Created by T.

Madas

REDUCTION
FORMULAS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (**)


− 1 x2
In = xn e 2 dx , n ∈ » .
0

Show clearly that …

−1
a) … I n = ( n − 1) I n −2 − e 2, n≥2.


− 1 x2 −1
b) … x5 e 2 dx = 8 − 13e 2.
0

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (**)


2
In = sin n x dx , n ∈ » .
0

Show clearly that …

n −1
a) … I n = I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .
n


2 45π
b) …
0
( )
sin 6 x 1 + cos 2 x dx =
256
.

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (**)


2
In = (1 − 2 x )n e x dx , n∈».
0

Show clearly that …

a) …. I n = 2nI n−1 − 1 , n ≥ 1 .

b) … I 4 = 384 e − 633 .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (**)


2
In = cos n x dx , n ∈ » .
0

Show clearly that …

n −1
a) … I n = I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .
n


2 8
b) … cos5 x sin 2 x dx = .
0 105

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (**+)


n
In = x ( ln x ) dx , n ∈ » .
1

Show clearly that …

a) … 2 I n = e2 − nI n −1 .

1 2
b) … I 4 =
4
(e −3 . )
proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (**+)


n
In = x 2 ( ln x ) dx , n ∈ » .
1

a) Show clearly that

1 3
In =
3
(e − nI n−1 .)
2
The part of the curve with equation y = 3x ( ln x ) , for 1 ≤ x ≤ e , is rotated by 2π
radians about the x axis.

b) Show that the volume of the solid generated is given by

π
9
(11e3 − 8 ) .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (**+)

In =
 sec n x dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that

1 n−2
In = ( tan x )( sec x )n−2 + I n−2 , n ≥ 2 .
n −1 n −1

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (***)

arsinh1
In =

0
sinh n x dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that …

a) … nI n = 2 − ( n − 1) I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .

1
b) … I 5 =
15
(
7 2 −8 . )
proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (***)
The integral I n is defined for n ≥ 0 as


4
In = tan n x dx , n ∈ » .
0

Show clearly that …

1
a) … I n = − I n−2 , n ≥ 1 .
n −1

1
b) … I 4 = ( 3π − 8) .
12

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (***)

a
In =

0
tanh n x dx , n ∈ » .

Given that a = artanh 1 , show clearly that

I n = I n−2 −
( 0.5 )n−1 , n≥2.
n −1

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 11 (***+)
By forming and using a suitable reduction formula show that


2 2e − 5
x5 e− x dx = .
0 2e

No credit will be given if no reduction formula is not used in this question

FP4-O , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12 (***+)
The integral I n is defined for n ≥ 0 as


2
In = x n cos x dx .
0

a) Show clearly that …

n
π 
… I n =   − n ( n − 1) I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .
2

b) Hence find, in terms of π , exact expressions for …


2 4
i. … x cos x dx .
0


2 5
ii. … x sin x dx .
0

π π

 
2
4 π4 2
2 5π 4
FP4-M , x cos x dx = − 3π + 24 , x5 sin x dx = − 15π 2 + 120
0 16 0 16

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13 (***+)
The integral I n is defined for n ≥ 0 as


3
In = x n (1 − x ) 2 dx , n ∈ » .
0

Show that

 2n 
In =   I n −1 , n ≥ 1 ,
 2n + 5 

and use it to find as an exact fraction the value of I 3 .

FP4-N , I 3 = 32
1155

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14 (***+)
ln 2
In =
0
tanh n x dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that …

n −1
1  3
a) … I n = I n−2 −   , n≥2.
n −1 5 


2r
1 3 5
b) …   = ln   .
2r  5  4
r =1

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 15 (***+)

a) If p ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) , show that

lim  x p ln x  = 0 , x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) .
x → 0+  

b) Hence find a simplified expression for

0
x n ln x dx , n ∈ » .

1
SYNF-B , −
( n + 1)2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16 (***+)

In =
 cosecn x dx , n ∈ » .

a) Show clearly that

n−2 1
In = I n−2 − ( cot x )( cosec x )n−2 , n ≥ 2 .
n −1 n −1

b) Use part (a) to evaluate

1π


2
In = cosec6 x dx
1π
4

FP4-P , 28
15

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 17 (****)

0
n
In = (1 − x2 ) dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that

2n
In = I n−1 , n ≥ 1 .
2n + 1

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 18 (****)


xn
In = dx , n ∈ » .
2
0 1+ x

Show clearly that…

a) … nI n = 2 − ( n − 1) I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .


x3 1
b) … dx =
3
(2− 2 . )
0 1 + x2

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 19 (****)


n
In =
0
( 3 − x2 ) dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that…

a) … ( 2n + 1) I n = 6nI n −1 , n ≥ 1 .


4 1152
b) …
0
(3 − x2 ) dx =
35
3.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 20 (****)

1
In =

0
x n 1 − x 2 dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that…

a) … ( n + 2 ) I n = ( n − 1) I n−2 , n ≥ 2 .


16
b) … x n 1 − x 2 dx = .
0 315

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 21 (****)


−n
In = (1 + x2 ) dx , n ∈ » .

