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AQA GCSE
Maths
Higher Student Book
Answers
209732 AQA Higher Teacher Pack title page.indd 1 3/27/15 2:37 PM

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Chapter 1 – Number: Basic number Exercise 1C
1 a 50 000 b 90 000 c 30 000
d 200 e 0.5 f 0.006
Exercise 1A g 0.3 h 10 i 0.05
1 a 6000 j 1000
b 5 cans cost £1.95, so 6 cans cost £1.95.
2 a 56 000 b 80 000 c 31 000
32 = 5 × 6 + 2. Cost is £10.53.
d 1.7 e 0.066 f 0.46
2 a 288 g 4.1 h 8.0 i 1.0
b 16 j 0.80
3 a 38 3 a 60 000 b 5300 c 89.7
b Coach price for adults = £8, coach price for d 110 e 9 f 1.1
juniors = £4, money for coaches raised by g 0.3 h 0.7
tickets = £12 400, cost of coaches = £12 160,
4 a 65, 74 b 95, 149 c 950, 1499
profit = £240
5 Elsecar 750, 849; Hoyland 1150, 1249; Barnsley
4 (18.81...) Kirsty can buy 18 models.
164 500, 165 499
5 £8.40 per year, 70p per copy
6 18 to 23 inclusive
6 £450
7 1, because there could be 450 then 449
7 15
8 Donte has rounded to 2 significant figures or
8 3 weeks nearest 10 000
9 £250.74 9 a Advantage – quick. Disadvantage – assumes
3 penguins a square metre which may not be
10 Gavin pays 2926.25 – 1840 = £1086.25 accurate
b Advantage. Quite accurate as 5 by 5 is a big
11 a Col is correct
enough area to give a reliable estimate.
b Abi has multiplied 30 × 50 as 150 instead of
Disadvantage – takes a long time.
1500. Baz has lined up the columns wrongly
when adding. Instead of lining up the units he
has lined up the first digits. Des has forgotten Exercise 1D
to add a zero on the second line of the
multiplication, it should be 1530. 1 a 60 000 b 120 000 c 10 000
d 15 e 140 f 100
g 200 h 0.08 i 0.09
Exercise 1B j 45
1 a 4.6 b 0.08 c 45.716
2 a 5 b 25 c 3000
d 94.85 e 602.1 f 671.76 d 600 e 2000 f 5000
g 7.1 h 6.904 i 13.78
g 400 h 8000 i 4 000 000
j 0.1 k 4.002 l 60.0
3 30 × 90 000 = 2 700 000
2 a 0.028 b 0.09 c 50.96 d 46.512
600 × 8000 = 4 800 000
3 a 35, 35.04, 0.04 b 16, 18.24, 2.2 5000 × 4000 = 20 000 000
c 60, 59.67, 0.33 d 140, 140.58, 0.58 200 000 × 700 = 140 000 000
4 a 18 b 140 c 1.4 d 12 e 6.9 4 a 54 400 b 16 000
5 a 280 b 12 c 240 d 450 e 0.62 5 1400 million
6 a 572 6 His answer is correct but he had one too many
b i 5.72 ii 1.43 iii 22.88 zeros on each value, which cancel each other
7 a Incorrect as should end in the digit 2 out. Matt wrote 600,000 rather than 60,000 and
b Incorrect since 9 × 5 = 45, so answer must be 2000 rather than 200. The two mistakes
less than 45 cancelled themselves out due to the zeros
8 300 involved.
9 a 27 7 a Value of the money is about 66 000 000 × 0.2

b i 27 ii 0.027 iii 0.27 = £13 200 000, so it is enough to buy the
yacht.
10 Mark bought a DVD, some jeans and a pen. b Weight is 66 000 000 × 5 = 330 000 000
11 Headline A does not give the exact figure so does grams = 330 tonnes, so they do not weigh as
not convey any useful information. Headline B is much as the yacht.
accurate and records should be given accurately. 8 1420 000 000 000 ÷ 64 000 000 ≈ 22 000, so the
Headline C may be correct but without the
National Debt per person is approximately £22
previous record does not convey any useful
information. 000.
AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 1 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

