DENTIN

Objectives
By the end of presentation each student should be able to:

• Define dentin and pulp.

• Describe Chemical properties/Composition of dentin.

• Describe physical properties of dentin.

• Differentiate between types of dentin.

DENTIN
• It is a hard / elastic, yellow-white, avascular tissue enclosing
the central pulp chamber.
• In crown covered by enamel and root by cementum
Dental Pulp
• The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue that occupies
central portion of the tooth.

• The space it occupies is known as Pulp cavity.

• Pulp cavity is divided into coronol portion and a radicular

portion.
WHY DENTIN?
• Support brittle enamel

• Reparative property

• Pulp protection
DENTIN
➢CHEMICAL PROPERITES AND COMPOSITION

COMPOSITION

INORGANIC MATERIAL ORGANIC MATERIAL WATER

By Weight 70% 20% 10%

By Volume 45% 33% 22%

Collagen Non-Collagen

HYDROXYAPATITE Type I, III, V MATRIX PROTEIN

DENTIN
➢ NON COLLAGEN MATRIX PROTEINS
• Dentin Phosphoprotien
Non collagenous matrix
• Dentin Sialoprotein Proteins regulate mineral
Deposition and act as
• Osteonectin Inhibitors, promoters,
stabilizers
• Osteocalcin

• Osteopontin

• Proteoglycans.
DENTIN
DENTIN
DENTIN
➢ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Pale yellow

• Harder than bone and cementum but softer than enamel

• Radiolucent (darker) than enamel and radioapaue (lighter )than

pulp

• Elastic

• Permeability due to tubules

DENTIN
PREDENTIN

• The first deposited layer of unmineralized matrix is called predentin.

Predentin consists of collagen and non-collagen components.
TYPES OF DENTIN
➢PRIMARY DENTIN

➢SECONDARY DENTIN

➢TERTIARY DENTIN
Types OF Dentin
➢ PRIMARY DENTIN
• Outlines pulp chamber and also known as circumpulpal dentin.
• The outer layer is called mantle dentin.

• Mantle layer varies in width from 20-150µm

• Prevent crack near enamel from spreading

into dentin
TYPES OF DENTIN
➢SECONDARY DENTIN
• Develops after root formation completed.
• SECONDARY DENTIN → more deposition on Roof
and Floor of PULP CHAMBER → RESULTED in
REDUCTION in size and shape of pulp → these
changes are called pulp recession.
TYPES OF DENTIN
TYPES OF DENTIN
➢ TERTIARY DENTINOR REACTIVE OR REPARATIVE DENTIN

PRODUCED AS A RESULT OF STIMULI

CARIES, ATTRITION, DENTAL

PROCEDURES

By PREXISTING ODONTOBLAST AND

NEWLY FORMED ODONTOBLAST LIKE CELLS.
TYPES OF DENTIN
 TYPES OF DENTIN
PRIMARY DENTIN SECONDARY DENTIN TERTIARY DENTIN

Physiological Physiological Pathological

Formed before root After root completion Only on pulpal irritation

completion

Thick layer around pulp Thin layer around pulp Small area occupying pulp
space

Beneath enamel and Beneath primary dentin Only beneath irritation

cementum areas

Deposition rate faster Rate slower May be faster or slower

DT are continuous with DT continuous with DT may or may not be

secondary dentin primary continued
dentin with secondary dentin
Summary
• Dentin is a hard / elastic, yellow-white, avascular tissue
enclosing the central pulp chamber.

• The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue that occupies

central portion of the tooth.

• Inorganic content 70%, Organic content 20%, 10% water.

• Elastic and permeability due to tubules.

• Three types of dentin: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary.

TYPES OF DENTIN
Objectives
By the end of presentation each student should be able to:

• Describe structure of Odontoblast.

• Describe dentinogenesis.

• Describe mineralization pattern in dentin.

• Difference between coronal and radicular dentin.

ODONTOBLAST
Enamel
spindle

Dentinal tubule

Odontoblast
process
ODONTOBLAST
• The cytoplasmic extensions of odonblast is known as
odontoblastic process which enter into dentinal tubules
DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
OVERVIEW:

❑Process of formation of dentin

❑Cells responsible are odontoblasts

❑Dentin is produced by dental papilla

which is derived from ectomesenchyme
.
❑Begins in late bell stage, when the
outermost cells of dental papilla
differentiate into odontoblast by the
influence of inner enamel epithelium

❑First occurs in the region of future cusps or

incisal area
DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
1 : PRIMARY DENTIN FORMATION

A : CORONAL DENTINOGENESIS

B : RADICULAR DENTINOGENESIS

STAGES
❑ ODONTOBLASTS DIFFERENTIATION
❑ FORMATION OF MANTLE DENTIN
❑ FORMATION OF CIRCUMPULPAL DENTIN

2 : SECONDARY DENTIN FORMATION

3 : TERTIARY DENTIN FORMATION

DENTINOGENESIS
The dentin formed before root completion is called PRIMARY
dentin.

