitation and also by unregulated enormous discharge of untreated industrial waste
waters into riverine system. This might be caused by the population growth and also due to the
compulsory growth in agricultural & industrial activities. The effluent discharge from the industry
in localized areas due to this water pollution is creating situations which are dangerous to health
of human and aquatic life.
1. All the toxic metallic elements like chromium and its other associated heavy metals
coming in river from the tanneries, mining & other industries. Effluent released from such
industries should be treated chemically and biologically before it finds its way into River.
2. Effective and efficient implementation of water pollution control laws and regulations
should be promoted.
3. There is an urgent need for stringent Government policy and monitoring for effluents
discharged from agriculture and industry into rivers.
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4. Speciation of the Chromium (+3 & +6) and Arsenic (+3 & +5) in Indian rivers need to be
further researched.
5. The metal fractionation study should be carried out in the river sediments to identify the
inorganic load.
Special studies for particular stretches of the rivers may also be undertaken suitably by the
concerned basin organization. The number of parameters and frequencies of sampling can be
increased for better observations, interpretation & modeling purposes, for other important
parameters also such as biological parameters.
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NATIONAL RIVER WATER QUALITY LABORATORY

National River Water Quality Laboratory (NRWQL) is referral laboratory (Level III) in Central Water
Commission under Yamuna Basin Organization located at Kalindi Bhawan, Qutub Institutional
Area, New Delhi-110016. It is NABL accreditated laboratory in Chemical and biological disciplines
according to the IS/ISO/IEC: 17025-2005. It has been designated as the referral laboratory to
ensure uniformity in physico-chemical and biological analysis of surface waters in India. Besides
conducting the Special Studies assigned by the Ministry of Water Resources, NRWQL also caters
to the referral needs of various organizations in the field of water quality analysis. The laboratory
has facilities and capabilities to determine about 41 water quality constituents including major
and minor ions, trace elements and bacteriological parameters.
NRWQL has sophisticated equipment supported by automation to identify and quantify

physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells etc. NRWQL
aims to provide professional and need based training with a wide outreach in environment, water
quality related topic. Hands-on training is provided in the laboratory, where participants can
improve their skills in analyzing water and wastewater samples. NRWQL provides hands-on
training for PG students/ research scholars of Universities.
The analysis of the trace and toxic metals was initiated in NRWQL, New Delhi from 2011 by
Central Water Commission. The current study regarding Trace & Toxic metals status in Indian
Rivers has been carried out by collecting river water samples in three different seasons (Monsoon,
Winter, Summer) from the all water quality monitoring stations of Central Water Commission
covering major river basins across India. The Trace & Toxic Metal analysis processes were
performed according to Standard Analysis methods (APHA, 23rd Edition, 2017) by using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer (Agilent 240 FS) at National River Water Quality Laboratory only.
Page | 123
ANNEXURES
Annexure-1: List of Water Quality Monitoring Stations under Central Water Commission
S.
Site Name River Name/Tributory/ SubTributory Latitude Longitude District State
No.
1 A.B.Road Crossing Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Parwati 24°22'00" 77°05'56" Guna Madhya Pradesh
2 A.P. Puram Tambraparani/Chittar 08°54’05” 77°38’55” Tirunelveli Tamilnadu
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 24°49’58” 92°47’30” Cachar Assam
4 Abu Road Banas 24°29’38” 72°47’30’’ Sirohi Rajasthan
5 Addoor Gurupur 12°55’49” 74°49’47” South Kanara Karnataka
6 Adityapur Subarnarekha/Kharkai 22°47’29” 86°10’25” Purba Singhbhum Jharkhand
7 Agra (P.G.) Ganga/Yamuna 27°15'15'' 78°01'23'' Agra Uttar Pradesh
8 Aie NH Crossing Brahmaputra / Aie 26°29’52” 90°39’18” Barpeta Assam
9 Akabarpur Ganga/Chhoti Sarju 26°25'49" 82°33'43" Ambedkar Nagar Uttar Pradesh
Jammu and
10 Akhnoor Chenab 32°53’00” 74°49’00” Jammu
Kashmir
11 Akkihebbal Cauvery/ Hemavathi 12°36’10” 76°24’03” Mandya Karnataka
12 Aklera Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Kalisindh/Parwan 24°25'47" 76°36'14" Jhalawar Rajasthan
13 Alladupalli Pennar/Kunderu 14°43’12” 78°40’08” Kadapa Andhra Pradesh
14 Allahabad Ganga 25°23'35" 81°54'40" Allahabad Uttar Pradesh
15 Altuma Brahmani/Ramyala 20°55’47” 85°31’08” Dhenkanal Odisha
16 Ambarampalayam Bharathapuzha/Kannadipuzha/Aliyar 10°37’49” 76°56’46” Coimbatore Tamilnadu
17 Ambasamudram Vaigai 09°55’32” 77°30’42” Theni Tamilnadu
18 Anandpur Baitarni 21°12’40” 86°07’14” Keonjhar Odisha
19 Andhiyar Kore Mahanadi/Seonath/Hamp 21°49’53” 81°36’21” Durg Chhatisgarh
Page | 124
S.
No.
20 Ankinghat Ganga 26°56'05" 80°02'10'' Kanpur Dehat Uttar Pradesh
21 Annavasal Cauvery/Nattar 10°58’21” 79°45’20” Karaikal Pondicherry
22 Arangaly Periyar 10°16’53” 76°18’55” Trichur Kerala
23 Arcot Palar 16.44'21" 79.40'11" Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh
24 Arjunwad Krishna 16.56'56" 80.02'52" Krishna Andhra Pradesh
25 Ashramam Pazhayar 08°09’30” 77°27’40” Knayakumari Tamilnadu
26 Ashti Godavari/Pranhita/Wainganga 19°41’05” 79°47’08” Gadchiroli Maharastra
27 Auraiya Ganga/Yamuna 26°25'34'' 79°25'00'' Auraiya Uttar Pradesh
28 Avarankuppam Palar 12°41’03” 78°32’22” Vellore Tamilnadu
29 Avershe Sita 13°31’17” 74°52’48” Udupi Karnataka

30 Ayilam Vamanapuram 08°42°55” 76°51’01” Thiruvananth Kerala
31 Ayodhya Ganga/Ghaghra/Saryu 26°48'49" 82°12'28'' Faizabad Uttar Pradesh
32 Azmabad Ganga 25°22’00’’ 87°17’00’’ Bhagalpur Bihar
33 B.P.Ghat Barak 24°52’32” 92°35’00” Karimganj Assam
34 Badatighat Brahmaputra/Subansiri 26°56’05” 93°57’44” Lakhimpur Assam
35 Badlapur Ulhas 19°09’50” 73°15’17” Thane Maharastra
36 Balrampur Ganga/Ghaghra/Rapti 27°27'00" 82°12'29'' Balrampur Uttar Pradesh
37 Baltara Ganga/Kosi 25°30’’02’’ 86°45’00’’ Khagaria Bihar
38 Bamni Narmada/Banjar 22°29’03” 80°22’41’’ Mandla Madhya Pradesh
39 Bamni Godavari/Pranhita/Wardha 19°48”48” 79°22”58’ Chandrapur Maharastra
Page | 125
S.
No.
40 Bamnidhi Mahanadi/Hasdeo 21°53’55” 82°42’53” Janjgir-champa Chhatisgarh
41 Banda Ganga/Yamuna/Ken 25°29'00'' 80°18'48'' Banda Uttar Pradesh
42 Bansi Ganga/Ghaghra/Rapti 27°11'00" 82°55'57'' Siddarthnagar
43 Bantwal Nethravathi 12°52’49” 75°02’28” South Kanara Karnataka
44 Baranwada Ganga/Yamuna/ Chambal/Banas 26°00'00" 76°40'00" Sawai-madhopur Rajasthan
45 Bareilly Ganga/Ramganga 28°17'57" 79°22'00'' Bareilly Uttar Pradesh
46 Barmanghat Narmada 23°01’49” 79°00’35’’ Narsinghpur Madhya Pradesh
47 Barobisha Brahmaputra / Sankosh / Raidak-II 26°28’28” 89°47’07 Jalpaiguri West Bengal
48 Barod Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Kalisindh 25°23'00" 76°20'02" Kota Rajasthan
49 Baronda Mahanadi/Pairi 20°54’22” 81°53’10” Raipur Chhatisgarh
50 Basantpur Mahanadi 21°43’33” 82°47’17” Janjgir-champa Chhatisgarh
51 Basti Ganga/Ghaghra/Kwano 26°47'02" 82°42'47'' Basti Uttar Pradesh
52 Bawapuram Krishna/Tungabhadra 15°53’00” 77°57’26” Kurnool Andhra Pradesh
53 Behalpur Brahmaputra / Champamati 26°19’10” 90°28’08” Barpeta Assam
54 Beki Mathanguri Brahmaputra/Beki 26°46’55” 90°57’22” Barpeta Assam
55 Beki Road bridge Brahmaputra/Beki 26°29’40” 90°54’59”E Barpeta Assam
56 Belkhedi Narmada/Sher 22°55’01” 79°20’32’’ Narsinghpur Madhya Pradesh
57 Belne Bridge Gad 16°13’16” 73°35’42” Sindudurg Maharastra
58 Bendrahalli Cauvery/Suvarnavathi 12°09’13” 77°04’48” Chamarajanagar Karnataka
59 Berhampore Bhagirathi 24°05’21’’ 88°14’33’’ Murshidabad West Bengal
60 Bhadrachalam Godavari 17°40’34’’ 80°52’58’’ Khammam Andhra Pradesh
Page | 126
S.
No.
61 Bhalukpong Brahmaputra/Jiabharali 27°01’03” 92°38’59” West Kameng Mizoram
62 Bhatpalli Godavari/Pranhita/Peddavagu 19°19’49” 79°30’15” Adilabad Andhra Pradesh
63 Bhitaura Ganga 26°02'35" 80°51'15'' Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh
64 Bhomoraguri Brahmaputra 26°36’37” 92°51’52” Sonitpur Assam
65 Bihubar Brahmaputra/Dikhow 26°49’17” 94°48’18” Sivasagar Assam
66 Biligundulu Cauvery 12°10’48” 77°43’48” Dharmapuri Tamilnadu
67 Birdghat Ganga/Ghaghra/Rapti 26°44'40" 83°20'24'' Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh
68 Bokajan Brahmaputra/Dhansari(South) 26°01’03” 93°47’32” Karbi Anglong Assam
69 Burhanpur Tapi 21°17’58” 76°14’06’’ Khandwa Madhya Pradesh
70 Buxar Ganga 25°34’00” 83°57’15’’ Bhojpur Bihar
71 Byaladahalli Krishna/Tungabhadra/Haridra 14°26’02” 75°46’45” Davangere Karnataka
72 Champasari (Silliguri) Ganga/Mahananda 26°44’21” 88°25’21” Darjeeling West Bengal
73 Champua Baitarni 22°04’00” 85°40’20” Keonjhar Odisha
74 Chanwada Narmada/Orsang 22°03’00” 73°27’58’’ Vadodara Gujarat
75 Chapra Bhagirathi/Jalangi 23°30’15’’ 88°33’05’’ Nadia West Bengal
76 Chel Brahmaputra / Teesta / Chel 26°51’49” 88°38’06” Jalpaiguri Sikkim
77 Chengalpet Palar 12°39’00” 79°56’50” Kancheepuram Tamilnadu
78 Chenimari Brahmaputra/Buridehing 27°18’56” 94°53’08” Dibrugarh Assam
79 Chennur Pennar 14°34’20” 78°48’00” Kadapa Andhra Pradesh
80 Chepan Brahmaputra/ Torsa/Raidak-I 26°29’32” 89°42’02” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
81 Chhidgaon Narmada/Ganjal 22°24’16” 77°18’35’’ Harda Madhya Pradesh
Page | 127
S.
No.
82 Chitrasani Banas/Balaram 24°17’20” 72°29’54’’ Banaskantha Gujarat
83 Chittorgarh Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Banas/Gambhiri 26.02'00" 85.54'00" Darbhanga Bihar
84 Cholachguda Krishna/Malaprabha 15°52’33” 75°43’19” Bijapur Karnataka
85 Chopan Ganga/Sone 24°32'00" 83°01'26" Sonbhadra Madhya Pradesh
86 Chouldhowaghat Brahmaputra/Subansiri 27°26’51” 94°15’10” Lakhimpur Assam
87 Chunchankatte Cauvery 12°30’30” 76°18’03” Mysore Karnataka
88 Coronation Brahmaputra / Teesta 26°29’32” 89°42’02” Darjeeling West Bengal
89 Dabri Ganga/Ramganga 27°29'40" 79°41'50'' Sahajahanpur Uttar Pradesh
90 Damarcherla Krishna/Musi 16°44’14” 79°40’08” Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh
91 Dawki Meghna/Umngot 25°11’23” 92°01’07” Jaintia Hills Meghalaya
92 Delhi Rly Bridge Ganga/Yamuna 28°39'45'' 77°14'48'' North Delhi Delhi
93 Deoprayag Ganga 30°08'00" 78°35'44" Pauri Uttarakhand
94 Derol Bridge Sabarmati 23°34’24” 72°48’25’’ Sabarkantha Gujarat
95 Desangpani Brahmaputra/Desang 27°02’47” 94 °54’56” Sivasagar Assam
Jammu and
96 Dhamkund Chenab 30°14’00” 75°09’00” Ramban
Kashmir
97 Dharamtul Brahmaputra/Kopili 26°09’51” 92 °21’00” Morigaon Assam
98 Dheng Bridge Ganga/Kosi/Bagmati 26°43’22’’ 85°19’23’’ Sitamarhi Bihar
99 Dholabazar Brahmaputra/Lohit 27°45’39” 95 °35’51” Tinsukia Assam
100 Dholai Barak/Rukni 24°35’10” 92°50’32” Cachar Assam
101 Dholpur Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal 26°39'24'' 77°54'00'' Dholpur Rajasthan
Page | 128
S.
No.
102 Dhubri Brahmaputra 26°00’36” 89°59’43” Barpeta Assam
103 Dhulsar Narmada/Uri 22°12’30” 74°52’09’’ Dhar Madhya Pradesh
104 Diana Brahmaputra / Teesta / Diana 26°51’41” 89°00’04” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
105 Dibrugarh Brahmaputra 27°29’56” 94 °54’21” Dibrugarh Assam
106 Dillighat Brahmaputra/Desang 27°08’24” 95 °22’00” Dibrugarh Assam
107 Dimapara Meghna/Bugi 25°13’51” 90°15’00” South Garo Hills Meghalaya
108 Dindori Narmada 22°56’51” 81°04’40’’ Dindori Madhya Pradesh
109 Domohani Brahmaputra/ Teesta 26°33’46” 88°45’28” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
110 Duddhi Ganga/Sone/Kanhar 24°13'38" 83°16'14" Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh
111 Dudhnai Brahmaputra/Dudhnai 25°58’45” 90°47’27” Goalpara Assam
112 Durvesh Vaitarna 19°42’47” 72°55’48’’ Maharashtra Thane
113 Ekmighat Ganga/Kosi/Bagmati/Adhwara 26°07’03’’ 85°52’35’’ Darbhanga Bihar
114 Elginbridge Ganga/Ghaghra 27°05'44" 81°29'02'' Barabanki Uttar Pradesh
115 Elunuthimangalam Cauvery/Noyyal 11°01’54” 77°53’15” Erode Tamilnadu
116 Englishbazar Padma/Mahananda 24°59’51’’ 88°09’08’’ Malda West Bengal
117 Erinjipuzha Payaswani 12°29’00” 75°09’14” Kasargod Kerala
118 Etawah Ganga/Yamuna 26°45'00'' 78°59'00'' Etawah Uttar Pradesh
119 Fakirabazar Kushiyara/Longai 24°51’06” 92°20’43” Karimganj Assam
120 Farakka Ganga 24°48’14’’ 87’55’52’’ West bengal Murshidabad
121 Farakka/(HR) Bhagirathi/Feeder Canal 24°48’08’’ 87°55’18’’ Murshidabad West Bengal
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 27°24'15" 79°37'30'' Farukhabad Uttar Pradesh
Page | 129
S.
No.
123 Fulertal Barak 24°47’19” 93°01’08” Cachar Assam
124 Gadarwara Narmada/Sakkar 22°55’25” 78°47’27’’ Narsinghpur Madhya Pradesh
125 Gadat Ambika 20°51’29” 72°59’06’’ Navsari Gujarat
126 Gajaldoba Brahmaputra / Teesta 26°45’09” 88°35’14” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
127 Galeta Ganga/Yamuna/Hindon 29°04'32'' 77°27'45'' Meerut Uttar Pradesh
128 Ganod Bhadar 21°39’52” 70°10’52’’ Rajkot Gujarat
129 Garhamukteshwar Ganga 28°48'00" 78°08'30'' Gaziabad Uttar Pradesh
130 Garrauli Ganga/Yamuna/Betwa/Dhasan 25°04'00'' 79°20'00'' Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh
131 Garudeshwar Narmada 21°53’06” 73°39’16’’ Narmada Gujarat
132 Gaya Ganga/Kiul/Harohar/Phalgu 24°42’18’’ 85°00’48’’ Gaya Bihar
133 Gelabil Brahmaputra/Dhansiri(South)/Doyang 26°14’26” 93°58’39” Golaghat Assam
134 Ghat Ganga/Ghaghra/Sharda/Sarju 29°30'00" 80°07'40'' Pithoragarh Uttarakhand
135 Ghatora Mahanadi/Seonath 22°03’25” 82°13’11” Bilaspur Chhatisgarh
136 Ghatsila Subarnarekha 22°34’50” 86°28’06” Purba Singhbhum Jharkhand
137 Ghish Brahmaputra / Teesta / Ghish 26°52’29” 88°36’34” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
138 Ghugumari Brahmaputra/ Torsa 26°17’14” 89°27’39” Cooch Behar West Bengal
139 Gokak Krishna/Ghataprabha 34.03'47" 74.50'04" Sirnagar Jammu & Kashmir
140 Golaghat Brahmaputra/Dhansari(South) 26°30’10” 93°57’07” Golaghat Assam
141 Golokganj Brahmaputra/Sonkosh 26°06’26” 89°49’10” Dhubri Assam
142 Gomlai Brahmani 21°50’16” 84°56’33” Sundergarh Odisha
143 Gopalkheda Tapi/Purna 20°52’27” 76°59’23’’ Akola Maharashtra
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144 Gopurajapuram Nagapattinam 10°51’04” 79°48’00” Nagapattinam Tamilnadu
145 Govindapur Burhabalang 21°32’44” 86°55’05” Balasore Odisha

146 Gummanur Ponnaiyar 12°33’18” 78°08’18” Krishnagiri Tamilnadu
147 Gumrabazar Meghna/Surma/Gumra 25°00’41” 92°30’35” Cachar Assam
148 Gunupur Vamsadhara 22.20'00" 84.30'15" Simdega Jharkhand
149 Haladi Haladi 13°34’52” 74°51’26” Udupi Karnataka
150 Halia Krishna/Halla 16°47’24” 79°20’19” Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh
151 Hamirpur Ganga/Yamuna 25°57'39'' 80°09'16'' Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh
152 Handia Narmada 22°29’26” 76°58’33’’ Harda Madhya Pradesh
153 Hanskhali Bhagirathi/Churni 23°21’28’’ 88’36’31’’ Nadia West Bengal
154 Haridwar Ganga 13.58'34' 75.41'07" Shimoga Karnataka
155 Harlahalli Krishna/Tungabhadra 14°49’50” 75°40’28” Haveri Karnataka
156 Hassimara Brahmaputra/ Torsa 26°43’52” 89°21’28” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
157 Hathidah Ganga 25°23’06’’ 85°59’35’’ Patna Bihar
158 Hayaghat Ganga/Kosi/Bagmati 26°01’30’’ 85°51’57’’ Darbhanga Bihar
159 Hivra Godavari/Pranhita/Wardha 20°32’50” 78°19’29” Wardha Maharastra
160 Holehonnur Krishna/Tungabhadra/Bhadra 13°58’34” 75°41’07” Shimoga Karnataka
161 Hogenakkal Cauvery/Chinnar 12°07’16” 77°47’07” Dharmapuri Tamilnadu
162 Honnali Krishna/Tungabhadra 14°14’18” 75°39’27” Davangere Karnataka

163 Hoshangabad Narmada 22°45’22” 77°43’58’’ Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh
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164 Huvenhedigi Krishna 12.20'46" 76.17'16" Mysore Karnataka
165 Jagdalpur Godavari/Indravati 19°05’53’’ 82°02’26’’ Bastar Chhattisgarh
166 Jagibhakatgaon Brahmaputra/ Kopili 26°09’54” 92°21’07” Morigaon Assam
167 Jai Nagar Ganga/Kosi/Kamla-Balan 26°35’00’’ 86°08’53’’ Madhubani Bihar
168 Jaldhaka NH-31 Brahmaputra/Jaldhaka 26°34’11” 88°56’18” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
Jammu and
169 Jammu Tawi Chenab/Tawi 32°44’00” 74°52’53” Jammu
Kashmir
170 Jamshedpur Subarnarekha 22°48’56” 86°12’58” Purba Singhbhum Jharkhand
171 Jamsolghat Subarnarekha 14.56'20" 75.37'05" Haveri Karnataka
172 Japla Ganga/Sone 24°34’05’’ 83°58’30’’ Palamu Jharkhand
173 Jaraikela Brahmani/Koel 22°19’18” 85°06’17” Sundergarh Odisha
174 Jenapur Brahmani 20°53’10” 86°00’50” Jajpur Odisha
175 Jhanjharpur Ganga/Kosi/Kamla-Balan 26°14’00’’ 86°15’34’’ Madhubani Bihar
176 Jiabharali NT Road X-ing Brahmaputra/ Jiabharali 26°48’35” 92 °52’44” Sonitpur Assam
177 Jondhra Mahanadi/Seonath 21°42’57” 82°20’50” Bilaspur Chhatisgarh
178 K.M. Vadi Cauvery/Lakshmantirtha 12°20’46” 76°17’16” Mysore Karnataka
179 Kachlabridge Ganga 27°55'52" 78°51'20'' Badaun Uttar Pradesh
180 Kalampur Muvattupuzha 09°59’25” 76°37’56” Emakulam Kerala
181 Kalanaur Ganga/Yamuna 30°04'10'' 77°21'52'' Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh
182 Kallooppara Pamba 09°24’10” 76°39’00” pathanamthitt Kerala
183 Kalna (EBB)* Bhagirathi 23°13’31’’ 88°22’21’’ Burdwan West Bengal
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184 Kalna (Flow) Bhagirathi 11.50'00" 76.07'21" Wynad Kerala
185 Kamalapuram Pennar/Papagani 14°34’50” 78°40’40” Kadapa Andhra Pradesh
186 Kamalpur Banas 23°48’50” 71°45’00’’ Banaskantha Gujarat
187 Kampur Brahmaputra/ Kopili 26°09’13” 92 °39’23” Nagaon Assam
188 Kanpur Ganga 26°28'10" 80°22'35'' Kanpur Nagar Uttar Pradesh
189 Kantamal Mahanadi/Tel 20°39’00” 83°43’20” Boudh Odisha
190 Karad Krishna 17°17’40” 74°11’25” Satara Maharashtra
191 Karathodu Kadalundi 11°03’25” 76°02’22” Malappuram Kerala
192 Kashinagar Vamsadhara 18°50’54” 83°52’23” Gajapati Odisha
193 Katwa (Purbasthali) Bhagirathi 23°38’37’’ 88°08’52’’ Burdwan West Bengal
194 Keesara Krishna/Munneru 16°43’05” 80°19’05” Krishna Andhra Pradesh
195 Kellodu Krishna/Tungabhadra/Vedavathi 13°45’00” 76°20’44” Chitradurga Karnataka
196 Keolari Godavari/Pranhita/Wainganga 09.34'24" 77.05'27" Idukki Kerala
197 Kesinga Mahanadi/Tel 20°12’14” 83°13’23” Kalahandi Odisha
198 Khanitar Brahmaputra / Teesta 27°08’02” 88°30’10’’ East Sikkim Sikkim
199 Khanpur Mahi 22°31’55” 73°08’27’’ Anand Gujarat
200 Kharkhana Meghna/Myntdu 25°09’30” 92°13’30” Jaintia Hills Meghalaya
201 Khatoli Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Parwati 25°40'57" 76°28'58" Kota Rajasthan
202 Kheronighat Brahmaputra/ Kopili 25°50’54” 92 °53’12” Karbi Anglong Assam
203 Kidangoor Meenachil 09°40’30” 76°36’10” kottayam Kerala
204 Kodumudi Cauvery 11°04’52” 77°53’25” Erode Tamilnadu
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205 Koelwar Ganga/Sone 25°34’15’’ 84°47’59’’ Arrah Bihar
206 Kogaon Narmada/Kundi 22°06’18” 75°40’42’’ Khargone Madhya Pradesh
207 Kokrajhar Brahmaputra/Gaurang 26°23’49” 90°15’18” Kokrajhar Assam
208 Kollegal Cauvery 12°11’21” 77°06’00” Chamarajanagar Karnataka
209 Konta Godavari/Sabari 17°48’00” 81°23’34” Dantewara Chhattisgarh
210 Koperagaon Godavari 23.18'40" 79.39'43" Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
211 Kora Ganga/Yamuna/Rind 26°07'58'' 80°27'15'' Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh
212 Koteshwar Ganga/Bhagirath 23.01'51" 79.00'56" Narsinghpur Madhya Pradesh
213 Kudalaiyathur Vellar 22.29'30" 76.59'37" Harda Madhya Pradesh
214 Kudige Cauvery 12°30’09” 75°57’40” Coorg Karnataka
215 Kudlur Cauvery/Palar 11°50’26” 77°27’46” Chamarajan-agara Karnataka
216 Kuldah Bridge Ganga/Sone 24°24'45" 81°42'01" Sidhi Madhya Pradesh
217 Kulsi Brahmaputra/Kulsi 25°58’45” 91°23’09” Kamrup Assam
218 Kumbidi Bharathapuzha 10°51’00” 76°01’18” Palakkad Kerala
219 Kumhari Godavari / Pranhita / Wainganga 21°53’03” 80°10’30” Balaghat Madhya Pradesh
220 Kuniyil Chaliyar 11°14’26” 76°01’26” Malappuram Kerala
221 Kuppelur Krishna/Tungabhadra/Kumudavathi 14°30’00” 75°38’02” Haveri Karnataka
222 Kurubhata Mahanadi/Mand 21°59’11” 83°12’15” Raigarh Chhatisgarh
223 Kurundwad Krishna 16°41’01” 74°36’11” Kolhapur Maharastra
224 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi 11°37’30” 75°47’04” Kozhikode Kerala
225 Kuzhithurai Thambraparni 08°18’08” 77°10’51” Knayakumari Tamilnadu
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226 Labha Ganga/Mahananda 25°26’10’’ 87°45’57’’ Katihar Bihar
227 Lakhisarai Ganga/Kiul 25°10’33’’ 86°05’58’’ Lakhisarai Bihar
228 Lalganj Ganga/Gandak 25°50’05’’ 85’09’47’’ Vaishali Bihar
229 Lowara shetruni 21°26’36” 71°33’42’’ Bhavnagar Gujarat
230 Lucknow Ganga/Gomti 26°51'40" 80°56'47'' Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
231 M.H. Halli Cauvery/Hemavathi 12°49’08” 76°08’00” Hassan Karnataka
232 Madhira Krishna/Munneru/Wyra 25.10'44" 77.41'13" Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh
233 Madla Ganga/Yamuna/Ken 26.25'03" 78.55'48" Datia Madhya Pradesh
234 Mahidpur Ganga/Yamuna/ Chambal/Shipra 23°28'50" 75°38'11" Ujjain Madhya Pradesh
235 Mahuwa Purna 21°00’57” 73°08’08’’ Surat Gujarat
236 Magaral Palar/Cheyyar 12°42’30” 79°45’00” Kancheepuram Tamilnadu
237 Maighat Ganga/Gomti 25°38'37" 82°50'48" Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh

238 Majhitar Brahmaputra / Teesta / Rangit 27°06’28” 88°19’18” South Sikkim Sikkim
239 Malakkara Pamba 09°19’57” 76°39’47” pathanamthitt Kerala
240 Malkhed Krishna/Bhima/Kagna 17°12’12” 77°09’25” Gulbarga Karnataka
241 Manas NH Crossing Brahmaputra/Manas 26°27’51” 90°44’59” Barpeta Assam
242 Mancherial Godavari 18°50’09’’ 79°26’42’’ Adilabad Andhra Pradesh
243 Mandleshwar Narmada 22°10’06” 75°39’36’’ Khargone Madhya Pradesh
244 Manendragarh Mahanadi/Hasdeo 23°12’13” 82°13’02” Koria Chhatisgarh
245 Mangaon (Seasonal) Savitri/kal 18°13’58” 73°17’05” Raigarh Maharastra
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246 Mankara Bharathapuzha 10°45’40” 76°29’10” Palakkad Kerala
247 Manot Narmada 22°44’08” 80°30’47’’ Mandla Madhya Pradesh
248 Mantralayam Krishna/Tungabhadra 16.46'51" 74.38'00" Kolhapur Maharashtra
249 Marella Gundlakamma 15°52’58” 79°54’37” Praksam Andhra Pradesh
250 Margherita Brahmaputra/ Buridehing 27°17’01” 95 °39’46” Tinsukia Assam
251 Marol Krishna/Tungabhadra/Varada 14°56’20” 75°37’05” Haveri Karnataka
252 Mataji Mahi 23°20’38” 74°43’29’’ Ratlam Madhya Pradesh
253 Mathabhanga Brahmaputra/Jaldhaka 26°19’31” 89°14’08” Cooch Behar West Bengal
254 Mathanguri Brahmaputra / Beki 26°46’55” 90°57’22” Barpeta Assam
255 Mathura Ganga/Yamuna 27°26'30'' 77°42'54'' Mathura Uttar Pradesh
256 Matigara Ganga/Mahananda/Balson 26°43’13” 88°22’37” Darjeeling West Bengal
257 Matijuri Barak/Katakhal 24°38’53” 92°36’29” Hailakandi Assam
258 Matunga Brahmaputra / Pagladiya / Kalanadi 26°47’30” 91°32’07” Baksa (BTAD) Assam
259 Mawi Ganga/Yamuna 29°23'07'' 77°09'16'' Muzaffar Nagar Uttar Pradesh
260 Meja Road Ganga/Tons 25°14'00" 82°02'16" Allahabad Uttar Pradesh
261 Mekhliganj Brahmaputra / Teesta - - - -
262 Menangudi Cauvery/Noolar 10°56’54” 79°42’20” Thiruvarur Tamilnadu
263 Miao Brahmaputra/Noa-dehing 27°29’57” 96°12’35” Changlang Mizoram

264 Mirzapur Ganga 25°09'22" 82°31'49" Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh
265 Mohana Ganga/Yamuna 28°14'58'' 77°28'12'' Faridabad Haryana
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266 Mohana Ganga/Yamuna/Betwa 13.33'41" 79.36'56" Chandrapur Maharashtra
267 Mohgaoan Narmada/Burhner 22°45’42” 80°37’26’’ Mandla Madhya Pradesh
268 Moradabad Ganga/Ramganga 28°49'32" 78°47'54'' Moradabad Uttar Pradesh
269 Motinaroli Kim (Indepent River) 21°24’16” 72°57’45’’ Surat Gujarat
270 Murappanadu Tambraparni 08°42’52” 77°50’06” Tuticorin Tamilnadu
271 Muri Subarnarekha 23°22’50” 85°52’40” Ranchi Jharkhand
272 Murti Brahmaputra / Jaldhaka / Murti 26°50’26” 88°49’42” Jalpaiguri Assam
273 Musiri Cauvery 10°56’36” 78°26’06” Thiruchira Palli Tamilnadu
274 Muthankera Cauvery/ Kabini 11°50’00” 76°05’20” Wynad Kerala
275 Nagrakata Brahmaputra / Jaldhaka 26°52’22” 88°53’43” Jalpaiguri Assam
276 Nagalamadike Pennar 14°11’20” 77°22’20” Tumkur Andhra Pradesh
277 Naharkatia Brahmaputra/ Buridehing 27°19’15” 95 °18’38” Dibrugarah Assam

278 Naidupet Swarnamukhi 13°56’54” 79°53’50” Nellore Andhra Pradesh
279 Nallamaranpatty Cauvery/Amaravathi 10°52’51” 77°59’05” Karur Tamilnadu
280 Nallathur Cauvery/Nandalar 22.03'57" 85.40'24" Keonjhar Odisha
281 Namsai Brahmaputra/Noa-dehing 27°37’28” 95°53’44” Lohit Mizoram
282 Nandgaon Godavari/Pranhita/Wunna 20°32’04” 78°48’04” Wardha Maharastra
283 Nandipalli Pennar/Sagaileru 14°42’51” 79°01’21” Kadapa Andhra Pradesh
284 Nanglamoraghat Brahmaputra/Desang 27°00’00” 94 °49’05” Sivasagar Assam
285 Neamatighat Brahmaputra 26°52’12” 94 °15’08” Jorhat Assam
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286 Neeleswaram Periyar 10°11’00” 76°29’46” Emakulam Kerala
287 Neemsar Ganga/Gomti 27°20'46" 80°28'40'' Sitapur Uttar Pradesh
288 Nellithurai Cauvery/Bhavani 11°17’16” 76°53’28” Coimbatore Tamilnadu
289 Nellore Pennar 14°28’13” 79°59’20” Nellore Andhra Pradesh
290 Neora Brahmaputra / Teesta / Neora 26°52’43” 88°46’18” Jalpaiguri West Bengal
291 Nowrangpur Godavari/Indravati 19°11’51’’ 82°30’43’’ Nowrangpur Odisha
292 Numaligarh Brahmaputra/Dhansiri(South) 26°38’02” 93°43’48” Golaghat Assam
293 P.G.Bridge Godavari/Pranhita/Penganga 19°49’02” 78°34’39” Yeotmal Maharastra
294 Pachauli Ganga/Yamuna/Sind 25°10'44'' 77°41'13'' Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh
295 Pachegaon Godavari/Pravara 19°32’04’’ 74°50’02’’ Ahmednagar Maharashtra
296 Paderdibadi Mahi 23°46’02” 74°08’12’’ Dungarpur Rajasthan
Pagladiya N.T. Road X-
297 Brahmaputra / PagladiYa 26°26’58” 91°27’36” Nalbari Assam
ING
298 Paleru Bridge Krishna/Paleru 16°57’08” 80°02’56” Krishna Andhra Pradesh
299 Paliakalan Ganga/Ghaghra/Sharda 28°23'00" 80°33'09'' Lakhimpur Khiri Uttar Pradesh
300 Palla Ganga/Yamuna 28°49'46'' 77°13'27'' North West Delhi Delhi
301 Panbari Brahmaputra / Burisuti 26°35’30” 90°49’44” Barpeta Assam
302 Pancharatna Brahmaputra 26°12’00” 90°34’38” Goalpara Assam
303 Pandu Brahmaputra 26°10’15” 91°40’18” Kamrup Assam
304 Panposh Brahmani 22°13’33” 84°48’01” Sundergarh Odisha
305 Passighat Brahmaputra/Siang 28°04’23” 95°20’25” East Siang Mizoram
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306 Patan Narmada/Hiran 23°18’42” 79°39’46’’ Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh
307 Pathagudem Godavari/Indravati 18°49’39’’ 80°20’21’’ Bijapur Chhattisgarh
308 Pathardihi Mahanadi/Seonath/Kharun 21°20’28” 81°35’38” Raipur Chhatisgarh
309 Pati Narmada/Goi 21°56’36” 74°44’41’’ Barwani Madhya Pradesh
310 Patna Ganga 25°37’25’’ 85°10’21’’ Patna Bihar
311 Pattazhy Kallada 09°04’22” 76°45’40” Quilon Kerala
312 Pauni Godavari/Pranhita/Wainganga 20°47’41” 79°38’46” Bhandara Maharastra
313 Peralam Cauvery/Vanjiyar 10°58’00” 79°39’50” Thiruvarur Tamilnadu
314 Perumannu Valapatnam 11°58’53” 75°35’15” Cannanore Kerala
315 Perur Godavari 18°33’00’’ 80°23’05’’ Khammam Andhra Pradesh
316 Phulgaon (Seasonal) Krishna/Bhima 18°40’00” 74°00’07” Pune Maharastra
317 Pingalwada Dhadher 22°06’39” 73°04’43’’ Vadodara Gujarat
318 Poanta Yamuna 30°25'31'' 77°35'31'' Simaur Himachal Pradesh
319 Polavaram Godavari 17°14’45” 81°39’35’’ West Godavari Andhra Pradesh