Show clearly that

−n

I n+1 =
(
x x2 + 1 ) +
2n − 1
In , n ≥ 1.
2n 2n

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 22 (****)
The integral I n is defined for n ≥ 0 as

π
In =

0
θ n sin θ dθ .

Show clearly that …

a) … I n = π n − n ( n − 1) I n−2 , n ≥ 2 .


2 4 1 4
b) …
0
x sin 2 x dx =
32
(π − 12π 2 + 48 . )

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 23 (****)


xn
In = dx , n ∈ » .
1 + x2

a) Find an expression for

d  n −1 2 2
1

dx 
x x + 1 (.

)
b) Use part (a) to show that

nI n + ( n − 1) I n −2 = x n −1 x 2 + 1 , n ≥ 2 .

d  n −1 2 1
 1 − 12
x
dx 
( 
)
x + 1 2  = ( n − 1) x n−2 x 2 + 1 ( ) 2
+x n
( x + 1)
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 24 (****+)

In ≡
 e 2 x sin n x dx , n ∈ » , n ≥ 2 .

Use integration by parts twice to show

( n2 + 4) I n = n ( n − 1) I n−2 + ( 2sin x − n cos x ) e2 x sin n−1 x .

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 25 (****+)
Find a suitable reduction formula and use it to find


10
x ( ln x ) dx .
0

You may assume that the integral converges.

Give the answer as the product of powers of prime factors.


10
x ( ln x ) dx = 2−3 × 34 × 52 × 7
0

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 26 (****+)


sin nx
In = dx , n ∈ » .
sin x

a) Show by considering I n+ 2 − I n that

2
I n+ 2 = I n + sin ( n + 1) x  + C , n ≥ 0 .
n +1 

b) Show further that


3 sin 6 x 1
π sin x
dx =
15
(12 3 − 17 2 . )
4

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 27 (****+)


sin ( nθ )
In = dθ .
0 sin θ

The integral above is defined for positive integer values n .

a) Use trigonometric identities to show that

sin ( nθ ) − sin ( n − 2 )θ 

b) Hence show that

I n = I n −2 , n ≥ 2 .

c) Evaluate I n in both cases, where n is either odd or even positive integer.

0 if n is even
In = 
π if n is odd

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 28 (****+)


3 3x
In = e tan n x dx , n ∈ » .
0

a) Show clearly that…

n
i. … nI n+1 = eπ ( 3) − 3I n − nI n −1 , n ≥ 1 .

ii. … I 0 = I 4 + I3 − 3I1 .

b) Hence find the exact value of


3 3x

0
e (
tan x tan 3 x + sec 2 x − 4 dx . )

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 29 (****+)


2
I m ,n = sin m θ cos n θ dθ , m ∈ » , n ∈ » .
0

a) Show clearly that

m −1
I m ,n = I m−2,n .
m+n

b) Hence find an exact value for


2
sin θ sin 2 2θ dθ .
0

128
315

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 30 (****+)
It is given that


n
In =
0
( )
x 6 x3 + 1 dx , n ∈ » , n ≥ 0 .

Show, with detailed workings, that

2n 3n
In = + I n−1 , n ≥ 1 .
3n + 7 3n + 7

FP4-T , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 31 (****+)
It is given that


n
In =
0
(
x 1 − 2x4 ) dx , n ∈ » , n ≥ 0 .

Show, with detailed workings, that

n
In =
( −1)
+
2n
I n−1 , n ≥ 1 .
4n + 2 2n + 1

SPX-O , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 32 (*****)
1


x 2 n+1
It is given that In = dx .
0 1 − x2

Show with detailed workings that

2
22 n ( n !)
In = .
( 2n + 1)!

V , SPX-R , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 33 (*****)
It is given that


n + 12
In = x a − x dx , n ∈ » , n ≥ 0
0

where a is a positive constant.

a) Use integration by parts to show

n
 a   2n + 2  I 0
In =     , n ≥ 1.
 4   n  n +1

b) Determine the value of

 0
x10 4 − x 2 dx .

SPX-E , 42π

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 34 (*****)
It is given that

1
I n ,m =
0
(1 − x )n x m dx ,

where n, m ∈ » , with n, m ≥ 0 .

a) Show that …

i. … I n,m − I n −1, m = − I n−1,m+1 .

n
ii. … I n,m = I n −1,m+1
m

b) Hence derive an expression of I n, m and use it to find


1 3
7 x 2 (1 − x ) dx .
0


1 3 32
SPX-C , 7 x 2 (1 − x ) dx =
0 45

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 35 (*****)

b
I ( m, n ) =

a
( b − x )m ( x − a )n dx , m ∈ » , n ∈ » .

Show that

m! n!
I ( m, n ) = ( b − a )m+n+1 ,
( m + n + 1)!

where a and b are real constants such that b > a

SPX-B , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 36 (*****)


xn
In = dx , n ∈ » , a > 0 .
2 2
0 a −x

Show clearly that…

a 2 ( n − 1)
a) … I n = I n−2 , n ≥ 2 .
n


3 x3 − 18 x 2 + 36 x − 18
b) … dx = 3π − 16 .
2 4 x − x2

FP4-S , proof

Created by T. Madas