Higher Student Book – Answers
Exercise 1E 2 4 packs of sausages and 5 packs of buns (or
multiples of these)
1 a 35 000 b 15 000 c 960
d 5 e 1200 f 500 3 30 seconds
2 a 39 700 b 17 000 c 933 4 12 minutes; Debbie will have run 4 laps; Fred will
d 4.44 e 1130 f 550
have run 3 laps.
3 a 1.74 m b 6 minutes c 240 g
d 83°C e 35 000 people f 15 miles 5 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 =
g 14 m2 36, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 49, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
+ 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 = 64
4 a 10 b 1 c 3
6 a −2 b −7 c −12 d −1 e −30
5 a 8.79 b 1.03 c 3.07
7 a 1 b 3 c 4 d 2 e −4
6 82°F, 5 km, 110 min, 43 000 people, 6.2
seconds, 67th, 1788, 15 practice walks, 5 8 a 400 b 900 c 2500 d 0.25 e 16
seconds 9 a Student’s own explanation
The answers will depend on the approximations b 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91,
made. Your answers should be to the same order 105
as these. c Adding consecutive pairs gives you square
7 a £15 000 b £18 000 c £17 500 numbers.
8 $1000 10
Square number Factor of 56
9 a 40 miles per hour b 10 gallons c £70 Cube number 64 8
Multiple of 7 49 28
10 a 80 000 b 2000 c 1000 d 30 000
e 5000 f 2500 g 75 h 100 11 2, 3 and 12
11 a 86 900 b 1760 c 1030 d 29 100 12 a 1, 64, 729, 4096, 15 625
e 3960 f 2440 g 84.8 h 163 b 1, 8, 27, 64, 125
12 Approximately 500 c a3  a  a
d Square numbers
13 £1 million pounds is 20 million 5p coins. 20 000
000 × 4.2 = 84 000 000 grams = 84 tonnes, so 5 13 a 0.2 b 0.5 c 0.6 d 0.9
e 1.5 f 2.1 g 0.8 h 0.7
lorries needed.
14 The answers will depend on the approximations
14 22.5° C – 18.2° C = 4.3 Celsius degrees
made. Your answers should be to the same order
15 a i 27.571 428 57 ii 27.6 as these.
b i 16.896 516 39 ii 16.9 a 60 b 1500 c 180
c i 18 672.586 16 ii 18 700
16 a 37.5 × 48.6 ≈ 40 × 50 = 2000 21.7 ×103.6 ≈ 20 Exercise 1G
× 100 = 2000 985 ÷ 0.54 ≈ 1000 ÷ 0.5 =
2000 1 a 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
b as both values are rounded down the actual b 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
answer must be bigger than 2000. The other c 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
two must be less than 2000. d 220 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 11
c Pete is correct it is not possible to tell. 37.5 × e 280 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7
48.6 = 1822.5 985 ÷ 0.54 = 1824.074 f 128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
g 50 = 2 × 5 × 5
17 149 000 000 ÷ 300 000 = 496.67 ≈ 500 seconds
2 a 84 = 22 × 3 × 7 b 100 = 22 × 52
18 a 58.9 × 4.8 ≈ 60 × 5 = 300 c 180 = 22 × 32 × 5 d 220 = 22 × 5 × 11
b Lower as both values are rounded up to get e 280 = 23 × 5 × 7 f 128 = 27
the estimate. g 50 = 2 × 52
19 Macau’s population density is approximately 710 3 1, 2, 3, 22, 5, 2 × 3, 7, 23, 32, 2 × 5, 11, 22 × 3,
000 times the population density of Greenland. 13, 2 × 7, 3 × 5, 24, 17, 2 × 32, 19, 22 × 5, 3 × 7,
2 × 11, 23, 23 × 3, 52, 2 × 13, 33, 22 × 7, 29, 2 ×
20 26.8 ÷ 3.1 ≈ 27 ÷ 3 = 9 36.2 ÷ 3.9 ≈ 36 ÷
3 × 5, 31, 25, 3 × 11, 2 × 17, 5 × 7, 22 × 32, 37, 2
4 = 9. Second calculation must be biggest as first
× 19, 3 × 13, 23 × 5, 41, 2 × 3 × 7, 43, 22 × 11,
is smaller than 27 ÷ 3 and second is bigger than
32 × 5, 2 × 23, 47, 24 × 3, 72, 2 × 52
36 ÷ 4.
4 a 2 is always the only prime factor
b 64, 128 c 81, 243, 729
Exercise 1F d 256, 1024, 4096
1 a 12 b 9 c 6 d 13 e 15 f 14 e 3, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36; 4, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46
g 16 h 10 i 18 j 17 k 8 /16 l 21

