Unit Iii Health Beliefs and Practices

UNIT III HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

DEFINITION OF HEALTH
HEALTH- is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
- ideal state of physical and mental well being, something to strive for but never to attain.
GOOD HEALTH- is a prerequisite of human productive and developmental process.
(POTTER AND PERRY- 2014)- “Dynamic state in which the individual adapts to changes in
internal and external environments to maintain a state of well being”
NIGHTINGALE, 1960/1969- “Health as a state of being well and using every power the
individual possesses of the fullest extent”
OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING

PHYSICAL HEALTH- 94%
MENTAL EMOTIONAL HEALTH – 91%
PERSONAL APPREANCE- 87%
FINANCIAL HEALTH – 82%
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
-the state of health is reflective of the person’s ability to meet life’s challenges and maintain the
capacity for optimal functional
Nurses developed various models to provide effective healthcare
VARIABLES INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS, BELIEFS, AND PRACTICES
INTERNAL VARIABLES
-Biologic dimension
- Psychological dimension
-Cognitive dimension
EXTERNAL VARIABLES
-Physical environment
-Standards of living
-Family and Cultural Beliefs
-Social Support network
CONCEPTS OF ILLNESS
ILLNESS- a deviation from a normal and healthy state
-a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired
STAGES OF ILLNESS
1 .STAGE OF DENIAL
-refusal to acknowledge illness
2. STATE OF ACCEPTANCE
3. STAGE OF RECOVERY
MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

1. BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
-health is equated with the absence of disease
-assumes that every disease process can be explained in terms of an underlying deviation
-the focus is on physical causes of disease
-it does not take into account the role of social factors or individual subjectivity.
-very limiting
EXAMPLES OF THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL
X-rays, Pap smear tests
Scans, Prescription medicine
Blood test, Surgery
Ultrasound, hospitalisation
Mammograms
ADVANTAGES
-it creates advances in technology and research; without this model of health there would be little
known about how to treat and diagnose illnesses.
-many common problems can be effectively treated; diseases that would otherwise develop and cause
considerable illness or death can be stopped.
-extends life expectancy
-improves quality of life; can be successful in returning someone back to good health
DISADVANTAGES
RELIES ON PROFESSIONAL HEALTH WORKERS AND TECHNOLOGY AND IS
THEREFORE COSTLY
-professionals with specialist knowledge needed are expensive to train; technology, equipment and
technological developments expensive
DOESN’T PROMOTE GOOD HEALTH/ NARROW VIEW OF HEALTH
-doesn’t encourage people to live healthy lives as they are treated to fix problems as they arise. The
focus is on the condition and not the determinants that caused it
NOT EVERY CONDITION CAN BE TREATED
-Cancer is an example- advances have been made, but treatment not always successful
AFFORDABILIY-NOT ALWAYS AFFORDABLE
-not all countries can afford the medical technologies and resources that are part of the biomedical
model of health-an important factor contributing to differences experienced in health status
2. SOCIAL MODEL
-focus is on policies, education and health promotion.
-this approach attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and
economic factors) rather than disease and injury
EMPOWERING INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES
-with health knowledge means they have the ability to make positive decisions about their health and
participate in healthy behaviors.
ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE
-Significant factor contributing to health status.This social model of health acts to enable all people to
have access to health care. Social factors that can impact on access to health care include cultural and
language barriers, economic ad geographical factors and education level.
INTERS-SECTORIAL COLLABORATION
-by involving all organizations and stakeholders (people with a shared interests) who have an influence
over the social and environmental determinants of health can all the social determinant be adequately
addressed and affect health status positively.
ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MODEL

