EXP.

NO:5 IMPLEMENTATION OF CURSOR IN PL/SQL BLOCK

AIM:
To implement implicit and explicit cursors using PL/SQL programming

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Declare the cursor for initializing the memory

Step 2: Opening the cursor for allocating the memory
Step 3: Fetching the cursor for retrieving the data
Step 4: Closing the cursor to release the allocated memory
Step 5: Execute the program

CURSORS:

create table customers(id int primary key,Name varchar(20) not null,Age int not null,Address
varchar(50) not null,Salary float not null);
insert into customers values(1,'Sri',25,'CBE',25000);
insert into customers values(2,'Hari',28,'CBE',35000);
insert into customers values(3,'Sow',28,'CHENNAI',45000);
insert into customers values(4,'Kumaran',25,'CBE',24000);

select * from customers;

PROGRAM:

DECLARE
total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
UPDATE customers
SET salary = salary + 500;
IF sql%notfound THEN
dbms_output.put_line('no customers
selected');
ELSIF sql%found THEN
total_rows := sql%rowcount;
dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers selected ');
END;
1
 END IF;

END;
2
4 customers selected

1 row(s) updated.

EXPLICIT CURSORS:

The syntax for creating an explicit cursor is

CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;

Declaring the Cursor

CURSOR c_customers IS
SELECT id, name, address FROM
customers; Opening the Cursor
OPEN c_customers;
Fetching the Cursor
FETCH c_customers INTO c_id, c_name, c_addr;
Closing the Cursor
CLOSE c_customers;

PROGRAM:

DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
CURSOR c_customers is
SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
BEGIN
OPEN c_customers;
LOOP
FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name,
c_addr; EXIT WHEN c_customers
%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);
END LOOP;
END;
3
 CLOSE c_customers;

END;
4
OUTPUT:

1 Sri CBE
2 Hari CBE
3 Sow CHENNAI
4 Kumaran CBE

Statement processed.

RESULT:

Thus the PL/SQL program to implement implicit and explicit cursor has been successfully executed.

5
EX.NO:6 GENERATE TRIGGER IN PL/SQL BLOCK

AIM:
To implement PL/SQL triggers and do the operations in database automatically.

ALGORITHM:

STEP1: Create a table emply101

STEP2: Insert values into the table
STEP3: Create another table emply102
STEP4: Create trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <TRIGGER NAME>
{BEFORE/AFTER/INSTEAD OF}
{INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE}
ON <TABLENAME/VIEWNAME>
REFRENCECING {OLD AS OLD /NEW AS NEW}
[FOR EACH STATEMENT /FOR EACH ROW [WHEN <CONDITION>]]
STEP5: Insert and delete record into emply101
STEP6: View the updations in emply102

CREATE TABLE emply101

create table emply101(eid varchar(20),ename char(25), age number(10), salary
number(10));
insert into emply101 values(1,'abi',23,25000);
insert into emply101 values(2,'abinaya',22,20000);
insert into emply101 values(3,'abishek',23,25000);
select * from emply101;

CREATE TABLE emply102

create table emply102(eid varchar(20),ename char(25),age number(10),salary
number(10));
6
 select * from emply102;
no data found
Creating trigger
create or replace trigger tfg1 before insert on emply101 for each row
begin
insert into emply102 values(:new.eid,:new.ename,:new.age,:new.salary);
end;

Insert values into emply101

insert into emply101 values(4,'bala',23,25000);

select * from emply101;

select * from emply102;

CREATING TRIGGER FOR UPDATING AND DELETING

create or replace trigger trgrr15 after delete or update on emply101 for each row
begin
if deleting then
insert into emply102 values(:old.eid,:old.ename,:old.age,:old.salary);
elsif updating then
insert into emply102 values(:old.eid,:old.ename,:old.age,:old.salary);
end if;
end;

Update a value in emply101

update emply101 set salary=10000 where eid=1;

select * from emply102;

7
RESULT:
Thus the SQL triggers are executed successfully.

8
EX.NO:7 WRITE PL/SQL BLOCK PROGRAMS USING EXCEPTION HANDLING

AIM:

To implement exception handling using PL/SQL program

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Define the declaration statements

Step 2: Define the Begin statements
Step 3: Define the exception statement using the syntax
WHEN exception THEN
statement;
Step 4: When an error occurs in the execution part then it will be shown in the exception part
Step 5: More than one exception statement can be declared

Program:

DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 8;
c_name customerS.Name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address INTO c_name, c_addr
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '|| c_name);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr);

EXCEPTION
WHEN no_data_found THEN
dbms_output.put_line('No such
customer!');
WHEN others THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Error!');
END;

OUTPUT:

No such customer!

Statement processed.

9
Raising Exceptions

Syntax:

DECLARE
exception_name EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF condition THEN
RAISE exception_name;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN exception_name THEN
statement;
END;
Program:

DECLARE
myex EXCEPTION;
n NUMBER :=10;

BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(i*i);
IF i*i=36 THEN
RAISE myex;
END IF;
END LOOP;

EXCEPTION
WHEN myex THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20015, ‘ERROR’);
END;

OUTPUT:

ORA-20015: Error

RESULT:

Thus the PL/SQL program for implementing Exception handling has been successfully executed.

10
EX.NO:8 DESIGN PL/SQL BLOCKS USING SUBPROGRAMS NAMELY
FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURES

AIM:
To implement and execute Procedures in Oracle Database using Procedural Language
concepts.

PROCEDURES:
1) Procedure is a sub program used to perform an action.
2) Replace-recreates the procedure if it already exists.

3 MODES:
1) IN – Means you must specify a value for the argument at the time execution of
the procedure.

2) OUT-passes back a value to its calling program.

3) INOUT – When calling the procedure, yu must specify the value and that procedures
passes value back to the calling procedure

CREATING A PROCEDURE

SYNTAX:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name

[(column_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< procedure_body >
END procedure_name;

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings

AS
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;

To run this procedure

BEGIN
greetings;
END;

11
DELETING A PROCEDURE

SYNTAX:

DROP PROCEDURE procedure-name;

EXAMPLE:

DROP PROCEDURE greetings;

Procedure dropped

EXAMPLE 2

Create a table user1

create table user1(id number(10) primary key,name varchar2(100));

Create the procedure

create or replace procedure

INSERTUSER(id IN NUMBER, name IN VARCHAR2)
is
begin
insert into user1 values(id,name);
end;

To execute the procedure

BEGIN
INSERTUSER(101,'Rahul');
dbms_output.put_line('record inserted
successfully'); END;

PL/SQL FUNCTIONS

SYNTAX:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name [parameters]

[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN return_datatype
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];

create or replace function adder(n1 in number, n2 in number)

12
 return number
is
n3 number(8);
begin
n3 :=n1+n2;
return n3;
end;

EXECUTE THE FUNCTION

DECLARE
n3 number(2);
BEGIN
n3 := adder(11,22);
dbms_output.put_line('Addition is: ' || n3);
END;

Output:

Addition is: 33

Statement processed.

RESULT:
Thus the PL/SQL procedures and functions are executed successfully.
13