5 a 2×2×3×5 b 22 × 3 × 5 12 –460°F
c 120 = 23 × 3 × 5, 240 = 24 × 3 × 5,
480 = 25 × 3 × 5
Exercise 1J
6 a 72 × 112 × 132 b 73 × 113 × 133
c 710 × 1110 × 1310 1 a –4 b −6 c 4 d 45 e 6 f 6
7 Because 3 is not a factor of 40 so it does not 2 a 38 b 24 c −3 d –6 e −1 f 2

g −25 h 25 i0 j −20 k 4 l 0
divide exactly.
3 a (3 × −4) + 1 = −11 b −6 ÷ (−2 + 1) = 6
8 a = 2, b = 7 c (−6 ÷ −2) + 1 = 4 d 4 + (−4 ÷ 4) = 3
9 a 2ab a2 4b b 8a3b 4a3b2 e (4 + −4) ÷ 4 = 0 f (16 − −4) ÷ 2 = 10
4 a 49 b −1 c −5 d −12
Exercise 1H 5 a 40 b 1 c 78 d 4
1 a 20 b 56 c 6 d 28 6 Possible answer: 3 × −4 ÷ 2
e 10 f 15 g 24 h 30
7 Possible answer: (2 − 4) × (7 − 3)
2 They are the two numbers multiplied together.
8 (–4)2 = –4 × –4 = +16, –(4)2 = – (4 × 4) = –16
3 a 8 b 18 c 12 d 30
4 No. The numbers have a common factor. 9 (5 + 6) − (7 ÷ 8) × 9
Multiplying them together would mean using this 10 –6
factor twice, thus increasing the size of the
common multiple. It would not be the least
Review questions
common multiple.
1 10 weeks
5 a 168 b 105 c 84 d 84
e 96 f 54 g 75 h 144 2 16
6 3 packs of cheese slices and 4 packs of bread 3 270
rolls
4 a 32 × 5 × 7 b 63
7 a 8 b 7 c 4 d 16 e 14 f 9
5 a 11.412 712 21 b 11.4
8 a ii and iii b iii
6 a 412.603252 b 400.5
9 18 and 24
7 a iii Prime numbers less than 20
10 a 6x2y2 b xy b i 252 ii 3780 iii 18
8 a 10.663 418 78 b 11
Exercise 1I 9 1200
1 a 7 b –8 c –5 d – 11
e 11 f 6 g 8 h 8 10 5
I –2 j –1 k –9 l –5 11 a 3.141 592 92 b 0.000 009%
m 5 n –9 o 8 p 0
12 a 7:25 pm b 4:00 pm on Tuesday
2 a –15 b –14 c –24 d 6
e 14 f 2 g –2 h –8 13 a 15 120 b 12
i –4 j 3 k –24 l –10
14 a 90 b 240 c 6
m –18 n 16 o 36
15 27 and 36
3 a −9 b 16 c −3 d −32
e 18 f 18 g 6 h −4 16 a 2000
i 20 j 16 k 8 l −48 b Higher as top values rounded down and
m 13 n −13 o −8 denominator rounded up.
4 a −2 b 30 c 15 d −27 e −7 17 a p and q are 2 and 5. r is 3 b 15
5 a –9 b 3 c 1 18 m = 5, n = 3
6 a 16 b −2 c −12
7 −1 × 12, 1 × −12, −2 × 6, 2 × −6, −3 × 4, 3 × −4, Chapter 2 – Number: Fractions, ratio
8 Any appropriate divisions and proportion
9 a −24 b 24 degrees c 3 × −6
Exercise 2A
10 13 × −6, −15 × 4, −72 ÷ 4, −56 ÷ −8
1 2 5
11 a 32°F and 212°F b –40°C = –40°F 1 a 31 b 5 c 5 d 24

e 5
2
f 1
g
2
h 1 girls. 180 left-handed students altogether so 180
6 7 3
out of 900 = 15 .
12 2
2 5
30 = 1 3 23 17 17
9 5 + 8 = 40 , so 40 of the counters are yellow. 40
1
3 5
of 600 = 255
27 2 3
4 1 10 a because 40 + 5 =1 40
which is greater than 1.
2
2 5
b 5 of 200 = 80. 8 of 80 = 50 women at least
5 Jon saves 90
30
 31 27
40. 40 of 200 = 135 members at least 40. 135
Matt saves,
35
100  7
20 which is greater than 31 ,
– 50 = 85 men at least 40. 5 of 200 = 120, so
3
so Matt saves the greater proportion of his 120 – 85 = 35 men under 40.
earnings.
1 8 3 30
11 a 5 is 40 . 4 is 40 . Half-way between 8 and 30 is
6
13
20  100
65
and 25
16
 100
64
so 13 out of 20 is the
19
better mark. 19, so the mid-point fraction is 40 .
b Yes as the mid-point of any two numbers a and
3
7 8
b is (a + b) ÷ 2 and adding the same
denominator is the same thing as dividing by
11 2.
8 24
3 Exercise 2C
9 7
1 3 7 3
1 a 6 b 8 c 20 d 5
9
10 22 5 11 9
e 12 f 2 12 g 3 10 h 3 13
Exercise 2B 2 a
3
4 b 1151 c 5 d
4
9 e 1 53
8 7 11
1 a 15 b 12 c 12 3 a 1
b 5 c
8
d
4
4 3 5
1 1 1
d 10 e 8 f 12
4 a  15 b 2 c  97 d
5
3
2 Three-quarters of 68
3
41 5 8
3 a 4 47
60
b 72 c 1 109
120
23
d 1 30
1
1
6 8
4 a 6 b 30
7 40
5 No, one eighth is left, which is 12.5 cl, so enough
for one cup but not two cups. 8
2
of 6 12
5
6 He has added the numerators and added the
9 £10.40
denominators instead of using a common
7
denominator. Correct answer is 3 12 . 10 a
9
b
256
32 625
7 Possible answer: The denominators are 4 and 5. 7