-education for the people, so don’t get the disease
-govt support/strategies
-less costly to prevent the disease before it happens
-encourages individuals to take responsibility and lead healthier lifestyles improve quality of life
-community approach involving all levels of govt, non govt organizations
-increase economic development of the country as the population is in good health and lead productive
lives.
DISADVANTAGES
- lack of education for the whole population, some people don’t get or understand the message
- Population not motivated e.g. suntans smoking, overweight
- Not believing it will happen to them
- Changing lifestyles is very hard
- Not all diseases can be prevented
3. OTTAWA CHARTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
OTTAWA- Canada hosted the first international conference on health promotion in 1986
CHARTER- refers to the document that outlines the functions and principals of health promotion
Outcome of this conference was a document provided organizations and key stakeholders guidelines to
help incorporate health promotion into their strategies, policies and campaigns with the aim of taking
action to achieve ‘Health for all by the year 2000 and beyond through health promotion and reduce
inequalities in health.
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HEALTH PROMOTION
ENABLE-health promotion aims to enable all people to achieve their fullest health by closing the gaps
in health inequalities by ensuring equal opportunities and resources for everyone.Reducing differences
in health status by ensuring equal opportunities and resources to make healthy choices.
MEDIATE- Professionals, social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate
(negotiate) between differing interests in society to achieve health. Coordinated action between all
interested parties ie government, NGO’s, media, health sectors.
ADVOCATE-supporting and making public health recommendations for health, getting the message
out
INDIVIDUAL’S PERCEPTION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO AN ILLNESS
-the patient needs to recognize the genetic predisposition to certain illness. Once the link is established
or recognized, the person may perceived its personal risk to a certain disease.
INDIVIDUAL’S PERCEPTION OF SERIOUSNESS OF THE ILLNESS
-the patient’s perception is influenced by advise from family, friends and peers. If the patient may not
perceive that his ailment is serious, this may affect the way he takes care of himself
LIKELIHOOD OF TAKING PREVENTIVE ACTION
-the likelihood that a person will take preventive action.Action include lifestyle changes, adherence to
medical therapies or submission to medical advice and treatment.
BEHAVIOR-SPECIFIC COGNITIONS AND AFFECT-> HEALTH PROMOTING

BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME->endpoint or action directed toward attaining positive health outcome
such as optimal well being, personal fulfillment, and productive living.
6.CLINICAL MODEL
-provides the narrowest interpretation of health
-people viewed as physiologic systems
-health identified by the absence of signs
-health identified by the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
-state of not being sick
7. ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL
-the ability to perform social roles as indicative of health
-role performance includes work, family, and social roles, with performance based on societal (relating
to structure, organization, or functioning of society expectations.
-illness would be the failure to perform a person’s roles at the level of others in society
-the idea of the sick role, in which people can be excused from performing their social roles while they
are ill
9.EUDAIMONISTIC MODDEL
-term indicates a model that embodies (symbolize) the interaction and interrelationships between the
physical, social, psychological and spiritual aspects of life and the environment
-illness is reflected by a denervation (resection or removal of the nerves to an organ or part) or
languishing (feeble, weak), a wasting away, or lack of involvement with life
THE FUNCTIONS OF A HEALTH SYSTEM
GOALS:
-Good health
-Responsiveness to the expectations of the population
-Fairness of financial contribution
FUNCTIONS:
-Provide health services
-Raise money that can be spent on health, referred to as “resource generation”
-Pay for Health services, referred to as “financing”
-Govern and regulate the health system, referred to as “stewardship”
MODELS IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. PRIVATE ENTERPRISE HEALTH CARE MODEL
-governed by private sectors like free clinics, free medicines and consultation however occurs rarely.
*less bureaucracy scope for corruption
*doesn’t require taxes to fund
*entrepreneurs create jobs where needed
2. SOCIAL SECURITY HEALTH MODEL
-workers and their families are insured by the state. Where citizens are protected against poverty, old
age, disability and unemployment.
3. SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE
-where residents is a member of a health insurance company
4. PUBLICLY FUNDED HEALTH CARE MODEL
-health care that is financed entirely by citizen’s tax payments
*not affected by recession
*helps reduce inequality in society
*provides public goods
LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

PRIMARY- barangay health stations and rural health units
SECONDARY- district/ provincial hospitals
Example: CCMC, Talisay District Hospital
TERTIARY- provincial and regional hospitals

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UNIT III HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

OPTIMUM LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING

MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS

ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MODEL

BEHAVIOR-SPECIFIC COGNITIONS AND AFFECT-> HEALTH PROMOTING

LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

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