BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

AMPLIFIERS
PART 2
 METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFIERS
• DC Analysis • AC Analysis

1. Replace the ac source with a 1. Replace the dc source with a short

short circuit circuit
2. Replace capacitors with open 2. Replace capacitors with short circuits; it
circuits is assumed that capacitive reactance is
very low at the input frequency
3. Apply the biasing circuits
equations to solve for unknown 3. Identify the amplifier configuration by
currents and voltages; and/or to locating the input and output terminals
draw the load line and locate the Q 4. Solve for unknown ac quantities using
point the appropriate equations for the amplifier
configuration
Example 1

Determine

a) the dc transistor terminal voltages

b) voltage gain, 𝐴𝑣
c) current gain, 𝐴𝑖
d) 𝑣𝐿 if 𝑣𝑠 = 15 𝑚𝑉
𝑖
e) overall current gain, 𝐴𝑖𝑠 = 𝐿
𝑖𝑠
 Solution:

Use the dc equivalent circuit for part a);

Use the ac equivalent circuit for parts b), c), d), and e)

a) DC transistor terminal voltages: 𝑽𝑩, 𝑽𝑬, 𝑽𝑪

For the DC equivalent circuit, replace the ac source with a short-circuit and treat each
capacitor as open circuit
DC Equivalent Circuit

It is a Voltage Divider Bias Circuit

 𝑅2
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅2 𝑅1
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅1 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

12 𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 24 𝑉
12 𝑘Ω + 51 𝑘Ω

𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 4.571 𝑉

12 𝑘Ω 51 𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
12 𝑘Ω + 51 𝑘Ω

𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 9.714 𝑘Ω
 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑻𝑯 − 𝑰𝑩 𝑹𝑻𝑯 𝑰𝑬 = 𝑰𝑩 𝟏 + 𝜷

𝑽𝑬 = 𝑰𝑬 𝑹𝑬 Or 𝑰𝑬 = 𝑰𝑩+𝑰𝑪

𝑽𝑪 = 𝑽𝑪𝑪 − 𝑰𝑪 𝑹𝑪 𝐼𝐸 = (0.0392 𝑚𝐴) 1 + 80

𝑽𝑻𝑯 − 𝑽𝑩𝑬 𝐼𝐸 = 3.175 𝑚𝐴

𝑰𝑩 =
𝑹𝑻𝑯 + 𝟏 + 𝜷 𝑹𝑬
𝑉𝐵 = 4.571 𝑉 − (0.0392 𝑚𝐴)(9.714 𝑘𝛺)

4.571 𝑉 − 0.7 𝑉 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝑽

𝐼𝐵 =
9.714 𝑘𝛺 + 1 + 80 (1.1 𝑘𝛺)
𝑉𝐸 = (3.175 𝑚𝐴)(1. 1𝑘𝛺)
𝐼𝐵 = 0.0392 𝑚𝐴
𝑽𝑬 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝑽
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑰𝑩 𝜷
𝑉𝐶 = 24 𝑉 − 3.136 𝑚𝐴 2.7𝑘𝛺
𝐼𝐶 = 0.0392 𝑚𝐴 80
𝑽𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟑𝟑 𝑽
𝐼𝐶 = 3.136 𝑚𝐴
For the AC Equivalent Circuit, replace the DC source with a short-circuit and treat each capacitor as a
short-circuit.

At the emitter:
AC Equivalent Circuit

Given values:

𝑅𝑠 = 800 Ω
𝑅1 = 51 𝑘Ω
𝑅2 = 12 𝑘Ω
𝑅𝑐 = 2.7 𝑘Ω
𝑅𝐸 = 0
𝑅𝐿 = 5 𝑘Ω
ℎ𝑖𝑒 = 2𝑘Ω
Let ℎ𝑓𝑒 = β = 80

Part of 𝑣𝑠 is fed to the base; therefore, base is the input terminal

Output is taken at the collector
Circuit is a Common Emitter Amplifier
b) Voltage gain

−ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝐿′ −(80)(1.753 𝑘Ω)

𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑅𝑖 2𝑘Ω

1 𝑨𝒗 = −𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟐
𝑅𝐿′ = 𝑅𝑐 ∥ 𝑅𝐿 = = 1.753 𝑘Ω
1 1
+
2.7 𝑘Ω 5 𝑘Ω