11 After 1 day 8 of the water is left. On day 2, 8 ×
1
I first find a common denominator. The lowest
7 7 1 7 8 7
common denominator is 20 because 4 and 5 are 8 = 64 is lost so total lost is 8 + 64 = 64 + 64 =
both factors of 20. So I am changing the fractions 15 15 49
to twentieths. One-quarter is the same as five- 64 , so 1 – 64 is left = 64
twentieths (multiplying numerator and
denominator by 5). Two-fifths is the same as 12 50 × 1 12 = 75 kg. 120 – 75 = 45, 45 ÷ 2 12 = 18, so
eight-twentieths (multiplying numerator and 18 of the 2 12 kg bags are packed.
denominator by 4). Five-twentieths plus eight-
twentieths = thirteen-twentieths. 13 a 77% is about 43 . 243 is about 240, so 43 of 240
11 2 = 180.
8 20 of 900 = 495, 11 of 495 = 90 left-handed boys. b Lower, as both estimates are lower than the
900 – 495 = 405 girls. 29 of 405 = 90 left-handed original values.

Exercise 2D 6 No, as the total is £101. She will save £20.20,
which is less than the £25 it would cost to join the
63
1 a 1 11
20
b 1 14 c 1 80 club.
61
d 11
30
e 80
f 167
240 7 £29 425, −7% pay rise is an increase of £2425
per year which is better than £150 × 12 = £1800
2 a 12 14 miles b 3 14 miles
8 a £6.125 (£6.13)
b x × 0.025
8 63
3 a 6 11
20
b 8 15 c 11 80 c y ÷ 1.175 × 1.2
d 3 11 61
e 7 80 277
f 4 396 9 Offer A gives 360 grams for £1.40, i.e. 0.388
30
pence per gram.
77 Offer B gives 300 grams for £1.12, i.e 0.373
4 a – 1591 b Answer is negative
pence per gram, so Offer B is the better offer.
2
Or Offer A is 360 for 1.40 = 2.6 g/p, offer B is 300
5 18 5 cm for 1.12 = 2.7 g/p, so offer B is better.
5 10 c Both the same as 1.05 × 1.03 = 1.03 × 1.05

6 12 (anticlockwise) or 7 (clockwise)
12 11 a Shop A as 1.04 × 1.04 = 1.0816, so an 8.16%
increase.
7 a 35 27
b 128 c 5 52 12 £425.25
9
d 5 17 e 3 32 f 11
18 13 0.9 × 1.1 = 0.99 (99%)
91 59 14 Area of original circle = 200.96

8 a 8 11
20
b 65 100 c 52 160
Enlarged area = 200.96 x 1.6 = 321.536
17 22 881 Enlarged radius = 321.536  3.14 =
d 2 185 e 2 103 f 7 4512
10.1192885125
5 % increase = 2.11928/8 × 100 = 26.49%
9 18 12 m²
15 a Let r = 10. Approx formula gives V = 4000,
10 3 actual gives V = 4188.79, 188.79 ÷ 4188.79 =
0.045 which is 4.5%
3 3
11 a 6 × (1 4 )2 = 18 8 cm² b The value is lower as 43 × π is greater than 4
as π is 3.14.
b 34 14
25
 6  144
25 ,
144
25
 125  2 52 cm
22 7 22 7 7 1
12 22 ÷ (2 × 7 ) = 2 , 7 × 2 × 2 = 38 2 cm² Exercise 2F
1 a 25% b 60.6% c 46.3% d 12.5%
13 Volume cuboid = 22 11 22 11 22 4 e 41.7% f 60% g 20.8% h 10%
24 cm³, 24 ÷ ( 7 × 3 ) =
i 1.9% j 8.3% k 45.5% l 10.5%
343 3 343 3
64 , 64
= 1 4 cm 2 32%
7 49 3 6.5%
14 After 1 day 8
is left, after two days 64
and after
343
4 33.7%
three days 512
is left
5 a 49.2% b 64.5% c 10.6%
1 1 1
15 120 × 4 1
2 = 540. 175 × 1 = 262 . 540 – 262 2 2 2 6 4.9%
1 1 1
= 277 . 277 ÷ 2 = 111 bags.
2 2 2 7 90.5%
8 Stacey had the greater percentage increase.
Exercise 2E Stacey: (20 − 14) × 100 ÷ 14 = 42.9%
Calum: (17 − 12) × 100 ÷ 12 = 41.7%
1 a 1.1 b 1.03 c 1.2 d 1.07 e 1.12
9 Yes, as 38 out of 46 is over 80% (82.6%)
2 a 0.92 b 0.85 c 0.75 d 0.91 e 0.88
3 a 391 kg b 824.1 cm c 253.5 g 10 Let z = 100. y = 75, x = 0.6 × 75 = 45, so x is 45%
d £143.50 e 736 m f £30.24 of z
4 a 731 m b 83.52 g c 360 cm 11 Let z be 100, x = 60. If x is 75% of y, y = 80, so y