The process of primary dentin formation splits into two:

1: formation of coronal dentin.

2 : formation of root dentin.
DENTINOGENESIS
ODONTOBLASTS DIFFERENTIATION

➢ The outermost layer of ectomesenchymal cells of dental papilla are

Small
Having centrally placed nucleus and very few organelles
Separated from IEE by acellular zone that contains some fine collagen fibrils.

➢ These cells now undergo mitosis to yield 2 daughter cells.

➢ One of them which is adjacent to basal lamina of IEE exhibits an increase in cytoplasm and
organelles, called PREODONTOBLAST.

➢ Preodontoblast comes in contact with IEE cells and receive signals from them to differentiate
into ODONTOBLAST.

➢ Odontoblasts are
Elongated
Highly polarized with nucleus away from IEE.

➢ The other daughter cell remains undifferentiated as sub odontoblastic ectomesenchymal cell.
DENTINOGENESIS

CHANGES IN DENTAL PAPILLA ASSOCIATED WITH INITIATION

OF DENTIN FORMATION
DENTINOGENESIS
MANTLE DENTIN FORMATION
ORGANIC MATRIX DEPOSITION

➢ Organic matrix of mantle dentin consists of

1) Collagens(type 3 VON KORFF’S FIBRES and type 1),

2) Non-collagenous proteins

➢ This matrix is secreted by odontoblasts in preexisting ground substance of dental

papilla.

➢ After odontoblasts secrete this matrix ,

1) Their size increases to obliterate extracellular compartment.

2) They move toward the center of pulp leaving behind a short
stubby cytoplasmic extension called odontoblastic process.
DENTINOGENESIS
Von Korff‫׳‬s Fibers

• Very first fibers secreted by newly differentiated odontoblast.

• Very large fibers 0.1 to 0.2 micrometer in diameter.

• Consists of type 3 fibers in form of fan shape bundles.

• They run perpendicular to DEJ.

• These fibers originate deep among odontoblast,

extend towards IEE and fan out below basal lamina
of IEE.
DENTINOGENESIS
MINERALIZATION PATTERN
Mantle dentin gets mineralizes by GLOBULAR (calcospheric) calcification
Which consists of the following steps:

1 :The odontoblastic processes bud off matrix vesicles

which serve as foci for mineralization.

2 : HA crystals first form within these vesicles as single crystal.

3 : Then crystal growth within vesicles rupture them.

4 : Adjacent HA crystals fuse to form small globules.

5 : These globules expand and fuse with adjacent

globules until matrix is completely mineralized
in the form of single calcified mass.
DENTINOGENESIS

A)LINEAR MINERALIZATION B) GLOBULAR MINERALIZATION

DENTINOGENESIS
MINERALIZATION PATTERN:

Initially when rate of dentin formation is fast ………GLOBULAR mineralization.

Then when the rate slows down ………….LINEAR calcification.

There is always a layer of organic matrix,the predentin found b/w

odontoblasts and mineralization front as the deposition of minerals lags
behind the formation of organic matrix.
DENTINOGENESIS
VASCULAR SUPPLY
• Mantle dentin formation begins capillaries
are found in subodotoblast layer
• Circumpulpal dentinogenesis capillaries
migrate between odontoblast
• After completion, capillaries retreat from
odontoblast layer
DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
1 : PRIMARY DENTINOGENESIS

A : CORONAL DENTINOGENESIS

STAGES
❑ ODONTOBLASTS DIFFERENTIATION
❑ FORMATION OF MANTLE DENTIN
❑ FORMATION OF CIRCUMPULPAL DENTIN

B: RADICULAR DENTINOGENESIS

2 : SECONDARY DENTINOGENESIS

3 : TERTIARY DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
RADICULAR DENTINOGENESIS

Stages of radicular dentin formation are same as coronal dentin formation i.e

❑ODONTOBLASTS DIFFERENTIATION
❑ FORMATION OF MANTLE DENTIN
❑ FORMATION OF CIRCUMPULPAL DENTIN

The differences are:

➢ In root ,hertwig’s root sheath is influential for the differentiation of dental

papillary ectomesenchymal cells.

➢ Rate of radicular dentinogenesis is slow.