320 Pratapgarh Ganga/Gomti/Sai 25°56'05" 82°00'07" Pratapgarh
321 Pratappur Ganga/Yamuna 25°21'17'' 81°40'02'' Allahabad Uttar Pradesh
Jammu and
322 Prem Nagar Chenab 33°08’00” 75°39’04” Doda
Kashmir
323 Pudur Bharathapuzha 10°46’48” 76°34’30” Palakkad Kerala
324 Pulamanthole Bharathapuzha 10°53’56” 76°11’50” Palakkad Kerala
325 Purna Godavari/Purna 10.37'49" 76.56'46" Coimbatore Tamilnadu
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326 Purushottampur Rushikulya 19°30’53” 84°53’00” Ganjam Odisha
327 Puthimari D.R.F. Brahmaputra / Puthimari 26°48’01” 91°42’01” Baksa (BTAD) Assam
328 Puthimari NH X-ING Brahmaputra / Puthimari 26°20’48” 91°38’45” Kamrup Assam
329 Raibareli Ganga/Gomti/Sai 26°11'55" 81°15'04'' Raibareli Uttar Pradesh
330 Rajapur Ganga/Yamuna 25°23'23'' 81°09'15'' Chitrakoot Uttar Pradesh
331 Rajegaon Godavari / Pranhita / Bagh 21°37’32” 80°15’14” Balaghat Andhra Pradesh
332 Rajghat Ganga/Yamuna/Betwa 26°49'23'' 78°12'00'' Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh
333 Rajim Mahanadi 20°58’25” 81°52’42” Raipur Chhatisgarh
334 Ramakona Godavari/Pranhita/Kanhan 11.33'18" 77.42'52" Erode Tamilnadu
335 Ramamangala Muvattupuzha 09°50’41” 76°28’00” Emakulam Kerala
Jammu and
336 Rammunshi Bagh Jhelum 34°03’47” 74°50’04” Sirnagar
Kashmir
337 Rampur Mahanadi/Jonk 21°39’06” 82°31’02” Raipur Chhatisgarh
Ranganadi NT-Road
338 Brahmaputra/ 27°12’00” 94°03’46” Lakhimpur Assam
Crossing
339 Rangeli Mahi/som 23°52’22” 74°13’25’’ Dungarpur Rajasthan
340 Rangpo Brahmaputra / Teesta / Rangpochu 27°10’20” 88°31’47” Gangtok Sikkim
341 Reguali Ganga/Ghaghra/Rapti 26°45'33" 83°17'26'' Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh
342 Rishikesh Ganga 30°04'57" 78°17'30" Dehradun Uttarakhand
343 Rudraprayag Ganga/ Alaknanda 30°17'03" 78°58'29" Rudraprayag Uttarakhand
Jammu and
344 Safapora Jhelum 34°17’44” 74°37’29” Baramulla
Kashmir
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345 Sakleshpur Cauvery/Hemavathi 12°57’10” 75°47’04” Hassan Karnataka
346 Sakmur(Sirpur) Godavari/Pranhita/Wardha 27.05'44" 81.29'02" Barabanki Uttar Pradesh
347 Salebhata Mahanadi/Ong 20°59’00” 83°32’09” Balangir Odisha
348 Samdoli (Seasonal) Krishna/Varna 16°51’18” 74°29’48” Sangli Maharastra
349 Sandia Narmada 22°54’57” 78°20’51’’ Hoshangabad Madhya Pradesh
350 Sangam K Kinnerasani 17°47’56” 81°23’32” Khammam Andhra Pradesh
Jammu and
351 Sangam J Jhelum 33°49’59” 75°03’58” Anantnag
Kashmir
352 Sangod Ganga/Yamuna/ Chambal/Parwan 24°58'09" 76°17'32" Kota Rajasthan
353 Sankalan Brahmaputra / Teesta 27°30’30” 88°31’30” North Sikkim Sikkim
354 Sankosh LRP Brahmaputra/Sankosh 26°27’28” 89°51’29” Cooch Behar West Bengal
355 Santeguli Aghanashini 14°26’04” 74°35’10” North Kanara Karnataka
356 Sarangkheda Tapi 21°25’42” 74°31’38” Nandurbar Maharashtra
357 Satrapur Godavari/Pranhita/Kanhan 21°13’05” 79°13’56” Nagpur Maharastra
358 Savandapur Cauvery/Bhavani 11°31’17” 77°30’36” Erode Tamilnadu
359 Seondha Ganga/Yamuna/Sind 26°09'49'' 78°47'00'' Datia Madhya Pradesh
360 Seppa Brahmaputra/Kameng 27°21’21” 93°02’24” East Kameng Mizoram
361 Sevanur Cauvery/Chittar 11°33’07” 77°43’55” Erode Tamilnadu
362 Sevoke Brahmaputra / Teesta 26°52’54” 88°28’37” Darjeeling West Bengal
363 Shahjina Ganga/Yamuna 25°57'00'' 80°08'52'' Hamirpur Uttar Pradesh
364 Shahzadpur Ganga 25°40'00" 81°25'48" Kaushambi Uttar Pradesh
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365 Shimoga Krishna/Tungabhadra/Tunga 13°56’06” 75°34’37” Shimoga Karnataka
366 Sibbari Meghna/Dareng 25°10’50” 90°30’22” South Garo Hills Meghalaya
367 Sikandarpur Ganga/Burhi Gandak 26°08’22’’ 85°24’05’’ Muzaffarpur Bihar
368 Simga Mahanadi/Seonath 21°37’51” 81°41’16” Raipur Chhatisgarh
369 SinglaBazar Brahmaputra / Teesta / Rangit 27°07’51” 88°16’45” Darjeeling West Bengal
370 Sivasagar Brahmaputra/ Dikhow 26°58’21” 94°36’35” Sivasagar Assam
371 Sonapur Brahmaputra/Digaru 26°06’55” 91°58’27” Kamrup Assam
372 Sonapurhat Mahananda 26°27’25” 88°14’36” North Dinajpur West Bengal
373 Srikakulam Nagavali 18°18’52 85°53’06” Srikakulam Andhra Pradesh
374 Srinagar Ganga/Alakananda 26.16'33" 82.04'04" Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh
375 Sripalpur Ganga/Punpun 25°30’16’’ 85’07’23’’ Patna Bihar
376 Suklai Brahmaputra / Puthimari / Suklai 26°38’16” 91°42’39” Baksa (BTAD) Assam
377 Sultanpur Ganga/Gomti 26°17'00" 82°07'21" Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh
378 Sulurpet Kalingi 13°42’41” 80°00’30” Nellore Andhra Pradesh
379 Sundergarh Mahanadi/Ib 22°06’55” 84°00’40” Sundergarh Odisha
380 T. Narasipur Cauvery/Kabini 12°13’02” 76°53’13” Mysore Karnataka
T. Ramapuram
381 Krishna/Tungabhadra/Hagari 15°39’45” 76°57’50” Bellary Karnataka
(Seasonal)
382 T.Bekuppe Cauvery/Arkavathi 12°31’00” 77°26’00” Bangalore Rural Karnataka
383 T.K. Halli Cauvery/Shimsha 12°25’00” 77°11’33” Mandya Karnataka
384 Tal Ganga/Yamuna/ Chambal 23°43'03" 75°21'14" Ratlam Madhya Pradesh
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385 Talcher Brahmani 20°57’07” 85°14’32” Angual Odisha
386 Tandi Chenab/Bhaga 32°33’00” 76°58’33” Lahaul Spiti Himachal Pradesh
387 TeestaBazar Brahmaputra / Teesta 27°03’20” 88°25’35” Darjeeling West Bengal
388 Tehri Ganga/Bhagirath 30°21'24" 78°28'58" Tehri Uttarakhand
389 Tekra Godavari/Pranhita/Pranhita 18°58’42” 79°56’49” Gadchiroli Maharastra
390 Tezpur Brahmaputra 26°36’56” 92 °47’48” Sonitpur Assam
391 Tezu Brahmaputra/Lohit 27°54’38” 96°10’15” Lohit Mizoram
392 Thengudi Cauvery/Thirumalairajanar 10°55’00” 79°38’19” Thiruvarur Tamilnadu
393 Thengumarahada Cauvery/Bhavani/Moyar 11°34’22” 76°55’09” Nilgiris Tamilnadu
394 Theni Vaigai/Suruliar 10°00’04” 77°29’06” Theni Tamilnadu
395 Therriaghat Meghna/Umsohrynkiew 25°10’48” 91°45’41” East Khasi Hills Meghalaya
396 Thevur Cauvery/Sarabenga 11°31’38” 77°45’03” Salem Tamilnadu
397 Thimmanahalli Cauvery/Yagachi 12°59’00” 76°02’18” Hassan Karnataka
398 Thoppur Cauvery/Thoppaiyar 11°56’18” 78°03’26” Salem Tamilnadu
399 Thumpamon Pamba 09’13’37 76°42’00” pathanamthitt Kerala
400 Tikarpara Mahanadi 20°35’22” 84°47’00” Angul Odisha
401 Tilga Brahmani/Sankh 22°37’07” 84°24’23” Simdega Jharkhand
402 Tonk Ganga/Yamuna/ Chambal/Banas 26°12'32" 75°47'00" Tonk Rajasthan
403 Tribeni Ganga/Gandak 27°26’30’’ 83°55’00’’ West Champaran Bihar
404 Tufanganj Brahmaputra/Torsa/Raidak-I 26°18’31” 89°40’28” Cooch Behar West Bengal
405 Tuini (Tons) Ganga/Yamuna/Tons 30°56'23'' 77°50'48' Dehradun UttaraKhand
Page | 143
S.
No.
406 Turtipar Ganga/Ghaghra 26°08'37" 83°52'49'' Ballia Uttar Pradesh
407 Udaipur Chenab/Chandra 32°43’00” 76°40’03” Lahaul Spiti Himachal Pradesh
408 Udaipur Brahmaputra/Buridehing/Tirap 27°20’00” 95°51’18” Tinsukia Assam
409 Udi Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal 26°42'16'' 80°10'23'' Etawah Uttar Pradesh
410 Ujjain Ganga/Yamuna/Chambal/Shipra 26.28'28' 89.47'07" Jalpaiguri West Bengal
411 Urachikottai Cauvery 11°28’40” 77°42’00” Erode Tamilnadu
412 Uttarkashi Ganga/Bhagirath 30°44'20" 78°21'23" Uttarkashi Uttarakhand
413 Vandiperiyar Periyar 09°34’30” 77°05’16” Idukki Kerala
414 Vapi Damanganga 20°20’20” 72°54’42’’ Valsad Gujarat
415 Varanasi Ganga 25°19'25" 83°02'15" Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
416 Vautha Sabarmati 22°38’50” 72°32’08’’ Kheda Gujarat
417 Vazhavachanur Ponnaiyar 12°03’55” 78°58’15” Thiruvannam-alai Tamilnadu
418 Villupuram Ponnaiyar 11°52’16” 79°27’34” Villupuram Tamilnadu
419 Wadenapally Krishna 16°47’39” 80°04’10” Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh
420 Wairagarh Godavari/Pranhita/Khobragarhi 24.09'17" 88.27'44" Murshidabad West Bengal
421 Warunji Krishna/Koyna 23.21'19" 88.36'22" Nadia West Bengal
422 Yadgir Krishna/Bhima 16°44’15” 77°07’20” Gulbarga Karnataka
423 Yashwant nagar Ganga/Yamuna/ 30°53'12'' 77°12'22'' Simaur Himachal Pradesh
424 Yennehole Swarna 13°17’39” 74°58’51” Udupi Karnataka
Page | 144
Annexure-2: Details of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring stations
where the water was found within acceptable limits in terms of toxic metal
contamination as per (BIS 10500; 2012) metal concentration during the study
period.
S.No. River Name of the Water Quality Sites No. of Stations

1 Amaravathi Nallammaranpatty 1
2 Balaram Chitrasani 1
3 Banas Abu Road, Baranwada, Tonk 3
4 Barak A.P.Ghat 1
5 Betwa Rajghat, Shahijina, Mohana (Betwa) 3
6 Bhagirathi Berhampore, Kalna (EBB), Kalna (Flow)* 3
7 Bharathapuzha Kumbidi, Mankara 2
8 Bhavani Savandapur 1
9 Bhima Yadgir 1
10 Cauvery Biligundullu, Kollegal, Musiri 3
11 Cauvery/Noolar Menangudi 1
12 Cauvery/Puravidaiyanar Gopurajapuram 1
13 Chalakudy Arangaly 1
14 Chaliyar Kuniyil 1
15 Chambal Dholpur, Tal, Udi 3
16 Chenab Akhnoor, Dhamkund, Prem Nagar 3
17 Chenab/Bhaga Tandi 1
18 Chenab/Chandra Udaipur (Chandra) 1
19 Chenab/Tawi Jammu Tawi 1
20 Cheyyar Magaral 1
21 Chinnar Hogenakkal 1
22 Chittar A.P. Puram, Sevanur 2
23 Dhaleshwari Matijuri 1
24 Dhasan Garrauli 1
25 Diana Diana 1
26 Feeder Canal Farakka/(HR) 1
27 Gambhiri Chittorgarh 1
28 Ganga Farakka 1
29 Ghataprabha Gokak 1
30 Giri Yashwant nagar 1
31 Godavari Mancherial 1
32 Goi Pati 1
33 Gumra Gumrabazar 1
34 Gundlakamma Marella 1
35 Halia Halia 1
Page | 145
36 Haridra Byaladahalli 1
37 Hasdeo Manendragarh 1
38 Hemavathi Akkihebbal 1
39 Jalangi Chapra 1
40 Jhelum Ram Munshi Bagh, Sangam J, Safapora 3
41 Kabini T. Narasipur 1
42 Kadalundi Karathodu 1
43 Kagna Malkhed 1
44 Kalanadi Matunga 1
45 Kali Sindh Barod 1
46 Kalingi Sulurpet 1
47 Kaliyar Kalampur 1
48 Kannadipuzha Pudur 1
49 Ken Madla 1
50 Kharun Pathardhi 1
51 Kinnerasani Sangam K 1
52 Koyna Warunji 1
53 Krishna Kurundwad, Wadenapally 2
54 Kumudavathi Kuppelur 1
55 Kundi Kogaon 1
56 Mahanadi Rajim 1
57 Mahi Paderdibadi 1
58 Malaprabha Cholachguda 1
59 Manimala Kallooppara 1
60 Moyar Thengumarahada 1
61 Musi Damarcherla 1
62 Nandalar Nallathur 1
63 Narmada Mandleshwar 1
64 Nattar Annavasal 1
65 Padma/Mahananda English Bazar 1
66 Pairi Baronda 1
67 Palar Avarankuppam, Chengalpet, Kudlur 3
68 Paleru Paleru Bridge 1
69 Pampa Malakkara 1
70 Parwan Aklera, Sangod, 2
71 Parwati A B Road Xing, Khatoli 2
72 Payaswani Erinjipuzha 1
73 Peddavagu Bhatpalli 1
74 Pennar Nagalamadike, Nellore 2
75 Periyar Neeleswaram 1
76 Ponnaiyar Villupuram 1
77 Purna Purna 1
Page | 146
78 Rind Kora 1
79 Rukni Dholai 1
80 Rushikulya Purushottampur 1
81 Sakkar Gadarwara 1
82 Sarabenga Thevur 1
83 Seonath Jondhra 1
84 Shimsha T.K.Halli 1
85 Sind Pachauli, Seondha 2
86 Sipra Mahidpur, Ujjain 2
87 Suvarnavathi Bendrahalli 1
88 Tambrapani Kuzhithurai, Murappanadu 2
89 Tel Kesinga 1
90 Thirumalairajanar Thengudi 1
91 Thoppaiyar Thoppur 1
92 Tuini Tuini 1
93 Uri Dhulsar 1
94 Vaigai Ambasamudram 1
95 Vamsadhara Kashinagar 1
96 Vanjiyar Peralam 1
97 Varna Phulgaon (Seasonal), Samdoli 2
98 Vedavathi Kellodu 1
99 Vellar Kudalaiyathur 1
100 Wardha Bamni (Wardha), Sakmur 2
101 Wunna Nandgaon 1
Aauriya, Etawah, Hamirpur, Kalanaur, Palla,
102 Yamuna 9
Pratapur, Poanta, Mawi, Rajapur
Total Water Quality Stations 137
Page | 147
Annexure-3: List of Indian rivers and their water quality monitoring stations and
where the water was found above acceptable limits (BIS 10500; 2012) metal
concentration during the study period.

1 Achankovil Thumpamon 1
2 Aghanashini Santeguli 1
3 Aie Aie NH Crossing 1
4 Alakananda Srinagar, Rudraprayag 2
5 Aliyar Ambarampalayam 1
6 Ambika Gadat 1
7 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe 1
8 Bagh Rajegaon 1
9 Bagmathi Dheng Bridge, Ekmighat, Hayaghat 3
10 Balason Matigara 1
11 Banas Kamalpur 1
12 Banjar Bamni (Banjar) 1
13 Barak B.P. Ghat, Fulertal 2
14 Beki Beki Mathanguri, Beki Road Bridge, Mathanguri 3
15 Bhadar Ganod 1
16 Bhadra Holehonnur 1
17 Bhagirath Deoprayag, Koteshwar, Tehri, Uttarkashi, Katwa 5
18 Bhavani Nellithurai 1
19 Brahmani Gomlai, Jenapur, Panposh, Talcher 4
Bhomoraguri, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Neamatighat,
20 Brahmaputra 7
Pancharatna, Pandu, Tezpur
21 Bugi Dimapara 1
22 Burhabalang Govindapur 1
23 Burhi Gandak Sikandarpur 1
24 Burhner Mohgaoan 1
25 Buridehing Chenimari, Margherita, Naharkatia 3
26 Burisuti Panbari 1
27 Cauvery Urachikottai, Kodumudi, Chuchankatte, Kudige, 4
28 Champamati Behalpur 1
29 Chel Chel 1
30 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur 1
31 Churni Hanskhali 1
32 Damanganga Vapi 1
33 Dareng Sibbari 1
34 Desang Desangpani, Dillighat, Nanglamoraghat 3
35 Dhadher Pingalwada 1
36 Dhansiri Bokajan, Golaghat, Numaligarh 3
Page | 148
37 Digaru Sonapur 1
38 Dikhow Bihubar, Sivasagar 2
39 Doyang Gelabil 1
40 Dudhnai Dudhnai 1
41 Gad Belne Bridge 1
42 Gandak Lalganj, Tribeni 2
Allahabad, Anandpur, Ankinghat, Azmabad, Bhitaura,
Buxar, Champua, Fatehgarh, Garhamukteshwar,
43 Ganga 18
Haridwar, Hathidah, Kachlabridge, Kanpur, Mirzapur,
Patna, Rishikesh, Shahzadpur, Varanasi
44 Ganjal Chhidgaon 1
45 Gaurang Kokrajhar 1
46 Ghagra Elginbridge 1
47 Ghagra Turtipar 1
48 Ghish Ghish 1
49 Godavari Bhadrachalam, Koperagaon, Perur, Polavaram 4
50 Gomti Lucknow, Maighat, Neemsar, Sultanpur 4
51 Gurupur Addoor 1
52 Hagari T. Ramapuram 1
53 Haladi Haladi 1
54 Hamp Andhiyar Kore 1
55 Harohar/Phalgu Gaya 1
56 Hasdeo Bamnidih 1
57 Hemavathi M.H. Halli, Sakleshpur 2
58 Hindon Galeta 1
59 Hiran Patan 1
60 Ib Sundergarh 1
61 Indravathi Jagdalpur, Nowrangpur, Pathagudem 3
62 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31, Mathabhanga, Nagrakata 3
63 Jiabharali Bhalukpong, Jiabharali NT Road Xing 2
64 Jonk Rampur 1
65 Kabini Muthankera 1
66 Kal Mangaon (Seasonal) 1
67 Kallada Pattazhy 1
68 Kamala-Balan Jai Nagar, Jhanjharpur 2
69 Kamang Seppa 1
70 Kanhan Ramakona, Satrapur 2
71 Kanhar Duddhi 1
72 Ken Banda 1
73 Kharkai Adityapur 1
74 Khobragarhi Wairagarh 1
75 Kim Motinaroli 1
Page | 149
76 Kiul Lakhisarai 1
77 Koel Jaraikela 1
78 Kopili Dharamtul, Jagibhakatgaon, Kampur, Kheronighat 4
79 Kosi Baltara 1
80 Krishna Arjunwad, Huvin Hedgi, Karad 3
81 Kulsi Kulsi 1
82 Kunderu Alladupalli 1
83 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi 1
84 Kwano Basti 1
85 Lakshmantirtha K.M. Vadi 1
86 Lohit Dholabazar, Tezu 2
87 Longai Fakirabazar 1
88 Mahanadi Basantpur, Tikarpara 2
89 Mahananda Labha, Champasari, Sonapurhat 3
90 Mahi Khanpur, Mataji 2
91 Manas Manas NH Crossing 1
92 Mand Kurubhata 1
93 Meenachi Kidangoor 1
94 Munneru Keesara 1
95 Murti Murti 1
96 Muvvattupuzha Ramamangalam 1
97 Nagavali Srikakulam 1
98 Naora Neora 1
Barmanghat, Garudeshwar, Dindori, Handia,
99 Narmada 7
Hoshangabad, Manot, Sandia
100 Neo dihing Miao, Namsai 2
101 Nethravathi Bantwal 1
102 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam 1
103 Ong Salebhata 1
104 Orsang Chanwada 1
105 Pagladiya Pagladiya N.T.Road Crossing 1
106 Palar Arcot 1
107 Papagni Kamalapuram 1
108 Pazhayar Ashramam 1
109 Penganga P.G.Bridge 1
110 Pennar Chennur 1
111 Periyar Vandiperiyar 1
112 Ponnaiyar Gummanur, Vazhavachanur 2
113 Pranhitha Tekra 1
114 Pravara Pachegaon 1
115 Pulanthodu Pulamanthole 1
116 Punpun Sripalpur 1
Page | 150
117 Purna Gopalkheda, Mahuwa 2
118 Puthimari Puthimari D.R.F., Puthimari NH Road crossing 2
119 Raidak-I Chepan, Tufanganj 2
120 Raidak-II Barobisha 1
121 Ramganga Bareilly, Dabri, Moradabad 3
122 Ramyala Alutuma 1
123 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road Xing 1
124 Rangit Majhitar, Singla-Bazar 2
125 Rangpochu Rangpo 1
126 Rapti Balrampur, Bansi, Birdghat, Regauli 4
127 Sabari Konta 1
128 Sabarmati Derol Bridge, Vautha 2
129 Sagaileru Nandipalli 1
130 Sai Pratapgarh, Raibareli 2
131 Sankh Tilga 1
132 Sankosh Sankosh LRP 1
133 Sarju Ghat 1
134 Saryu Ayodhya 1
135 Seonath Ghatora, Simga 2
136 Sharda Paliakalan 1
137 Sher Belkhedi 1
138 Sheturni Lowara 1
139 Siang Passighat 1
140 Sita Avershe 1
141 Som Rangeli 1
142 Sone Chopan, Japla, Koelwar, Kuldah Bridge 4
143 Sonkosh Golagang 1
144 Subansiri Badatighat, Chouldhowaghat 2
145 Subarnarekha Ghatsila, Jamshedpur, Jamsolghat, Muri 4
146 Suklai Suklai 1
147 Surma/Myntdu Kharkhana 1
148 Suruliar Theni 1
149 Swarnamukhi Naidupet 1
150 Tapi Burhanpur, Sarangkheda 2
Coronation, Domohani, Gajaldoba, Khanitar ,
151 Teesta 8
Mekhliganj, Sankalan, Sevoke, Teesta-Bazar
152 Tel Kantamal 1
153 Tunga Shimoga 1
154 Tungabhadra Bawapuram, Harlahalli, Honnali, Mantralayam 4
155 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) 1
156 Tons Meja Road 1
157 Torsa Ghugumari, Hasimara 2
Page | 151
158 Ulhas Badlapur 1
159 Umngot Dawki 1
160 Umsohrynkiew Therriaghat 1
161 Vaitarna Durvesh 1
162 Valapatnam Perumannu 1
163 Vamanapuram Ayilam 1
164 Vamsadhara Gunupur 1
165 Varada Marol 1
166 Wainganga Ashti, Keolari, Kumhari, Pauni 4
167 Wardha Hivra 1
168 Wyra Madhira 1
169 Yagachi Thimmanahalli 1
170 Yamuna Agra, Delhi Rly Bridge, Mathura, Mohana (Yamuna) 4
171 Yennehole Yennehole 1
Total Water Quality Stations 287
Page | 152
Annexure-04: Details of water quality monitoring stations where the water was
found above the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) in presence of only one
parameter (Iron or Copper or Cadmium or Nickel or Lead) during the study period.
IRON
Total No. of WQ Total No. Of water
Stations Samples
1 Aie Aie NH Crossing (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Srinagar (Nov, 2014), Rudraprayag
2 Alakananda 2 2
(May, 2014)
3 Ambika Gadat (Aug, 2016) 1 1
4 Bagh Rajegaon(Aug, 2016) 1 1

Dheng Bridge (Aug, 2017); Ekmighat
5 Bagmathi 3 3
(Dec, 2015), Hayaghat (Dec, 2016)
Anandpur (Aug, 2017), Champua (Aug,
6 Baitarni 2 2
2017)
7 Balason Matigara (May, 2014) 1 1
8 Banas Kamalpur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
9 Banjar Bamni (Aug, 2016) 1 1

10 Barak B.P. Ghat (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Beki Mathanguri (Nov, 2014), Beki
11 Beki Road Bridge (Nov, 2014), Mathanguri 3 3
(May, 2014)
12 Bhadar Ganod (Dec, 2015) 1 1
13 Bhadra Holehonnur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Deoprayag (May, 2014), Koteshwar

14 Bhagirath (Nov, 2014); Tehri (May, 2014), 4 4
Uttarkashi (May, 2014)
15 Bhagirathi Katwa (Nov, 2014) 1 1
16 Bhavani Nellithurai (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Jenapur (Nov, 2014), Talcher (Aug,
17 Brahmani 2 2
2017)
Bhomoraguri (Dec, 2015), Dhubri (Nov,
18 Brahmaputra 3 3
2014), Neamatighat (Apr, 2016)
19 Burhabalang Govindapur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
20 Burhi Gandak Sikandarpur (Aug, 2017) 1 1
21 Burhner Mohgaoan (Aug, 2016) 1 1

22 Buridehing Naharkatia (Dec, 2015) 1 1
23 Burisuti Panbari (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Chuchankatte (Aug, 2017), Kudige (Dec,
24 Cauvery 2 2
2015)
25 Champamati Behalpur (Nov, 2014) 1 1
26 Chel Chel (May, 2014) 1 1
Page | 153
Stations Samples
Dillighat (Aug, 2016), Nanglamoraghat
27 Desang 2 2
(Aug, 2016)
Bokajan (Dec, 2015), Golaghat (Aug,

28 Dhansiri 3 3
2016), Numaligath (Apr, 2016)
29 Doyang Gelabil (Dec, 2015) 1 1
Lalganj (Aug, 2016), Tribgeni (Apr,
30 Gandak 2 2
2017)
Allahabad (Aug, 2017),
Garhamukteshwar (May, 2014),
31 Ganga Haridwar (Nov, 2014), Patna (Aug, 6 6
2016), Rishikesh (May, 2014), Varanasi
(Aug, 2017)
32 Ganjal Chhidgaon (Aug, 2017) 1 1
33 Gaurang Kokrajhar (May, 2014) 1 1
34 Ghish Ghish (May, 2014) 1 1
Bhadrachalam (Aug, 2017), Koperagaon

35 Godavari 3 3
(Aug, 2017), Perur (Aug, 2017)
Maighat (Aug, 2017), Sultapur (Aug,
36 Gomti 2 2
2016)
37 Gurupur Addoor (Aug, 2017) 1 1
38 Harohar/Phalgu Gaya (Aug, 2017) 1 1
39 Hemavathi M.H. Halli (Dec, 2015) 1 1
40 Hiran Patan (Aug, 2017) 1 1

Jagdalpur (Aug, 2017), Pathagudem
41 Indravathi 2 2
(Aug, 2017)
Mathabhanga (Nov, 2014), Nagrakata
42 Jaldhaka 2 2
(Nov, 2014)
43 Kabini Muthankera (Dec, 2017) 1 1
Jai Nagar (Apr, 2016), Jhanjharpur (Dec,
44 Kamala-Balan 2 2
2016)
45 Kanhan Satrapur (Aug, 2016) 1 1
46 Kanhar Duddhi (Aug, 2016) 1 1
47 Khobragarhi Wairagarh (Aug, 2016) 1 1
48 Kim Motinaroli (Aug, 2016) 1 1

49 Kiul Lakhisarai (Aug, 2016) 1 1
50 Koel Jaraikela (Aug, 2017) 1 1
51 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon (Dec, 2015) 1 1
52 Kosi Baltara (May, 2014) 1 1
53 Krishna Arjunwad (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Page | 154
Stations Samples
54 Kulsi Kulsi (May, 2014) 1 1
55 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi (Dec, 2017) 1 1
56 Lakshmantirtha K.M. Vadi (Aug, 2017) 1 1
57 Lohit Tezu (Aug, 2016) 1 1
58 Mahanadi Tikarpara (Aug, 2017) 1 1
59 Mahananda Sonapurhat (May, 2014) 1 1
60 Mahi Mataji (Aug, 2016) 1 1

61 Manas Manas NH Crossing (Nov, 2014) 1 1
62 Meenachi Kidangoor (Apr, 2016) 1 1
63 Murti Murti (Nov, 2014) 1 1
64 Muvvattupuzha Ramamangalam (Dec, 2017) 1 1
65 Nagavali Srikakulam (Nov, 2014) 1 1

66 Naora Neora (Nov, 2014) 1 1
Dindori (Apr, 2018), Handia (Apr,
67 Narmada 2018), Hoshangabad (Nov, 2014), 5 5
Manot (Aug, 2016), Sandia (Nov, 2014)
68 Neo dihing Namsai (Apr, 2016) 1 1
69 Nethravathi Bantwal (Aug, 2017) 1 1
70 Papagni Kamalapuram (Aug, 2017) 1 1

71 Pazhayar Ashramam (Nov, 2014) 1 1
72 Penganga P.G.Bridge (Aug, 2016) 1 1
73 Pravara Pachegaon (Aug, 2017) 1 1
74 Pulanthodu Pulamanthole (Apr, 2018) 1 1

75 Punpun Sripalpur (Dec, 2015) 1 1
Puthimari NH Road crossing (May,
76 Puthimari 1 1
2014)
77 Raidak-I Chepan (Nov, 2014) 1 1
78 Raidak-II Barobisha (Nov, 2014) 1 1
79 Ramyala Alutuma (Aug, 2017) 1 1
80 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road Xing (Dec, 2015) 1 1
Majhitar (May, 2014), Singla-Bazar

81 Rangit 2 2
(May, 2014)
82 Rangpochu Rangpo (May, 2014) 1 1
83 Sabari Konta (Aug, 2017) 1 1
84 Sabarmati Derol Bridge (Aug, 2017) 1 1
85 Sagaileru Nandipalli (Aug, 2017) 1 1

86 Sai Pratapgarh (Aug, 2016) 1 1
Page | 155
Stations Samples
87 Sankh Tilga (Aug, 2017) 1 1
88 Sher Belkhedi (Aug, 2016) 1 1
89 Sita Avershe (Aug, 2017) 1 1
90 Som Rangeli (Aug, 2016) 1 1
91 Sone Japla (Aug, 2017) 1 1
92 Sonkosh Golakganj (Nov, 2014) 1 1
93 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat (Dec, 2015) 1 1
94 Subarnarekha Muri (Aug, 2017) 1 1
95 Suklai Suklai (May, 2014) 1 1
96 Suruliar Theni (Dec, 2016) 1 1
97 Tapi Burhanpur (Aug, 2016) 1 1

Coronation (May, 2014), Domohani
(May, 2014), Gajaldoba (May, 2014),
98 Teesta Khanitar (Nov, 2014), Mekhliganj (Nov, 8 8
2014), Sankalan (May, 2014), Sevoke
(May, 2014), Teesta-Bazar (May, 2014)
99 Tunga Shimoga (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Harlahalli (Aug, 2017), Honnali (Aug,
100 Tungabhadra 2 2
2017)
101 Tons Meja Road (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Ghugumari (Nov, 2014), Hasimara
102 Torsa 2 2
(Nov, 2014)
103 Umngot Dawki (Aug, 2017) 1 1
104 Valapatnam Perumannu (Apr, 2016) 1 1
105 Vamanapuram Ayilam (Dec, 2017) 1 1
106 Vamsadhara Gunupur (May, 2014) 1 1
107 Varada Marol (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Ashti (Aug, 2016), Keolari (Aug, 2016),
108 Wainganga 4 4
Kumhari (Aug, 2016), Pauni (Aug, 2016)
109 Wardha Hivra (Aug, 2017) 1 1
110 Wyra Madhira (Apr, 2018) 1 1
111 Yennehole Yennehole (Aug, 2017) 1 1
Total no. of Water Quality Stations: 156 Total no. of Rivers: 111
Page | 156
CHROMIUM