d 117 min e 81.7 kg f £37.70 is 80% of z.
5 448 12 30% of 4800 = 1440. 1.2 × 4800 = 5760. 70% of
5760 = 4032. (4032 – 1440) ÷ 1440 = 1.8, so the

increase in numbers owning a mobile phone is c 168°, 52°, 100°, 40°
180%. 3 a Pictogram with suitable key
13 31 ÷ 26 = 1.19 which is a 19% increase. 31% is b Bar chart correctly labelled
c Vertical line chart correctly labelled
5% more of the total votes cast than 26%
d Pie chart with these angles: 60°, 165°, 45°,
15°, 75° and correctly labelled
Review questions e Vertical line chart. It shows the frequencies,
the easiest one to draw and comparisons can
1 £572 be made.
2 a 36 seconds 4 a 36
b i 25.2 seconds ii Eve iii Eve b Pie charts with these angles: 50°, 50°, 80°,
60°, 60°, 40°, 20°
3 £120
c Student’s bar chart.
4 £576 d Bar chart, because easier to make
comparisons.
5 a £9 b £13.20
5 a Pie charts with these angles: 124°, 132°, 76°,
6 a 0.875 b
11
c 5 15 28°
35
b Split of total data seen at a glance.
7 £322 1
6 a 55° b 22 c 33 3
%
8 19
40 7 a Pie charts with these angles:
Strings: 36°, 118°, 126°, 72°, 8°
9 1
4 12 Brass: 82°, 118°, 98°, 39°, 23°
b Overall, the strings candidates did better, as a
10 5 smaller proportion obtained lower grades. A
higher proportion of Brass candidates scored
221 22 312 54 22 very good grades.
11 a 71 , 7 , 99 , 17 b 7
8 Work out the angle for ‘Don’t know’ = 40°, so
12 28%
40 1
P(Don’t know) = 360
°= 9
13 77%
14 25%
Exercise 3B
15 For bag A P(red) = 0.1875 and for bag B P(red) = 1 a
0.186 so Tomas is wrong.
16 13%
17 a 150 men, 100 women b 12%
Chapter 3 – Statistics: Statistical

diagrams and averages
Exercise 3A
1 a
b About 328 million
c Between 1980 and 1985
d Rising steeply at first, but then leveling off.
Rise in living standards, cheaper flights, more
package holidays
b 16 c 42
2 Pie charts with these angles:
a 36°, 90°, 126°, 81°, 27°
b 90°, 108°, 60°, 78°, 24°