𝑅𝑖 = ℎ𝑖𝑒 + 1 + ℎ𝑓𝑒 𝑅𝐸 c) Current Gain

But the emitter terminal is directly connected to 𝑨𝒊 = −𝒉𝒇𝒆 = −𝟖𝟎

ground, 𝑅𝐸 = 0

So, 𝑅𝑖 = ℎ𝑖𝑒 = 2 𝑘Ω
Note: the negative sign of 𝐴𝑣 and 𝐴𝑖 indicates a 180° phase shift in the output; the
output is 180° out-of-phase with the input.
This means that as the input waveform goes positive, the output goes negative, and
conversely.

d) 𝑣𝐿 if 𝑣𝑠 = 15 𝑚𝑉

To solve for the load voltage,

𝑣𝐿 = 𝐴𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠

𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑏
𝐴𝑣𝑠 = =
𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑏 𝑣𝑠

In part b),
𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝑐
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑣𝑐 =1 𝐴𝑣 = = −70.12
𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑏
 Consider the input circuit to solve for the other voltage ratio

𝑣𝑏
𝑣𝑠

At the input, replace the amplifier with its input resistance, 𝑅𝑖

𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑖 are in
𝑣𝑏 parallel; same voltage across
each of them, which is 𝑣𝑖 or
𝑣𝑏

Simplify the circuit into a series circuit and apply voltage divider formula to get the
voltage ratio
 𝑣𝑏 𝑅 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖

1
𝑅= = 1.659 𝑘Ω
1
+
1
+
1 𝑣𝑏 1.659 𝑘Ω
51 𝑘Ω 12 𝑘Ω 2𝑘Ω =
𝑣𝑠 1.659 𝑘Ω + 0.800 𝑘Ω
By voltage divider formula
𝑣𝑏
= 0.675
𝑣𝑠
𝑅
𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑠
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑠 𝑣𝐿
𝐴𝑣𝑠 = = (1) −70.12 0.675
𝑣𝑠
𝑣𝑏 𝑅
= 𝑨𝒗𝒔 = −𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟑𝟏
𝑣𝑠 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑠
 To get the value of 𝑣𝐿 , take the absolute value of the overall gain

𝑣𝐿 = 𝐴𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠

𝑣𝐿 = −47.331 15 𝑚𝑉

𝒗𝑳 = 𝟕𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑽

e) overall current gain, 𝐴𝑖𝑠

𝑖𝐿 𝑖𝐿 𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝐿 −𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑏
𝐴𝑖𝑠 = = =
𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑏 𝑖𝑠
At the output:

By current division:

𝑅𝐶
𝑖𝐿 = 𝑖𝑜
𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐿

𝑖𝐿 𝑅𝐶
=
𝑖𝑜 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐿

𝑖𝐿 2.7 𝑘Ω
=
𝑖𝑜 2.7 𝑘Ω + 5 𝑘Ω

𝑖𝐿
= 0.351
𝑖𝑜
𝑖𝑜 −𝑖𝑐
= = −ℎ𝑓𝑒 = −80
𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑏

Consider the input circuit to solve for the other current ratio

𝑖𝑏
𝑖𝑠

At the input, replace the amplifier with its input resistance, 𝑅𝑖

1
𝑖𝑏 𝑅 = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 =
1 1
+
51 𝑘Ω 12 𝑘Ω

𝑅 = 9.714 𝑘Ω
 𝑖𝑏

By current division:

𝑅
𝑖𝑏 = 𝑖𝑠
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑖

𝑖𝑏 9.714 𝑘Ω
= = 0.829
𝑖𝑠 9.714 𝑘Ω + 2 𝑘Ω

𝐴𝑖𝑠 = 0.351 −80 0.829

𝑨𝒊𝒔 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟖

Alternate solution: 𝑖𝑠

𝑣𝐿
𝑖𝐿 𝑅
𝐴𝑖𝑠 = = 𝐿
𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑠
𝑅𝑡
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑖′

𝑣𝐿 𝑅𝑡 1
𝐴𝑖𝑠 = 𝑅𝑖′ = 𝑅1 ∥ 𝑅2 ∥ 𝑅𝑖 =
1 1 1
𝑣𝑠 𝑅𝐿 + +
51 𝑘Ω 12𝑘Ω 2𝑘Ω

In part d), 𝑅𝑖′ = 1.659 𝑘Ω

𝑣𝐿
𝐴𝑣𝑠 = = −47.331 𝑅𝑡 = 0.800 𝑘Ω + 1.659 𝑘Ω = 2.459 𝑘Ω
𝑣𝑠

2.459 𝑘Ω
𝐴𝑖𝑠 = −47.331
5 𝑘Ω

𝑨𝒊𝒔 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 In Previous solution: 𝐴𝑖𝑠 = −23.278