Stations Samples
1 Gad Belne Bridge (Aug, 2017) 1 1
2 Hamp Andhiyar Kore (Feb, 2015) 1 1
3 Kal Mangaon (Seasonal) (Aug, 2017) 1 1
4 Krishna Karad (Aug, 2017) 1 1
5 Mahananda Labha (Nov, 2014) 1 1
6 Surma/Myntdu Kharkhana (Aug, 2016) 1 1
Total no. of Water Quality Stations: 06
Total no. of Rivers: 06
CADMIUM

Stations Samples
1 Yamuna Mathura (Dec, 2015) 1 1
2 Dareng Sibbari (Dec, 2016) 1 1
3 Ponnaiyar Vazhavachanur (Feb, 2015) 1 1

NICKEL

Stations Samples
1 Hasdeo Bamnidih (May, 2014) 1 1
2 Ib Sundergarh (Nov, 2014) 1 1
3 Jonk Rampur (May, 2014) 1 1
4 Ken Banda (Feb, 2015) 1 1
5 Mahanadi Basantpur (May, 2014) 1 1
6 Mand Kurubhata (May, 2014) 1 1
7 Ong Salebhata (May, 2014) 1 1
8 Seonath Ghatora (May, 2014) 1 1
9 Siang Passighat (Nov, 2014) 1 1

Page | 157
LEAD

Stations Samples
1 Achankovil Thumpamon (Apr, 2016) 1 1
2 Aliyar Ambarampalayam (Feb, 2015) 1 1
Kodumudi (Feb, 2015), Urachikottai
3 Cauvery 2 2
(Feb, 2015)
4 Kallada Pattazhy (Feb, 2015) 1 1
5 Longai Fakirabazar (May, 2014) 1 1
6 Munneru Keesara (Feb, 2015) 1 1
7 Palar Arcot (Aug, 2016) 1 1
8 Ponnaiyar Gummanur (Feb, 2015) 1 1
9 Swarnamukhi Naidupet (Feb, 2015) 1 1
10 Umsohrynkiew Therriaghat (Aug, 2017) 1 1
11 Yagachi Thimmanahalli (Feb, 2015) 1 1

Page | 158
Annexure-5: Details of water Qquality monitoring stations where the water was
found above the acceptable limit (BIS 10500:2012) in presence of more than one
toxic metal during the study period.
Name of the Water Quality Which Metals exceeds

S.No River
Sites permissible Limits
1 Aghanashini Santeguli Cr, Fe
2 Kharkai Adityapur Pb, Fe
3 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe
4 Barak Fulertal Pb, Fe
5 Brahmani Gomlai Pb, Fe
6 Brahmani Panposh Ni, Fe
7 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh Pb, Fe
8 Brahmaputra Pancharatna Pb, Fe
9 Brahmaputra Pandu Pb, Fe
10 Brahmaputra Tezpur Cr, Cu, Fe
11 Bugi Dimapara Pb, Fe
12 Buridehing Chenimari Cd, Pb, Fe
13 Buridehing Margherita Cu, Pb, Fe
14 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur Pb, Fe
15 Churni Hanskhali Cr, Fe
16 Damanganga Vapi Cu, Pb, Fe
17 Desang Desangpani Cr, Fe
18 Dhadher Pingalwada Cu, Pb, Fe
19 Digaru Sonapur Pb, Fe
20 Dikhow Bihubar Cr, Cu, Fe
21 Dikhow Sivasagar Cd, Pb, Fe
22 Dudhnai Dudhnai Pb, Fe
23 Ganga Ankinghat Pb, Fe
24 Ganga Azmabad Pb, Fe
25 Ganga Bhitaura Cr, Pb, Fe
26 Ganga Buxar Pb, Fe
27 Ganga Fatehgarh Cr, Pb, Fe
28 Ganga Hathidah Pb, Fe
29 Ganga Kachlabridge Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe
30 Ganga Kanpur Cr, Pb, Fe
31 Ganga Mirzapur Cd, Fe
32 Ganga Shahzadpur Cd, Pb, Fe
33 Ghagra Elginbridge Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe
34 Ghagra Turtipar Cr, Pb, Fe
35 Godavari Polavaram Pb, Fe
36 Gomti Lucknow Pb, Fe
Page | 159
S.No River
37 Gomti Neemsar Pb, Fe
38 Hagari T. Ramapuram Cd, Ni
39 Haladi Haladi Pb, Fe
40 Hemavathi Sakleshpur Pb, Fe
41 Hindon Galeta Cd, Ni, Pb
42 Indravathi Nowrangpur Pb, Fe
43 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31 Pb, Fe
44 Jiabharali Bhalukpong Ni, Fe
45 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road Xing Cr, Pb, Fe
46 Kamang Seppa Cd, Pb, Fe
47 Kanhan Ramakona Pb, Fe
48 Kopili Dharamtul Cd, Fe
49 Kopili Kampur Cd, Fe
50 Kopili Kheronighat Pb, Fe
51 Krishna Huvin Hedgi Ni, Pb, Fe
52 Kunderu Alladupalli Ni, Pb
53 Kwano Basti Pb, Fe
54 Lohit Dholabazar Pb, Fe
55 Mahananda Champasari Pb, Fe
56 Mahi Khanpur Cr, Pb, Fe
57 Narmada Barmanghat Ni, Fe
58 Narmada Garudeshwar Pb, Fe
59 Neo dihing Miao Pb, Fe
60 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam Cd, Ni, Pb
61 Orsang Chanwada Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe
62 Pagladiya Pagladiya N.T.Road Crossing Pb, Fe
63 Pennar Chennur Ni, Pb
64 Periyar Vandiperiyar Ni, Fe
65 Pranhitha Tekra Cu, Fe
66 Purna Gopalkheda Ni, Pb, Fe
67 Purna Mahuwa Cr, Fe
68 Puthimari Puthimari D.R.F. Pb, Fe
69 Raidak-I Tufanganj Pb, Fe
70 Ramganga Bareilly Pb, Fe
71 Ramganga Dabri Pb, Fe
72 Ramganga Moradabad Cr, Pb, Fe
73 Rapti Balrampur Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe
74 Rapti Bansi Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe
75 Rapti Birdghat Cr, Pb, Fe
76 Rapti Regauli Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe
77 Sabarmati Vautha Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe
Page | 160
S.No River
78 Sai Raibareli Cr, Pb, Fe
79 Sankosh Sankosh LRP Pb, Fe
80 Sarju Ghat Cr, Fe
81 Saryu Ayodhya Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe
82 Seonath Simga Ni, Pb
83 Sharda Paliakalan Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe
84 Sheturni Lowara Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe
85 Sone Chopan Cd, Fe
86 Sone Koelwar Pb, Fe
87 Sone Kuldah Bridge Pb, Fe
88 Subansiri Badatighat Pb, Fe
89 Subarnarekha Ghatsila Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe
90 Subarnarekha Jamshedpur Ni, Fe
91 Subarnarekha Jamsolghat Cu, Fe
92 Tapi Sarangkheda Pb, Fe
93 Tel Kantamal Cr, Cu
94 Tungabhadra Bawapuram Cd, Ni, Pb
95 Tungabhadra Mantralayam Cd, Ni, Pb
96 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) Cd, Fe
97 Ulhas Badlapur Cd, Pb
98 Vaitarna Durvesh Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe
99 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge Cd, Ni, Pb
100 Yamuna Mohana (Yamuna) Cd, Pb
101 Yamuna Agra Pb, Fe
Page | 161
Annexure-6: Details of water quality sites, Rivers and the level of toxic metal concentration found above the acceptable limist
as prescribed by BIS during the study period.
1. CADMIUM (Cd in µg/L)

Name of the Name of the
Cd Cd
S.No River Water Quality Month/Year S.No River Water Quality Month/Year
(µg/L) (µg/L)
Sites Sites
1 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe Febuary, 2015 3.977 21 Sabarmati Vautha November, 2014 11.770
2 Buridehing Chenimari May, 2014 5.149 22 Sabarmati Vautha Febuary, 2015 70.518
3 Dareng Sibbari December, 2016 3.253 23 Saryu Ayodhya Febuary, 2015 4.138
4 Dikhow Sivasagar May, 2014 3.490 24 Sharda Paliakalan Febuary, 2015 3.708
5 Ganga Mirzapur April, 2017 3.650 25 Sheturni Lowara May, 2014 10.386
6 Ganga Shahzadpur April, 2017 3.936 26 Sheturni Lowara Febuary, 2015 24.065
7 Ghagra Elginbridge Febuary, 2015 4.558 27 Sheturni Lowara April, 2016 28.047
8 Hagari T. Ramapuram Febuary, 2015 7.888 28 Sone Chopan April, 2017 3.034
9 Hindon Galeta December, 2015 4.398 29 Tungabhadra Bawapuram Febuary, 2015 5.475
10 Hindon Galeta April, 2016 4.959 30 Tungabhadra Mantralayam Febuary, 2015 5.170
11 Kamang Seppa May, 2014 5.158 31 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) April, 2017 3.428
12 Kopili Dharamtul May, 2014 5.074 32 Ulhas Badlapur Febuary, 2015 5.017
13 Kopili Kampur May, 2014 5.086 33 Vaitarna Durvesh Febuary, 2015 33.809
14 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam Febuary, 2015 15.946 34 Vaitarna Durvesh December, 2017 12.262
15 Orsang Chanwada Febuary, 2015 11.938 35 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge December, 2015 4.400
16 Orsang Chanwada December, 2017 3.158 36 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge April, 2016 7.248
17 Ponnaiyar Vazhavachanur Febuary, 2015 3.826 37 Yamuna Mathura December, 2015 9.166
18 Rapti Balrampur Febuary, 2015 3.493 38 Yamuna Mathura April, 2016 3.768
19 Rapti Bansi April, 2017 3.311 39 Yamuna Mohana (Yamuna) December, 2015 6.159
20 Rapti Regauli Febuary, 2015 3.13 40 Yamuna Mohana (Yamuna) April, 2016 5.419
Page | 162
2. CHROMIUM (Cr in µg/L)
Name of the
Name of the Water Cr Cr
S No River Month/Year S.No River Water Quality Month/Year
Quality Sites (µg/L) (µg/L)
Sites
1 Aghanashini Santeguli April, 2018 169.95 22 Ramganga Moradabad November, 2014 230.900
2 Brahmaputra Tezpur August, 2016 53.100 23 Rapti Balrampur November, 2014 141.110
3 Churni Hanskhali November, 2014 147.770 24 Rapti Balrampur August, 2016 107.180
4 Desang Desangpani August, 2016 65.590 25 Rapti Balrampur December, 2016 53.740
5 Dikhow Bihubar April, 2017 90.830 26 Rapti Bansi November, 2014 199.270
6 Gad Belne Bridge August, 2017 66.190 27 Rapti Bansi April, 2016 224.330
7 Ganga Bhitaura November, 2014 164.250 28 Rapti Bansi April, 2017 202.710
8 Ganga Fatehgarh November, 2014 175.240 29 Rapti Birdghat November, 2014 229.730
9 Ganga Kachlabridge November, 2014 198.300 30 Rapti Birdghat August, 2016 109.150
10 Ganga Kachlabridge August, 2016 155.040 31 Rapti Birdghat December, 2016 68.560
11 Ganga Kanpur November, 2014 205.820 32 Rapti Regauli November, 2014 172.710
12 Ghagra Elginbridge November, 2014 144.480 33 Rapti Regauli August, 2016 88.330
13 Ghagra Elginbridge August, 2016 183.010 34 Rapti Regauli December, 2016 50.390
14 Ghagra Turtipar August, 2016 316.840 35 Sai Raibareli December, 2016 54.770
15 Hamp Andhiyar Kore Febuary, 2015 61.260 36 Sarju Ghat November, 2014 193.260
16 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road Xing August, 2016 111.430 37 Sarju Ghat April, 2017 83.740
17 Kal Mangaon (Seasonal) August, 2017 133.490 38 Sharda Paliakalan November, 2014 140.220
18 Krishna Karad August, 2017 98.350 39 Sharda Paliakalan August, 2016 450.260
19 Mahananda Labha November, 2014 50.770 40 Sharda Paliakalan December, 2016 54.290
20 Mahi Khanpur December, 2015 81.700 41 Surma/Myntdu Kharkhana August, 2016 62.240
21 Purna Mahuwa August, 2016 135.570 42 Tel Kantamal Febuary, 2015 55.000
Page | 163
3. COPPER (Cu in µg/L)
Name of the Water Cu Name of the Water Cu

S.No River Month/Year S.No Month/Year River
Quality Sites (µg/L) Quality Sites (µg/L)
1 Brahmaputra Tezpur April, 2017 54.000 7 Pranhitha Tekra April, 2017 76.230
2 Buridehing Margherita November, 2014 269.630 8 Sabarmati Vautha May, 2014 58.340
3 Damanganga Vapi April, 2017 61.550 9 Subarnarekha Ghatsila Febuary, 2015 53.660
4 Dhadher Pingalwada April, 2017 314.930 10 Subarnarekha Ghatsila August, 2017 61.920
5 Dikhow Bihubar April, 2017 54.720 11 Subarnarekha Jamsolghat August, 2017 75.580
6 Ganga Kachlabridge November, 2014 107.990 12 Tel Kantamal Febuary, 2015 72.870
Page | 164
4. IRON (Fe in µg/L)
Name of the Water Fe Name of the Water Fe

S.No River Month/Year S.No River Month/Year
Quality Sites (mg/L) Quality Sites (mg/L)
1 Aghanashini Santeguli November, 2014 0.358 27 Banjar Bamni (Banjar) August, 2017 1.322
2 Aghanashini Santeguli August, 2017 0.353 28 Banjar Bamni (Banjar) April, 2018 1.09
3 Aghanashini Santeguli April, 2018 0.831 29 Barak B.P. Ghat August, 2017 0.626
4 Aie Aie NH Crossing November, 2014 0.794 30 Barak Fulertal April, 2018 0.758
5 Alakananda Srinagar November, 2014 0.744 31 Beki Beki Mathanguri November, 2014 0.499
6 Alaknanda Rudraprayag May, 2014 0.892 32 Beki Beki Road Bridge November, 2014 1.370
7 Alaknanda Rudraprayag November, 2014 0.598 33 Beki Mathanguri May, 2014 0.697
8 Alaknanda Rudraprayag April, 2016 0.395 34 Bhadar Ganod December, 2015 0.592
9 Ambika Gadat August, 2016 0.964 35 Bhadar Ganod August, 2017 0.488
10 Ambika Gadat August, 2017 1.023 36 Bhadar Ganod April, 2018 1.185
11 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe December, 2016 0.379 37 Bhadra Holehonnur August, 2017 0.515
12 Bagh Rajegaon August, 2016 0.646 38 Bhagirath Deoprayag May, 2014 1.219
13 Bagh Rajegaon August, 2017 0.570 39 Bhagirath Deoprayag November, 2014 2.568
14 Bagmathi Dheng Bridge August, 2017 0.564 40 Bhagirath Koteshwar November, 2014 1.087
15 Bagmathi Ekmighat December, 2015 0.474 41 Bhagirath Tehri May, 2014 1.412
16 Bagmathi Ekmighat August, 2016 0.690 42 Bhagirath Uttarkashi May, 2014 1.107
17 Bagmathi Ekmighat December, 2016 0.909 43 Bhagirath Uttarkashi November, 2014 0.424
18 Bagmathi Ekmighat August, 2017 4.414 44 Bhagirathi Katwa November, 2014 2.221
19 Bagmathi Ekmighat April, 2018 1.745 45 Bhavani Nellithurai November, 2014 0.434
20 Bagmathi Hayaghat December, 2016 0.332 46 Brahmani Gomlai August, 2017 0.997
21 Bagmathi Hayaghat August, 2017 2.150 47 Brahmani Jenapur November, 2014 0.452
22 Bagmathi Hayaghat April, 2018 2.335 48 Brahmani Jenapur August, 2017 0.732
23 Balason Matigara May, 2014 5.340 49 Brahmani Panposh November, 2014 0.306
24 Balason Matigara November, 2014 0.726 50 Brahmani Panposh April, 2016 1.793
25 Banas Kamalpur August, 2017 1.322 51 Brahmani Panposh August, 2017 0.858
26 Banjar Bamni (Banjar) August, 2016 0.339 52 Brahmani Talcher August, 2017 0.676
Page | 165
53 Brahmaputra Pancharatna May, 2014 0.490 81 Brahmaputra Tezpur December, 2016 2.382
54 Brahmaputra Pancharatna November, 2014 0.498 82 Brahmaputra Tezpur April, 2017 2.199
55 Brahmaputra Pancharatna August, 2017 0.720 83 Brahmaputra Tezpur August, 2017 9.872
56 Brahmaputra Pandu May, 2014 1.649 84 Brahmaputra Tezpur December, 2017 5.703
57 Brahmaputra Pandu April, 2017 0.390 85 Brahmaputra Tezpur April, 2018 0.449
58 Brahmaputra Pandu August, 2017 0.421 86 Bugi Dimapara December, 2016 0.303
59 Brahmaputra Pandu December, 2017 0.412 87 Burhabalang Govindapur August, 2017 0.630
60 Brahmaputra Dhubri November, 2014 3.467 88 Burhi Gandak Sikandarpur August, 2017 0.568
61 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri December, 2015 1.007 89 Burhi Gandak Sikandarpur April, 2018 0.536
62 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri April, 2016 0.362 90 Burhner Mohgaoan August, 2016 0.545
63 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri August, 2016 3.412 91 Burhner Mohgaoan August, 2017 0.655
64 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri December, 2016 1.443 92 Buridehing Chenimari April, 2016 0.336
65 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri April, 2017 1.362 93 Buridehing Chenimari August, 2016 3.118
66 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri August, 2017 3.340 94 Buridehing Chenimari December, 2016 1.093
67 Brahmaputra Bhomoraguri December, 2017 6.147 95 Buridehing Chenimari April, 2017 0.602
68 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh April, 2016 0.336 96 Buridehing Chenimari August, 2017 14.555
69 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh August, 2016 3.602 97 Buridehing Chenimari April, 2018 0.513
70 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh April, 2017 0.715 98 Buridehing Margherita April, 2016 0.620
71 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh August, 2017 5.801 99 Buridehing Margherita August, 2016 1.722
72 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh December, 2017 3.9 100 Buridehing Margherita December, 2016 2.641
73 Brahmaputra Neamatighat April, 2016 0.570 101 Buridehing Margherita April, 2017 0.405
74 Brahmaputra Neamatighat August, 2016 1.555 102 Buridehing Margherita August, 2017 7.684
75 Brahmaputra Neamatighat April, 2017 0.867 103 Buridehing Margherita April, 2018 3.213
76 Brahmaputra Neamatighat August, 2017 5.075 104 Buridehing Naharkatia December, 2015 0.817
77 Brahmaputra Neamatighat December, 2017 4.22 105 Buridehing Naharkatia April, 2016 0.371
78 Brahmaputra Neamatighat April, 2018 0.327 106 Buridehing Naharkatia August, 2016 3.146
79 Brahmaputra Tezpur December, 2015 0.848 107 Buridehing Naharkatia December, 2016 1.443
80 Brahmaputra Tezpur August, 2016 4.189 108 Buridehing Naharkatia April, 2017 1.289
Page | 166
109 Buridehing Naharkatia August, 2017 11.270 137 Desang Nanglamoraghat April, 2017 0.844
110 Buridehing Naharkatia December, 2017 0.839 138 Desang Nanglamoraghat August, 2017 3.168
111 Buridehing Naharkatia April, 2018 3.605 139 Desang Nanglamoraghat December, 2017 0.623
112 Burisuti Panbari November, 2014 1.408 140 Desang Nanglamoraghat April, 2018 1.235
113 Cauvery Chuchankatte August, 2017 0.356 141 Dhadher Pingalwada August, 2016 0.718
114 Cauvery Kudige December, 2015 0.321 142 Dhadher Pingalwada April, 2017 3.500
115 Cauvery Kudige August, 2017 0.416 143 Dhadher Pingalwada August, 2017 1.348
116 Champamati Behalpur November, 2014 0.626 144 Dhadher Pingalwada December, 2017 2.409
117 Chel Chel May, 2014 1.119 145 Dhansiri Bokajan December, 2015 0.677
118 Chel Chel November, 2014 0.726 146 Dhansiri Bokajan August, 2016 4.291
119 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur August, 2016 0.492 147 Dhansiri Bokajan December, 2016 1.075
120 Churni Hanskhali November, 2014 9.058 148 Dhansiri Bokajan April, 2017 2.271
121 Damanganga Vapi November, 2014 0.362 149 Dhansiri Bokajan August, 2017 13.608
122 Damanganga Vapi August, 2016 0.378 150 Dhansiri Bokajan April, 2018 0.513
123 Damanganga Vapi April, 2017 0.869 151 Dhansiri Golaghat August, 2016 4.103
124 Damanganga Vapi August, 2017 1.311 152 Dhansiri Golaghat December, 2016 0.524
125 Desang Desangpani August, 2016 3.740 153 Dhansiri Golaghat April, 2017 5.089
126 Desang Desangpani December, 2016 0.512 154 Dhansiri Golaghat August, 2017 3.139
127 Desang Desangpani April, 2017 2.825 155 Dhansiri Golaghat December, 2017 1.31
128 Desang Desangpani August, 2017 10.279 156 Dhansiri Numaligarh April, 2016 0.401
129 Desang Desangpani December, 2017 0.966 157 Dhansiri Numaligarh August, 2016 3.296
130 Desang Desangpani April, 2018 0.584 158 Dhansiri Numaligarh December, 2016 0.809
131 Desang Dillighat August, 2016 3.510 159 Dhansiri Numaligarh April, 2017 2.808
132 Desang Dillighat April, 2017 1.227 160 Dhansiri Numaligarh August, 2017 7.894
133 Desang Dillighat August, 2017 8.684 161 Dhansiri Numaligarh April, 2018 0.623
134 Desang Dillighat April, 2018 0.632 162 Digaru Sonapur May, 2014 0.962
135 Desang Nanglamoraghat August, 2016 4.086 163 Digaru Sonapur December, 2015 0.431
136 Desang Nanglamoraghat December, 2016 0.431 164 Digaru Sonapur April, 2017 1.171
Page | 167
165 Digaru Sonapur April, 2018 0.395 193 Gandak Lalganj April, 2018 0.667
166 Dikhow Bihubar December, 2015 1.264 194 Gandak Tribeni April, 2017 1.114
167 Dikhow Bihubar August, 2016 2.162 195 Gandak Tribeni August, 2017 2.688
168 Dikhow Bihubar December, 2016 0.475 196 Gandak Tribeni April, 2018 0.737
169 Dikhow Bihubar April, 2017 5.874 197 Ganga Haridwar November, 2014 1.203
170 Dikhow Bihubar August, 2017 8.980 198 Ganga Rishikesh May, 2014 0.709
171 Dikhow Bihubar December, 2017 0.693 199 Ganga Rishikesh November, 2014 0.370
172 Dikhow Bihubar April, 2018 0.301 200 Ganga Allahabad August, 2017 0.585
173 Dikhow Sivasagar August, 2016 3.434 201 Ganga Mirzapur August, 2017 0.676
174 Dikhow Sivasagar December, 2016 0.687 202 Ganga Shahzadpur August, 2017 0.626
175 Dikhow Sivasagar April, 2017 2.969 203 Ganga Varanasi August, 2017 0.873
176 Dikhow Sivasagar August, 2017 2.158 204 Ganga Ankinghat May, 2014 0.495
177 Dikhow Sivasagar December, 2017 1.168 205 Ganga Ankinghat November, 2014 1.126
178 Dikhow Sivasagar April, 2018 0.366 206 Ganga Ankinghat December, 2016 0.335
179 Doyang Gelabil December, 2015 0.903 207 Ganga Bhitaura May, 2014 0.334
180 Doyang Gelabil August, 2016 3.707 208 Ganga Bhitaura November, 2014 1.094
181 Doyang Gelabil April, 2017 6.125 209 Ganga Bhitaura August, 2016 0.499
182 Doyang Gelabil August, 2017 7.894 210 Ganga Bhitaura August, 2017 0.421
183 Doyang Gelabil December, 2017 2.245 211 Ganga Fatehgarh May, 2014 0.435
184 Dudhnai Dudhnai May, 2014 0.987 212 Ganga Fatehgarh November, 2014 0.950
185 Dudhnai Dudhnai November, 2014 0.591 213 Ganga Fatehgarh August, 2016 0.365
186 Dudhnai Dudhnai December, 2015 0.405 214 Ganga Fatehgarh December, 2016 0.441
187 Dudhnai Dudhnai April, 2017 1.155 215 Ganga Fatehgarh August, 2017 0.575
188 Dudhnai Dudhnai August, 2017 0.645 216 Ganga Garhamukteshwar May, 2014 0.387
189 Dudhnai Dudhnai April, 2018 0.467 217 Ganga Garhamukteshwar November, 2014 0.630
190 Gandak Lalganj August, 2016 0.949 218 Ganga Garhamukteshwar August, 2016 0.406
191 Gandak Lalganj April, 2017 0.360 219 Ganga Garhamukteshwar December, 2016 0.420
192 Gandak Lalganj August, 2017 0.467 220 Ganga Garhamukteshwar April, 2017 0.538
Page | 168
221 Ganga Kachlabridge May, 2014 0.308 249 Ganjal Chhidgaon August, 2017 0.791
222 Ganga Kachlabridge November, 2014 1.379 250 Gaurang Kokrajhar May, 2014 1.745
223 Ganga Kachlabridge August, 2016 0.332 251 Gaurang Kokrajhar November, 2014 2.442
224 Ganga Kachlabridge December, 2016 0.341 252 Ghagra Elginbridge May, 2014 0.350
225 Ganga Kachlabridge August, 2017 0.576 253 Ghagra Elginbridge November, 2014 0.943
226 Ganga Kanpur May, 2014 1.226 254 Ghagra Elginbridge August, 2016 0.412
227 Ganga Kanpur November, 2014 1.339 255 Ghagra Elginbridge December, 2016 0.401
228 Ganga Kanpur August, 2016 0.500 256 Ghagra Elginbridge August, 2017 0.462
229 Ganga Kanpur December, 2016 0.329 257 Ghagra Turtipar May, 2014 2.231
230 Ganga Kanpur August, 2017 0.396 258 Ghagra Turtipar November, 2014 1.909
231 Ganga Anandpur August, 2017 0.689 259 Ghagra Turtipar August, 2016 0.481
232 Ganga Champua August, 2017 0.611 260 Ghagra Turtipar December, 2016 0.512
233 Ganga Azmabad August, 2016 0.301 261 Ghish Ghish May, 2014 0.466
234 Ganga Azmabad December, 2016 0.505 262 Ghish Ghish November, 2014 0.991
235 Ganga Azmabad August, 2017 1.496 263 Godavari Bhadrachalam August, 2017 0.655
236 Ganga Azmabad December, 2017 0.584 264 Godavari Koperagaon August, 2017 0.453
237 Ganga Buxar August, 2016 0.476 265 Godavari Perur August, 2017 0.511
238 Ganga Buxar April, 2017 0.349 266 Godavari Polavaram August, 2017 0.670
239 Ganga Buxar August, 2017 1.029 267 Gomti Maighat August, 2017 0.578
240 Ganga Buxar April, 2018 0.301 268 Gomti Sultanpur August, 2016 0.427
241 Ganga Hathidah April, 2017 0.543 269 Gomti Sultanpur August, 2017 0.528
242 Ganga Hathidah August, 2017 1.530 270 Gomti Lucknow May, 2014 0.782
243 Ganga Hathidah April, 2018 0.634 271 Gomti Lucknow August, 2016 0.311
244 Ganga Patna August, 2016 0.464 272 Gomti Neemsar May, 2014 0.375
245 Ganga Patna April, 2017 0.346 273 Gomti Neemsar November, 2014 0.614
246 Ganga Patna August, 2017 1.371 274 Gomti Neemsar August, 2016 0.306
247 Ganga Patna December, 2017 0.447 275 Gomti Neemsar December, 2016 0.310
248 Ganga Patna April, 2018 0.407 276 Gurupur Addoor August, 2017 0.681
Page | 169
277 Haladi Haladi August, 2017 0.436 305 Kamala-Balan Jhanjharpur April, 2018 0.485
278 Harohar/Phalgu Gaya August, 2017 1.145 306 Kamang Seppa December, 2015 3.814
279 Hemavathi M.H. Halli December, 2015 0.318 307 Kamang Seppa August, 2016 1.779
280 Hemavathi Sakleshpur August, 2017 0.635 308 Kamang Seppa December, 2016 4.321
281 Hiran Patan August, 2017 0.988 309 Kamang Seppa April, 2017 2.105
282 Indravathi Jagdalpur August, 2017 1.181 310 Kamang Seppa August, 2017 9.174
283 Indravathi Nowrangpur Febuary, 2015 1.923 311 Kamang Seppa December, 2017 2.011
284 Indravathi Nowrangpur August, 2017 1.767 312 Kamang Seppa April, 2018 0.77
285 Indravathi Pathagudem August, 2017 0.969 313 Kanhan Ramakona August, 2016 0.385
286 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31 May, 2014 0.360 314 Kanhan Ramakona August, 2017 0.407
287 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31 November, 2014 0.557 315 Kanhan Satrapur August, 2016 0.574
288 Jaldhaka Mathabhanga November, 2014 1.183 316 Kanhar Duddhi August, 2016 0.832
289 Jaldhaka Nagrakata November, 2014 1.607 317 Kanhar Duddhi August, 2017 1.395
290 Jiabharali Bhalukpong August, 2016 4.076 318 Kharkai Adityapur August, 2017 0.595
291 Jiabharali Bhalukpong December, 2016 0.336 319 Khobragarhi Wairagarh August, 2016 0.559
292 Jiabharali Bhalukpong April, 2017 0.410 320 Kim Motinaroli August, 2016 0.348
293 Jiabharali Bhalukpong August, 2017 8.518 321 Kim Motinaroli August, 2017 0.759
294 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road December, 2015 1.552 322 Kiul Lakhisarai August, 2016 0.418
295 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road August, 2016 6.118 323 Kiul Lakhisarai December, 2016 0.396
296 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road December, 2016 0.591 324 Kiul Lakhisarai April, 2017 0.593
297 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road April, 2017 0.509 325 Kiul Lakhisarai August, 2017 1.241
298 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road August, 2017 4.318 326 Kiul Lakhisarai April, 2018 0.337
299 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road April, 2018 0.427 327 Koel Jaraikela August, 2017 0.980
300 Kabini Muthankera December, 2017 0.997 328 Kopili Dharamtul December, 2015 0.863
301 Kamala-Balan Jai Nagar April, 2016 0.359 329 Kopili Dharamtul August, 2016 1.205
302 Kamala-Balan Jai Nagar August, 2017 1.580 330 Kopili Dharamtul December, 2016 1.779
303 Kamala-Balan Jhanjharpur December, 2016 0.406 331 Kopili Dharamtul April, 2017 2.868
304 Kamala-Balan Jhanjharpur August, 2017 1.877 332 Kopili Dharamtul August, 2017 1.016
Page | 170
333 Kopili Dharamtul December, 2017 0.666 361 Kulsi Kulsi December, 2015 0.412
334 Kopili Dharamtul April, 2018 0.975 362 Kulsi Kulsi April, 2017 0.662
335 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon December, 2015 0.754 363 Kulsi Kulsi August, 2017 0.763
336 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon April, 2016 0.427 364 Kulsi Kulsi April, 2018 0.421
337 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon August, 2016 1.528 365 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi December, 2017 1.256
338 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon December, 2016 1.360 366 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi April, 2018 0.617
339 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon April, 2017 0.903 367 Kwano Basti May, 2014 0.362
340 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon August, 2017 2.554 368 Kwano Basti November, 2014 1.674
341 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon December, 2017 0.608 369 Kwano Basti August, 2016 0.610
342 Kopili Jagibhakatgaon April, 2018 0.81 370 Kwano Basti December, 2016 1.371
343 Kopili Kampur August, 2016 2.446 371 Kwano Basti August, 2017 0.400
344 Kopili Kampur December, 2016 0.521 372 Lakshmantirtha K.M. Vadi August, 2017 0.320
345 Kopili Kampur April, 2017 1.687 373 Lohit Dholabazar December, 2015 0.329
346 Kopili Kampur August, 2017 3.163 374 Lohit Dholabazar August, 2016 0.430
347 Kopili Kheronighat August, 2016 3.588 375 Lohit Dholabazar April, 2017 0.374
348 Kopili Kheronighat December, 2016 0.301 376 Lohit Dholabazar August, 2017 0.779
349 Kopili Kheronighat April, 2017 0.636 377 Lohit Dholabazar April, 2018 0.593
350 Kopili Kheronighat August, 2017 1.835 378 Lohit Tezu August, 2016 0.992
351 Kopili Kheronighat April, 2018 0.44 379 Lohit Tezu April, 2017 0.483
352 Kosi Baltara May, 2014 0.357 380 Lohit Tezu August, 2017 3.052
353 Kosi Baltara December, 2015 0.753 381 Mahanadi Tikarpara August, 2017 0.557
354 Kosi Baltara August, 2016 0.857 382 Mahananda Champasari May, 2014 0.921
355 Kosi Baltara December, 2016 0.550 383 Mahananda Champasari November, 2014 0.523
356 Kosi Baltara August, 2017 4.352 384 Mahananda Sonapurhat May, 2014 0.359
357 Kosi Baltara April, 2018 0.52 385 Mahananda Sonapurhat November, 2014 0.763
358 Krishna Huvin Hedgi August, 2017 0.375 386 Mahi Khanpur December, 2015 0.978
359 Krishna Arjunwad August, 2017 0.396 387 Mahi Khanpur August, 2017 0.544
360 Kulsi Kulsi May, 2014 0.613 388 Mahi Khanpur April, 2018 0.472
Page | 171
389 Mahi Mataji August, 2016 0.809 417 Neo dihing Namsai December, 2016 0.480
390 Mahi Mataji August, 2017 0.410 418 Neo dihing Namsai April, 2017 1.678
391 Mahi Mataji April, 2018 0.31 419 Neo dihing Namsai August, 2017 4.289
392 Manas Manas NH Crossing November, 2014 5.757 420 Neo dihing Namsai April, 2018 0.383
393 Meenachi Kidangoor April, 2016 0.301 421 Nethravathi Bantwal August, 2017 0.673
394 Murti Murti November, 2014 5.197 422 Orsang Chanwada August, 2016 0.463
395 Muvvattupuzha Ramamangalam December, 2017 0.506 423 Orsang Chanwada August, 2017 1.736
396 Nagavali Srikakulam November, 2014 0.371 424 Pagladiya Pagladiya N.T.Ro.Crossing May, 2014 0.948
397 Naora Neora November, 2014 1.457 425 Papagni Kamalapuram August, 2017 1.565
398 Narmada Garudeshwar August, 2016 0.429 426 Pazhayar Ashramam November, 2014 0.436
399 Narmada Barmanghat November, 2014 1.100 427 Penganga P.G.Bridge August, 2016 0.329
400 Narmada Barmanghat August, 2017 0.994 428 Periyar Vandiperiyar December, 2017 3.115
401 Narmada Barmanghat April, 2018 1.09 429 Pranhitha Tekra August, 2016 0.427
402 Narmada Dindori April, 2018 1.312 430 Pravara Pachegaon August, 2017 0.339
403 Narmada Handia April, 2018 0.506 431 Pulanthodu Pulamanthole April, 2018 0.605
404 Narmada Hoshangabad November, 2014 0.903 432 Punpun Sripalpur December, 2015 0.394
405 Narmada Hoshangabad August, 2017 1.009 433 Punpun Sripalpur August, 2016 0.366
406 Narmada Manot August, 2016 0.378 434 Punpun Sripalpur April, 2017 0.907
407 Narmada Manot August, 2017 0.620 435 Punpun Sripalpur August, 2017 2.258
408 Narmada Manot April, 2018 1.045 436 Punpun Sripalpur December, 2017 0.416
409 Narmada Sandia November, 2014 0.677 437 Punpun Sripalpur April, 2018 0.835
410 Narmada Sandia August, 2017 1.025 438 Purna Gopalkheda November, 2014 0.375
411 Neo dihing Miao August, 2016 3.524 439 Purna Gopalkheda August, 2016 2.319
412 Neo dihing Miao December, 2016 2.553 440 Purna Gopalkheda August, 2017 1.256
413 Neo dihing Miao April, 2017 3.655 441 Purna Mahuwa December, 2015 0.849
414 Neo dihing Miao August, 2017 1.504 442 Purna Mahuwa August, 2016 1.966
415 Neo dihing Namsai April, 2016 0.336 443 Purna Mahuwa August, 2017 0.958
416 Neo dihing Namsai August, 2016 0.938 444 Puthimari Puthimari D.R.F. May, 2014 0.687
Page | 172
445 Puthimari Puthimari NH Ro.crossing May, 2014 0.677 473 Rapti Balrampur December, 2016 0.316
446 Raidak-I Chepan November, 2014 3.672 474 Rapti Bansi November, 2014 1.362
447 Raidak-I Tufanganj November, 2014 2.271 475 Rapti Bansi August, 2016 1.328
448 Raidak-II Barobisha November, 2014 1.361 476 Rapti Bansi December, 2016 0.475
449 Ramganga Bareilly August, 2016 0.573 477 Rapti Bansi April, 2017 0.684
450 Ramganga Bareilly December, 2016 0.406 478 Rapti Birdghat May, 2014 0.853
451 Ramganga Bareilly August, 2017 0.524 479 Rapti Birdghat November, 2014 1.244
452 Ramganga Dabri May, 2014 0.338 480 Rapti Birdghat December, 2016 0.346
453 Ramganga Dabri November, 2014 1.109 481 Rapti Regauli May, 2014 0.762
454 Ramganga Dabri August, 2016 0.730 482 Rapti Regauli November, 2014 0.977
455 Ramganga Dabri December, 2016 0.343 483 Rapti Regauli August, 2016 0.626
456 Ramganga Dabri August, 2017 0.431 484 Rapti Regauli December, 2016 0.326
457 Ramganga Moradabad May, 2014 0.329 485 Rapti Regauli August, 2017 0.374
458 Ramganga Moradabad November, 2014 1.160 486 Sabari Konta August, 2017 0.881
459 Ramganga Moradabad August, 2016 0.494 487 Sabarmati Derol Bridge August, 2017 1.677
460 Ramganga Moradabad December, 2016 0.397 488 Sabarmati Vautha November, 2014 0.307
461 Ramyala Alutuma August, 2017 0.808 489 Sabarmati Vautha December, 2015 0.631
462 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road December, 2015 0.477 490 Sabarmati Vautha August, 2016 0.344
463 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road August, 2016 0.552 491 Sabarmati Vautha April, 2017 0.309
464 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road December, 2016 0.978 492 Sabarmati Vautha August, 2017 0.780
465 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road August, 2017 0.573 493 Sabarmati Vautha April, 2018 0.747
466 Ranganadi Ranganadi NT-Road April, 2018 0.605 494 Sagaileru Nandipalli August, 2017 0.391
467 Rangit Majhitar May, 2014 3.298 495 Sai Pratapgarh August, 2016 0.461
468 Rangit Singla-Bazar May, 2014 3.282 496 Sai Pratapgarh August, 2017 1.007
469 Rangit Singla-Bazar November, 2014 0.474 497 Sai Raibareli November, 2014 2.724
470 Rangpochu Rangpo May, 2014 0.819 498 Sai Raibareli August, 2016 0.784
471 Rangpochu Rangpo November, 2014 0.596 499 Sai Raibareli December, 2016 0.377
472 Rapti Balrampur November, 2014 1.061 500 Sankh Tilga August, 2017 0.765
Page | 173
501 Sankh Tilga April, 2018 0.312 529 Sone Japla April, 2018 0.459
502 Sankosh Sankosh LRP November, 2014 1.242 530 Sone Koelwar August, 2016 0.319
503 Sarju Ghat May, 2014 0.327 531 Sone Koelwar August, 2017 1.431
504 Sarju Ghat November, 2014 1.294 532 Sone Koelwar December, 2017 0.953
505 Sarju Ghat December, 2016 0.778 533 Sone Koelwar April, 2018 1.015
506 Sarju Ghat April, 2017 0.368 534 Sonkosh Golagang November, 2014 0.518
507 Sarju Ghat April, 2018 0.766 535 Subansiri Badatighat December, 2015 0.586
508 Saryu Ayodhya May, 2014 0.325 536 Subansiri Badatighat August, 2016 0.529
509 Saryu Ayodhya November, 2014 1.457 537 Subansiri Badatighat December, 2016 0.520
510 Saryu Ayodhya August, 2016 0.343 538 Subansiri Badatighat April, 2018 0.457
511 Saryu Ayodhya December, 2016 0.399 539 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat December, 2015 0.488
512 Sharda Paliakalan May, 2014 0.348 540 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat August, 2016 3.858
513 Sharda Paliakalan November, 2014 0.908 541 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat December, 2016 1.067
514 Sharda Paliakalan August, 2016 0.370 542 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat August, 2017 8.937
515 Sharda Paliakalan December, 2016 0.344 543 Subansiri Chouldhowaghat April, 2018 0.301
516 Sher Belkhedi August, 2016 0.489 544 Subarnarekha Ghatsila August, 2017 0.679
517 Sheturni Lowara August, 2016 0.388 545 Subarnarekha Jamshedpur August, 2017 0.381
518 Sheturni Lowara August, 2017 0.789 546 Subarnarekha Jamsolghat August, 2017 0.800
519 Sheturni Lowara April, 2018 0.594 547 Subarnarekha Muri August, 2017 0.485
520 Sita Avershe August, 2017 0.373 548 Suklai Suklai May, 2014 0.638
521 Som Rangeli August, 2016 0.307 549 Suklai Suklai November, 2014 0.398
522 Som Rangeli April, 2017 0.507 550 Suklai Suklai December, 2015 0.321
523 Sone Chopan August, 2016 1.000 551 Suklai Suklai December, 2016 0.315
524 Sone Chopan December, 2016 0.564 552 Suklai Suklai April, 2017 0.333
525 Sone Kuldah Bridge August, 2016 0.993 553 Suklai Suklai April, 2018 0.468
526 Sone Kuldah Bridge August, 2017 0.714 554 Suruliar Theni December, 2016 0.340
527 Sone Japla August, 2017 2.050 555 Tapi Burhanpur August, 2016 0.503
528 Sone Japla December, 2017 0.776 556 Tapi Burhanpur April, 2017 0.780
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557 Tapi Burhanpur August, 2017 0.704 584 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) August, 2017 3.018
558 Tapi Sarangkheda November, 2014 0.385 585 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) April, 2018 1.59
559 Tapi Sarangkheda August, 2016 1.468 586 Tons Meja Road August, 2017 0.667
560 Tapi Sarangkheda August, 2017 6.257 587 Torsa Ghugumari November, 2014 6.462
561 Teesta Coronation May, 2014 1.614 588 Torsa Hasimara November, 2014 6.097
562 Teesta Coronation November, 2014 8.246 589 Umngot Dawki August, 2017 0.640
563 Teesta Domohani May, 2014 1.261 590 Vaitarna Durvesh August, 2016 0.749
564 Teesta Domohani November, 2014 0.569 591 Vaitarna Durvesh August, 2017 0.970
565 Teesta Domohani April, 2018 0.5 592 Valapatnam Perumannu April, 2016 1.025
566 Teesta Gajaldoba May, 2014 1.273 593 Valapatnam Perumannu April, 2018 1.142
567 Teesta Gajaldoba November, 2014 1.268 594 Vamanapuram Ayilam December, 2017 0.412
568 Teesta Khanitar November, 2014 1.174 595 Vamsadhara Gunupur May, 2014 0.796
569 Teesta Mekhliganj November, 2014 1.379 596 Vamsadhara Gunupur November, 2014 0.338
570 Teesta Sankalan May, 2014 0.686 597 Vamsadhara Gunupur August, 2017 0.347
571 Teesta Sankalan November, 2014 1.052 598 Varada Marol August, 2017 0.473
572 Teesta Sevoke May, 2014 0.312 599 Wainganga Ashti August, 2016 0.393
573 Teesta Sevoke November, 2014 2.299 600 Wainganga Ashti August, 2017 0.404
574 Teesta Teesta-Bazar May, 2014 1.204 601 Wainganga Keolari August, 2016 0.436
575 Teesta Teesta-Bazar November, 2014 0.690 602 Wainganga Kumhari August, 2016 0.740
576 Tunga Shimoga August, 2017 0.660 603 Wainganga Kumhari August, 2017 0.617
577 Tungabhadra Harlahalli August, 2017 0.489 604 Wainganga Pauni August, 2016 0.343
578 Tungabhadra Honnali August, 2017 0.577 605 Wainganga Pauni August, 2017 0.435
579 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) December, 2015 0.329 606 Wardha Hivra August, 2017 0.312
580 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) April, 2016 0.556 607 Wyra Madhira April, 2018 0.315
581 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) August, 2016 4.132 608 Yamuna Agra August, 2016 0.384
582 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) December, 2016 0.627 609 Yamuna Agra August, 2017 0.613
583 Tirap Udaipur (Tirap) April, 2017 3.944 610 Yennehole Yennehole August, 2017 0.905
Page | 175
5. LEAD (Pb in µg/L)
Name of the Water Pb Name of the Water Pb