2 a b A 6% rise would increase the mean salary to
£36 040, a £1500 pay increase would
produce a mean of £35 500.
6 a Median b Mode c Mean
7 Tom – mean, David – median, Mohammed –
mode
8 11.6
9 42.7 kg
10 24
Exercise 3D
1 ai 7 ii 6 iii 6.4
bi 8 ii 8.5 iii 8.2
b Smallest difference Wednesday and Saturday 2 a 1280 b 1.9 c 0 d 328
(7°), greatest difference Friday (10°)
3 a 2.2, 1.7, 1.3 b Better dental care
3 a
4 a 50 b 2 c 2.8
5 a Roger 5, Brian 4 b Roger 3, Brian 8
c Roger 5, Brian 4 d Roger 5.4, Brian 4.5
e Roger, smaller range f Brian, better mean
6 a 40 b 7 c 3 d 2
e 2.5 f the mode, 3 g 2.4
7 5
8 The total frequency could be an even number
where the two middle numbers have an odd
b about 120 difference.
c The same people keep coming back and tell
others, but new customers each week 9 a 34
become more difficult to find. b x + 80 + 3y + 104 = 266, so x + 3y = 82
c x = 10, y = 24
4 No, you cannot extrapolate the data or the data is d 2.5
likely to change after 5 weeks
5 All the temperatures were presumably higher Exercise 3E
than 20 °C. 1 ai 30 < x ≤ 40 ii 29.5
bi 0 < y ≤ 100 ii 158.3
Exercise 3C ci 5 < z ≤ 10 ii 9.43
di 7–9 ii 8.41
1 a 47 b 53 c 55 d 65
2 a 100 < m ≤ 120 b 10.86 kg c 108.6 g
2 Mode
3 a 175 < h ≤ 200 b 31% c 193.3 hours
3 Three possible answers: 12, 14, 14, 16, 18, 20, d No the mean was under 200 and so was the
24; or 12, 14, 14, 16, 18, 22, 24; or 12, 14, 14, mode.
16, 20, 22, 24 4 24
4 a Median (mean could be unduly influenced by 5 a Yes, average distance is 11.7 miles per day.
results of very able and/or very poor b Because shorter runs will be run at a faster
candidates) speed, which will affect the average.
b Median (mean could be unduly influenced by c Yes, because the shortest could be 1 mile,
pocket money of students with very rich or the longest 25 miles.
generous parents)
c Mode (numerical value of shoe sizes 6 Soundbuy; average increases are Soundbuy
irrelevant, just want most common size) 17.7p, Springfields 18.7p, Setco 18.2p
d Median (mean could be distorted by one or 7 a 160 b 52.6 minutes
two extremely short or tall performers) c Modal group d 65%
e Mode (the only way to get an ‘average’ of
non-numerical values) 8 The first 5 and the 10 are the wrong way round.
f Median (mean could be unduly influenced by
very low weights of premature babies)
5 a i £20 000 ii £28 000 iii £34 000

9 Find the midpoint of each group, multiply that by 4 a
the frequency and add those products. Divide
that total by the total frequency.
10 a Yes, as total in first two columns is 50, so
median is between 39 and 40.
b He could be correct, as the biggest possible
range is 69 – 20 = 49, and the lowest is 60 –
29 = 31.
Exercise 3F
1 a good positive correlation, time taken
increases with the number of press-ups
b strong negative correlation, you complete a
crossword more quickly as you get older b Yes, as good positive correlation
c No correlation, speed of cars on M1 is not
related to the temperature 5 a
d weak, positive correlation, older people
generally have more money saved in the
bank
2 a and b
b Little correlation, so cannot draw a line of best

fit or predict the value
6 a and b
c about 19 cm/s
d about 34 cm
3 a and b
c about 2.4 km
d about 8 minutes
e you cannot extrapolate values from a scatter
diagram or the data may change for longer
journeys
7 about 23 mph
8 Points showing a line of best fit sloping down
c Greta from top left to bottom right
d about 70
e about 70
Review questions
1 a Grade 7
b 100
360
5
or 18

c i 48 iii 216 f
d e.g. pie charts show proportions or they are mass, m Margot’s mid x×m
percentages, not actual numbers or do not
(grams) tomatoes point x
know how many students, etc.
2 43.7 matches 50 < m ≤ 100 12 75 900
100 < m ≤ 150 23 125 2875
3 a 10 < t ≤ 20 150 < m ≤ 200 34 175 5950
b 10 < t ≤ 20 200 < m ≤ 250 24 225 5400
c 19 minutes 250 < m ≤ 300 5 275 1375
4 a because over half the students have more 300 < m ≤ 350 2 325 650
than £10 pocket money, so the mean must be totals 100 17150
more than £10 estimate for the mean = 171.5 g
b £11.17 g on average Tom’s tomatoes were generally
5 smaller, but more consistent
8 a i Diagram C ii Diagram A iii Diagram B
b Diagram A: strong negative correlation,
diagram B: no correlation, diagram C: strong
positive correlation
8 a/b Student’s graph as follows: Time on
horizontal axis from 0 to 20 and Distance
(km) on vertical axis from 0 to 10 with the
following points plotted: (3, 1.7) (17, 8.3) (11,
5.1) (13, 6.7) (9, 4.7) (15, 7.3) (8, 3.8) (11,
5.7) (16, 8.7) (10, 5.3) and with line of best fit
drawn.
c/d answers depend on student’s line of best fit
Chapter 4 – Algebra: Number and