➢ Product i.e. root dentin is different in structure.

DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
SECONDARY DENTIN FORMATION

▪ Occurs after root formation is

completed.

▪ Formed by same odontoblasts

which form primary dentin.

▪ Laid down in continuation of

primary dentin.

▪ Pace is slower.
DENTINOGENESIS
TERTIARY DENTIN FORMATION

❑Deposited
at specific site.
in response to injury.
by damaged odontoblasts or replacement cells from pulp.

❑Rate of deposition depends on degree of injury.

❑Different from primary and secondary dentin in structure and

composition.
DENTINOGENESIS:-
The process of formation of dentin is known as dentinogenisis.

INFLUENCE OF INNER EPITHECIAL CELLS

ECTOMESENHYMAL CELLS OF DENTAL PAPILLA

TO DIFFERENTIATE INTO ODONTOBLAST

ODONTOBLAST FORM DENTIN

FORMATION OF ORGANIC MATRIX

VONKORFF’S FIBER, TYPE III COLLAGEN

FORMATION OF ODONTOBLASTIC PROCESS

MINERAL PHASE APPEAR

IN MATRIX VESICLES AS DEPOSITION OF NON-COLLAGENOUS
SINGLE CRYSTALS PROTEIN WHICH REGULATE
MINERAL GROWTH
CRYSTAL GROW AND
RUPTURE FROM VESICLES
AS A SINGLE CRYSTALS

CRYSTAL FUSE WITH ONE ANOTHER → TO FORM MINERALIZED MATRIX

DENTINOGENESIS
DENTINOGENESIS
LIFE CYCLE OF ODONTOBLAST(Lower cell line) RELATED TO
THAT OF AMELOBLAST(Upper cell line)

• Stage 1: Ameloblast begin to differentiate first

• Stage 2: Peripheral ectomesenchymal cells divide with some

daughter cells migrating below odontoblast layer.

• Stage 3: Acting on a signal from ameloblast, the pre-

odontoblast begin to differentiate.
DENTINOGENESIS
• Stage 4:Synthetic organelles increase in size and number
especially Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Stage 5: Nucleus move basally as cell become polarized. A

number of odontoblastic begin to form. One odontoblastic
process becomes enlarged and begins to secrete matrix

• Stage 6: The odontoblast retreats as matrix is laid down

leaving behind a single main process. Once narrow layer of
matrix is laid down mineralization commences
Dentinogenesis
• Stage 7: Once the first layer of dentin is laid down the
differentiated ameloblast begins to deposit matrix.
 CORONAL Vs RADICULAR DENTIN
CORONAL DENTIN RADICULAR DENTIN

Location is crown Lies in root

Formation begins in late bell stage Later stages
Rate of formation high Slower pace
IEE differentiate odontoblasts Hertwig’s root sheath
More dentinal tubules Less DT than crown
Larger odontoblast- larger DT diameter Smaller cells and DT diameter

S-shaped DT Almost straight DT

Less formation of sclerotic dentin More sclerosis
Granular layer of tomes absent Granular layer of tomes present
Objectives

• Enumerate histological structures in dentin.

• Describe the histological structures in dentin

 HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN

STRUCTURE SEEN MICROSCOPICALLY.

(1) DENTINAL TUBULES (2)PERITUBULAR DENTIN (3)INTERTUBULAR DENTIN (4)INTER GLOBULER

DENTINS

(5) INCREMENTAL LINES (6) GRANULAR LAYER OF TOMES

HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
DENTINAL TUBULES
• Odontalblast process run in canaliculi called dentinal
tubules.
• Extend from DEJ to the pulp.
• Form network for diffusion of nutrients
throughout dentin.
• Follow S-shaped form outer surface of dentin to pulp.
• The curvatures results from crowding and pathway
followed by odontoblasts.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN

Cross section Small and

Of dentin showing Large dentinal tubules
Branching network that accommodate
Of tubules Branches Of
odontoblatic process of
various sizes
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
DENTINAL TUBULES:
Dentin comprise of dentin matrix traversed
by multiple closely packed tubules called
dentinal tubules.
EXTENT: From surface of pulp to DEJ.
COARSE : Wavy (s-shaped) and branched.
SIZE: At DEJ the tubular diameter is only
900nm and they are farthest apart.
At pulp surface diameter is more thus
tubules are near to each other.
CONTENTS: Dentinal tubules contain odontoblastic
processes and dentinal fluid. Nerve
terminals are also present.
FUNCTION: Render dentin permeable.
They form a network for
diffusion of nutrients throughout dentin. Dentinal fluid
contains a mixture of albumin, transferrin, and proteoglycans or high
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
ODONTOBLASTIC PROCESSES

They are branched cytoplasmic extensions

of odontoblasts which run in tubules

EXTENT: From neck of cell to DEJ.