1 Achankovil Thumpamon April, 2016 38.580 27 Ganga Fatehgarh November, 2014 14.610
2 Aliyar Ambarampalayam Febuary, 2015 13.310 28 Ganga Kachlabridge November, 2014 25.370
3 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe Febuary, 2015 26.290 29 Ganga Kachlabridge Febuary, 2015 33.780
4 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe December, 2016 16.170 30 Ganga Kanpur November, 2014 15.750
5 Barak Fulertal December, 2016 32.680 31 Ganga Kanpur Febuary, 2015 25.160
6 Brahmani Gomlai April, 2017 77.420 32 Ganga Azmabad Febuary, 2015 22.860
7 Brahmaputra Pancharatna August, 2016 15.810 33 Ganga Buxar Febuary, 2015 16.380
8 Brahmaputra Pandu August, 2016 21.480 34 Ganga Hathidah Febuary, 2015 36.910
9 Brahmaputra Dibrugarh August, 2016 14.250 35 Ghagra Elginbridge November, 2014 10.850
10 Bugi Dimapara August, 2016 13.090 36 Ghagra Turtipar November, 2014 18.200
11 Bugi Dimapara April, 2017 12.520 37 Ghagra Turtipar Febuary, 2015 29.260
12 Buridehing Chenimari August, 2016 20.550 38 Godavari Polavaram Febuary, 2015 22.870
13 Buridehing Margherita December, 2016 156.070 39 Gomti Lucknow November, 2014 15.140
14 Cauvery Kodumudi Febuary, 2015 16.670 40 Gomti Lucknow December, 2016 21.670
15 Cauvery Urachikottai Febuary, 2015 10.610 41 Gomti Neemsar November, 2014 23.440
16 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur Febuary, 2015 40.840 42 Gomti Neemsar Febuary, 2015 11.910
17 Chhoti Sarju Akabarpur December, 2015 16.900 43 Gomti Neemsar December, 2016 19.950
18 Damanganga Vapi August, 2016 16.990 44 Hagari T. Ramapuram Febuary, 2015 41.820
19 Dhadher Pingalwada Febuary, 2015 17.650 45 Haladi Haladi Febuary, 2015 12.180
20 Digaru Sonapur August, 2016 32.740 46 Hemavathi Sakleshpur Febuary, 2015 23.000
21 Dikhow Sivasagar August, 2016 20.630 47 Hindon Galeta November, 2014 18.520
22 Dudhnai Dudhnai August, 2016 10.920 48 Indravathi Nowrangpur April, 2016 16.480
23 Ganga Shahzadpur Febuary, 2015 24.590 49 Jaldhaka Jaldhaka NH-31 November, 2014 21.960
24 Ganga Ankinghat November, 2014 19.940 50 Jiabharali Jiabharali NT Road Febuary, 2015 29.260
25 Ganga Bhitaura November, 2014 14.850 51 Kallada Pattazhy Febuary, 2015 13.660
Page | 176
26 Ganga Bhitaura Febuary, 2015 34.040 52 Kallada Pattazhy April, 2016 13.580
53 Kamang Seppa December, 2016 46.820 80 Puthimari Puthimari D.R.F. Febuary, 2015 10.120
54 Kamang Seppa August, 2017 15.130 81 Raidak-I Tufanganj Febuary, 2015 16.590
55 Kanhan Ramakona Febuary, 2015 17.510 82 Ramganga Bareilly November, 2014 12.880
56 Kharkai Adityapur April, 2016 13.800 83 Ramganga Dabri November, 2014 16.540
57 Kopili Kheronighat Febuary, 2015 13.880 84 Ramganga Dabri Febuary, 2015 11.380
58 Krishna Huvin Hedgi Febuary, 2015 14.340 85 Ramganga Moradabad May, 2014 11.627
59 Kunderu Alladupalli Febuary, 2015 22.630 86 Ramganga Moradabad November, 2014 18.940
60 Kunderu Alladupalli April, 2017 11.770 87 Ramganga Moradabad Febuary, 2015 32.850
61 Kwano Basti November, 2014 28.410 88 Ramganga Moradabad April, 2018 19.37
62 Lohit Dholabazar August, 2016 13.130 89 Rapti Balrampur November, 2014 13.000
63 Longai Fakirabazar May, 2014 19.759 90 Rapti Bansi November, 2014 17.430
64 Mahananda Champasari Febuary, 2015 13.600 91 Rapti Birdghat May, 2014 13.129
65 Mahi Khanpur December, 2015 19.830 92 Rapti Birdghat November, 2014 18.650
66 Munneru Keesara Febuary, 2015 12.080 93 Rapti Birdghat Febuary, 2015 13.640
67 Narmada Garudeshwar Febuary, 2015 21.930 94 Rapti Regauli May, 2014 10.388
68 Neo dihing Miao Febuary, 2015 17.480 95 Rapti Regauli November, 2014 14.210
69 Neo dihing Miao December, 2016 19.300 96 Rapti Regauli Febuary, 2015 14.110
70 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam Febuary, 2015 76.490 97 Sabarmati Vautha November, 2014 17.570
71 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam December, 2017 10.64 98 Sabarmati Vautha December, 2015 12.760
72 Orsang Chanwada Febuary, 2015 39.800 95 Rapti Regauli November, 2014 14.210
73 Orsang Chanwada August, 2016 19.650 96 Rapti Regauli Febuary, 2015 14.110
74 Pagladiya Pagladiya N.T.Road Cross. August, 2016 18.700 97 Sabarmati Vautha November, 2014 17.570
75 Palar Arcot August, 2016 51.520 98 Sabarmati Vautha December, 2015 12.760
76 Pennar Chennur Febuary, 2015 38.500 99 Sabarmati Vautha December, 2016 12.880
77 Ponnaiyar Gummanur Febuary, 2015 13.980 100 Sai Raibareli November, 2014 26.240
78 Purna Gopalkheda Febuary, 2015 34.770 101 Sai Raibareli December, 2016 23.340
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79 Purna Gopalkheda August, 2016 37.620 102 Sankosh Sankosh LRP Febuary, 2015 14.730
103 Saryu Ayodhya November, 2014 15.810 116 Tungabhadra Mantralayam Febuary, 2015 32.290
104 Seonath Simga Febuary, 2015 11.910 117 Ulhas Badlapur Febuary, 2015 13.600
105 Sheturni Lowara April, 2016 374.580 118 Umsohrynkiew Therriaghat August, 2017 16.810
106 Sheturni Lowara December, 2016 39.110 119 Vaitarna Durvesh Febuary, 2015 116.290
107 Sheturni Lowara December, 2017 15.2 120 Vaitarna Durvesh August, 2016 13.160
108 Sheturni Lowara April, 2018 82.4 121 Vaitarna Durvesh December, 2016 19.840
109 Sone Kuldah Bridge August, 2016 11.740 122 Vaitarna Durvesh April, 2017 227.930
110 Sone Koelwar April, 2016 16.750 123 Vaitarna Durvesh December, 2017 20.96
111 Subansiri Badatighat Febuary, 2015 13.780 124 Yagachi Thimmanahalli Febuary, 2015 13.840
112 Subarnarekha Ghatsila April, 2016 37.660 125 Yamuna Agra April, 2018 22.67
113 Swarnamukhi Naidupet Febuary, 2015 38.860 126 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge November, 2014 12.652
114 Tapi Sarangkheda April, 2017 62.120 127 Yamuna Mohana (Yamuna) November, 2014 18.338
115 Tungabhadra Bawapuram Febuary, 2015 33.410 128 Yamuna Mohana (Yamuna) Febuary, 2015 20.044
Page | 178
6. NICKEL (Ni in µg/L)
Name of the Name of the

Ni Ni
S.No River Water Quality Month/Year S.No River Water Quality Month/Year
(µg/L) (µg/L)
Sites Sites
1 Arkavathi T. Bekuppe Febuary, 2015 44.460 24 Pennar Chennur Febuary, 2015 24.600
2 Brahmani Panposh Febuary, 2015 56.740 25 Periyar Vandiperiyar Febuary, 2015 21.880
3 Ganga Kachlabridge November, 2014 26.840 26 Periyar Vandiperiyar December, 2017 35.930
4 Hagari T. Ramapuram Febuary, 2015 43.570 27 Purna Gopalkheda Febuary, 2015 39.850
5 Hagari T. Ramapuram December, 2017 58.020 28 Sabarmati Vautha November, 2014 25.880
6 Hasdeo Bamnidih May, 2014 24.120 29 Sabarmati Vautha Febuary, 2015 49.180
7 Hindon Galeta December, 2017 21.380 30 Saryu Ayodhya Febuary, 2015 21.690
8 Ib Sundergarh November, 2014 37.320 31 Saryu Ayodhya December, 2017 42.360
9 Jiabharali Bhalukpong May, 2014 83.830 32 Seonath Ghatora May, 2014 28.990
10 Jonk Rampur May, 2014 57.790 33 Seonath Simga May, 2014 25.630
11 Ken Banda Febuary, 2015 27.870 34 Sharda Paliakalan August, 2016 32.720
12 Krishna Huvin Hedgi Febuary, 2015 23.720 35 Sheturni Lowara Febuary, 2015 184.640
13 Kunderu Alladupalli Febuary, 2015 28.030 36 Sheturni Lowara April, 2016 68.480
14 Mahanadi Basantpur May, 2014 59.210 37 Sheturni Lowara April, 2018 109.660
15 Mand Kurubhata May, 2014 27.570 38 Siang Passighat November, 2014 21.180
16 Narmada Barmanghat Febuary, 2015 56.840 39 Subarnarekha Ghatsila May, 2014 36.960
17 Narmada Barmanghat December, 2016 85.940 40 Subarnarekha Jamshedpur May, 2014 20.270
18 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam Febuary, 2015 21.400 41 Tungabhadra Bawapuram Febuary, 2015 30.300
19 Noyyal Elunuthimanagalam December, 2017 26.420 42 Tungabhadra Mantralayam Febuary, 2015 31.390
20 Ong Salebhata May, 2014 50.070 43 Vaitarna Durvesh Febuary, 2015 179.340
21 Ong Salebhata April, 2018 22.500 44 Vaitarna Durvesh December, 2017 245.010
22 Orsang Chanwada Febuary, 2015 67.730 45 Yamuna Delhi Rly Bridge December, 2017 48.810
Orsang Chanwada December, 2017

23 132.550
Page | 179
Annexure-7: Seasonal average values of Trace and Toxic metals with total no of
water quality samples found above / below the acceptable limist as prescribed
by BIS 10500: 2012
ARSENIC
Arsenic (in µg/L) BIS: 10500: 2012