6 a 100 < m ≤ 150
b 150 < m ≤ 200 sequences
c 159 g
d
Exercise 4A
1 a 11111 × 11111 = 123 454 321,
111111 × 111111 = 12 345 654 321
b 99999 × 99999 = 9 999 800 001,
999999 × 999999 = 999 998 000 001
2 a 7 × 8 = 72 + 7, 8 × 9 = 82 + 8
b 50 × 51 = 2550, 60 × 61 = 3660
3 a 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 25 = 52,
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 36 =
62
b 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 125 = 53,
31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41 = 216 = 63
4 a 1 + 6 + 15 + 20 + 15 + 6 + 1 = 64,
1 + 7 + 21 + 35 + 35 + 21 + 7 + 1 = 128
b 12 345 679 × 45 = 555 555 555,
12 345 679 × 54 = 666 666 666
5 a 13 + 23 + 33 1+ 43 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)2 = 100,
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)2 =
225
e b 362 + 372 + 382 + 392 + 402 = 412 + 422 +
432 + 442,
mass, m (grams) Margot’s tomatoes
552 + 562 + 572 + 582 + 592 + 602 = 612 +
622 + 632 + 642 + 652
50 < m ≤ 100 12
100 < m ≤ 150 23 6 a 12 345 678 987 654 321
150 < m ≤ 200 34 b 999 999 998 000 000 001
200 < m ≤ 250 24 c 122 + 12
250 < m ≤ 300 5 d 8190
300 < m ≤ 350 2 e 81 = 92
f 512 = 83

g 512 i i 205 – 8n ii –595 iii 101, 13th
h 999 999 999 j i 227 – 2n ii 27 iii 99 or 101,
i (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9)2 = 2025 64th and 63rd
7 1 + 500 = 501, 2 + 499 = 501, …. 250 + 251 = 2n  1
5 a 3n  1
501, 250 × 501 = 125250

b Getting closer to 2 (0. 6 )
3
Exercise 4B c i 0.667 774 (6dp) ii 0.666 778 (6dp)
1 a 21, 34: add previous 2 terms d 0.666 678 (6dp), 0.666 667 (6dp)
b 49, 64: next square number
c 47, 76: add previous 2 terms 6 a 4n  1
5n  1
2 15, 21, 28, 36 b Getting closer to 4 (0.8)
5
3 61, 91, 127 c i 0.796 407 (6dp) ii 0.799 640 (6dp)
d 0.799 964 (6dp), 0.799 9996 (7dp)
4 1 3 2 5 3
, , , ,
2 5 3 7 4 7 a £305 b £600 c 3 d 5
5 a 6, 10, 15, 21, 28 8 a 3 , 5, 7
b It is the sums of the natural numbers, or the 4 7 10
numbers in Pascal’s triangle or the triangular b i 0.666 666 777 8 ii 2
numbers. 3
6 a 2, 6, 24, 720 b 69! c For n, 2n  1  2n  2

3n  1 3n 3
7 364: Daily totals are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 9 a 8n + 2 b 8n + 1 c 8n d £8
45, 55, 66, 78 (these are the triangular numbers).
10 a Sequence goes up in 2s; first term is 2 + 29
Cumulative totals are: 1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56, 84,
b n + 108
120, 165, 220, 286, 364. c Because it ends up as 2n ÷ n
8 X. There are 351 (1 + 2 + ... + 25 + 26) letters d 79th
from A to Z. 3 × 351 = 1053. 1053 − 26 = 1027, 11 If there was a common term then for some value
1027 − 25 = 1002, so, as Z and Y are eliminated, of n the expressions would be equal i.e. 2n = 2n –
the 1000th letter must be X. 1, Subtracting 2n from both sides gives 0 = – 1,
which is impossible.
9 29 and 41
12 Difference is 19 – 10 = 9. 9 ÷ 3 = 3 so A = 3. 3 
10 No, because in the first sequence, the terms are
5 + b = 10, b = –5
always one less than in the 2nd sequence
11 4n − 2 = 3n + 7 rearranges as 4n – 3n = 7 + 2, so
Exercise 4D
n=9
1 a Even,
Exercise 4C + Odd Even

