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  • MMW HW04B

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    1) An argument is valid if the conclusion must be true if all the premises are true. An argument is invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. 2) To determine if an argument is valid or invalid, write it in symbolic form and construct a truth table. If there is a scenario where the premises are all true and the conclusion is false, the argument is invalid. 3) Euler diagrams can be used to represent arguments visually by showing set relationships like intersections, unions, and complements. They allow us to better understand the logical structure of an argument and check for validity or logical errors.

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    1) An argument is valid if the conclusion must be true if all the premises are true. An argument is invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. 2) To determine if an argument is valid or invalid, write it in symbolic form and construct a truth table. If there is a scenario where the premises are all true and the conclusion is false, the argument is invalid. 3) Euler diagrams can be used to represent arguments visually by showing set relationships like intersections, unions, and complements. They allow us to better understand the logical structure of an argument and check for validity or logical errors.

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    13 views3 pages

    MMW HW04B

    Uploaded by

    Erica Joanna
    1) An argument is valid if the conclusion must be true if all the premises are true. An argument is invalid if it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. 2) To determine if an argument is valid or invalid, write it in symbolic form and construct a truth table. If there is a scenario where the premises are all true and the conclusion is false, the argument is invalid. 3) Euler diagrams can be used to represent arguments visually by showing set relationships like intersections, unions, and complements. They allow us to better understand the logical structure of an argument and check for validity or logical errors.

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    PADEL, ERICA JOANNA L.

    BSA 1-1 MMW 0001-24

    HOMEWORK 04-B

    INSTRUCTIONS
    • Use PDF format before uploading your answer in the assignment tab
    • Hand-written answer will be accepted, take a picture then convert to pdf

    Questions 1 (5 points)
    Define an argument.
    • A set of statements presented logically and coherently in order to prove the
    correctness or validity of a mathematical proposition is known as an argument in
    mathematics. Arguments are employed in mathematics in the modern era to create new
    ideas, solve issues, and prove theorems.

    A series of statements known as the premises (sometimes known as assumptions


    or hypotheses) and a concluding statement known as the conclusion make up an argument.
    A mathematical argument often starts with a collection of axioms, which are self-evident
    or previously established assertions. The mathematician uses these presumptions as a
    starting point to draw a series of inferences that finally result in the desired outcome.

    A mathematician might start with the premise that the square root of two is
    rational and then use logical reasoning and algebraic manipulation to arrive at a
    contradiction as an example of how to demonstrate the irrationality of the square root of
    two. This inconsistency would thus show that the presumption at the beginning was
    incorrect, proving that the square root of two is illogical.

    Arguments based on mathematics are employed in many different disciplines


    nowadays, including physics, engineering, computer science, economics, and finance.
    They are crucial to the creation of novel technologies, the resolution of challenging issues,
    and the advancement of our comprehension of the world.

    Questions 2 (10 points)


    Explain how to determine if an argument is Valid or Invalid? (ways or procedures)
    • An argument is valid if and only if it is necessary that if all of the premises are true,
    then the conclusion is true; if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true; it
    is impossible that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false.

    An argument that is not valid. We can test for invalidity by assuming that all the
    premises are true and seeing whether it is still possible for the conclusion to be false. If
    this is possible, the argument is invalid.

    There are procedure to determine the validity of an argument.

    1. Write the argument in symbolic form and identify the premises and conclusion.
    2. Construct a truth table showing the truth values of all the premises and the conclusion.
    3. A row of the truth table in which all the premises are true is called a critical row. If there
    is a critical row in which the conclusion is false, the argument is invalid. If the
    conclusion in every critical row is true, then the argument is valid.

    Example:

    Premise 1: P V Q
    Premise 2: ~ P
    Conclusion: Q

    P Q PVQ ~P PVQ∧ ~P CONCLUSION:


    Q
    T T T F F T
    T F T F F F
    F T T T T T
    F F F T F F

    The truth table shows that conclusion Q is always true when premises are true. Thus, this
    argument is valid

    Premise 1: P ∧ Q
    Premise 2: P V R
    Conclusion: Q ∧ R

    P Q R P∧Q PVR Q∧R CONCLUSION:


    Q∧R
    T T T T T T T
    T T F T T F F
    T F T F T F F
    T F F F T F F
    F T T F T T T
    F T F F F F F
    F F T F T F F
    F F F F F F F

    The truth table shows that the conclusion Q AND R is not always true when the premises are true.
    For example, when P is false and Q is true, the conclusion is false. Thus, this argument is invalid.

    Questions 3 (10 points)


    Describe the relationship between Euler’s diagram and arguments.

    A set or group of sets is graphically represented in an Euler's diagram by using circles or


    other closed forms to represent the sets and their connections. It can be used to represent logical
    connections between sets, such as their intersections, unions, and complements, visually.
    The logical structure of arguments involving sets or categories can be examined and
    represented using Euler's diagram in terms of arguments. For instance, an Euler's diagram can be
    used to visually show the relationship between two categories of objects, let's say A and B, and the
    claim that all A are B. A circle representing the set of A is totally contained within a circle
    representing the set of B. A partial overlap between the circles denoting A and B might be used to
    indicate this relationship if the argument asserts that some instances of A do not correspond to
    instances of B.

    We can better understand the logical structure of the argument and judge its validity by
    utilizing Euler's diagrams to visually show the links between sets or categories concerned. In
    addition, Euler's diagrams are helpful for spotting logical errors or other defects in arguments,
    such as when the diagram misrepresents the connections between the sets or the argument is
    founded on a fallacious premise.

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