S. Water Quality Average No. of Samples
No. Site River Non Min Max Above Below
Total Monsoon
Monsoon 10 µg/L 10 µg/L
1 A B Road Xing Parwati 0.896 0.728 0.980 0.090 1.870 0 3
2 A.P. Puram Chittar 1.470 1.470 - 0.020 3.770 0 3
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 2.899 2.878 2.950 1.280 7.420 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 5.130 5.828 3.385 1.960 9.130 0 7
5 Abu Road Banas 2.270 2.518 1.280 1.280 3.790 0 5
6 Addoor Gurupur 2.860 - 2.860 2.860 2.860 0 1
7 Adityapur Kharkai 3.835 4.384 1.090 1.090 7.780 0 6
8 Agra Yamuna 4.056 3.024 6.635 1.380 8.160 0 7
9 Aie NH Crossing Aie 1.730 1.730 - 1.730 1.730 0 1
10 Akabarpur Chhoti Sarju 3.038 3.483 2.370 0.220 7.500 0 5
11 Akhnoor Chenab 2.142 2.092 2.390 0.550 3.470 0 6
12 Akkihebbal Hemavathi 2.103 2.223 1.380 0.110 4.990 0 7
13 Aklera Parwan 1.828 1.506 2.310 0.548 3.960 0 5
14 Alladupalli Kunderu 2.779 3.175 1.590 0.350 8.960 0 8
15 Allahabad Ganga 3.163 3.314 2.635 1.160 5.540 0 9
16 Alutuma Ramyala 1.270 1.297 1.190 0.270 2.120 0 4
17 Ambarampalayam Aliyar 2.963 2.152 5.395 0.100 7.960 0 8
18 Ambasamudram Vaigai 3.850 3.850 - 3.850 3.850 0 1
19 Anandpur Ganga 1.142 1.076 1.470 0.110 2.070 0 6
20 Andhiyar Kore Hamp 5.210 5.210 - 5.210 5.210 0 1
21 Ankinghat Ganga 4.923 5.885 2.035 0.120 8.400 0 8
22 Annavasal Nattar - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
23 Arangaly Chalakudy 4.830 4.127 6.940 2.040 7.750 0 4
24 Arcot Palar 0.670 0.680 0.660 0.660 0.680 0 2
25 Arjunwad Krishna 2.540 - 2.540 2.540 2.540 0 1
26 Ashramam Pazhayar 3.743 4.080 2.730 2.730 4.490 0 4
27 Ashti Wainganga 2.098 2.401 1.035 0.580 6.070 0 9
28 Avarankuppam Palar 4.700 4.700 - 4.700 4.700 0 1
29 Avershe Sita 1.290 1.755 0.360 0.360 2.440 0 3
30 Ayilam Vamanapuram 5.363 4.193 8.870 0.080 8.870 0 4
31 Ayodhya Saryu 2.286 2.560 1.465 0.030 6.210 0 8
32 Azmabad Ganga 3.872 4.826 0.535 0.170 6.470 0 9
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 2.864 2.958 2.580 0.710 7.410 0 8
34 Badatighat Subansiri 2.978 3.477 1.230 0.260 8.550 0 9
35 Badlapur Ulhas 3.143 3.173 3.050 3.040 3.440 0 4
36 Balrampur Rapti 2.486 2.952 1.090 0.290 6.560 0 8
37 Baltara Kosi 3.283 3.909 1.095 0.260 8.880 0 9
38 Bamni (Banjar) Banjar 1.067 1.036 1.145 0.100 2.190 0 7
39 Bamni (Wardha) Wardha 2.766 3.257 1.045 0.770 8.980 0 9
Page | 180
Total Monsoon
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 8.670 8.670 - 8.670 8.670 0 1
41 Banda Ken 3.469 3.306 3.875 0.190 5.970 0 7
42 Bansi Rapti 2.069 2.256 1.600 0.020 4.240 0 7
43 Bantwal Nethravathi 2.445 1.550 3.340 1.550 3.340 0 2
44 Baranwada Banas 1.502 1.755 0.740 0.740 2.668 0 4
45 Bareilly Ramganga 2.823 3.600 0.490 0.300 7.920 0 8
46 Barmanghat Narmada 2.156 2.163 2.135 0.310 8.350 0 8
47 Barobisha Raidak-II 3.610 4.430 1.970 1.640 7.220 0 3
48 Barod Kali Sindh 1.466 1.746 0.625 0.230 4.680 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
50 Basantpur Mahanadi 4.070 4.070 - 2.920 5.220 0 2
51 Basti Kwano 3.660 4.283 1.790 0.200 8.260 0 8
52 Bawapuram Tungabhadra 2.250 2.250 - 2.250 2.250 0 1
53 Behalpur Champamati 6.240 6.240 - 6.240 6.240 0 1
54 Beki Mathanguri Beki - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
55 Beki Road Bridge Beki 4.513 5.240 3.060 2.500 7.980 0 3
56 Belkhedi Sher 2.884 2.422 4.270 0.080 8.230 0 8
57 Belne Bridge Gad 2.185 1.840 2.530 1.840 2.530 0 2
58 Bendrahalli Suvarnavathi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
59 Berhampore Bhagirathi 2.532 2.443 2.845 0.920 4.880 0 9
60 Bhadrachalam Godavari 3.392 4.085 0.620 0.620 7.390 0 5
61 Bhalukpong Jiabharali 2.214 2.213 2.220 0.060 6.620 0 9
62 Bhatpalli Peddavagu 2.686 2.611 2.945 1.330 6.090 0 9
63 Bhitaura Ganga 5.801 7.455 0.840 0.440 9.020 0 8
64 Bhomoraguri Brahmaputra 2.002 2.051 1.830 0.160 4.430 0 9
65 Bihubar Dikhow 2.091 2.329 1.260 0.040 6.850 0 9
66 Biligundullu Cauvery 2.154 2.242 1.630 0.470 5.820 0 7
67 Birdghat Rapti 2.746 3.218 1.330 0.620 6.270 0 8
68 Bokajan Dhansiri 1.954 2.050 1.620 0.140 4.410 0 9
69 Burhanpur Tapi 1.230 1.130 1.430 0.270 2.590 0 6
70 Buxar Ganga 4.633 5.764 0.675 0.530 9.530 0 9
71 Byaladahalli Haridra 2.145 2.145 - 0.930 3.360 0 2
72 Champasari Mahananda 3.080 3.080 - 2.750 3.410 0 2
73 Champua Ganga 1.038 0.965 1.330 0.030 1.710 0 5
74 Chanwada Orsang 2.411 2.832 1.360 0.270 4.900 0 7
75 Chapra Jalangi 4.016 4.681 1.685 0.260 7.880 0 9
76 Chel Chel 4.700 4.700 - 4.700 4.700 0 1
77 Chengalpet Palar 1.603 2.110 0.590 0.590 2.330 0 3
78 Chenimari Buridehing 1.673 1.851 1.050 0.140 5.490 0 9
79 Chennur Pennar 3.413 4.130 1.260 0.170 7.930 0 8
80 Chepan Raidak-I 2.973 3.190 2.540 2.540 3.680 0 3
81 Chhidgaon Ganjal 2.141 2.715 0.420 0.030 8.560 0 8
82 Chitrasani Balaram 2.237 2.630 1.255 0.180 6.300 0 7
83 Chittorgarh Gambhiri 0.648 0.648 - 0.648 0.648 0 1
84 Cholachguda Malaprabha - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
85 Chopan Sone 3.318 3.266 3.500 0.430 7.000 0 9
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86 Chouldhowaghat Subansiri 2.204 2.280 1.940 0.030 8.180 0 9
87 Chuchankatte Cauvery 3.015 4.240 1.790 1.790 4.240 0 2
88 Coronation Teesta 1.530 1.530 - 1.530 1.530 0 1
89 Dabri Ramganga 4.599 5.307 2.475 0.120 8.530 0 8
90 Damarcherla Musi 2.527 2.527 - 2.050 2.880 0 3
91 Dawki Umngot 1.867 1.174 3.600 0.100 3.730 0 7
92 Delhi Rly Bridge Yamuna 2.584 2.946 0.955 0.110 9.450 0 11
93 Deoprayag Bhagirath 1.786 1.700 2.085 0.170 3.950 0 9
94 Derol Bridge Sabarmati 2.093 2.520 0.600 0.140 5.800 0 9
95 Desangpani Desang 2.279 2.276 2.290 0.120 6.360 0 9
96 Dhamkund Chenab 2.477 2.480 2.460 0.850 4.870 0 6
97 Dharamtul Kopili 2.022 2.077 1.830 0.140 6.200 0 9
98 Dheng Bridge Bagmathi 2.787 2.857 2.540 0.560 4.300 0 9
99 Dholabazar Lohit 2.186 2.443 1.285 0.400 6.390 0 9
100 Dholai Rukni 2.143 2.233 1.870 0.100 7.220 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 2.211 2.352 1.860 0.100 5.110 0 7
102 Dhubri Brahmaputra 7.660 7.660 - 7.660 7.660 0 1
103 Dhulsar Uri 0.260 - 0.260 0.260 0.260 0 1
104 Diana Diana 4.680 4.680 - 4.680 4.680 0 1
105 Dibrugarh Brahmaputra 2.150 2.191 2.005 0.370 5.660 0 9
106 Dillighat Desang 1.996 1.933 2.215 0.360 6.150 0 9
107 Dimapara Bugi 1.990 2.084 1.755 0.450 5.470 0 7
108 Dindori Narmada 2.370 2.570 1.770 0.870 7.730 0 8
109 Domohani Teesta 4.053 4.850 2.460 2.460 6.710 0 3
110 Duddhi Kanhar 1.628 1.791 1.055 0.690 4.960 0 9
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 2.566 2.819 1.680 0.370 7.540 0 9
112 Durvesh Vaitarna 2.590 2.863 2.045 0.070 7.420 0 6
113 Ekmighat Bagmathi 4.109 4.947 1.175 0.090 9.870 0 9
114 Elginbridge Ghagra 1.660 2.097 0.350 0.130 4.420 0 8
115 Elunuthimanagalam Noyyal 2.440 2.440 - 0.940 3.940 0 2
116 English Bazar Padma/Mahananda 2.493 2.659 1.915 0.130 6.670 0 9
117 Erinjipuzha Payaswani 4.583 3.010 9.300 1.620 9.300 0 4
118 Etawah Yamuna 4.467 4.630 4.060 1.090 7.030 0 7
119 Fakirabazar Longai 2.900 3.048 2.530 1.200 7.540 0 7
120 Farakka Ganga 2.222 2.206 2.280 0.690 5.280 0 9
121 Farakka/(HR) Feeder Canal 1.592 1.694 1.235 0.390 2.770 0 9
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 3.109 3.750 1.185 0.640 7.550 0 8
123 Fulertal Barak 1.483 1.173 2.105 0.100 2.170 0 6
124 Gadarwara Sakkar 2.543 3.015 1.600 0.250 8.750 0 6
125 Gadat Ambika 2.247 2.543 1.655 1.060 4.320 0 6
126 Gajaldoba Teesta 1.100 1.100 - 1.100 1.100 0 1
127 Galeta Hindon 1.920 2.228 0.530 0.510 5.380 0 11
128 Ganod Bhadar 3.077 3.405 1.110 1.110 5.390 0 7
129 Garhamukteshwar Ganga 3.236 3.015 3.900 1.510 6.400 0 8
130 Garrauli Dhasan 3.310 4.900 2.515 1.760 4.900 0 3
131 Garudeshwar Narmada 2.119 2.174 1.980 0.030 7.290 0 7
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Total Monsoon
132 Gaya Harohar/Phalgu 1.327 1.960 1.010 0.600 1.960 0 3
133 Gelabil Doyang 1.715 1.420 2.305 0.300 3.350 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 2.410 2.680 1.600 0.820 3.860 0 8
135 Ghatora Seonath 5.800 5.800 - 5.800 5.800 0 1
136 Ghatsila Subarnarekha 3.153 3.582 1.010 1.010 6.830 0 6
137 Ghish Ghish 3.620 3.620 - 3.620 3.620 0 1
138 Ghugumari Torsa 3.407 3.740 2.740 2.160 5.320 0 3
139 Gokak Ghataprabha 2.150 - 2.150 2.150 2.150 0 1
140 Golaghat Sonkosh 2.216 2.227 2.175 0.020 6.760 0 9
141 Golakganj Dhansiri - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
142 Gomlai Brahmani 2.890 3.222 1.230 0.520 6.750 0 6
143 Gopalkheda Purna 2.235 - 2.235 0.740 3.730 0 2
Cauvery/Puravidaiyana
144 Gopurajapuram 3.150 3.150 - 3.150 3.150 0 1
r
145 Govindapur Burhabalang 1.490 1.488 1.500 0.380 2.420 0 6
146 Gummanur Ponnaiyar 3.858 3.390 5.260 0.250 8.190 0 8
147 Gumrabazar Gumra 2.650 2.797 2.210 0.640 8.340 0 8
148 Gunupur Vamsadhara 2.295 2.446 1.540 0.070 8.160 0 6
149 Haladi Haladi 1.967 2.125 1.020 0.320 5.400 0 7
150 Halia Halia 3.345 3.345 - 1.790 6.070 0 4
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 5.829 6.606 3.885 2.250 8.410 0 7
152 Handia Narmada 1.538 1.857 0.580 0.180 2.780 0 8
153 Hanskhali Churni 3.693 4.243 1.770 0.820 8.910 0 9
154 Haridwar Ganga 3.059 3.710 1.105 0.510 7.370 0 8
155 Harlahalli Tungabhadra 1.742 1.850 1.310 0.610 3.630 0 5
156 Hasimara Torsa 4.170 6.430 1.910 1.910 6.430 0 2
157 Hathidah Ganga 3.444 4.044 1.345 1.070 8.310 0 9
158 Hayaghat Bagmathi 3.271 3.859 1.215 0.030 7.970 0 9
159 Hivra Wardha 2.296 2.846 0.370 0.170 8.010 0 9
160 Hogenakkal Chinnar 2.520 2.520 - 2.520 2.520 0 1
161 Holehonnur Bhadra 1.364 1.308 1.700 0.150 3.670 0 7
162 Honnali Tungabhadra 2.230 2.180 2.530 0.550 5.670 0 7
163 Hoshangabad Narmada 2.093 2.482 0.925 0.490 7.430 0 8
164 Huvin Hedgi Krishna 1.720 2.490 0.180 0.180 2.760 0 3
165 Jagdalpur Indravathi 0.350 - 0.350 0.350 0.350 0 1
166 Jagibhakatgaon Kopili 1.893 2.071 1.270 0.330 5.850 0 9
167 Jai Nagar Kamala-Balan 2.621 2.553 2.860 0.430 8.860 0 9
168 Jaldhaka NH-31 Jaldhaka 2.720 2.820 2.520 2.030 3.610 0 3
169 Jammu Tawi Chenab/Tawi 1.992 1.886 2.520 0.530 3.640 0 6
170 Jamshedpur Subarnarekha 1.582 1.676 1.110 0.740 3.140 0 6
171 Jamsolghat Subarnarekha 2.530 2.898 1.060 0.950 7.080 0 5
172 Japla Sone 1.952 2.246 0.925 0.240 6.260 0 9
173 Jaraikela Koel 2.872 2.744 3.510 0.630 5.360 0 6
174 Jenapur Brahmani 1.563 1.394 2.410 0.540 2.410 0 6
175 Jhanjharpur Kamala-Balan 2.364 2.569 1.650 0.060 7.110 0 9
176 Jiabharali NT Road Jiabharali 2.699 2.531 3.285 0.080 6.600 0 9
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Total Monsoon
Xing
177 Jondhra Seonath - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
178 K.M. Vadi Lakshmantirtha 3.030 - 3.030 3.030 3.030 0 1
179 Kachlabridge Ganga 4.141 4.922 1.800 0.440 9.150 0 8
180 Kalampur Kaliyar 2.125 1.497 4.010 0.870 4.010 0 4
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 2.295 2.650 0.695 0.520 7.370 0 11
182 Kallooppara Manimala 4.358 5.010 2.400 2.400 5.320 0 4
183 Kalna (EBB) Bhagirathi 2.890 2.330 3.450 0.910 5.990 0 4
184 Kalna (Flow)* Bhagirathi 4.318 4.318 - 0.160 7.390 0 4
185 Kamalapuram Papagni 1.645 - 1.645 0.630 2.660 0 2
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.935 0.820 1.050 0.820 1.050 0 2
187 Kampur Kopili 2.408 2.566 1.855 0.430 7.380 0 9
188 Kanpur Ganga 4.369 5.308 1.550 0.390 8.670 0 8
189 Kantamal Tel 2.205 2.205 - 2.100 2.310 0 2
190 Karad Krishna 2.720 - 2.720 2.720 2.720 0 1
191 Karathodu Kadalundi 3.013 2.953 3.190 1.160 4.810 0 4
192 Kashinagar Vamsadhara 1.345 1.302 1.560 0.290 3.180 0 6
193 Katwa Bhagirathi 2.362 1.641 4.885 0.110 9.140 0 9
194 Keesara Munneru 1.803 2.065 1.280 1.280 2.680 0 3
195 Kellodu Vedavathi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
196 Keolari Wainganga 2.188 2.313 1.750 0.470 7.750 0 9
197 Kesinga Tel 2.170 2.170 - 2.150 2.190 0 2
198 Khanitar Teesta 7.390 7.390 - 7.390 7.390 0 1
199 Khanpur Mahi 2.282 2.810 0.435 0.340 4.760 0 9
200 Kharkhana Surma/Myntdu 1.387 1.194 1.870 0.250 2.310 0 7
201 Khatoli Parwati 2.761 3.599 0.665 0.420 6.270 0 7
202 Kheronighat Kopili 1.344 1.241 1.705 0.300 2.590 0 9
203 Kidangoor Meenachi 3.555 3.813 2.780 1.480 5.640 0 4
204 Kodumudi Cauvery 2.530 2.530 2.530 1.190 4.670 0 5
205 Koelwar Sone 1.856 2.143 0.850 0.360 4.920 0 9
206 Kogaon Kundi 1.137 2.040 0.685 0.020 2.040 0 3
207 Kokrajhar Gaurang 2.697 2.820 2.450 1.780 3.860 0 3
208 Kollegal Cauvery 1.620 1.860 1.140 0.650 3.070 0 3
209 Konta Sabari 2.746 3.205 0.910 0.910 6.830 0 5
210 Koperagaon Godavari 1.430 - 1.430 1.430 1.430 0 1
211 Kora Rind 5.154 3.320 7.905 0.190 9.390 0 5
212 Koteshwar Bhagirath 3.421 3.632 2.895 0.500 9.270 0 7
213 Kudalaiyathur Vellar 2.555 2.555 - 1.500 3.610 0 2
214 Kudige Cauvery 1.656 1.513 2.510 0.050 4.080 0 7
215 Kudlur Palar 3.937 4.275 3.260 3.260 5.290 0 3
216 Kuldah Bridge Sone 2.459 2.195 3.250 0.280 6.220 0 8
217 Kulsi Kulsi 1.186 1.290 0.820 0.060 2.680 0 9
218 Kumbidi Bharathapuzha 3.455 3.533 3.220 2.140 5.160 0 4
219 Kumhari Wainganga 1.942 2.226 0.950 0.440 7.920 0 9
220 Kuniyil Chaliyar 4.383 4.583 3.780 2.240 7.970 0 4
221 Kuppelur Kumudavathi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
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222 Kurubhata Mand 2.195 2.195 - 2.120 2.270 0 2
223 Kurundwad Krishna 1.430 - 1.430 1.430 1.430 0 1
224 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi 3.274 3.353 2.960 0.480 6.070 0 5
225 Kuzhithurai Tambrapani 3.530 3.847 2.580 2.580 5.840 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 1.428 1.229 2.125 0.390 3.540 0 9
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 2.160 2.742 0.415 0.020 6.260 0 8
228 Lalganj Gandak 2.797 3.216 1.330 0.350 6.470 0 9
229 Lowara Sheturni 2.256 2.689 0.740 0.120 6.250 0 9
230 Lucknow Gomti 4.169 4.573 2.955 1.900 7.930 0 8
231 M.H. Halli Hemavathi 2.150 2.150 - 1.140 3.160 0 2
232 Madhira Wyra 2.790 2.790 - 0.990 4.590 0 2
233 Madla Ken 2.249 2.414 1.835 0.070 5.630 0 7
234 Magaral Cheyyar 7.550 7.550 - 7.550 7.550 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 1.016 1.078 0.985 0.340 1.630 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 1.267 1.055 1.690 0.240 3.020 0 6
237 Maighat Gomti 4.073 4.414 2.880 1.080 8.950 0 9
238 Majhitar Rangit 3.780 3.780 - 3.780 3.780 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 2.680 2.873 2.100 1.410 4.240 0 4
240 Malkhed Kagna 1.563 2.023 0.180 0.180 3.340 0 4
241 Manas NH Crossing Manas 2.140 1.300 2.980 1.300 2.980 0 2
242 Mancherial Godavari 2.734 3.160 1.030 0.930 5.570 0 5
243 Mandleshwar Narmada 1.319 1.605 0.460 0.070 3.170 0 8
244 Manendragarh Hasdeo - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
245 Mangaon (Seasonal) Kal 1.770 - 1.770 1.770 1.770 0 1
246 Mankara Bharathapuzha 2.626 2.870 1.650 0.590 4.720 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 2.459 2.847 1.295 0.220 8.680 0 8
248 Mantralayam Tungabhadra 3.860 3.860 - 3.810 3.910 0 2
249 Marella Gundlakamma 3.270 3.270 - 3.270 3.270 0 1
250 Margherita Buridehing 1.667 1.714 1.500 0.060 4.590 0 9
251 Marol Varada 2.500 - 2.500 2.500 2.500 0 1
252 Mataji Mahi 2.286 2.839 0.350 0.250 6.680 0 9
253 Mathabhanga Jaldhaka 2.060 1.905 2.370 1.160 2.650 0 3
254 Mathanguri Beki 1.500 1.500 - 1.040 1.960 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 3.539 3.768 2.505 1.090 8.340 0 11
256 Matigara Balason 3.265 3.265 - 2.110 4.420 0 2
257 Matijuri Dhaleshwari 2.945 3.068 2.700 0.290 6.990 0 6
258 Matunga Kalanadi 1.492 1.597 1.125 0.140 3.050 0 9
259 Mawi Yamuna 3.131 3.596 1.040 0.730 8.160 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 1.758 2.265 0.235 0.190 5.880 0 8
261 Mekhliganj Teesta 3.310 3.490 3.130 3.130 3.490 0 2
262 Menangudi Cauvery/Noolar 1.740 1.740 - 1.740 1.740 0 1
263 Miao Neo dihing 1.450 1.314 1.925 0.240 3.690 0 9
264 Mirzapur Ganga 3.382 3.893 1.595 0.770 8.410 0 9
265 Mohana (Betwa) Betwa 2.043 2.338 1.305 0.400 4.250 0 7
266 Mohana (Yamuna) Yamuna 2.369 2.743 0.685 0.120 7.040 0 11
267 Mohgaoan Burhner 1.495 1.552 1.325 0.370 4.720 0 8
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Total Monsoon
268 Moradabad Ramganga 2.745 2.887 2.320 1.180 4.370 0 8
269 Motinaroli Kim 1.937 2.008 1.760 0.040 5.620 0 7
270 Murappanadu Tambrapani 2.702 1.718 7.620 0.010 7.620 0 6
271 Muri Subarnarekha 3.438 3.794 1.660 1.330 6.740 0 6
272 Murti Murti 3.810 3.810 - 3.810 3.810 0 1
273 Musiri Cauvery 2.196 2.196 - 0.470 4.100 0 5
274 Muthankera Kabini 3.462 2.240 8.350 1.240 8.350 0 5
275 Nagalamadike Pennar 4.780 4.780 - 4.780 4.780 0 1
276 Nagrakata Jaldhaka 3.400 3.400 - 3.400 3.400 0 1
277 Naharkatia Buridehing 1.530 1.654 1.095 0.340 3.730 0 9
278 Naidupet Swarnamukhi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
279 Nallammaranpatty Amaravathi 3.010 3.920 2.100 2.100 3.920 0 2
280 Nallathur Nandalar 2.627 2.627 - 2.060 3.040 0 3
281 Namsai Neo dihing 1.257 1.043 2.005 0.280 3.300 0 9
282 Nandgaon Wunna 2.625 1.993 3.890 0.100 7.680 0 6
283 Nandipalli Sagaileru 3.667 6.500 2.250 1.580 6.500 0 3
284 Nanglamoraghat Desang 2.630 2.929 1.585 0.170 7.100 0 9
285 Neamatighat Brahmaputra 2.437 2.421 2.490 0.240 5.550 0 9
286 Neeleswaram Periyar 3.024 2.945 3.340 0.720 7.430 0 5
287 Neemsar Gomti 3.993 5.072 1.295 0.170 8.100 0 7
288 Nellithurai Bhavani 3.615 3.615 - 0.660 6.570 0 2
289 Nellore Pennar 2.075 2.075 - 1.700 2.450 0 2
290 Neora Naora 5.710 5.710 - 5.710 5.710 0 1
291 Nowrangpur Indravathi 1.404 1.688 0.270 0.270 3.150 0 5
292 Numaligarh Dhansiri 2.604 2.945 1.580 0.300 8.430 0 8
293 P.G.Bridge Penganga 2.981 2.654 3.800 0.640 6.940 0 7
294 Pachauli Sind 0.710 - 0.710 0.710 0.710 0 1
295 Pachegaon Pravara 0.950 - 0.950 0.950 0.950 0 1
296 Paderdibadi Mahi 2.573 3.154 0.540 0.270 5.780 0 9
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 1.408 1.469 1.195 0.070 4.090 0 9
Crossing Pagladiya
298 Paleru Bridge Paleru 1.290 1.693 0.080 0.080 2.350 0 4
299 Paliakalan Sharda 2.748 2.680 2.950 0.510 7.400 0 8
300 Palla Yamuna 1.951 2.273 0.505 0.400 6.810 0 11
301 Panbari Burisuti 4.380 4.380 - 4.380 4.380 0 1
302 Pancharatna Brahmaputra 1.093 1.167 0.835 0.090 3.190 0 9
303 Pandu Brahmaputra 1.713 1.864 1.185 0.400 5.170 0 9
304 Panposh Brahmani 2.482 2.602 1.880 1.170 4.020 0 6
305 Passighat Siang 3.203 3.203 - 0.670 5.950 0 3
306 Patan Hiran 3.253 3.092 3.655 0.290 8.710 0 7
307 Pathagudem Indravathi 1.714 2.070 0.290 0.290 3.740 0 5
308 Pathardhi Kharun - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
309 Pati Goi 1.255 1.420 0.760 0.340 2.250 0 4
310 Patna Ganga 4.111 5.050 0.825 0.690 8.690 0 9
311 Pattazhy Kallada 2.596 2.755 1.960 0.470 4.540 0 5
312 Pauni Wainganga 2.227 2.341 1.825 0.700 5.110 0 9
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Total Monsoon
313 Peralam Vanjiyar 5.560 5.560 - 5.560 5.560 0 1
314 Perumannu Valapatnam 2.762 2.423 4.120 0.400 5.730 0 5
315 Perur Godavari 3.004 3.633 0.490 0.490 5.170 0 5
316 Phulgaon (Seasonal) Varna 2.390 - 2.390 2.390 2.390 0 1
317 Pingalwada Dhadher 1.941 1.972 1.865 0.450 4.510 0 7
318 Poanta Yamuna 1.070 1.070 - 0.610 1.530 0 2
319 Polavaram Godavari 1.920 2.003 1.590 0.060 3.630 0 5
320 Pratapgarh Sai 2.890 2.763 3.270 0.100 7.020 0 8
321 Pratapur Yamuna 2.990 3.428 1.895 0.200 9.010 0 7
322 Prem Nagar Chenab 2.483 2.350 3.150 0.770 3.980 0 6
323 Pudur Kannadipuzha 2.768 3.017 2.020 1.570 4.250 0 4
324 Pulamanthole Pulanthodu 3.284 3.475 2.520 1.000 8.090 0 5
325 Purna Purna 1.610 1.610 - 1.610 1.610 0 1
326 Purushottampur Rushikulya 1.765 1.722 1.980 0.920 3.660 0 6
327 Puthimari D.R.F. Puthimari 1.347 1.534 0.690 0.010 3.900 0 9
Puthimari NH Road
328 1.855 2.093 1.140 0.140 4.190 0 8
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 3.740 4.002 3.085 0.550 8.030 0 7
330 Rajapur Yamuna 4.713 5.028 3.925 1.090 8.610 0 7
331 Rajegaon Bagh 2.181 2.630 1.060 0.640 6.940 0 7
332 Rajghat Betwa 2.634 3.697 1.040 0.930 4.160 0 5
333 Rajim Mahanadi - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
334 Ram Munshi Bagh Jhelum 1.913 1.678 3.090 0.010 3.450 0 6
335 Ramakona Kanhan 2.599 2.942 1.740 1.260 7.650 0 7
336 Ramamangalam Muvvattupuzha 2.924 3.053 2.410 0.440 7.160 0 5
337 Rampur Jonk 3.130 3.130 - 3.130 3.130 0 1
Ranganadi NT-Road
338 Ranganadi 2.982 2.909 3.240 0.160 7.030 0 9
Xing
339 Rangeli Som 2.363 2.949 0.310 0.180 5.800 0 9
340 Rangpo Rangpochu 8.950 8.950 - 8.950 8.950 0 1
341 Regauli Rapti 2.300 2.780 0.860 0.320 5.850 0 8
342 Rishikesh Ganga 4.578 4.770 3.905 1.850 9.380 0 9
343 Rudraprayag Alaknanda 4.216 5.085 1.610 0.830 9.380 0 8
344 Safapora Jhelum 2.290 2.154 2.970 0.230 3.790 0 6
345 Sakleshpur Hemavathi 2.017 2.192 0.970 0.030 5.980 0 7
346 Sakmur Wardha 2.041 2.107 1.810 0.880 3.620 0 9
347 Salebhata Ong 2.485 2.485 - 1.870 3.100 0 2
348 Samdoli Varna 2.230 - 2.230 2.230 2.230 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 1.733 1.630 2.040 0.070 4.870 0 8
350 Sangam J Jhelum 2.143 1.936 3.180 0.250 3.870 0 6
351 Sangam K Kinnerasani 4.083 5.353 0.270 0.270 6.540 0 4
352 Sangod Parwan 0.446 0.388 0.475 0.050 0.900 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 8.290 8.290 - 8.290 8.290 0 1
354 Sankosh LRP Sankosh 5.640 8.270 3.010 3.010 8.270 0 2
355 Santeguli Aghanashini 1.959 2.142 0.860 0.650 6.640 0 7
356 Sarangkheda Tapi 1.343 1.538 0.955 0.040 2.100 0 6
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Total Monsoon
357 Satrapur Kanhan 1.979 2.270 0.960 0.150 5.840 0 9
358 Savandapur Bhavani 2.804 2.790 2.845 0.190 6.940 0 8
359 Seondha Sind 2.563 2.553 2.590 0.440 4.530 0 4
360 Seppa Kamang 1.464 1.577 1.070 0.020 6.160 0 9
361 Sevanur Chittar - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
362 Sevoke Teesta 7.950 7.950 - 7.950 7.950 0 1
363 Shahijina Betwa 2.440 2.306 2.775 0.150 4.230 0 7
364 Shahzadpur Ganga 5.059 5.148 4.790 1.270 9.710 0 8
365 Shimoga Tunga 1.837 1.924 1.400 0.490 3.450 0 6
366 Sibbari Dareng 1.787 1.368 2.835 0.210 3.930 0 7
367 Sikandarpur Burhi Gandak 4.083 4.529 2.525 0.580 7.930 0 9
368 Simga Seonath 3.250 3.250 - 3.250 3.250 0 1
369 Singla-Bazar Rangit 4.590 4.590 - 4.590 4.590 0 1
370 Sivasagar Dikhow 2.106 2.077 2.205 0.030 7.740 0 9
371 Sonapur Digaru 1.556 1.660 0.930 0.030 3.340 0 7
372 Sonapurhat Mahananda 2.715 2.715 - 1.580 3.850 0 2
373 Srikakulam Nagavali 1.552 1.444 2.090 1.010 2.410 0 6
374 Srinagar Alakananda 5.500 6.443 1.730 1.560 9.520 0 5
375 Sripalpur Punpun 2.153 2.621 0.515 0.120 4.750 0 9
376 Suklai Suklai 1.382 1.530 0.865 0.080 4.590 0 9
377 Sultanpur Gomti 5.363 6.532 1.855 1.580 8.760 0 8
378 Sulurpet Kalingi 2.530 2.530 - 2.530 2.530 0 1
379 Sundergarh Ib 1.630 1.630 - 0.920 2.340 0 2
380 T. Bekuppe Arkavathi 2.139 2.365 0.780 0.380 7.020 0 7
381 T. Narasipur Kabini 1.533 1.713 0.990 0.750 3.390 0 4
382 T. Ramapuram Hagari 1.790 1.790 - 1.790 1.790 0 1
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 2.260 2.260 - 0.510 4.010 0 2
384 Tal Chambal 1.496 1.708 1.390 0.980 1.800 0 3
385 Talcher Brahmani 1.638 1.262 3.520 0.130 3.900 0 6
386 Tandi Chenab/Bhaga 2.680 - 2.680 2.680 2.680 0 1
387 Teesta-Bazar Teesta 2.433 2.390 2.520 1.510 3.270 0 3
388 Tehri Bhagirath 3.495 3.495 - 1.140 5.850 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 2.407 2.761 1.165 0.200 7.960 0 9
390 Tezpur Brahmaputra 1.929 1.791 2.410 0.100 3.580 0 9
391 Tezu Lohit 1.426 1.003 2.695 0.170 2.720 0 8
392 Thengudi Thirumalairajanar 5.580 5.580 - 5.580 5.580 0 1
393 Thengumarahada Moyar 3.365 2.737 5.250 0.210 8.170 0 8
394 Theni Suruliar 2.841 2.218 4.710 0.410 6.970 0 8
395 Therriaghat Umsohrynkiew 1.300 1.532 0.720 0.530 2.040 0 7
396 Thevur Sarabenga - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
397 Thimmanahalli Yagachi 1.130 1.130 - 0.380 2.480 0 4
398 Thoppur Thoppaiyar 2.900 - 2.900 2.900 2.900 0 1
399 Thumpamon Achankovil 3.160 3.377 2.510 1.770 5.480 0 4
400 Tikarpara Mahanadi 2.445 2.550 1.920 1.080 3.780 0 6
401 Tilga Sankh 2.175 2.270 1.700 0.300 5.680 0 6
Page | 188
Total Monsoon
402 Tonk Banas 2.189 4.168 0.210 0.210 4.168 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 3.046 3.066 2.975 0.460 5.490 0 9
404 Tufanganj Raidak-I 3.840 4.180 3.160 1.520 6.840 0 3
405 Tuini Tuini 2.274 2.647 0.595 0.450 7.080 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 4.098 4.617 2.540 0.330 8.800 0 8
407 Udaipur (Chandra) Chenab/Chandra 2.690 - 2.690 2.690 2.690 0 1
408 Udaipur (Tirap) Tirap 1.692 1.964 0.740 0.050 5.730 0 9
409 Udi Chambal 2.280 2.066 2.815 0.410 4.520 0 7
410 Ujjain Sipra 1.179 2.338 0.020 0.020 2.338 0 2
411 Urachikottai Cauvery 2.815 2.170 4.750 0.130 4.750 0 4
412 Uttarkashi Bhagirath 5.098 5.820 2.570 0.020 8.880 0 9
413 Vandiperiyar Periyar 2.275 1.917 3.350 1.430 3.350 0 4
414 Vapi Damanganga 2.127 2.346 1.580 0.020 8.810 0 7
415 Varanasi Ganga 4.038 4.631 1.960 1.040 7.090 0 9
416 Vautha Sabarmati 1.870 2.017 1.355 0.020 3.170 0 9
417 Vazhavachanur Ponnaiyar 1.305 1.305 - 0.000 2.520 0 2
418 Villupuram Ponnaiyar 0.070 0.070 - 0.070 0.070 0 1
419 Wadenapally Krishna 2.182 2.690 0.150 0.150 4.070 0 5
420 Wairagarh Khobragarhi 2.096 2.677 1.225 0.320 4.190 0 5
421 Warunji Koyna 2.160 - 2.160 2.160 2.160 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 0.600 - 0.600 0.600 0.600 0 1
423 Yashwant nagar Giri 1.580 1.758 0.780 0.170 3.600 0 11
424 Yennehole Yennehole 1.633 1.075 2.750 0.020 2.750 0 3
Page | 189
CADMIUM
Cadmium (in µg/L) BIS: 10500: 2012

Total Monsoon
2 A.P. Puram Chittar 0.483 0.483 - 0.035 1.507 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 0.087 0.060 0.157 0.002 0.230 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 0.217 0.190 0.313 0.043 0.525 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 0.197 0.126 0.548 0.004 0.548 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 0.184 0.150 0.218 0.150 0.218 0 2
8 Agra Yamuna 0.189 0.182 0.214 0.002 0.495 0 9
11 Akhnoor Chenab 0.068 0.060 0.120 0.007 0.129 0 7
13 Aklera Parwan 0.183 0.258 0.071 0.025 0.389 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 0.188 0.182 0.218 0.039 0.593 0 11
16 Alutuma Ramyala 0.463 0.446 0.549 0.002 2.007 0 6
19 Anandpur Ganga 0.322 0.247 0.846 0.032 0.860 0 8
21 Ankinghat Ganga 0.503 0.547 0.325 0.016 2.047 0 10
22 Annavasal Nattar 0.248 0.248 - 0.248 0.248 0 1
24 Arcot Palar 0.100 0.064 0.136 0.064 0.136 0 2
27 Ashti Wainganga 0.233 0.223 0.275 0.017 0.741 0 11
29 Avershe Sita 0.100 0.052 0.294 0.018 0.294 0 5
31 Ayodhya Saryu 0.624 0.738 0.170 0.010 4.138 1 9
32 Azmabad Ganga 0.161 0.103 0.422 0.001 0.687 0 11
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 0.102 0.028 0.322 0.009 0.569 0 8
35 Badlapur Ulhas 0.981 1.123 0.268 0.038 5.017 1 5
36 Balrampur Rapti 0.546 0.629 0.212 0.027 3.493 1 9
37 Baltara Kosi 0.408 0.357 0.641 0.019 2.219 0 11
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 0.100 0.100 - 0.097 0.103 0 3
41 Banda Ken 0.634 0.443 1.303 0.095 2.510 0 9
Page | 190
Total Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 0.922 1.096 0.314 0.053 3.311 1 8
44 Baranwada Banas 0.160 0.130 0.251 0.041 0.251 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 0.126 0.144 0.073 0.008 0.484 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 0.582 0.582 - 0.582 0.582 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 0.435 0.524 0.077 0.033 2.609 0 10
54 Beki Mathanguri Beki 0.090 0.090 - 0.053 0.127 0 2
56 Belkhedi Sher 0.188 0.217 0.072 0.002 0.825 0 10
57 Belne Bridge Gad 0.160 0.087 0.233 0.087 0.233 0 2
58 Bendrahalli Suvarnavathi 0.058 0.058 - 0.058 0.058 0 1
63 Bhitaura Ganga 0.471 0.531 0.230 0.077 1.713 0 10
65 Bihubar Dikhow 0.111 0.106 0.130 0.015 0.423 0 11
67 Birdghat Rapti 0.563 0.676 0.109 0.040 2.834 0 10
69 Burhanpur Tapi 0.399 0.493 0.119 0.010 2.333 0 8
70 Buxar Ganga 0.137 0.148 0.085 0.002 0.644 0 11
73 Champua Ganga 0.201 0.207 0.165 0.068 0.426 0 7
74 Chanwada Orsang 1.756 2.207 0.177 0.007 11.938 2 7
75 Chapra Jalangi 0.067 0.071 0.051 0.002 0.189 0 11
76 Chel Chel 0.088 0.088 - 0.012 0.185 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 0.116 0.123 0.091 0.005 0.683 0 10
80 Chepan Raidak-I 0.154 0.169 0.094 0.073 0.297 0 5
84 Cholachguda Malaprabha 0.259 0.259 - 0.259 0.259 0 1
Page | 191
Total Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 0.495 0.512 0.418 0.030 3.034 1 10
89 Dabri Ramganga 0.428 0.519 0.065 0.032 1.455 0 10
91 Dawki Umngot 0.087 0.048 0.187 0.006 0.286 0 7
96 Dhamkund Chenab 0.180 0.192 0.107 0.004 0.767 0 7
100 Dholai Rukni 0.166 0.132 0.267 0.010 0.638 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 0.350 0.257 0.674 0.029 1.251 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 0.044 0.002 0.086 0.002 0.086 0 2
104 Diana Diana 0.044 0.044 - 0.044 0.044 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 0.065 0.043 0.121 0.003 0.170 0 7
108 Dindori Narmada 0.205 0.243 0.052 0.016 1.201 0 10
109 Domohani Teesta 0.105 0.107 0.094 0.062 0.221 0 5
110 Duddhi Kanhar 0.124 0.119 0.147 0.021 0.289 0 11
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 0.154 0.175 0.060 0.013 0.645 0 11
118 Etawah Yamuna 0.301 0.363 0.084 0.079 0.926 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 0.173 0.197 0.067 0.010 0.723 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 0.478 0.563 0.139 0.016 2.222 0 10
123 Fulertal Barak 0.408 0.580 0.062 0.008 1.458 0 6
125 Gadat Ambika 0.143 0.173 0.052 0.002 0.663 0 8
127 Galeta Hindon 0.941 1.131 0.084 0.003 4.959 2 9
Page | 192
Total Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 0.242 0.250 0.175 0.023 1.253 0 9
130 Garrauli Dhasan 0.197 0.243 0.128 0.038 0.487 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 0.071 0.062 0.090 0.010 0.116 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 0.407 0.474 0.141 0.038 2.533 0 10
135 Ghatora Seonath 0.083 0.083 - 0.062 0.099 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 0.081 0.081 - 0.031 0.167 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 0.092 0.079 0.143 0.049 0.143 0 5
139 Gokak Ghataprabha 0.653 1.294 0.011 0.011 1.294 0 2
141 Golakganj Dhansiri 0.102 0.102 - 0.084 0.119 0 2
142 Gomlai Brahmani 0.249 0.195 0.626 0.006 0.688 0 8
143 Gopalkheda Purna 0.134 0.200 0.067 0.038 0.236 0 4
144 Gopurajapuram Cauvery/Puravidaiyanar 0.023 0.023 - 0.023 0.023 0 1
149 Haladi Haladi 0.133 0.052 0.703 0.002 0.703 0 8
150 Halia Halia 0.730 0.730 - 0.030 2.130 0 5
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 0.400 0.490 0.084 0.035 2.534 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 0.138 0.159 0.053 0.015 0.659 0 10
154 Haridwar Ganga 0.034 0.029 0.053 0.002 0.102 0 10
156 Hasimara Torsa 0.137 0.116 0.198 0.060 0.198 0 4
157 Hathidah Ganga 0.093 0.099 0.066 0.004 0.480 0 11
159 Hivra Wardha 0.212 0.201 0.262 0.017 0.482 0 11
165 Jagdalpur Indravathi 0.257 0.039 0.475 0.039 0.475 0 2
Page | 193
Total Monsoon
172 Japla Sone 0.364 0.370 0.335 0.012 1.440 0 11
173 Jaraikela Koel 0.293 0.327 0.051 0.002 1.536 0 8
Jiabharali NT Road
176 Jiabharali 0.244 0.084 0.966 0.010 1.846 0 11
Xing
177 Jondhra Seonath 0.008 0.008 - 0.008 0.008 0 1
178 K.M. Vadi Lakshmantirtha 0.295 0.252 0.380 0.079 0.425 0 3
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 0.198 0.217 0.112 0.006 1.126 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.133 0.037 0.325 0.012 0.325 0 3
187 Kampur Kopili 0.591 0.709 0.060 0.006 5.086 1 10
188 Kanpur Ganga 0.429 0.498 0.151 0.076 1.901 0 10
189 Kantamal Tel 0.174 0.174 - 0.056 0.457 0 4
190 Karad Krishna 0.219 - 0.219 0.219 0.219 0 1
194 Keesara Munneru 1.013 1.245 0.314 0.041 2.904 0 4
195 Kellodu Vedavathi 0.059 0.059 - 0.059 0.059 0 1
197 Kesinga Tel 0.283 0.283 - 0.035 0.972 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 0.104 0.104 - 0.025 0.183 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 0.174 0.179 0.154 0.006 1.047 0 11
201 Khatoli Parwati 0.143 0.190 0.028 0.026 0.544 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 0.466 0.386 0.825 0.026 2.522 0 11
206 Kogaon Kundi 0.053 0.060 0.047 0.013 0.102 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 0.188 0.099 0.634 0.015 0.634 0 6
211 Kora Rind 0.277 0.305 0.206 0.053 0.877 0 7
Page | 194
Total Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 0.053 0.030 0.212 0.008 0.212 0 8
215 Kudlur Palar 0.050 0.063 0.010 0.010 0.125 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 0.166 0.191 0.053 0.010 0.352 0 11
221 Kuppelur Kumudavathi 0.081 0.081 - 0.081 0.081 0 1
222 Kurubhata Mand 0.065 0.065 - 0.023 0.136 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 0.168 0.178 0.122 0.014 0.750 0 11
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 0.109 0.117 0.075 0.002 0.525 0 10
228 Lalganj Gandak 0.217 0.187 0.353 0.009 0.806 0 11
229 Lowara Sheturni 6.112 7.275 0.878 0.019 28.047 3 8
230 Lucknow Gomti 0.552 0.643 0.191 0.037 1.414 0 10
232 Madhira Wyra 0.744 0.744 - 0.010 1.666 0 4
233 Madla Ken 0.140 0.102 0.274 0.039 0.462 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 0.068 0.068 - 0.068 0.068 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 0.154 0.397 0.033 0.010 0.397 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 0.474 0.614 0.053 0.013 2.941 0 8
237 Maighat Gomti 0.218 0.238 0.125 0.063 0.547 0 11
238 Majhitar Rangit 0.028 0.028 - 0.028 0.028 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 0.036 0.042 0.010 0.010 0.068 0 5
240 Malkhed Kagna 0.363 0.266 0.654 0.059 0.654 0 4
244 Manendragarh Hasdeo 0.084 0.084 - 0.063 0.105 0 2
247 Manot Narmada 0.196 0.222 0.094 0.033 0.901 0 10
251 Marol Varada 0.030 0.047 0.012 0.012 0.047 0 2
252 Mataji Mahi 0.174 0.165 0.211 0.012 0.522 0 11
254 Mathanguri Beki 0.058 0.058 - 0.051 0.064 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 1.226 1.485 0.058 0.003 9.166 2 9
Page | 195
Total Monsoon
259 Mawi Yamuna 0.110 0.113 0.098 0.010 0.287 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 0.275 0.140 0.814 0.020 1.520 0 10
263 Miao Neo dihing 0.139 0.093 0.349 0.008 0.573 0 11
264 Mirzapur Ganga 0.534 0.607 0.209 0.078 3.650 1 10
269 Motinaroli Kim 0.324 0.402 0.054 0.012 1.732 0 9
272 Murti Murti 0.087 0.087 - 0.065 0.115 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 0.272 0.272 - 0.011 1.287 0 7
278 Naidupet Swarnamukhi 2.235 2.235 - 2.235 2.235 0 1
282 Nandgaon Wunna 0.386 0.368 0.442 0.089 0.947 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 0.442 0.359 0.734 0.047 1.378 0 9
289 Nellore Pennar 0.144 0.144 - 0.007 0.280 0 2
290 Neora Naora 0.133 0.133 - 0.076 0.200 0 3
294 Pachauli Sind 0.181 0.187 0.174 0.174 0.187 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 0.319 0.331 0.265 0.013 1.253 0 11
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 196
Total Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 0.285 0.333 0.066 0.005 2.154 0 11
305 Passighat Siang 0.084 0.084 - 0.009 0.289 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 0.144 0.173 0.041 0.006 0.864 0 9
308 Pathardhi Kharun 0.663 0.663 - 0.663 0.663 0 1
309 Pati Goi 0.055 0.042 0.106 0.005 0.106 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 0.098 0.105 0.066 0.002 0.334 0 11
312 Pauni Wainganga 0.123 0.103 0.215 0.003 0.268 0 11
315 Perur Godavari 0.046 0.030 0.128 0.009 0.128 0 6
318 Poanta Yamuna 0.019 0.019 - 0.008 0.030 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 0.311 0.177 0.850 0.030 1.470 0 10
321 Pratapur Yamuna 0.251 0.296 0.091 0.006 0.826 0 9
325 Purna Purna 0.040 0.040 - 0.040 0.040 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 0.140 0.163 0.045 0.005 0.300 0 10
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 0.332 0.366 0.214 0.062 1.247 0 9
330 Rajapur Yamuna 0.323 0.139 0.875 0.002 1.687 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 0.197 0.153 0.349 0.046 0.427 0 9
332 Rajghat Betwa 0.136 0.159 0.078 0.018 0.332 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 0.101 0.101 - 0.101 0.101 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 0.116 0.113 0.128 0.022 0.241 0 9
337 Rampur Jonk 0.125 0.125 - 0.075 0.192 0 3
Ranganadi NT-Road
338 Ranganadi 0.056 0.046 0.100 0.003 0.189 0 11
Xing
339 Rangeli Som 0.176 0.138 0.350 0.006 0.590 0 11
341 Regauli Rapti 0.575 0.616 0.409 0.009 3.130 1 9
Page | 197
Total Monsoon
342 Rishikesh Ganga 0.109 0.113 0.092 0.004 0.386 0 11
344 Safapora Jhelum 0.117 0.114 0.139 0.010 0.412 0 7
346 Sakmur Wardha 0.178 0.177 0.183 0.017 0.533 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 0.094 0.094 - 0.034 0.203 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 0.023 - 0.023 0.023 0.023 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 0.196 0.233 0.050 0.012 0.721 0 10
350 Sangam J Jhelum 0.081 0.057 0.227 0.010 0.227 0 7
352 Sangod Parwan 0.193 0.387 0.096 0.019 0.387 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 0.111 0.111 - 0.014 0.193 0 3
357 Satrapur Kanhan 0.249 0.205 0.449 0.011 0.720 0 11
359 Seondha Sind 0.227 0.255 0.087 0.033 0.633 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 0.615 0.716 0.165 0.003 5.158 1 10
361 Sevanur Chittar 0.164 0.164 - 0.164 0.164 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 0.067 0.067 - 0.011 0.113 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 0.208 0.239 0.098 0.025 0.910 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 0.064 0.036 0.231 0.002 0.231 0 7
366 Sibbari Dareng 0.574 0.657 0.368 0.002 3.253 1 6
368 Simga Seonath 0.164 0.164 - 0.035 0.367 0 3
371 Sonapur Digaru 0.203 0.216 0.128 0.008 0.659 0 7
376 Suklai Suklai 0.301 0.312 0.249 0.008 2.075 0 11
377 Sultanpur Gomti 0.200 0.197 0.214 0.080 0.331 0 10
379 Sundergarh Ib 0.082 0.082 - 0.044 0.148 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 0.790 0.790 - 0.031 2.831 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 0.160 0.399 0.041 0.002 0.399 0 3
Page | 198
Total Monsoon
388 Tehri Bhagirath 0.186 0.186 - 0.100 0.272 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 0.214 0.152 0.494 0.039 0.798 0 11
391 Tezu Lohit 0.146 0.143 0.156 0.005 0.727 0 10

