1

1 Polyesters can be made from the two different molecules shown.

O O

H O C C O H

and

H O O H

(a) Complete the diagram to show a section of the polyester made from these two molecules.
Include all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[3]

(b) Name the type of polymerisation that takes place when this polymer forms.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Name a polyester.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

2 Complete the diagram to show a section of poly(propene).

C C C C

[2]

[Total: 2]

3 Give the name of the process that is used to produce large molecules from monomers.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

4 Give the name of the process that is used to separate the products of hydrolysis of long chain
carbohydrates.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
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5 Describe one pollution problem caused by non-biodegradable plastics.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

6 Polymers are large molecules built up from small molecules.

State the name given to the small molecules from which polymers are made.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

7 The formula of a polymer is shown.

H H

C C

CH3 CH3 n

State the type of polymerisation used to make this polymer.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

8 Nylon is a polymer.

State one use for nylon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

9 Part of a polyester chain is shown. This polyester is made from one monomer.

O O O O

O C O C O C O C

(a) On the diagram draw a ring around one unit of the polymer that is repeated.

[1]

(b) Name the type of polymerisation that produces polyesters.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) Complete the diagram to show the structure of the monomer used to produce this polyester.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the functional groups.

[2]

[Total: 4]

10 Give the name of a natural polymer.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

11 Lactic acid can form a polymer.

Complete the sentence about polymers using words from the list.

atomic large molecular monomers polymers small

During polymerisation ...................................... molecules called ......................................

join together to form long-chain molecules with a very high relative

...................................... mass. [3]

[Total: 3]

12 Amino acids undergo polymerisation to form proteins. Part of a protein molecule with the linkages
missing is shown.

Draw the linkages on the diagram. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.

H O

N C

[2]

[Total: 2]

13 Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nylon.

Give one use of nylon.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
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[Total: 1]

14 A polyamide is made from the two monomers shown.

H2N NH2 HOOC COOH

Complete the diagram to show a section of the polyamide made from the two monomers.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds in the linkages.

[2]

[Total: 2]

15 State the name of a polyester.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

16 Items made from nylon are often disposed of by burying them in the ground. This is called landfill.

Why is the disposal of nylon using landfill a problem?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

17 Part of the synthetic polymer, nylon, is shown in the diagram.

O O O O O

C C N N C C N N C

H H H H

(a) Circle one amide linkage on the diagram.

[1]
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(b) Complete the structures of the two monomers that react to form nylon.

[2]

(c) Name the other product formed when nylon is produced.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

18 Synthetic polyamides are condensation polymers.

(a) Name a synthetic polyamide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Synthetic polyamides can be made by reacting carboxylic acids with amines.

Name the other substance that is produced in this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

19 Addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation are two types of polymerisation.

Which functional group is present in all the monomers which are used to make addition polymers?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

20 Ethene can be polymerised.

(a) State the name of the polymer formed from ethene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Terylene is also a polymer.

State one use of Terylene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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[Total: 2]

21 Polyesters are polymers.

(a) What type of polymerisation is used in the manufacture of polyesters?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name a polyester.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

22 Nylon is a polyamide.

Complete the diagram to show the structure of nylon. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds
present in the linkages.

[3]

[Total: 3]

23 The structures of some polymers are shown.

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A O O O O

O O O

B C O C O C O

O O O O

C O C C O O C C O

H O H O

D N C N C N C

H O

E CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2

CH3 CH3 CH3

Answer the following questions about these polymers.

Each polymer may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents an addition polymer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a protein.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a polyester made from only one monomer.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents Terylene.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State which polymer, A, B, C, D or E, represents a complex carbohydrate.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]
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24 Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.

Describe two problems caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers in landfill sites.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

25 The following two monomers can form a polyester.

HOOC COOH HO OH

Draw the structural formula of this polyester. Include two ester linkages.

[3]

[Total: 3]

26 Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.

Describe one problem caused by burning synthetic polymers.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

27 Glucose, sucrose and starch are all carbohydrates. Their formulae are:

glucose, C6H12O6,
sucrose, C12H22O11,
starch, (C6H10O5)n.

(a) Identify two common features in the formulae of these carbohydrates.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(b) Draw the structure of a complex carbohydrate, such as starch. The formula of glucose, can
be represented by
HO OH

Include three glucose units in the structure.

[2]

[Total: 4]

28 Starch hydrolyses to glucose in the presence of the enzyme, amylase.

The effect of temperature on this reaction can be studied by the experiment shown below.
Starch and iodine form a blue-black colour.
Glucose and iodine do not form a blue-black colour.

teat pipette to add a

few drops of iodine

water at different
temperatures

aqueous starch and

amylase (enzyme)

The experiment is set up as in the diagram and the time measured for the mixture to change from
blue-black to colourless. The experiment is repeated at different temperatures.
Typical results of this experiment are given in the table below.

time for blue-black

temperature
experiment colour to disappear
/ °C
/ min

A 20 30

B 40 15

C 70 remained blue-black
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(a) Put the experiments in order of reaction rate – slowest first and fastest last.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain why the reaction rates in experiments A and B are different.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Suggest why the colour remains blue-black in experiment C.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]