CONTENTS: They contain microtubules,

small filaments and microvesicles,
indicating protein secreting nature
of these processes.

FUNCTIONS: Form peritubular dentin and

responsible for dentin sensitivity.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
INTERTUBULAR DENTIN
• Dentin located between dentinal tubules is called
intertubular dentin.
• Consists of type 1 collagen fibril in which crystals are
deposited.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
• Ground substance consists of non-collagenous protein and
some plasma proteins.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
PERITUBULAR DENTIN OR INTRATUBULAR DENTIN

• Collar of highly calcified dentin around tubules is

peritubular dentin.

• Its formation leads to obliteration of tubules

• Contain little collagen as compared to intertubular dentin

and 40% more mineralized than intertubular dentin
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
INTERGLOBULAR DENTIN (Area of deficient calcification)
• Area of unmineralized or hypomineralized dentin
where globular zones of mineralization fail to fuse
within mature dentin.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
• Vitamin D deficiency or high fluoride.
Defect in mineralization and not matrix
formation.
• Tubules pattern not changed but no
peritubular dentin present when tubules
pass through unmineralized area.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
• INCREMENTAL LINES IN DENTIN

Primary curvature of tubules Matrix deposition and

(Schreger lines) and Mineralization
Secondary curvature Short period lines show rhythm of dentin
Of dentinal tubules Formation (Lines of von Ebner) and long period
(Contour lines of Owen) (Andresen line)
INCREMENTAL LINES
Associated with dentinal tubules
• SCHREGER LINE
The dentinal tubules followed a sigmoid (S- shaped) course
known as primary curvatures
• Peaks of sigmoid primary curvatures coincide to form broad
bands in dentin
INCREMENTAL LINES
Associated with dentinal tubules

• CONTOUR LINES OF OWEN

The tubules also changes in direction of much smaller
amplitude. These are known as Secondary curvatures

• When secondary curvature of dentinal tubules coincide will

result in formation of lines
INCREMENTAL LINES
Associated with Matrix Deposition

Lines of von Ebner

• Normal rhythmic, linear pattern of dentin deposition.
• Run at right angles to dentinal tubules.
• Organic matrix of dentin deposited at daily rate of about
4µm a day and mineralized in 12 cycle.
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
GRANULAR LAYER OF TOMES
• It is present below the surface of dentin where the root in
covered by cementum.
• Represent looped terminal portion of dentinal tubules found
in root dentin.
• Arrangement of collagen and non-collagenous matrix protein
at interface b/w dentin and cementum.
GROUND SECTION
Across root of tooth
Longitudinal section
Of granular layer of Tomes
HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
SCLEROTIC DENTIN
• Dentinal tubules occluded with calcified material and lack structure
and appear transparent

• Most common apical third of root, crown midway b/w DEJ and pulp.

• Increases with age

• Appear glassy and translucent in ground section

HISTOLOGY OF DENTIN
❑ Occlusion of tubules may be achieved by

➢ Continuous peritubular dentin deposition.

➢ Mineral deposition within tubules

without any dentin formation.

➢ Mineralization within odontoblastic

processes , tubular content

➢ Pysiologic: formed by aging.

AGE CHANGES IN DENTIN
1 : Continuous secondary and tertiary dentin deposition
leads to
increased thickness of dentin
pulp recession and obliteration

2 : Sclerotic dentin leads to

increased brittleness of dentin
decreased permeability of dentin

3 : Dead tracts
AGE CHANGES IN DENTIN
DEAD TRACTS

❑ Group of emptied dentinal tubules.

❑ Cause is irritation of dentin,e.g caries.

❑ Irritation causes either

retraction of odontoblastic processes or
death of odontoblasts.

❑ Appear black in G.S as these tracts are air filled.

Clinical Considerations
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
• A hereditary defect consisting of opalescent teeth composed
of irregularly formed and unmineralized dentin that
obliterates pulp chamber and pulp canals
• Type 1: DI associated with OI( bluish sclera of eye)
• Type 2: DI not associated with OI

• Clinical features: Teeth are opalescent with color ranging from

bluish –gray to brown to yellowish, dentin become soft and
provide inadequate support to enamel.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Clinical Considerations
• DENTIN DYSPLASIA
A hereditary defect of dentin in which coronal dentin and tooth
color are normal but root dentin is abnormal(short and tapered
roots) and abnormal pulpal morphology