394 Theni Suruliar 0.184 0.225 0.024 0.010 1.280 0 10
396 Thevur Sarabenga 0.807 0.807 - 0.807 0.807 0 1
401 Tilga Sankh 0.203 0.133 0.694 0.027 0.694 0 8
402 Tonk Banas 0.088 0.163 0.012 0.012 0.163 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 0.075 0.061 0.140 0.015 0.176 0 11
405 Tuini Tuini 0.111 0.119 0.076 0.009 0.218 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 0.215 0.232 0.149 0.023 0.853 0 10
407 Udaipur (Chandra)
Chenab/Chandra 0.156 - 0.156 0.156 0.156 0 1
409 Udi Chambal 0.234 0.200 0.354 0.011 0.612 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 0.085 0.153 0.017 0.017 0.153 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 0.129 0.147 0.067 0.002 0.551 0 9
415 Varanasi Ganga 0.293 0.302 0.256 0.068 0.902 0 11
421 Warunji Koyna 0.013 - 0.013 0.013 0.013 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 1.094 - 1.094 1.094 1.094 0 1
Page | 199
CHROMIUM
Chromium (in µg/L) BIS: 10500: 2012

River
No. Site Non Min Max Above Below
Total Monsoon

2 A.P. Puram Chittar 4.672 4.672 - 1.030 14.330 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 0.841 0.668 1.275 0.020 1.580 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 8.032 6.140 14.655 2.160 21.350 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 5.903 6.504 2.900 1.270 14.460 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 21.705 22.150 21.260 21.260 22.150 0 2
8 Agra Yamuna 9.346 9.283 9.565 1.410 36.370 0 9
11 Akhnoor Chenab 6.114 6.729 1.810 0.430 35.540 0 8
13 Aklera Parwan 5.289 8.288 0.790 0.345 16.340 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 4.604 3.951 7.540 0.180 14.940 0 11
16 Alutuma Ramyala 3.470 2.044 10.600 0.350 10.600 0 6
19 Anandpur Ganga 5.800 5.586 7.300 0.210 15.350 0 8
21 Ankinghat Ganga 4.345 5.170 1.045 0.220 22.480 0 10
24 Arcot Palar 8.015 5.890 10.140 5.890 10.140 0 2
27 Ashti Wainganga 2.637 1.827 6.285 0.560 9.550 0 11
29 Avershe Sita 4.658 3.155 10.670 0.280 10.670 0 5
31 Ayodhya Saryu 13.179 10.480 23.975 0.260 46.910 0 10
32 Azmabad Ganga 4.005 4.507 1.745 0.400 16.630 0 11
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 1.429 1.637 0.805 0.040 5.290 0 8
35 Badlapur Ulhas 10.900 4.978 40.510 0.150 40.510 0 6
36 Balrampur Rapti 37.883 33.620 54.935 0.360 141.110 3 7
37 Baltara Kosi 5.237 5.240 5.225 0.550 24.920 0 11
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 7.053 7.053 - 1.480 11.670 0 3
41 Banda Ken 3.879 4.071 3.205 0.740 13.020 0 9
Page | 200
River
Total Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 72.452 90.024 10.950 0.320 224.330 3 6

44 Baranwada Banas 0.710 0.527 1.260 0.255 1.260 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 1.833 2.203 0.720 0.310 6.200 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 3.900 3.900 - 3.900 3.900 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 6.945 8.255 1.705 0.730 43.010 0 10
56 Belkhedi Sher 3.397 3.631 2.460 0.400 7.810 0 10
57 Belne Bridge Gad 38.175 10.160 66.190 10.160 66.190 1 1
63 Bhitaura Ganga 19.149 23.550 1.545 0.470 164.250 1 9
65 Bihubar Dikhow 13.383 12.053 19.365 0.230 90.830 1 10
67 Birdghat Rapti 43.893 40.970 55.585 0.550 229.730 3 7
69 Burhanpur Tapi 5.779 5.623 6.245 1.160 11.950 0 8
70 Buxar Ganga 7.988 9.590 0.780 0.540 45.990 0 11
73 Champua Ganga 5.010 4.320 9.150 0.430 14.140 0 7
74 Chanwada Orsang 5.012 4.103 8.195 0.290 15.930 0 9
75 Chapra Jalangi 5.425 5.414 5.475 0.050 25.260 0 11
76 Chel Chel 4.017 4.017 - 0.380 9.240 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 5.030 3.053 12.940 0.180 20.240 0 10
80 Chepan Raidak-I 3.300 3.805 1.280 0.170 11.900 0 5
Page | 201
River
Total Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 4.047 2.886 9.275 0.360 16.650 0 11

89 Dabri Ramganga 3.170 3.555 1.630 0.270 7.560 0 10
91 Dawki Umngot 0.763 0.832 0.590 0.030 1.770 0 7
96 Dhamkund Chenab 1.185 1.207 1.030 0.390 3.680 0 8
100 Dholai Rukni 1.113 0.968 1.545 0.200 2.130 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 5.108 5.053 5.300 0.680 12.290 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 17.765 2.320 33.210 2.320 33.210 0 2
104 Diana Diana 2.600 2.600 - 2.600 2.600 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 3.693 4.868 0.755 0.030 11.400 0 7
108 Dindori Narmada 3.430 3.630 2.630 0.270 9.170 0 10
109 Domohani Teesta 12.364 12.928 10.110 0.070 36.240 0 5
110 Duddhi Kanhar 4.216 2.716 10.970 0.190 18.960 0 11
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 4.255 4.560 2.885 0.900 15.730 0 11
118 Etawah Yamuna 8.897 6.134 18.565 0.630 19.110 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 3.128 3.120 3.165 0.450 6.900 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 20.322 24.503 3.600 0.430 175.240 1 9
123 Fulertal Barak 3.957 4.120 3.630 0.750 11.900 0 6
125 Gadat Ambika 5.931 4.787 9.365 0.580 16.730 0 8
127 Galeta Hindon 4.315 4.306 4.360 0.015 15.920 0 11
Page | 202
River
Total Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 6.711 6.084 11.730 1.420 13.360 0 9

130 Garrauli Dhasan 2.884 2.237 3.855 0.730 6.980 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 11.888 5.183 25.300 0.660 32.210 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 38.642 46.136 8.665 0.490 193.260 2 8
135 Ghatora Seonath 9.077 9.077 - 2.130 17.870 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 4.640 4.640 - 0.740 10.320 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 3.914 4.790 0.410 0.370 15.490 0 5
142 Gomlai Brahmani 4.309 3.429 10.470 0.130 11.760 0 8
149 Haladi Haladi 3.932 2.874 12.400 0.020 12.400 0 9
150 Halia Halia 2.650 2.650 - 0.170 10.640 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 6.913 4.259 16.205 0.770 16.950 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 4.496 1.596 16.095 0.370 26.660 0 10
154 Haridwar Ganga 3.409 1.644 10.470 0.180 18.240 0 10
156 Hasimara Torsa 4.760 5.833 1.540 0.880 14.070 0 4
157 Hathidah Ganga 5.665 4.353 11.565 0.290 22.840 0 11
159 Hivra Wardha 5.214 4.096 10.245 0.550 15.930 0 11
Page | 203
River
Total Monsoon

172 Japla Sone 5.103 5.400 3.765 0.320 29.490 0 11
173 Jaraikela Koel 3.083 2.303 8.540 0.720 8.540 0 8
Jiabharali NT Road
176 Jiabharali 14.955 5.683 56.675 0.030 111.430 1 10
Xing
177 Jondhra Seonath 5.810 5.810 - 5.810 5.810 0 1
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 2.686 2.755 2.375 0.060 9.420 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 5.480 5.620 5.200 3.070 8.170 0 3
187 Kampur Kopili 3.942 2.433 10.730 0.100 16.660 0 11
188 Kanpur Ganga 23.154 28.589 1.415 0.740 205.820 1 9
189 Kantamal Tel 17.758 17.758 - 0.250 55.000 1 3
190 Karad Krishna 98.350 - 98.350 98.350 98.350 1 0
194 Keesara Munneru 1.573 1.320 2.330 0.080 3.690 0 4
197 Kesinga Tel 4.618 4.618 - 0.870 7.360 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 16.525 16.525 - 0.670 32.380 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 12.663 15.368 0.490 0.120 81.700 1 10
201 Khatoli Parwati 2.566 2.752 2.100 0.075 6.460 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 3.582 3.713 2.990 0.310 16.110 0 11
206 Kogaon Kundi 8.560 2.030 15.090 1.160 23.130 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 1.460 1.595 0.650 0.130 5.990 0 7
211 Kora Rind 3.403 2.522 5.605 0.330 9.950 0 7
Page | 204
River
Total Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 3.067 2.053 11.180 0.150 11.180 0 9

215 Kudlur Palar 2.723 2.837 2.380 2.380 3.100 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 5.115 5.088 5.240 0.280 23.360 0 11
222 Kurubhata Mand 4.158 4.158 - 0.670 6.470 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 6.305 6.606 4.950 0.030 50.770 1 10
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 8.562 10.614 0.355 0.020 49.680 0 10
228 Lalganj Gandak 7.813 9.459 0.405 0.100 44.670 0 11
229 Lowara Sheturni 11.990 14.310 1.550 0.240 23.830 0 11
230 Lucknow Gomti 9.765 12.021 0.740 0.400 44.380 0 10
232 Madhira Wyra 7.768 7.768 - 0.830 22.250 0 4
233 Madla Ken 3.243 3.211 3.355 0.490 8.340 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 3.550 3.550 - 3.550 3.550 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 6.275 0.495 9.165 0.010 18.320 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 21.108 5.192 68.855 0.980 135.570 1 7
237 Maighat Gomti 3.663 3.137 6.030 0.030 16.910 0 11
238 Majhitar Rangit 3.400 3.400 - 3.400 3.400 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 2.348 2.180 3.190 0.390 6.210 0 6
240 Malkhed Kagna 1.800 1.910 1.360 0.570 3.780 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 3.647 3.703 3.425 0.100 9.350 0 10
251 Marol Varada 7.150 2.640 11.660 2.640 11.660 0 2
252 Mataji Mahi 4.447 5.092 1.545 0.800 26.340 0 11
254 Mathanguri Beki 1.865 1.865 - 1.080 2.650 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 2.582 2.699 2.055 0.160 17.360 0 11
Page | 205
River
Total Monsoon

259 Mawi Yamuna 4.659 5.392 1.360 0.090 28.660 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 3.855 3.063 7.025 0.350 13.110 0 10
263 Miao Neo dihing 4.951 5.634 1.875 0.010 29.540 0 11
264 Mirzapur Ganga 5.666 4.892 9.150 0.280 14.050 0 11
269 Motinaroli Kim 12.131 8.660 24.280 0.890 42.480 0 9
272 Murti Murti 9.297 9.297 - 0.060 20.870 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 6.039 6.039 - 0.790 19.800 0 7
282 Nandgaon Wunna 3.986 2.548 8.300 0.700 10.320 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 8.859 11.260 0.455 0.190 45.340 0 9
289 Nellore Pennar 1.010 1.010 - 1.010 1.010 0 2
290 Neora Naora 8.297 8.297 - 0.040 14.230 0 3
294 Pachauli Sind 5.700 3.290 8.110 3.290 8.110 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 2.084 2.137 1.845 0.080 10.240 0 11
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 206
River
Total Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 4.675 4.070 7.395 0.210 18.860 0 11

305 Passighat Siang 1.062 1.062 - 0.340 2.000 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 2.240 1.953 3.245 0.040 6.100 0 9
309 Pati Goi 6.464 1.475 26.420 0.770 26.420 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 1.960 2.256 0.630 0.230 6.350 0 11
312 Pauni Wainganga 3.050 1.871 8.355 0.110 10.990 0 11
315 Perur Godavari 3.514 1.758 14.050 0.150 14.050 0 7
318 Poanta Yamuna 10.195 10.195 - 4.110 16.280 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 3.823 3.091 6.750 0.110 12.780 0 10
321 Pratapur Yamuna 9.714 6.874 19.655 2.210 20.950 0 9
325 Purna Purna 0.420 0.420 - 0.420 0.420 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 2.706 2.899 1.935 0.290 11.630 0 10
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 11.016 13.873 1.015 0.520 54.770 1 8
330 Rajapur Yamuna 5.025 3.442 9.775 0.180 11.780 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 3.342 2.247 7.175 0.160 10.790 0 9
332 Rajghat Betwa 3.101 2.722 4.050 0.280 6.180 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 20.170 20.170 - 20.170 20.170 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 2.660 1.407 7.045 0.600 10.740 0 9
337 Rampur Jonk 12.773 12.773 - 1.300 29.770 0 3
Ranganadi NT-Road
338 Ranganadi 2.631 1.842 6.180 0.020 11.160 0 11
Xing
339 Rangeli Som 4.002 4.694 0.885 0.040 22.430 0 11
341 Regauli Rapti 34.478 32.003 44.380 0.330 172.710 3 7
Page | 207
River
Total Monsoon
342 Rishikesh Ganga 6.705 4.831 15.135 0.080 29.320 0 11

344 Safapora Jhelum 0.691 0.630 1.120 0.050 1.490 0 8
346 Sakmur Wardha 6.673 2.707 24.520 0.300 39.100 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 2.570 2.570 - 0.190 5.490 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 10.070 - 10.070 10.070 10.070 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 5.739 6.284 3.560 0.080 23.320 0 10
350 Sangam J Jhelum 3.775 4.067 1.730 0.400 17.970 0 8
352 Sangod Parwan 0.632 0.785 0.555 0.070 1.040 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 3.823 3.823 - 0.050 10.600 0 3
357 Satrapur Kanhan 3.159 2.826 4.660 0.580 8.710 0 11
359 Seondha Sind 2.902 3.308 0.870 0.490 13.110 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 12.698 13.331 9.850 1.210 42.990 0 11
361 Sevanur Chittar 4.510 4.510 - 4.510 4.510 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 3.187 3.187 - 0.340 8.120 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 13.673 11.913 19.835 0.060 45.490 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 3.290 1.561 15.390 0.110 15.390 0 8
366 Sibbari Dareng 1.473 1.522 1.350 0.130 3.120 0 7
368 Simga Seonath 6.507 6.507 - 2.510 9.130 0 3
371 Sonapur Digaru 3.451 2.755 7.630 0.640 10.720 0 7
376 Suklai Suklai 3.848 4.217 2.190 0.210 20.050 0 11
377 Sultanpur Gomti 5.938 5.316 8.425 0.170 27.050 0 10
379 Sundergarh Ib 2.695 2.695 - 0.250 6.070 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 3.878 3.878 - 0.370 8.980 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 3.975 0.715 5.605 0.715 9.890 0 3
Page | 208
River
Total Monsoon

388 Tehri Bhagirath 4.710 4.710 - 1.930 7.490 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 2.876 1.663 8.335 0.340 11.660 0 11
391 Tezu Lohit 3.444 1.426 11.515 0.290 17.890 0 10

394 Theni Suruliar 3.068 3.069 3.065 0.740 8.820 0 10
401 Tilga Sankh 6.020 5.710 8.190 0.420 11.870 0 8
402 Tonk Banas 3.023 2.355 3.690 2.355 3.690 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 11.351 13.780 0.420 0.200 49.580 0 11
405 Tuini Tuini 3.233 3.806 0.655 0.002 14.340 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 41.524 12.175 158.920 0.170 316.840 1 9
Chenab/Chandra 4.330 - 4.330 4.330 4.330 0 1
409 Udi Chambal 4.850 4.909 4.645 0.930 8.540 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 3.518 5.515 1.520 1.520 5.515 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 5.869 4.193 11.735 0.420 19.570 0 9
415 Varanasi Ganga 5.899 5.567 7.395 0.610 27.930 0 11
421 Warunji Koyna 9.200 - 9.200 9.200 9.200 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 1.240 - 1.240 1.240 1.240 0 1
Page | 209
COPPER
Copper (in µg/L) BIS:10500;2012

S. Average No. of Samples
Water Quality Site
No. River Non Min Max Above Below
Total Monsoon

2 A.P. Puram Chittar 3.686 3.686 - 0.270 7.160 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 2.114 1.716 3.110 0.060 6.160 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 4.816 3.749 8.550 0.160 13.770 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 6.972 7.216 5.750 0.740 22.690 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 5.180 6.350 4.010 4.010 6.350 0 2
8 Agra Yamuna 7.254 4.453 17.060 0.040 30.640 0 9
11 Akhnoor Chenab 3.075 3.083 3.020 0.440 11.790 0 8
13 Aklera Parwan 1.910 1.410 2.660 1.250 2.820 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 5.788 7.056 0.085 0.070 11.260 0 11
16 Alutuma Ramyala 5.762 6.898 0.080 0.080 24.740 0 6
19 Anandpur Ganga 3.555 3.416 4.530 0.510 11.250 0 8
21 Ankinghat Ganga 9.754 9.658 10.140 0.210 31.980 0 10
24 Arcot Palar 3.705 2.950 4.460 2.950 4.460 0 2
27 Ashti Wainganga 3.362 2.907 5.410 0.580 7.370 0 11
29 Avershe Sita 3.368 3.768 1.770 0.460 9.050 0 5
31 Ayodhya Saryu 6.704 7.625 3.020 0.980 21.060 0 10
32 Azmabad Ganga 6.165 6.663 3.920 0.740 23.570 0 11
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 1.883 2.143 1.100 0.370 5.540 0 8
35 Badlapur Ulhas 7.437 8.402 2.610 1.330 28.230 0 6
36 Balrampur Rapti 8.439 8.480 8.275 2.320 21.430 0 10
37 Baltara Kosi 6.294 5.433 10.165 0.410 14.900 0 11
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 14.183 14.183 - 3.460 28.260 0 3
41 Banda Ken 3.078 3.403 1.940 0.490 7.750 0 9
Page | 210
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 4.486 4.900 3.035 0.200 12.320 0 9

44 Baranwada Banas 4.063 4.667 2.250 1.670 6.690 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 2.913 3.252 1.895 0.230 6.370 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 41.940 41.940 - 41.940 41.940 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 6.669 7.469 3.470 1.100 17.190 0 10
56 Belkhedi Sher 3.805 3.791 3.860 0.890 10.200 0 10
57 Belne Bridge Gad 3.575 4.540 2.610 2.610 4.540 0 2
63 Bhitaura Ganga 9.334 10.519 4.595 3.430 20.930 0 10
65 Bihubar Dikhow 9.720 8.626 14.645 0.620 54.720 1 10
67 Birdghat Rapti 7.682 8.828 3.100 1.430 25.230 0 10
69 Burhanpur Tapi 10.426 8.840 15.185 0.030 24.900 0 8
70 Buxar Ganga 7.619 7.077 10.060 1.130 19.020 0 11
73 Champua Ganga 5.649 6.568 0.130 0.130 21.440 0 7
74 Chanwada Orsang 3.608 3.836 2.810 0.340 5.820 0 9
75 Chapra Jalangi 2.460 2.761 1.105 0.280 8.280 0 11
76 Chel Chel 5.483 5.483 - 4.330 7.760 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 4.158 4.718 1.920 1.510 9.110 0 10
80 Chepan Raidak-I 6.306 7.550 1.330 1.330 12.410 0 5
Page | 211
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 4.188 3.392 7.770 2.100 12.500 0 11

89 Dabri Ramganga 11.283 10.861 12.970 1.190 33.640 0 10
91 Dawki Umngot 5.306 6.662 1.915 0.170 17.460 0 7
96 Dhamkund Chenab 3.710 3.979 1.830 0.130 15.530 0 8
100 Dholai Rukni 1.213 1.445 0.515 0.080 2.820 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 3.486 3.204 4.475 0.480 8.330 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 3.980 5.200 2.760 2.760 5.200 0 2
104 Diana Diana 2.400 2.400 - 2.400 2.400 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 3.316 0.904 9.345 0.080 18.610 0 7
108 Dindori Narmada 4.799 4.791 4.830 2.610 6.920 0 10
109 Domohani Teesta 12.820 15.288 2.950 2.430 47.720 0 5
110 Duddhi Kanhar 5.586 3.714 14.010 1.250 24.810 0 11
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 4.565 5.092 2.190 0.220 22.150 0 11
118 Etawah Yamuna 9.543 5.326 24.305 0.520 46.710 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 1.528 1.464 1.815 0.100 4.500 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 7.472 8.344 3.985 0.820 18.300 0 10
123 Fulertal Barak 1.335 1.558 0.890 0.130 2.920 0 6
125 Gadat Ambika 8.498 10.338 2.975 0.630 40.820 0 8
127 Galeta Hindon 3.930 4.229 2.585 0.240 9.060 0 11
Page | 212
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 8.624 7.889 14.510 0.030 15.800 0 9

130 Garrauli Dhasan 5.032 3.380 7.510 1.220 13.800 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 7.552 3.935 14.785 1.140 21.620 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 4.172 4.290 3.700 1.450 9.740 0 10
135 Ghatora Seonath 5.353 5.353 - 3.430 7.710 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 6.027 6.027 - 2.320 12.720 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 9.822 11.915 1.450 1.450 20.950 0 5
142 Gomlai Brahmani 6.929 7.299 4.340 2.230 21.690 0 8
149 Haladi Haladi 2.190 2.119 2.760 0.110 11.840 0 9
150 Halia Halia 2.025 2.025 - 0.540 5.550 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 4.571 4.423 5.090 0.710 11.050 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 3.439 3.381 3.670 0.580 10.230 0 10
154 Haridwar Ganga 2.084 1.484 4.485 0.130 6.380 0 10
156 Hasimara Torsa 5.745 5.667 5.980 0.690 13.720 0 4
157 Hathidah Ganga 10.932 12.533 3.725 0.090 42.360 0 11
159 Hivra Wardha 5.509 5.359 6.185 1.120 11.540 0 11
Page | 213
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

172 Japla Sone 6.486 6.296 7.345 0.890 20.570 0 11
173 Jaraikela Koel 4.448 5.059 0.170 0.170 17.410 0 8
176 Jiabharali NT Road Xing Jiabharali 5.854 4.047 13.985 0.450 21.380 0 11
177 Jondhra Seonath 5.120 5.120 - 5.120 5.120 0 1
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 4.654 4.883 3.620 0.090 14.490 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 4.143 4.040 4.350 0.970 7.110 0 3
187 Kampur Kopili 1.966 1.744 2.965 0.080 3.870 0 11
188 Kanpur Ganga 8.712 9.070 7.280 0.760 23.000 0 10
189 Kantamal Tel 21.560 21.560 - 0.210 72.870 1 3
190 Karad Krishna 4.380 - 4.380 4.380 4.380 0 1
194 Keesara Munneru 2.680 1.870 5.110 1.040 5.110 0 4
197 Kesinga Tel 3.985 3.985 - 0.100 6.850 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 3.485 3.485 - 1.780 5.190 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 5.964 6.421 3.905 0.430 15.280 0 11
201 Khatoli Parwati 4.943 6.038 2.205 1.050 14.660 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 5.255 5.482 4.230 0.510 11.780 0 11
206 Kogaon Kundi 3.608 3.865 3.350 2.580 5.150 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 3.354 3.545 2.210 1.690 5.520 0 7
211 Kora Rind 4.494 4.716 3.940 0.140 9.070 0 7
Page | 214
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 5.929 6.378 2.340 0.420 22.140 0 9

215 Kudlur Palar 3.303 3.290 3.340 1.620 4.910 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 1.880 2.069 1.030 0.070 4.410 0 11
222 Kurubhata Mand 4.225 4.225 - 0.660 7.030 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 3.303 3.664 1.675 0.270 16.290 0 11
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 4.205 3.953 5.215 1.120 12.130 0 10
228 Lalganj Gandak 3.545 4.124 0.935 0.070 9.610 0 11
229 Lowara Sheturni 14.370 17.192 1.670 0.230 38.570 0 11
230 Lucknow Gomti 6.473 6.054 8.150 1.020 15.320 0 10
232 Madhira Wyra 4.343 4.343 - 2.300 7.370 0 4
233 Madla Ken 3.498 3.646 2.980 0.060 9.340 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 5.280 5.280 - 5.280 5.280 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 2.977 1.520 3.705 1.510 5.900 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 6.521 5.585 9.330 1.460 11.630 0 8
237 Maighat Gomti 7.275 6.082 12.645 0.030 25.260 0 11
238 Majhitar Rangit 5.050 5.050 - 5.050 5.050 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 2.653 2.942 1.210 0.480 8.370 0 6
240 Malkhed Kagna 4.036 3.940 4.420 0.280 8.660 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 6.293 6.464 5.610 1.180 21.590 0 10
251 Marol Varada 4.120 4.800 3.440 3.440 4.800 0 2
252 Mataji Mahi 6.711 7.170 4.645 0.770 21.960 0 11
254 Mathanguri Beki 4.120 4.120 - 2.410 5.830 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 6.726 7.624 2.685 0.410 32.420 0 11
Page | 215
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

259 Mawi Yamuna 2.052 2.063 2.000 0.070 5.210 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 5.484 4.456 9.595 1.890 16.260 0 10
263 Miao Neo dihing 4.924 5.173 3.800 0.100 11.870 0 11
264 Mirzapur Ganga 6.785 8.012 1.260 0.080 12.850 0 11
269 Motinaroli Kim 5.807 6.210 4.395 2.490 10.340 0 9
272 Murti Murti 4.290 4.290 - 1.480 5.820 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 3.290 3.290 - 1.060 6.670 0 7
282 Nandgaon Wunna 4.351 3.997 5.415 0.860 8.480 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 6.096 7.213 2.185 0.480 17.570 0 9
289 Nellore Pennar 3.285 3.285 - 3.180 3.390 0 2
290 Neora Naora 3.037 3.037 - 0.020 7.310 0 3
294 Pachauli Sind 1.990 3.930 0.050 0.050 3.930 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 3.119 3.637 0.790 0.040 8.960 0 11
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 216
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 6.947 7.828 2.985 0.620 34.300 0 11

305 Passighat Siang 4.030 4.030 - 0.370 9.390 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 6.586 6.604 6.520 2.010 17.730 0 9
309 Pati Goi 2.302 2.638 0.960 0.780 4.540 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 4.688 5.201 2.380 1.210 9.580 0 11
312 Pauni Wainganga 4.772 3.686 9.660 0.680 15.040 0 11
315 Perur Godavari 3.393 3.122 5.020 0.250 10.950 0 7
318 Poanta Yamuna 1.235 1.235 - 0.090 2.380 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 5.594 4.835 8.630 2.460 12.490 0 10
321 Pratapur Yamuna 4.703 4.577 5.145 1.140 9.800 0 9
325 Purna Purna 1.610 1.610 - 1.610 1.610 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 6.507 7.901 0.930 0.030 44.670 0 10
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 7.260 8.887 1.565 0.560 19.600 0 9
330 Rajapur Yamuna 4.370 4.002 5.475 1.520 8.770 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 5.356 5.291 5.580 0.590 12.150 0 9
332 Rajghat Betwa 5.984 5.640 6.845 0.180 13.510 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 3.280 3.280 - 3.280 3.280 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 10.648 5.506 28.645 0.630 49.090 0 9
337 Rampur Jonk 7.097 7.097 - 5.580 7.860 0 3
338 Ranganadi NT-Road Xing Ranganadi 6.592 7.541 2.320 0.610 24.680 0 11
339 Rangeli Som 6.129 6.342 5.170 0.840 15.590 0 11
341 Regauli Rapti 10.125 6.228 25.715 1.580 44.090 0 10
342 Rishikesh Ganga 3.079 3.286 2.150 0.150 13.290 0 11
Page | 217
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

344 Safapora Jhelum 7.555 7.846 5.520 0.500 37.040 0 8
346 Sakmur Wardha 4.704 3.467 10.270 0.830 17.610 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 3.508 3.508 - 0.210 7.890 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 6.310 - 6.310 6.310 6.310 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 8.348 9.303 4.530 1.170 29.950 0 10
350 Sangam J Jhelum 4.378 4.749 1.780 0.030 19.770 0 8
352 Sangod Parwan 2.577 0.650 3.540 0.650 5.680 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 4.920 4.920 - 3.280 6.560 0 3
357 Satrapur Kanhan 3.860 3.661 4.755 1.120 9.090 0 11
359 Seondha Sind 6.912 8.000 1.470 0.880 26.440 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 7.269 6.991 8.520 0.120 33.040 0 11
361 Sevanur Chittar 1.350 1.350 - 1.350 1.350 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 8.263 8.263 - 3.330 15.160 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 4.499 5.261 1.830 0.010 12.570 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 2.008 1.881 2.890 0.270 4.750 0 8
366 Sibbari Dareng 0.849 0.982 0.515 0.020 2.860 0 7
368 Simga Seonath 4.550 4.550 - 4.310 4.870 0 3
371 Sonapur Digaru 4.787 5.578 0.040 0.040 17.060 0 7
376 Suklai Suklai 3.297 3.844 0.835 0.140 11.470 0 11
377 Sultanpur Gomti 4.991 4.624 6.460 0.040 12.880 0 10
379 Sundergarh Ib 4.275 4.275 - 0.140 7.440 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 3.518 3.518 - 1.310 5.040 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 1.897 0.960 2.365 0.960 2.650 0 3
Page | 218
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

388 Tehri Bhagirath 4.735 4.735 - 0.800 8.670 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 9.998 11.701 2.335 0.690 76.230 1 10
391 Tezu Lohit 3.796 4.159 2.345 1.070 8.270 0 10
394 Theni Suruliar 3.665 3.574 4.030 1.070 6.850 0 10
401 Tilga Sankh 7.403 5.269 22.340 0.410 22.340 0 8
402 Tonk Banas 4.150 7.230 1.070 1.070 7.230 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 4.642 5.400 1.230 0.060 10.660 0 11
405 Tuini Tuini 3.540 3.977 1.575 0.800 9.240 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 7.672 8.938 2.610 1.000 26.650 0 10
Chenab/Chandra 2.930 - 2.930 2.930 2.930 0 1

409 Udi Chambal 4.459 5.180 1.935 0.200 10.680 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 4.530 6.830 2.230 2.230 6.830 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 10.922 13.370 2.355 0.320 61.550 1 8
415 Varanasi Ganga 5.784 5.797 5.725 2.360 9.880 0 11
421 Warunji Koyna 3.130 - 3.130 3.130 3.130 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 2.820 - 2.820 2.820 2.820 0 1
Page | 219
NICKEL
Nickel (in µg/L) BIS:10500;2012

Water Quality Site River
No. Non Min Max Above Below
Total Monsoon

2 A.P. Puram Chittar 6.098 6.098 - 1.870 10.480 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 1.282 1.456 0.410 0.210 4.430 0 6
4 Aauriya Yamuna 4.345 4.561 2.830 0.330 12.370 0 8
5 Abu Road Banas 2.684 2.684 - 0.680 7.570 0 5
6 Addoor Gurupur 3.410 3.410 - 3.410 3.410 0 1
7 Adityapur Kharkai 6.507 6.507 - 0.130 17.580 0 7
8 Agra Yamuna 5.275 5.593 3.050 0.470 9.900 0 8
11 Akhnoor Chenab 1.934 1.934 - 0.158 5.560 0 7
12 Akkihebbal Hemavathi 2.579 2.579 - 0.170 9.290 0 7
13 Aklera Parwan 2.815 3.723 0.090 0.090 6.110 0 4
15 Allahabad Ganga 3.413 3.732 0.540 0.237 9.950 0 10
16 Alutuma Ramyala 1.158 1.158 - 0.131 2.410 0 5
17 Ambarampalayam Aliyar 2.700 2.700 - 0.200 9.240 0 7
19 Anandpur Ganga 3.372 3.372 - 0.116 11.970 0 7
21 Ankinghat Ganga 3.890 4.287 0.710 0.199 17.490 0 9
23 Arangaly Chalakudy 2.570 2.570 - 1.020 4.680 0 4
24 Arcot Palar 0.620 0.780 0.460 0.460 0.780 0 2
25 Arjunwad Krishna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
26 Ashramam Pazhayar 5.248 5.248 - 1.180 15.280 0 4
27 Ashti Wainganga 2.099 2.247 0.770 0.064 8.230 0 10
29 Avershe Sita 0.588 0.588 - 0.120 1.020 0 4
30 Ayilam Vamanapuram 1.685 1.685 - 0.450 4.420 0 4
31 Ayodhya Saryu 9.638 10.815 0.220 0.220 42.360 2 7
32 Azmabad Ganga 2.094 2.270 0.510 0.150 10.110 0 10
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 1.804 2.032 0.440 0.190 4.930 0 7
35 Badlapur Ulhas 2.680 2.680 - 1.690 3.590 0 5
36 Balrampur Rapti 3.753 3.988 1.880 0.240 9.220 0 9
37 Baltara Kosi 3.240 3.468 1.190 0.150 14.460 0 10
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 9.363 9.363 - 0.980 24.120 1 2
Page | 220
Total Monsoon
41 Banda Ken 4.991 5.289 2.910 0.320 27.870 1 7

42 Bansi Rapti 2.726 3.036 0.550 0.550 6.441 0 8
43 Bantwal Nethravathi 4.455 4.455 - 1.520 7.390 0 2
44 Baranwada Banas 4.787 4.787 - 2.100 9.490 0 3
47 Barobisha Raidak-II 2.980 2.980 - 0.560 9.020 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 3.714 4.295 0.230 0.230 9.440 0 7
49 Baronda Pairi 1.050 1.050 - 1.050 1.050 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 4.153 4.645 0.220 0.050 12.670 0 9
55 Beki Road Bridge Beki 3.333 3.333 - 0.430 11.270 0 4
56 Belkhedi Sher 2.668 2.936 0.530 0.095 12.770 0 9
57 Belne Bridge Gad 0.480 0.480 - 0.480 0.480 0 1
60 Bhadrachalam Godavari 5.987 5.987 - 0.170 16.720 0 6
63 Bhitaura Ganga 3.463 3.773 0.980 0.265 11.590 0 9
65 Bihubar Dikhow 6.421 7.108 0.240 0.170 16.540 0 10
66 Biligundullu Cauvery 5.446 5.446 - 0.040 12.980 0 7
67 Birdghat Rapti 2.909 3.194 0.630 0.280 11.150 0 9
69 Burhanpur Tapi 3.396 3.807 0.930 0.300 11.670 0 7
70 Buxar Ganga 2.581 2.791 0.690 0.349 15.030 0 10
73 Champua Ganga 1.379 1.379 - 0.122 4.320 0 6
74 Chanwada Orsang 25.694 29.242 0.860 0.083 132.550 2 6
75 Chapra Jalangi 1.026 1.123 0.150 0.005 2.144 0 10
76 Chel Chel 3.173 3.173 - 0.470 5.490 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 5.142 5.727 0.460 0.099 24.600 1 8
80 Chepan Raidak-I 3.878 3.878 - 0.150 10.830 0 4
Page | 221
Total Monsoon

85 Chopan Sone 3.562 3.816 1.270 0.135 11.070 0 10
87 Chuchankatte Cauvery 1.785 1.785 - 0.870 2.700 0 2
89 Dabri Ramganga 4.398 4.941 0.050 0.050 14.530 0 9
91 Dawki Umngot 2.080 2.440 0.280 0.040 5.580 0 6
96 Dhamkund Chenab 1.540 1.540 - 0.030 5.350 0 7
100 Dholai Rukni 3.965 4.598 0.170 0.037 14.900 0 7
101 Dholpur Chambal 4.070 4.159 3.450 0.290 12.680 0 8
103 Dhulsar Uri 0.890 1.570 0.210 0.210 1.570 0 2
104 Diana Diana 1.320 1.320 - 1.320 1.320 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 1.314 1.463 0.570 0.075 4.060 0 6
108 Dindori Narmada 3.309 3.697 0.210 0.090 17.240 0 9
109 Domohani Teesta 2.691 2.691 - 0.320 6.895 0 4
110 Duddhi Kanhar 2.104 2.262 0.680 0.149 7.890 0 10
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 2.377 2.639 0.010 0.010 8.780 0 10
117 Erinjipuzha Payaswani 1.738 1.738 - 0.250 4.240 0 4
118 Etawah Yamuna 5.489 5.817 3.190 1.050 8.420 0 8
120 Farakka Ganga 2.333 2.579 0.110 0.015 11.890 0 10
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 2.458 2.754 0.090 0.070 12.220 0 9
123 Fulertal Barak 1.898 2.243 0.520 0.032 6.940 0 5
125 Gadat Ambika 1.340 1.538 0.150 0.150 5.060 0 7
Page | 222
Total Monsoon
127 Galeta Hindon 7.697 7.219 12.000 0.234 21.380 1 9

128 Ganod Bhadar 4.314 4.314 - 0.220 16.380 0 8
130 Garrauli Dhasan 2.158 2.020 2.570 1.020 3.520 0 4
133 Gelabil Doyang 7.286 8.803 1.220 1.220 18.050 0 5
134 Ghat Sarju 4.124 4.524 0.930 0.010 12.300 0 9
135 Ghatora Seonath 10.317 10.317 - 0.970 28.990 1 2
136 Ghatsila Subarnarekha 8.156 8.156 - 0.119 36.960 1 6
137 Ghish Ghish 1.780 1.780 - 1.540 2.160 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 3.928 3.928 - 0.090 10.860 0 4
139 Gokak Ghataprabha 1.520 1.520 - 1.520 1.520 0 1
142 Gomlai Brahmani 2.949 2.949 - 0.116 11.820 0 7
145 Govindapur Burhabalang 2.509 2.509 - 0.121 8.050 0 7
146 Gummanur Ponnaiyar 3.174 3.174 - 0.790 10.050 0 7
148 Gunupur Vamsadhara 2.352 2.352 - 0.133 6.560 0 7
149 Haladi Haladi 2.669 2.669 - 0.010 8.110 0 7
150 Halia Halia 7.005 7.005 - 2.350 13.190 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 6.313 6.803 2.880 2.710 12.580 0 8
152 Handia Narmada 2.549 2.844 0.190 0.130 12.490 0 9
154 Haridwar Ganga 2.020 2.100 1.380 0.030 10.310 0 9
155 Harlahalli Tungabhadra 3.704 3.704 - 0.570 11.920 0 5
156 Hasimara Torsa 2.053 2.053 - 0.670 4.250 0 3
157 Hathidah Ganga 4.445 4.893 0.420 0.360 14.400 0 10
159 Hivra Wardha 3.240 3.554 0.410 0.100 14.590 0 10
161 Holehonnur Bhadra 2.164 2.164 - 0.080 9.140 0 7
162 Honnali Tungabhadra 1.821 1.821 - 0.090 7.900 0 7
164 Huvin Hedgi Krishna 9.840 9.840 - 0.220 23.720 1 3
165 Jagdalpur Indravathi 19.390 19.390 - 19.390 19.390 0 1
168 Jaldhaka NH-31 Jaldhaka 5.138 5.138 - 0.290 16.360 0 4
169 Jammu Tawi Chenab/Tawi 3.790 3.790 - 0.153 13.760 0 7
Page | 223
Total Monsoon
170 Jamshedpur Subarnarekha 6.331 6.331 - 0.106 20.270 1 6

171 Jamsolghat Subarnarekha 4.880 4.880 - 0.109 12.030 0 4
172 Japla Sone 2.675 2.956 0.140 0.140 12.800 0 10
173 Jaraikela Koel 5.657 5.657 - 0.137 16.530 0 7
174 Jenapur Brahmani 3.394 3.394 - 0.050 11.690 0 7
177 Jondhra Seonath 1.910 1.910 - 1.910 1.910 0 1
178 K.M. Vadi Lakshmantirtha 2.550 2.550 - 1.210 3.890 0 2
180 Kalampur Kaliyar 1.458 1.458 - 0.190 2.330 0 4
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 3.862 4.068 2.010 0.460 8.460 0 10
182 Kallooppara Manimala 6.025 6.025 - 1.150 12.400 0 4
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.480 0.480 - 0.230 0.730 0 2
187 Kampur Kopili 3.421 3.744 0.510 0.250 10.670 0 10
188 Kanpur Ganga 3.874 4.348 0.080 0.080 17.170 0 9
189 Kantamal Tel 9.210 9.210 - 0.950 19.520 0 4
190 Karad Krishna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
191 Karathodu Kadalundi 2.070 2.070 - 0.180 4.150 0 4
192 Kashinagar Vamsadhara 1.479 1.479 - 0.125 4.840 0 7
194 Keesara Munneru 9.414 9.414 - 4.050 19.790 0 3
197 Kesinga Tel 6.793 6.793 - 1.010 17.680 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 2.455 2.455 - 1.270 3.640 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 2.930 3.116 1.250 0.177 11.560 0 10
201 Khatoli Parwati 5.238 2.830 17.280 0.320 17.280 0 6
203 Kidangoor Meenachi 3.860 3.860 - 0.900 12.000 0 4
204 Kodumudi Cauvery 3.310 3.310 - 0.310 8.780 0 6
205 Koelwar Sone 2.958 3.227 0.540 0.060 12.410 0 10
206 Kogaon Kundi 0.612 0.773 0.290 0.290 0.946 0 3
207 Kokrajhar Gaurang 5.973 5.973 - 1.050 15.940 0 4
208 Kollegal Cauvery 1.483 1.483 - 0.990 2.170 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 2.362 2.362 - 0.030 10.590 0 6
210 Koperagaon Godavari - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
211 Kora Rind 3.360 3.694 1.690 0.080 6.530 0 6
Page | 224
Total Monsoon

214 Kudige Cauvery 2.771 2.771 - 0.550 11.320 0 7
215 Kudlur Palar 6.525 6.525 - 4.890 8.160 0 2
217 Kulsi Kulsi 1.783 1.955 0.240 0.070 7.330 0 10
218 Kumbidi Bharathapuzha 4.553 4.553 - 1.230 13.410 0 4
220 Kuniyil Chaliyar 2.063 2.063 - 0.300 5.770 0 4
222 Kurubhata Mand 11.425 11.425 - 0.730 27.570 1 3
223 Kurundwad Krishna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
224 Kuttyadi Kuttyadi 4.796 4.796 - 1.000 8.190 0 5
225 Kuzhithurai Tambrapani 3.778 3.778 - 1.060 10.350 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 1.748 1.923 0.170 0.027 8.420 0 10
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 3.137 3.352 1.420 0.120 15.150 0 9
228 Lalganj Gandak 2.713 2.798 1.950 0.220 12.020 0 10
229 Lowara Sheturni 40.118 44.547 0.260 0.194 184.640 3 7
230 Lucknow Gomti 3.705 3.972 1.570 0.253 11.150 0 9
232 Madhira Wyra 6.953 6.953 - 1.280 17.300 0 4
233 Madla Ken 1.836 1.763 2.350 0.230 3.770 0 8
234 Magaral Cheyyar 8.010 8.010 - 8.010 8.010 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 1.550 2.140 0.960 0.960 2.140 0 2
236 Mahuwa Purna 4.844 5.609 0.250 0.245 19.330 0 7
237 Maighat Gomti 3.551 3.874 0.650 0.122 11.080 0 10
238 Majhitar Rangit 5.080 5.080 - 5.080 5.080 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 3.620 3.620 - 0.480 10.420 0 4
240 Malkhed Kagna 5.793 5.793 - 0.510 14.880 0 4
241 Manas NH Crossing Manas 4.430 4.430 - 0.160 11.600 0 3
242 Mancherial Godavari 5.525 5.525 - 0.180 14.340 0 6
245 Mangaon (Seasonal) Kal - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
246 Mankara Bharathapuzha 4.148 4.148 - 1.200 6.150 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 3.789 3.964 2.390 0.110 13.980 0 9
251 Marol Varada 1.200 1.200 - 1.200 1.200 0 1
252 Mataji Mahi 1.929 1.961 1.640 0.225 5.790 0 10
253 Mathabhanga Jaldhaka 5.220 5.220 - 0.520 11.980 0 3
254 Mathanguri Beki 6.530 6.530 - 0.250 12.810 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 6.858 7.451 1.520 0.790 15.850 0 10
Page | 225
Total Monsoon

259 Mawi Yamuna 5.791 5.457 8.800 0.210 12.460 0 10
260 Meja Road Tons 3.075 3.410 0.390 0.132 10.050 0 9
261 Mekhliganj Teesta 1.187 1.187 - 0.230 2.080 0 3
263 Miao Neo dihing 4.747 4.762 4.610 0.060 16.730 0 10
264 Mirzapur Ganga 3.704 4.096 0.170 0.170 11.660 0 10
269 Motinaroli Kim 3.512 3.976 0.260 0.103 9.460 0 8
270 Murappanadu Tambrapani 4.111 4.111 - 0.020 11.520 0 7
271 Muri Subarnarekha 3.257 3.257 - 0.117 13.620 0 7
272 Murti Murti 1.217 1.217 - 0.100 2.660 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 3.911 3.911 - 0.380 8.590 0 7
274 Muthankera Kabini 5.516 5.516 - 0.970 15.260 0 5
279 Nallammaranpatty Amaravathi 3.463 3.463 - 1.720 5.340 0 3
282 Nandgaon Wunna 1.523 1.730 0.280 0.280 5.600 0 7
286 Neeleswaram Periyar 1.850 1.850 - 0.200 4.740 0 5
287 Neemsar Gomti 3.287 3.663 0.650 0.172 11.870 0 8
289 Nellore Pennar 0.825 0.825 - 0.460 1.190 0 2
290 Neora Naora 2.860 2.860 - 0.300 5.640 0 3
291 Nowrangpur Indravathi 3.355 3.355 - 0.380 12.680 0 6
294 Pachauli Sind 7.820 7.820 - 7.820 7.820 0 1
295 Pachegaon Pravara - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 2.624 2.881 0.310 0.010 12.955 0 10
Crossing Pagladiya
298 Paleru Bridge Paleru 5.596 5.596 - 1.150 10.610 0 5
Page | 226
Total Monsoon

300 Palla Yamuna 5.901 6.157 3.600 1.030 10.030 0 10
304 Panposh Brahmani 11.558 11.558 - 0.128 56.740 1 6
305 Passighat Siang 5.056 5.056 - 0.130 21.180 1 4
306 Patan Hiran 2.162 2.455 0.110 0.110 12.730 0 8
307 Pathagudem Indravathi 3.552 3.552 - 0.290 15.040 0 6
309 Pati Goi 0.600 0.728 0.090 0.090 1.240 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 2.125 2.252 0.980 0.010 13.540 0 10
311 Pattazhy Kallada 4.998 4.998 - 0.990 12.130 0 5
312 Pauni Wainganga 1.215 1.242 0.970 0.040 6.530 0 10
314 Perumannu Valapatnam 4.298 4.298 - 0.920 10.640 0 5
315 Perur Godavari 2.903 2.903 - 0.100 10.380 0 6
316 Phulgaon (Seasonal) Varna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
318 Poanta Yamuna 3.590 3.590 - 2.350 4.830 0 2
319 Polavaram Godavari 2.208 2.208 - 0.180 10.000 0 6
320 Pratapgarh Sai 1.772 1.883 0.880 0.134 6.230 0 9
321 Pratapur Yamuna 2.835 3.036 1.430 0.040 6.500 0 8
322 Prem Nagar Chenab 2.201 2.201 - 0.154 4.370 0 7
323 Pudur Kannadipuzha 3.118 3.118 - 0.730 5.050 0 4
324 Pulamanthole Pulanthodu 3.230 3.230 - 0.170 7.660 0 5
325 Purna Purna 7.470 7.470 - 7.470 7.470 0 1
326 Purushottampur Rushikulya 2.143 2.143 - 0.123 7.350 0 7
Puthimari NH Road
328 1.966 2.210 0.010 0.010 10.290 0 9
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 4.320 4.864 0.510 0.510 10.470 0 8
330 Rajapur Yamuna 3.880 4.070 2.740 1.060 10.810 0 7
331 Rajegaon Bagh 3.421 3.813 0.680 0.119 17.320 0 8
332 Rajghat Betwa 1.673 1.652 1.780 0.120 2.810 0 6
333 Rajim Mahanadi 0.870 0.870 - 0.870 0.870 0 1
334 Ram Munshi Bagh Jhelum 1.273 1.273 - 0.158 3.140 0 6
335 Ramakona Kanhan 3.310 3.751 0.220 0.180 11.460 0 8
336 Ramamangalam Muvvattupuzha 3.374 3.374 - 0.250 8.340 0 5
337 Rampur Jonk 21.397 21.397 - 1.100 57.790 1 2
339 Rangeli Som 2.254 2.471 0.300 0.090 5.580 0 10
341 Regauli Rapti 3.805 4.215 0.520 0.252 14.800 0 9
Page | 227
Total Monsoon
342 Rishikesh Ganga 2.939 3.256 0.080 0.080 10.760 0 10

344 Safapora Jhelum 3.088 3.088 - 0.090 7.040 0 6
345 Sakleshpur Hemavathi 3.304 3.304 - 0.060 11.630 0 7
346 Sakmur Wardha 4.423 4.862 0.470 0.076 16.770 0 10
347 Salebhata Ong 19.003 19.003 - 1.030 50.070 2 2
348 Samdoli Varna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
349 Sandia Narmada 2.620 2.936 0.090 0.090 12.550 0 9
350 Sangam J Jhelum 2.214 2.214 - 0.149 5.990 0 7
351 Sangam K Kinnerasani 5.126 5.126 - 0.210 18.120 0 5
352 Sangod Parwan 6.305 3.840 8.770 3.840 8.770 0 2
353 Sankalan Teesta 1.570 1.570 - 0.930 2.190 0 3
354 Sankosh LRP Sankosh 1.023 1.023 - 0.190 1.710 0 3
355 Santeguli Aghanashini 2.393 2.393 - 0.300 9.460 0 7
357 Satrapur Kanhan 0.902 0.951 0.460 0.070 1.980 0 10
358 Savandapur Bhavani 2.474 2.474 - 0.040 8.070 0 7
359 Seondha Sind 0.863 0.778 1.290 0.010 1.820 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 4.697 4.986 2.090 0.390 17.630 0 10
361 Sevanur Chittar 2.240 2.240 - 2.240 2.240 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 1.480 1.480 - 0.250 2.770 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 2.873 2.930 2.470 0.060 8.580 0 8
365 Shimoga Tunga 2.620 2.620 - 0.040 11.390 0 6
366 Sibbari Dareng 1.896 2.158 0.590 0.178 8.410 0 6
368 Simga Seonath 11.253 11.253 - 0.960 25.630 1 2
371 Sonapur Digaru 5.253 5.620 3.050 0.380 19.780 0 7
373 Srikakulam Nagavali 3.765 3.765 - 0.112 13.320 0 7
374 Srinagar Alakananda 2.868 2.868 - 0.100 8.320 0 5
376 Suklai Suklai 1.368 1.516 0.040 0.040 7.860 0 10
377 Sultanpur Gomti 4.127 4.520 0.980 0.132 12.480 0 9
379 Sundergarh Ib 17.613 17.613 - 8.670 37.320 1 3
380 T. Bekuppe Arkavathi 10.593 10.593 - 0.440 44.460 1 6
381 T. Narasipur Kabini 0.595 0.595 - 0.130 0.870 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 5.938 5.938 - 1.450 11.370 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 1.615 1.800 1.430 1.430 1.800 0 2
Page | 228
Total Monsoon
385 Talcher Brahmani 5.049 5.049 - 0.090 8.910 0 7

386 Tandi Chenab/Bhaga - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
387 Teesta-Bazar Teesta 3.324 3.324 - 0.050 10.500 0 5
388 Tehri Bhagirath 1.715 1.715 - 0.240 3.190 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 3.285 3.576 0.660 0.157 10.230 0 10
391 Tezu Lohit 1.439 1.538 0.650 0.010 6.560 0 9

393 Thengumarahada Moyar 2.157 2.157 - 0.300 6.810 0 7
394 Theni Suruliar 2.789 2.789 - 0.040 10.270 0 7
398 Thoppur Thoppaiyar - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
399 Thumpamon Achankovil 1.218 1.218 - 0.210 2.390 0 4
400 Tikarpara Mahanadi 2.736 2.736 - 0.123 11.930 0 7
401 Tilga Sankh 3.197 3.197 - 0.127 10.190 0 7
402 Tonk Banas 1.785 3.020 0.550 0.550 3.020 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 4.531 4.894 1.270 0.330 18.440 0 10
404 Tufanganj Raidak-I 3.315 3.315 - 0.320 10.910 0 4
405 Tuini Tuini 1.938 1.891 2.360 0.380 4.270 0 10
406 Turtipar Ghagra 5.493 6.129 0.410 0.250 14.290 0 9
Chenab/Chandra - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
409 Udi Chambal 2.894 3.037 1.890 0.350 12.200 0 8
410 Ujjain Sipra 3.460 4.430 2.490 2.490 4.430 0 2
411 Urachikottai Cauvery 3.192 3.192 - 0.170 8.950 0 5
413 Vandiperiyar Periyar 15.118 15.118 - 1.010 35.930 2 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 2.126 2.357 0.510 0.110 4.850 0 8
415 Varanasi Ganga 3.768 4.159 0.250 0.164 14.210 0 10
419 Wadenapally Krishna 4.007 4.007 - 0.730 8.500 0 6
421 Warunji Koyna - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
422 Yadgir Bhima - - - 0.000 0.000 0 0
424 Yennehole Yennehole 0.438 0.438 - 0.100 0.820 0 4
Page | 229
LEAD
Lead (in µg/L) BIS:10500;2012

Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

2 A.P. Puram Chittar 1.062 1.062 - 0.060 2.430 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 1.544 1.396 1.915 0.251 5.090 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 2.091 2.401 1.005 0.120 8.220 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 1.668 1.618 1.920 0.200 4.920 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 0.680 0.180 1.180 0.180 1.180 0 2
8 Agra Yamuna 4.293 5.117 1.410 0.420 22.670 1 8
11 Akhnoor Chenab 1.234 1.003 2.850 0.040 2.850 0 8
13 Aklera Parwan 1.604 0.663 3.015 0.180 5.850 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 2.168 1.873 3.495 0.380 5.390 0 11
16 Alutuma Ramyala 0.932 0.760 1.790 0.130 2.070 0 6
19 Anandpur Ganga 2.481 2.700 0.950 0.150 9.861 0 8
21 Ankinghat Ganga 4.200 4.710 2.160 0.220 19.940 1 9
24 Arcot Palar 26.415 1.310 51.520 1.310 51.520 1 1
27 Ashti Wainganga 1.466 1.408 1.725 0.330 4.530 0 11
29 Avershe Sita 1.638 1.768 1.120 0.040 5.090 0 5
31 Ayodhya Saryu 4.578 4.827 3.585 0.440 15.810 1 9
32 Azmabad Ganga 3.253 3.749 1.025 0.020 22.860 1 10
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 2.820 3.289 1.415 0.040 8.520 0 8
35 Badlapur Ulhas 4.034 4.183 3.290 0.350 13.600 1 5
36 Balrampur Rapti 3.791 4.062 2.705 0.550 13.000 1 9
37 Baltara Kosi 2.043 2.180 1.430 0.180 6.310 0 11
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 3.657 3.657 - 0.040 9.690 0 3
41 Banda Ken 1.987 2.113 1.545 0.570 7.910 0 9
Page | 230
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 3.739 4.627 0.630 0.030 17.430 1 8

44 Baranwada Banas 2.932 1.390 7.560 1.198 7.560 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 2.498 2.237 3.280 0.250 7.726 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 0.010 0.010 - 0.010 0.010 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 5.345 5.590 4.365 0.140 28.410 1 9
56 Belkhedi Sher 2.052 2.460 0.420 0.020 6.181 0 10
57 Belne Bridge Gad 2.535 1.920 3.150 1.920 3.150 0 2
63 Bhitaura Ganga 8.056 8.642 5.710 0.070 34.040 2 8
65 Bihubar Dikhow 3.349 2.911 5.320 0.367 8.610 0 11
67 Birdghat Rapti 6.340 7.097 3.310 0.050 18.650 3 7
69 Burhanpur Tapi 3.505 4.280 1.180 0.750 7.960 0 8
70 Buxar Ganga 3.530 4.213 0.460 0.020 16.380 1 10
73 Champua Ganga 1.289 1.216 1.730 0.040 5.810 0 7
74 Chanwada Orsang 8.923 8.444 10.600 0.750 39.800 2 7
75 Chapra Jalangi 1.777 1.869 1.365 0.110 5.400 0 11
76 Chel Chel 4.687 4.687 - 0.790 9.400 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 6.402 7.419 2.335 0.580 38.500 1 9
80 Chepan Raidak-I 4.831 4.906 4.530 0.880 9.880 0 5
Page | 231
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 2.805 2.432 4.485 0.090 9.900 0 11

89 Dabri Ramganga 5.070 5.748 2.355 0.270 16.540 2 8
91 Dawki Umngot 2.037 2.202 1.625 0.020 5.130 0 7
96 Dhamkund Chenab 1.363 1.104 3.170 0.010 4.670 0 8
100 Dholai Rukni 1.744 1.659 2.000 0.250 4.800 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 1.327 1.589 0.410 0.050 4.550 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 1.040 0.190 1.890 0.190 1.890 0 2
104 Diana Diana 0.982 0.982 - 0.982 0.982 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 4.410 3.174 7.500 0.050 13.090 2 5
108 Dindori Narmada 2.304 2.717 0.650 0.410 7.850 0 10
109 Domohani Teesta 3.159 3.376 2.290 1.090 5.250 0 5
110 Duddhi Kanhar 2.800 2.777 2.900 0.066 9.010 0 11
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 2.875 2.173 6.035 0.140 10.920 1 10
118 Etawah Yamuna 2.069 2.301 1.255 0.490 4.640 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 1.830 1.928 1.390 0.170 7.460 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 3.856 4.650 0.680 0.030 14.610 1 9
123 Fulertal Barak 7.030 9.613 1.865 0.020 32.680 1 5
125 Gadat Ambika 2.090 1.732 3.165 0.780 5.430 0 8
127 Galeta Hindon 3.942 4.029 3.550 0.200 18.520 1 10
Page | 232
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 3.011 3.225 1.300 0.046 7.790 0 9

130 Garrauli Dhasan 1.870 2.323 1.190 0.460 4.430 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 2.508 1.450 4.625 0.590 7.540 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 3.473 3.475 3.465 0.700 7.820 0 10
135 Ghatora Seonath 1.489 1.489 - 0.570 3.290 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 3.927 3.927 - 0.140 8.122 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 2.525 2.492 2.660 0.280 6.090 0 5
142 Gomlai Brahmani 10.493 11.839 1.070 0.030 77.420 1 7
149 Haladi Haladi 2.098 2.196 1.320 0.080 12.180 1 8
150 Halia Halia 2.229 2.229 - 0.110 9.500 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 1.578 1.803 0.790 0.070 4.880 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 1.580 1.819 0.625 0.290 4.530 0 10
154 Haridwar Ganga 1.062 1.179 0.595 0.110 4.020 0 10
156 Hasimara Torsa 5.579 6.528 2.730 1.690 9.120 0 4
157 Hathidah Ganga 4.464 5.341 0.520 0.040 36.910 1 10
159 Hivra Wardha 1.631 1.691 1.360 0.030 8.201 0 11
Page | 233
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

172 Japla Sone 1.966 2.043 1.620 0.010 7.440 0 11
173 Jaraikela Koel 0.723 0.518 2.160 0.120 2.160 0 8
177 Jondhra Seonath 0.040 0.040 - 0.040 0.040 0 1
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 1.485 1.222 2.665 0.090 5.030 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.660 0.420 1.140 0.050 1.140 0 3
187 Kampur Kopili 1.466 1.627 0.740 0.130 5.470 0 11
188 Kanpur Ganga 6.607 7.318 3.765 0.050 25.160 2 8
189 Kantamal Tel 2.254 2.254 - 0.177 6.380 0 4
190 Karad Krishna 4.810 - 4.810 4.810 4.810 0 1
194 Keesara Munneru 3.868 4.637 1.560 0.380 12.080 1 3
197 Kesinga Tel 2.435 2.435 - 0.128 5.290 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 2.284 2.284 - 0.490 4.077 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 3.110 3.335 2.095 0.010 19.830 1 10
201 Khatoli Parwati 2.905 2.735 3.330 0.016 9.808 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 3.762 4.146 2.035 0.010 16.750 1 10
206 Kogaon Kundi 0.958 1.310 0.605 0.390 2.230 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 2.571 2.803 1.180 0.550 8.400 0 7
211 Kora Rind 0.840 0.694 1.205 0.200 1.910 0 7
Page | 234
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 1.436 1.473 1.140 0.010 5.450 0 9

215 Kudlur Palar 0.940 1.183 0.210 0.070 3.270 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 2.385 1.650 5.690 0.350 7.290 0 11
222 Kurubhata Mand 1.744 1.744 - 0.067 5.260 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 0.976 0.928 1.190 0.280 2.100 0 11
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 1.925 1.814 2.370 0.010 3.410 0 10
228 Lalganj Gandak 1.882 1.832 2.105 0.250 7.590 0 11
229 Lowara Sheturni 47.952 58.177 1.940 0.090 374.580 4 7
230 Lucknow Gomti 6.219 7.465 1.235 0.310 21.670 2 8
232 Madhira Wyra 1.475 1.475 - 0.100 3.450 0 4
233 Madla Ken 1.202 1.203 1.200 0.100 2.260 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 1.770 1.770 - 1.770 1.770 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 2.103 0.640 2.835 0.270 5.400 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 2.833 3.315 1.385 0.700 6.890 0 8
237 Maighat Gomti 2.233 2.183 2.455 0.200 5.850 0 11
238 Majhitar Rangit 5.468 5.468 - 5.468 5.468 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 2.876 2.795 3.280 0.304 7.970 0 6
240 Malkhed Kagna 2.880 3.248 1.410 1.000 5.690 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 2.030 2.264 1.090 0.370 4.747 0 10
251 Marol Varada 0.845 0.010 1.680 0.010 1.680 0 2
252 Mataji Mahi 1.729 1.914 0.895 0.035 4.980 0 11
254 Mathanguri Beki 2.628 2.628 - 2.370 2.886 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 1.835 1.676 2.550 0.070 5.030 0 11
Page | 235
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

259 Mawi Yamuna 1.933 1.826 2.415 0.230 5.126 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 2.497 2.732 1.555 0.350 8.460 0 10
263 Miao Neo dihing 4.587 4.937 3.015 0.160 19.300 2 9
264 Mirzapur Ganga 2.000 1.567 3.950 0.180 5.410 0 11
269 Motinaroli Kim 2.908 2.940 2.795 0.910 5.420 0 9
272 Murti Murti 3.490 3.490 - 0.180 7.650 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 2.049 2.049 - 1.250 3.900 0 7
282 Nandgaon Wunna 2.148 2.192 2.015 0.080 7.040 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 7.565 9.500 0.795 0.140 23.440 3 6
289 Nellore Pennar 3.295 3.295 - 2.160 4.430 0 2
290 Neora Naora 4.281 4.281 - 1.430 6.784 0 3
294 Pachauli Sind 1.550 1.870 1.230 1.230 1.870 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 3.075 1.648 9.495 0.200 18.700 1 10
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 236
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 2.330 2.034 3.660 0.040 7.280 0 11

305 Passighat Siang 1.175 1.175 - 0.076 3.090 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 1.230 1.287 1.030 0.250 2.730 0 9
309 Pati Goi 1.694 1.405 2.850 0.160 3.450 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 2.188 2.433 1.085 0.030 9.610 0 11
312 Pauni Wainganga 1.235 1.106 1.815 0.110 2.480 0 11
315 Perur Godavari 1.813 1.727 2.330 0.020 4.284 0 7
318 Poanta Yamuna 0.105 0.105 - 0.060 0.150 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 2.627 2.680 2.415 0.190 8.850 0 10
321 Pratapur Yamuna 1.678 2.004 0.535 0.060 7.180 0 9
325 Purna Purna 7.258 7.258 - 7.258 7.258 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 1.599 1.589 1.640 0.150 3.540 0 10
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 7.770 9.765 0.785 0.290 26.240 2 7
330 Rajapur Yamuna 1.303 1.575 0.485 0.160 3.520 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 1.367 1.218 1.885 0.060 5.170 0 9
332 Rajghat Betwa 1.149 1.352 0.640 0.190 2.640 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 0.050 0.050 - 0.050 0.050 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 3.513 4.077 1.540 0.050 17.510 1 8
337 Rampur Jonk 1.708 1.708 - 0.280 4.180 0 3
339 Rangeli Som 1.702 1.703 1.700 0.249 4.990 0 11
341 Regauli Rapti 5.421 6.035 2.965 0.470 14.210 3 7
342 Rishikesh Ganga 0.912 0.757 1.610 0.060 2.270 0 11
Page | 237
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

344 Safapora Jhelum 2.111 1.766 4.520 0.010 4.520 0 8
346 Sakmur Wardha 1.576 1.462 2.090 0.190 4.110 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 2.588 2.588 - 0.150 7.030 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 4.240 - 4.240 4.240 4.240 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 1.305 1.539 0.370 0.240 2.560 0 10
350 Sangam J Jhelum 1.383 0.811 5.390 0.020 5.390 0 8
352 Sangod Parwan 2.920 0.590 4.085 0.220 7.950 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 2.271 2.271 - 0.630 3.110 0 3
357 Satrapur Kanhan 1.244 1.118 1.810 0.020 4.150 0 11
359 Seondha Sind 0.802 0.920 0.210 0.210 2.330 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 7.588 7.507 7.955 0.163 46.820 2 9
361 Sevanur Chittar 0.110 0.110 - 0.110 0.110 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 2.289 2.289 - 0.600 3.880 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 1.437 1.683 0.575 0.150 3.480 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 1.164 1.037 2.050 0.110 3.480 0 8
366 Sibbari Dareng 2.136 2.252 1.845 0.160 7.080 0 7
368 Simga Seonath 4.031 4.031 - 0.030 11.910 1 2
371 Sonapur Digaru 5.981 1.521 32.740 0.740 32.740 1 6
376 Suklai Suklai 1.532 1.588 1.280 0.220 5.066 0 11
377 Sultanpur Gomti 2.050 1.848 2.860 0.170 5.510 0 10
379 Sundergarh Ib 1.644 1.644 - 0.446 4.680 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 2.945 2.945 - 0.310 9.960 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 1.983 0.650 2.650 0.230 5.070 0 3
Page | 238
Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon

388 Tehri Bhagirath 2.084 2.084 - 0.787 3.380 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 1.960 1.813 2.620 0.230 3.790 0 11
391 Tezu Lohit 2.285 2.183 2.695 0.150 3.820 0 10
394 Theni Suruliar 1.812 1.844 1.680 0.170 4.200 0 10
401 Tilga Sankh 1.029 0.923 1.770 0.080 1.790 0 8
402 Tonk Banas 1.562 2.734 0.390 0.390 2.734 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 1.601 1.658 1.345 0.150 3.980 0 11
405 Tuini Tuini 0.973 0.708 2.165 0.010 4.320 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 6.575 7.383 3.345 0.150 29.260 2 8
Chenab/Chandra 3.250 - 3.250 3.250 3.250 0 1

409 Udi Chambal 1.554 1.823 0.615 0.010 4.590 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 0.516 0.831 0.200 0.200 0.831 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 3.527 1.944 9.065 0.310 16.990 1 8
415 Varanasi Ganga 2.082 1.818 3.270 0.160 5.170 0 11
421 Warunji Koyna 3.240 - 3.240 3.240 3.240 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 1.930 - 1.930 1.930 1.930 0 1
Page | 239
ZINC
Zinc (in mg/L) BIS:10500;2012

Total Monsoon
Monsoon 5 mg/L 5 mg/L
2 A.P. Puram Chittar 0.008 0.008 - 0.005 0.015 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 0.015 0.018 0.005 0.002 0.038 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 0.020 0.018 0.027 0.006 0.042 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 0.011 0.010 0.014 0.002 0.023 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.004 0.011 0 2
8 Agra Yamuna 0.108 0.023 0.406 0.008 0.800 0 9
11 Akhnoor Chenab 0.009 0.008 0.014 0.003 0.018 0 8
13 Aklera Parwan 0.008 0.011 0.003 0.003 0.016 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 0.019 0.023 0.006 0.001 0.159 0 11
16 Alutuma Ramyala 0.009 0.011 0.002 0.002 0.026 0 6
19 Anandpur Ganga 0.011 0.012 0.004 0.002 0.025 0 8
21 Ankinghat Ganga 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.002 0.040 0 10
24 Arcot Palar 0.007 0.010 0.005 0.005 0.010 0 2
27 Ashti Wainganga 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.001 0.010 0 11
29 Avershe Sita 0.006 0.008 0.002 0.002 0.012 0 5
31 Ayodhya Saryu 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.001 0.035 0 10
32 Azmabad Ganga 0.016 0.014 0.025 0.001 0.046 0 11
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 0.010 0.012 0.004 0.002 0.020 0 8
35 Badlapur Ulhas 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.003 0.015 0 6
36 Balrampur Rapti 0.015 0.016 0.009 0.003 0.025 0 10
37 Baltara Kosi 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.005 0.025 0 11
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 0.011 0.011 - 0.001 0.022 0 3
41 Banda Ken 0.020 0.021 0.014 0.009 0.040 0 9
Page | 240
Total Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 0.014 0.015 0.013 0.003 0.032 0 9
44 Baranwada Banas 0.010 0.012 0.003 0.003 0.018 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 0.009 0.011 0.003 0.002 0.026 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 0.002 0.002 - 0.002 0.002 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 0.027 0.031 0.013 0.001 0.127 0 10
56 Belkhedi Sher 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.002 0.024 0 10
57 Belne Bridge Gad 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0 2
63 Bhitaura Ganga 0.029 0.029 0.032 0.004 0.104 0 10
65 Bihubar Dikhow 0.034 0.031 0.050 0.001 0.114 0 11
67 Birdghat Rapti 0.021 0.024 0.010 0.003 0.079 0 10
69 Burhanpur Tapi 0.019 0.013 0.036 0.001 0.064 0 8
70 Buxar Ganga 0.015 0.009 0.044 0.002 0.081 0 11
73 Champua Ganga 0.008 0.009 0.002 0.002 0.014 0 7
74 Chanwada Orsang 0.010 0.008 0.017 0.004 0.018 0 9
75 Chapra Jalangi 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.011 0 11
76 Chel Chel 0.028 0.028 - 0.020 0.037 0 3
79 Chennur Pennar 0.012 0.013 0.008 0.002 0.031 0 10
80 Chepan Raidak-I 0.025 0.031 0.002 0.002 0.052 0 5
Page | 241
Total Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.001 0.032 0 11
89 Dabri Ramganga 0.020 0.023 0.010 0.005 0.078 0 10
91 Dawki Umngot 0.011 0.014 0.004 0.002 0.042 0 7
96 Dhamkund Chenab 0.009 0.010 0.002 0.002 0.025 0 8
100 Dholai Rukni 0.009 0.011 0.003 0.000 0.023 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 0.073 0.078 0.053 0.006 0.444 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.009 0 2
104 Diana Diana 0.046 0.046 - 0.046 0.046 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 0.006 0.007 0.003 0.002 0.019 0 7
108 Dindori Narmada 0.066 0.078 0.015 0.007 0.253 0 10
109 Domohani Teesta 0.022 0.027 0.002 0.002 0.038 0 5
110 Duddhi Kanhar 0.016 0.017 0.010 0.002 0.114 0 11
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 0.038 0.044 0.015 0.003 0.243 0 11
118 Etawah Yamuna 0.023 0.025 0.015 0.008 0.041 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.010 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 0.040 0.047 0.014 0.003 0.124 0 10
123 Fulertal Barak 0.016 0.021 0.005 0.001 0.057 0 6
125 Gadat Ambika 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.006 0.046 0 8
127 Galeta Hindon 0.031 0.034 0.018 0.004 0.156 0 11
Page | 242
Total Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 0.021 0.013 0.089 0.002 0.089 0 9
130 Garrauli Dhasan 0.022 0.023 0.020 0.008 0.045 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 0.030 0.017 0.057 0.012 0.082 0 6
134 Ghat Sarju 0.015 0.016 0.009 0.001 0.041 0 10
135 Ghatora Seonath 0.014 0.014 - 0.006 0.025 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 0.041 0.041 - 0.010 0.073 0 3
138 Ghugumari Torsa 0.021 0.026 0.002 0.002 0.038 0 5
142 Gomlai Brahmani 0.011 0.012 0.003 0.003 0.021 0 8
149 Haladi Haladi 0.011 0.012 0.005 0.000 0.029 0 9
150 Halia Halia 0.008 0.008 - 0.001 0.024 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.001 0.029 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 0.015 0.016 0.011 0.001 0.025 0 10
154 Haridwar Ganga 0.021 0.025 0.006 0.003 0.083 0 10
156 Hasimara Torsa 0.025 0.032 0.002 0.002 0.042 0 4
157 Hathidah Ganga 0.008 0.008 0.010 0.002 0.019 0 11
159 Hivra Wardha 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.001 0.017 0 11
Page | 243
Total Monsoon
172 Japla Sone 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.003 0.022 0 11
173 Jaraikela Koel 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.001 0.017 0 8
177 Jondhra Seonath 0.002 0.002 - 0.002 0.002 0 1
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 0.027 0.011 0.102 0.002 0.200 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.008 0.006 0.013 0.002 0.013 0 3
187 Kampur Kopili 0.017 0.014 0.030 0.001 0.042 0 11
188 Kanpur Ganga 0.016 0.018 0.006 0.001 0.046 0 10
189 Kantamal Tel 0.487 0.487 - 0.001 1.941 0 4
190 Karad Krishna 0.026 - 0.026 0.026 0.026 0 1
194 Keesara Munneru 0.022 0.012 0.052 0.004 0.052 0 4
197 Kesinga Tel 0.010 0.010 - 0.002 0.027 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 0.033 0.033 - 0.013 0.053 0 2
199 Khanpur Mahi 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.002 0.019 0 11
201 Khatoli Parwati 0.007 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.014 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.002 0.020 0 11
206 Kogaon Kundi 0.011 0.013 0.009 0.008 0.015 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 0.025 0.010 0.113 0.003 0.113 0 7
211 Kora Rind 0.019 0.020 0.016 0.003 0.051 0 7
Page | 244
Total Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 0.009 0.010 0.003 0.002 0.033 0 9
215 Kudlur Palar 0.013 0.010 0.024 0.002 0.024 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 0.034 0.040 0.008 0.002 0.201 0 11
222 Kurubhata Mand 0.008 0.008 - 0.002 0.023 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.010 0 11
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 0.107 0.132 0.010 0.002 0.996 0 10
228 Lalganj Gandak 0.096 0.115 0.012 0.002 0.978 0 11
229 Lowara Sheturni 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.004 0.028 0 11
230 Lucknow Gomti 0.018 0.019 0.012 0.005 0.046 0 10
232 Madhira Wyra 0.011 0.011 - 0.005 0.021 0 4
233 Madla Ken 0.017 0.016 0.020 0.005 0.063 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 0.027 0.027 - 0.027 0.027 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 0.007 0.016 0.003 0.002 0.016 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 0.025 0.029 0.011 0.001 0.132 0 8
237 Maighat Gomti 0.013 0.016 0.003 0.001 0.109 0 11
238 Majhitar Rangit 0.033 0.033 - 0.033 0.033 0 1
239 Malakkara Pampa 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.010 0 6
240 Malkhed Kagna 0.020 0.010 0.060 0.003 0.060 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 0.286 0.024 1.336 0.010 2.658 0 10
251 Marol Varada 0.008 0.010 0.006 0.006 0.010 0 2
252 Mataji Mahi 0.020 0.023 0.007 0.001 0.142 0 11
254 Mathanguri Beki 0.030 0.030 - 0.013 0.048 0 2
255 Mathura Yamuna 0.011 0.013 0.003 0.001 0.030 0 11
Page | 245
Total Monsoon
259 Mawi Yamuna 0.011 0.013 0.003 0.001 0.030 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 0.009 0.010 0.007 0.001 0.038 0 10
263 Miao Neo dihing 0.018 0.018 0.014 0.008 0.052 0 11
264 Mirzapur Ganga 0.011 0.013 0.005 0.003 0.053 0 11
269 Motinaroli Kim 0.011 0.009 0.017 0.001 0.022 0 9
272 Murti Murti 0.031 0.031 - 0.023 0.046 0 3
273 Musiri Cauvery 0.009 0.009 - 0.001 0.029 0 7
282 Nandgaon Wunna 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.000 0.010 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.004 0.028 0 9
289 Nellore Pennar 0.005 0.005 - 0.003 0.007 0 2
290 Neora Naora 0.199 0.199 - 0.017 0.526 0 3
294 Pachauli Sind 0.014 0.011 0.017 0.011 0.017 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 0.032 0.038 0.004 0.002 0.262 0 11
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 246
Total Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 0.013 0.014 0.008 0.001 0.038 0 11
305 Passighat Siang 0.011 0.011 - 0.003 0.018 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.001 0.026 0 9
309 Pati Goi 0.016 0.018 0.009 0.002 0.038 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.001 0.017 0 11
312 Pauni Wainganga 0.007 0.006 0.008 0.000 0.017 0 11
315 Perur Godavari 0.019 0.008 0.089 0.003 0.089 0 7
318 Poanta Yamuna 0.021 0.021 - 0.016 0.026 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 0.007 0.006 0.012 0.001 0.019 0 10
321 Pratapur Yamuna 0.016 0.014 0.022 0.002 0.036 0 9
325 Purna Purna 0.009 0.009 - 0.009 0.009 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 0.038 0.045 0.007 0.002 0.271 0 10
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 0.022 0.025 0.010 0.009 0.034 0 9
330 Rajapur Yamuna 0.012 0.013 0.010 0.004 0.027 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.018 0 9
332 Rajghat Betwa 0.015 0.018 0.007 0.006 0.054 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 0.001 0.001 - 0.001 0.001 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 0.007 0.005 0.014 0.001 0.026 0 9
337 Rampur Jonk 0.033 0.033 - 0.024 0.042 0 3
339 Rangeli Som 0.013 0.015 0.006 0.002 0.048 0 11
341 Regauli Rapti 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.003 0.047 0 10
342 Rishikesh Ganga 0.044 0.050 0.022 0.003 0.181 0 11
Page | 247
Total Monsoon
344 Safapora Jhelum 0.008 0.008 0.005 0.002 0.022 0 8
346 Sakmur Wardha 0.025 0.009 0.098 0.002 0.195 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 0.011 0.011 - 0.002 0.025 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 0.016 - 0.016 0.016 0.016 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 0.016 0.017 0.010 0.008 0.031 0 10
350 Sangam J Jhelum 0.008 0.008 0.002 0.002 0.026 0 8
352 Sangod Parwan 0.307 0.017 0.452 0.004 0.900 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 0.038 0.038 - 0.013 0.079 0 3
357 Satrapur Kanhan 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.001 0.012 0 11
359 Seondha Sind 0.021 0.024 0.007 0.006 0.075 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 0.099 0.083 0.172 0.011 0.304 0 11
361 Sevanur Chittar 0.007 0.007 - 0.007 0.007 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 0.055 0.055 - 0.023 0.103 0 3
363 Shahijina Betwa 0.018 0.019 0.014 0.006 0.039 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 0.011 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.020 0 8
366 Sibbari Dareng 0.009 0.011 0.003 0.003 0.020 0 7
368 Simga Seonath 0.015 0.015 - 0.003 0.026 0 3
371 Sonapur Digaru 0.021 0.019 0.036 0.002 0.041 0 7
376 Suklai Suklai 0.020 0.024 0.004 0.002 0.061 0 11
377 Sultanpur Gomti 0.017 0.020 0.006 0.001 0.136 0 10
379 Sundergarh Ib 0.013 0.013 - 0.003 0.032 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 0.007 0.007 - 0.005 0.009 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 0.008 0.015 0.005 0.002 0.015 0 3
Page | 248
Total Monsoon
388 Tehri Bhagirath 0.109 0.109 - 0.029 0.189 0 2
389 Tekra Pranhitha 0.008 0.006 0.017 0.001 0.030 0 11
391 Tezu Lohit 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.004 0.025 0 10
394 Theni Suruliar 0.012 0.012 0.016 0.005 0.028 0 10
401 Tilga Sankh 0.010 0.011 0.002 0.002 0.020 0 8
402 Tonk Banas 0.159 0.017 0.300 0.017 0.300 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.004 0.031 0 11
405 Tuini Tuini 0.091 0.011 0.452 0.002 0.900 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 0.018 0.020 0.011 0.004 0.053 0 10
Chenab/Chandra 0.004 - 0.004 0.004 0.004 0 1

409 Udi Chambal 0.045 0.043 0.052 0.005 0.202 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 0.007 0.013 0.001 0.001 0.013 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 0.045 0.049 0.035 0.000 0.269 0 9
415 Varanasi Ganga 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.001 0.019 0 11
421 Warunji Koyna 0.007 - 0.007 0.007 0.007 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 0.093 - 0.093 0.093 0.093 0 1
Page | 249
IRON
Iron (in mg/L) BIS:10500;2012

Water Quality Site
Total Monsoon 0.3 mg/L 0.3 mg/L
Monsoon
2 A.P. Puram Chittar 0.029 0.029 - 0.010 0.054 0 5
3 A.P.Ghat Barak 0.060 0.034 0.126 0.002 0.203 0 7
4 Aauriya Yamuna 0.098 0.094 0.112 0.003 0.252 0 9
5 Abu Road Banas 0.082 0.068 0.150 0.018 0.150 0 6
6 Addoor Gurupur 0.392 0.102 0.681 0.102 0.681 1 1
8 Agra Yamuna 0.194 0.107 0.499 0.005 0.613 2 7
11 Akhnoor Chenab 0.078 0.050 0.280 0.002 0.280 0 8
13 Aklera Parwan 0.035 0.034 0.037 0.002 0.079 0 5
15 Allahabad Ganga 0.155 0.097 0.416 0.021 0.585 1 10
16 Alutuma Ramyala 0.221 0.103 0.808 0.008 0.808 1 5
19 Anandpur Ganga 0.157 0.081 0.689 0.009 0.689 1 7
21 Ankinghat Ganga 0.283 0.298 0.224 0.015 1.126 3 7
24 Arcot Palar 0.029 0.015 0.043 0.015 0.043 0 2
27 Ashti Wainganga 0.104 0.038 0.399 0.016 0.404 2 9
29 Avershe Sita 0.091 0.021 0.373 0.005 0.373 1 4
31 Ayodhya Saryu 0.330 0.344 0.274 0.005 1.457 4 6
32 Azmabad Ganga 0.317 0.187 0.899 0.002 1.496 4 7
33 B.P. Ghat Barak 0.128 0.059 0.337 0.003 0.626 1 7
35 Badlapur Ulhas 0.048 0.029 0.143 0.004 0.143 0 6
36 Balrampur Rapti 0.260 0.259 0.263 0.011 1.061 2 8
37 Baltara Kosi 0.714 0.293 2.605 0.015 4.352 6 5
40 Bamnidih Hasdeo 0.033 0.033 - 0.012 0.047 0 3
41 Banda Ken 0.110 0.112 0.104 0.001 0.199 0 9
Page | 250
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
42 Bansi Rapti 0.484 0.403 0.769 0.010 1.362 4 5
44 Baranwada Banas 0.070 0.076 0.052 0.052 0.077 0 4
48 Barod Kali Sindh 0.042 0.044 0.036 0.002 0.077 0 8
49 Baronda Pairi 0.046 0.046 - 0.046 0.046 0 1
51 Basti Kwano 0.481 0.475 0.505 0.002 1.674 5 5
56 Belkhedi Sher 0.116 0.068 0.310 0.008 0.489 1 9
57 Belne Bridge Gad 0.121 0.037 0.205 0.037 0.205 0 2
63 Bhitaura Ganga 0.337 0.306 0.460 0.008 1.094 4 6
65 Bihubar Dikhow 1.818 0.984 5.571 0.028 8.980 7 4
67 Birdghat Rapti 0.333 0.361 0.218 0.006 1.244 3 7
69 Burhanpur Tapi 0.315 0.219 0.604 0.010 0.780 3 5
70 Buxar Ganga 0.233 0.117 0.753 0.002 1.029 4 7
73 Champua Ganga 0.143 0.065 0.611 0.012 0.611 1 6
74 Chanwada Orsang 0.316 0.093 1.100 0.005 1.736 2 7
75 Chapra Jalangi 0.030 0.028 0.043 0.002 0.062 0 11
76 Chel Chel 0.626 0.626 - 0.032 1.119 2 1
79 Chennur Pennar 0.073 0.061 0.119 0.014 0.199 0 10
80 Chepan Raidak-I 0.782 0.965 0.047 0.030 3.672 1 4
Page | 251
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
85 Chopan Sone 0.213 0.120 0.635 0.021 1.000 2 9
89 Dabri Ramganga 0.350 0.292 0.581 0.009 1.109 5 5
91 Dawki Umngot 0.117 0.026 0.346 0.002 0.640 1 6
96 Dhamkund Chenab 0.055 0.053 0.070 0.007 0.143 0 8
100 Dholai Rukni 0.046 0.043 0.056 0.002 0.120 0 8
101 Dholpur Chambal 0.083 0.071 0.126 0.013 0.189 0 9
103 Dhulsar Uri 0.057 0.054 0.060 0.054 0.060 0 2
104 Diana Diana 0.137 0.137 - 0.137 0.137 0 1
107 Dimapara Bugi 0.085 0.100 0.047 0.008 0.303 1 6
108 Dindori Narmada 0.230 0.246 0.166 0.013 1.312 1 9
109 Domohani Teesta 0.483 0.591 0.051 0.032 1.261 3 2
110 Duddhi Kanhar 0.261 0.071 1.114 0.017 1.395 2 9
111 Dudhnai Dudhnai 0.447 0.468 0.353 0.034 1.155 6 5
118 Etawah Yamuna 0.107 0.103 0.122 0.002 0.239 0 9
120 Farakka Ganga 0.031 0.028 0.047 0.002 0.088 0 11
122 Fatehgarh Ganga 0.321 0.283 0.470 0.013 0.950 5 5
123 Fulertal Barak 0.172 0.209 0.097 0.010 0.758 1 5
125 Gadat Ambika 0.348 0.133 0.994 0.012 1.023 2 6
127 Galeta Hindon 0.094 0.094 0.095 0.002 0.211 0 11
Page | 252
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
128 Ganod Bhadar 0.339 0.321 0.488 0.005 1.185 3 6
130 Garrauli Dhasan 0.140 0.090 0.214 0.037 0.280 0 5
133 Gelabil Doyang 3.512 2.367 5.801 0.195 7.894 5 1
134 Ghat Sarju 0.396 0.451 0.175 0.008 1.294 5 5
135 Ghatora Seonath 0.018 0.018 - 0.010 0.027 0 3
137 Ghish Ghish 0.496 0.496 - 0.030 0.991 2 1
138 Ghugumari Torsa 1.342 1.665 0.051 0.033 6.462 1 4
142 Gomlai Brahmani 0.206 0.093 0.997 0.031 0.997 1 7
149 Haladi Haladi 0.093 0.050 0.436 0.016 0.436 1 8
150 Halia Halia 0.032 0.032 - 0.004 0.066 0 6
151 Hamirpur Yamuna 0.093 0.088 0.112 0.003 0.253 0 9
152 Handia Narmada 0.168 0.175 0.141 0.011 0.506 1 9
154 Haridwar Ganga 0.156 0.184 0.041 0.002 1.203 1 9
156 Hasimara Torsa 1.564 2.069 0.048 0.039 6.097 1 3
157 Hathidah Ganga 0.323 0.197 0.891 0.002 1.530 3 8
159 Hivra Wardha 0.090 0.056 0.244 0.013 0.312 1 10
Page | 253
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
172 Japla Sone 0.360 0.208 1.046 0.015 2.050 3 8
173 Jaraikela Koel 0.183 0.069 0.980 0.008 0.980 1 7
177 Jondhra Seonath 0.035 0.035 - 0.035 0.035 0 1
181 Kalanaur Yamuna 0.052 0.056 0.036 0.001 0.155 0 11
186 Kamalpur Banas 0.526 0.129 1.322 0.123 1.322 1 2
187 Kampur Kopili 0.784 0.335 2.805 0.018 3.163 4 7
188 Kanpur Ganga 0.435 0.431 0.448 0.008 1.339 5 5
189 Kantamal Tel 0.059 0.059 - 0.030 0.102 0 4
190 Karad Krishna 0.243 - 0.243 0.243 0.243 0 1
194 Keesara Munneru 0.048 0.041 0.069 0.023 0.069 0 4
197 Kesinga Tel 0.056 0.056 - 0.010 0.154 0 4
198 Khanitar Teesta 0.712 0.712 - 0.249 1.174 1 1
199 Khanpur Mahi 0.240 0.213 0.359 0.002 0.978 3 8
201 Khatoli Parwati 0.052 0.060 0.035 0.002 0.098 0 7
205 Koelwar Sone 0.388 0.280 0.875 0.002 1.431 4 7
206 Kogaon Kundi 0.118 0.075 0.161 0.056 0.266 0 4
209 Konta Sabari 0.185 0.069 0.881 0.009 0.881 1 6
211 Kora Rind 0.092 0.071 0.143 0.005 0.240 0 7
Page | 254
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
214 Kudige Cauvery 0.107 0.069 0.416 0.013 0.416 2 7
215 Kudlur Palar 0.110 0.076 0.212 0.003 0.212 0 4
217 Kulsi Kulsi 0.319 0.298 0.413 0.004 0.763 5 6
222 Kurubhata Mand 0.034 0.034 - 0.011 0.071 0 4
226 Labha Mahananda 0.048 0.049 0.044 0.002 0.230 0 11
227 Lakhisarai Kiul 0.338 0.216 0.830 0.002 1.241 5 5
228 Lalganj Gandak 0.283 0.188 0.708 0.003 0.949 4 7
229 Lowara Sheturni 0.254 0.180 0.589 0.032 0.789 3 8
230 Lucknow Gomti 0.228 0.230 0.220 0.010 0.782 2 8
232 Madhira Wyra 0.087 0.087 - 0.003 0.315 1 3
233 Madla Ken 0.108 0.089 0.172 0.020 0.278 0 9
234 Magaral Cheyyar 0.035 0.035 - 0.035 0.035 0 1
235 Mahidpur Sipra 0.051 0.079 0.037 0.024 0.079 0 3
236 Mahuwa Purna 0.538 0.230 1.462 0.009 1.966 3 5
237 Maighat Gomti 0.121 0.057 0.409 0.017 0.578 1 10
238 Majhitar Rangit 3.298 3.298 - 3.298 3.298 1 0
239 Malakkara Pampa 0.082 0.090 0.045 0.012 0.238 0 6
240 Malkhed Kagna 0.065 0.035 0.186 0.012 0.186 0 5
247 Manot Narmada 0.267 0.209 0.499 0.008 1.045 3 7
251 Marol Varada 0.250 0.027 0.473 0.027 0.473 1 1
252 Mataji Mahi 0.203 0.112 0.610 0.011 0.809 3 8
254 Mathanguri Beki 0.389 0.389 - 0.080 0.697 1 1
255 Mathura Yamuna 0.049 0.052 0.034 0.002 0.156 0 11
Page | 255
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
259 Mawi Yamuna 0.051 0.054 0.036 0.002 0.144 0 11
260 Meja Road Tons 0.147 0.065 0.473 0.013 0.667 1 9
263 Miao Neo dihing 1.071 0.751 2.514 0.022 3.655 4 7
264 Mirzapur Ganga 0.152 0.080 0.476 0.019 0.676 1 10
269 Motinaroli Kim 0.227 0.134 0.554 0.011 0.759 2 7
272 Murti Murti 1.794 1.794 - 0.034 5.197 1 2
273 Musiri Cauvery 0.091 0.091 - 0.005 0.289 0 7
282 Nandgaon Wunna 0.090 0.064 0.168 0.011 0.275 0 8
287 Neemsar Gomti 0.224 0.234 0.191 0.009 0.614 4 5
289 Nellore Pennar 0.049 0.049 - 0.043 0.054 0 2
290 Neora Naora 0.593 0.593 - 0.032 1.457 1 2
294 Pachauli Sind 0.144 0.035 0.252 0.035 0.252 0 2
Pagladiya N.T.Road
297 0.234 0.254 0.147 0.016 0.948 1 10
Crossing Pagladiya
Page | 256
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
300 Palla Yamuna 0.067 0.073 0.038 0.002 0.201 0 11
305 Passighat Siang 0.088 0.088 - 0.008 0.251 0 5
306 Patan Hiran 0.202 0.092 0.588 0.011 0.988 1 8
309 Pati Goi 0.073 0.064 0.110 0.010 0.181 0 5
310 Patna Ganga 0.306 0.170 0.918 0.002 1.371 5 6
312 Pauni Wainganga 0.105 0.042 0.389 0.005 0.435 2 9
315 Perur Godavari 0.116 0.050 0.511 0.021 0.511 1 6
318 Poanta Yamuna 0.024 0.024 - 0.003 0.044 0 2
320 Pratapgarh Sai 0.195 0.060 0.734 0.011 1.007 2 8
321 Pratapur Yamuna 0.106 0.098 0.136 0.006 0.195 0 9
325 Purna Purna 0.048 0.048 - 0.048 0.048 0 1
Puthimari NH Road
328 0.161 0.166 0.139 0.017 0.677 1 9
crossing Puthimari
329 Raibareli Sai 0.522 0.526 0.511 0.011 2.724 3 6
330 Rajapur Yamuna 0.096 0.082 0.139 0.008 0.191 0 8
331 Rajegaon Bagh 0.196 0.078 0.608 0.022 0.646 2 7
332 Rajghat Betwa 0.099 0.087 0.127 0.020 0.167 0 7
333 Rajim Mahanadi 0.047 0.047 - 0.047 0.047 0 1
335 Ramakona Kanhan 0.123 0.045 0.396 0.005 0.407 2 7
337 Rampur Jonk 0.027 0.027 - 0.014 0.035 0 3
339 Rangeli Som 0.148 0.117 0.286 0.012 0.507 2 9
341 Regauli Rapti 0.348 0.310 0.500 0.009 0.977 5 5
342 Rishikesh Ganga 0.134 0.155 0.043 0.002 0.709 2 9
Page | 257
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
344 Safapora Jhelum 0.043 0.042 0.049 0.001 0.150 0 8
346 Sakmur Wardha 0.105 0.076 0.237 0.019 0.296 0 11
347 Salebhata Ong 0.034 0.034 - 0.011 0.079 0 4
348 Samdoli Varna 0.233 - 0.233 0.233 0.233 0 1
349 Sandia Narmada 0.229 0.139 0.590 0.002 1.025 2 8
350 Sangam J Jhelum 0.046 0.046 0.045 0.002 0.149 0 8
352 Sangod Parwan 0.048 0.078 0.033 0.013 0.078 0 3
353 Sankalan Teesta 0.591 0.591 - 0.034 1.052 2 1
357 Satrapur Kanhan 0.117 0.065 0.349 0.014 0.574 1 10
359 Seondha Sind 0.111 0.120 0.066 0.048 0.171 0 6
360 Seppa Kamang 2.204 1.477 5.477 0.013 9.174 7 4
361 Sevanur Chittar 0.021 0.021 - 0.021 0.021 0 1
362 Sevoke Teesta 0.881 0.881 - 0.032 2.299 2 1
363 Shahijina Betwa 0.131 0.109 0.205 0.025 0.258 0 9
365 Shimoga Tunga 0.123 0.046 0.660 0.007 0.660 1 7
366 Sibbari Dareng 0.087 0.079 0.107 0.013 0.178 0 7
368 Simga Seonath 0.027 0.027 - 0.010 0.042 0 3
371 Sonapur Digaru 0.480 0.550 0.062 0.062 1.171 4 3
376 Suklai Suklai 0.272 0.303 0.133 0.033 0.638 6 5
377 Sultanpur Gomti 0.146 0.063 0.478 0.025 0.528 2 8
379 Sundergarh Ib 0.033 0.033 - 0.010 0.071 0 4
383 T.K.Halli Shimsha 0.027 0.027 - 0.010 0.053 0 4
384 Tal Chambal 0.050 0.079 0.035 0.020 0.079 0 3
Page | 258
Water Quality Site
Monsoon
388 Tehri Bhagirath 0.825 0.825 - 0.238 1.412 1 1
389 Tekra Pranhitha 0.089 0.056 0.238 0.011 0.427 1 10
391 Tezu Lohit 0.487 0.104 2.022 0.003 3.052 3 7
394 Theni Suruliar 0.105 0.100 0.124 0.018 0.340 1 9
401 Tilga Sankh 0.186 0.103 0.765 0.014 0.765 2 6
402 Tonk Banas 0.065 0.075 0.054 0.054 0.075 0 2
403 Tribeni Gandak 0.474 0.260 1.438 0.013 2.688 3 8
405 Tuini Tuini 0.055 0.058 0.040 0.002 0.157 0 11
406 Turtipar Ghagra 0.584 0.636 0.377 0.007 2.231 4 6
Chenab/Chandra 0.049 - 0.049 0.049 0.049 0 1

409 Udi Chambal 0.125 0.127 0.117 0.001 0.276 0 9
410 Ujjain Sipra 0.050 0.075 0.025 0.025 0.075 0 2
414 Vapi Damanganga 0.354 0.214 0.845 0.015 1.311 4 5
415 Varanasi Ganga 0.167 0.088 0.527 0.022 0.873 1 10
421 Warunji Koyna 0.191 - 0.191 0.191 0.191 0 1
422 Yadgir Bhima 0.154 - 0.154 0.154 0.154 0 1
Page | 259
River Data Compilation-2 Directorate
Central
River Water Commission
Data Compilation-2 Directorate,
(http://cwc.gov.in/)
Central Water Commission,
NewDelhi
New Delhi.

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STATUS OF TRACE

& TOXIC METALS IN

Ministry of Jal Shakti

Central Water Commission

River Data Compilation-2 Directorate

Shri A. K. Sinha, Chairman, CWC, New Delhi

Shri R. K. Sinha, Member (River Management), CWC, New Delhi

FIGURES & GRAPHS

Graph 1: Normalization of Ganga River (Monsoon and Non-monsoon) ...................................... 80

In the developing countries like India, facilities of drinking water treatment

BIS (Bureau of Indian

BIS (Bureau of Cd Permissible Limit as BIS

BIS (Bureau of Indian Cu Permissible Limit as BIS 50

Nickel (Ni) Ni Permissible Limit as BIS 10500;

BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard)

recommended an 10500; 2012 µg/L

acceptable limit of No of Samples Tested 2959

1.1 Sources of Metal Pollution

1.1.1 Metal Pollution from Mining and Processing Ores

1.1.2 Other Sources of Metal Pollution

Industrial Wastes and Discharges

Table 1: Sources of heavy metals in the environment

S. No. Pollutant Major sources

S. No. Pollutant Major sources

Fossil Fuel Combustion

Fossil fuel combustion is a major source of airborne metal contamination of natural.

2.0 Indian Water Resources Scenario

2.2 River Basin of India

3.0 Indian River System

3.1 Indus Basin (Within India)

Figure 2: Indus River Basin

3.2 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin

3.2.1 Ganga Basin

Figure 3: Ganga River Basin

3.2.2 Brahmaputra Basin

Figure 4: Brahmaputra River Basin

3.2.3 Barak & others Basin

Figure 5: Barak River Basin

3.3 Godavari Basin

Figure 6: Godavari River Basin

3.4 Krishna Basin

Figure 7: Krishna River Basin

3.5 Cauvery Basin

Figure 8: Cauvery River Basin

3.6 Subernarekha Basin

Figure 9: Cauvery River Basin

3.7 Brahmani-Baitarani Basin

Figure 10: Brahmani-Baitarni River Basin

Climate: In Brahmani-Baitarani basin, maximum temperature rises to 47 °C during summer while

3.8 Mahanadi Basin

Figure 11: Mahanadi River Basin

3.9 Pennar Basin

Figure 12: Pennar River Basin

3.10 Mahi Basin

Figure 13: Mahi River Basin

3.11 Sabarmati Basin

Figure 14: Sabarmati River Basin

3.12 Narmada Basin

Figure 15: Narmada River Basin