Odd Even Odd
1 a 13, 15, 2n + 1 b 25, 29, 4n + 1 Even Odd Even
c 33, 38, 5n + 3 d 32, 38, 6n – 4
e 20, 23, 3n + 2 f 37, 44, 7n − 5 b Odd,
g 21, 25, 4n − 3 h 23, 27, 4n – 1 × Odd Even
i 17, 20, 3n – 1 j –8, –18, 42 – 10n Odd Odd Even
k 4, 0, 24 – 4n l –1, –6, 29 – 5n Even Even Even
2 a 3n + 1, 151 b 2n + 5, 105 c 5n − 2, 248 2 a 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 = 42, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25
d 4n − 3, 197 e 8n − 6, 394 f n + 4, 54 = 52
g 5n + 1, 251 h 8n − 5, 395 i 3n − 2, 148 b i 100 ii 56
j 3n + 18, 168 k 47 – 7n, –303 l 41 – 8n, –
359 3 a 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144
b because odd + odd = even, odd plus even =
3 a 33rd b 30th c 100th = 499 odd and even + odd = odd.
c i a + 2b, 2a + 3b, 3a + 5b, 5a + 8b, 8a + 13b
4 a i 4n + 1 ii 401 iii 101, 25th
ii coefficient of a odd and b even, a even
b i 2n + 1 ii 201
and b odd, both odd
iii 99 or 101, 49th and 50th
c i 3n + 1 ii 301 iii 100, 33rd 4 a Even b Odd c Odd
d i 2n + 6 ii 206 iii 100, 47th d Odd e Odd f Odd
e i 4n + 5 ii 405 iii 101, 24th g Even h Odd i Odd
f i 5n + 1 ii 501 iii 101, 20th
g i 3n − 3 ii 297 iii 99, 34th 5 a Odd or even b Odd or even
h i 6n − 4 ii 596 iii 98, 17th c Odd or even d Odd

e Odd or even f Even b 4n − 3
c 97
6 a i Odd ii Even iii Even d 50th diagram
b Any valid answer, e.g. x(y + z)
7 a 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024
b i 2n − 1 ii 2n + 1 iii 3 × 2n 2 a
b 2n + 1
8 a The number of zeros equals the power. c 121 d 49th set
b 6
c i 10n – 1 ii 2 × 10n 3 a 18 b 4n + 2 c 12
9 a 125, 216 4 a i 24 ii 5n − 1 iii 224
b 1 + 8 = 9, 1 + 8 + 27 = 36, 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 = b 25
100… the answers are square numbers 5 a 5, 8, 11, 14
10 a 28, 36, 45, 55, 66 b i 20 cm ii (3n + 2) cm iii 152 cm
b i 210 ii 5050 c 332
c You get the square numbers.
6 a i 20 ii 162
11 a i If n is odd, n + 1 is even. b 79.8 km
If n is even, n + 1 is odd.
7 a i 14 ii 3n + 2 iii 41
Even times odd is always even.
b 66
ii 2n must be even, so 2n + 1 must be odd.
b Odd 8 ai 5 ii n iii 18
Odd b 20 tins
Even
Even 9 a 2n
Odd b i 100 × 2n–1 ml ii 1600 ml
c (2n + 1)2 = 4n2 + 4n + 1 c Next sizes after super giant are 3.2l, 6.4l and
or (2n)2 = 4n2 12.8l with weights of 3.2 kg, 6.4 kg and 12.8
4n2 + 4n is even so adding 1 makes it odd kg, so the largest size is 6.4 litres.
4n2 is 2 × 2n2 which is even n
10 The nth term is  3  , so as n gets very large, the
12 11th triangular number is 66, 18th triangular  4
number is 171 unshaded area gets smaller and smaller and
eventually it will be zero; so the shaded area will
13 a 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
b i n2 + 1 ii 2n2 iii n2 – 1 eventually cover the triangle.
14 a 6, 24, 96, 384, 1536 11 Yes, as the number of matches is 12, 21, 30, 39,
b 21, 147, 1029, 7203, 50 421 … which is 9n + 3; so he will need 9 × 20 + 3 =
c 2, 10, 50, 250, 1250 183 matches for the 20th step and he has 5 × 42
d 6, 60, 600, 6000, 60 000 = 210 matches.
e 54, 162, 486, 1458, 4374
12 a 20 b 120
15 a 3 × 2n – 1 b 5 × 4n – 1
c 20 × 5n –1 or 4 × 5n 13 Alex’s answer gives 4(n + 2) = 4n + 8
d 21 × 3n – 1 or 7 × 3n Colin’s method gives 4n + 4
e 24 × 8n – 1 or 3 × 8n Ed’s method gives 4(n + 1) = 4n + 4
Gail’s method gives 2 × n + 2(n + 2) = 2n + 2n + 4
16 2 as all other primes are odd, so the sum of two
= 4n + 4
of them will be even, so could not be a prime. Linear sequence is 8 12 16 20 …. Which has
17 a There are many answers, 5 + 31 = 36, 7 + 29 an nth term of 4n + 4 so they are all valid
= 36, 2 + 47 = 49 etc. methods except for Alex who forgot that the
b There are many answers, 49 – 36 = 13, 81 – corners overlap and should have taken the 4
64 = 17 overlapping corners away to get 4n + 8 – 4
= 4n + 4
Exercise 4E Exercise 4F
1 a 1 a i 34, 43 ii goes up 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.
b i 24, 31 ii goes up 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
c i 54, 65 ii goes up 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.
d i 57, 53 ii goes down 10, 9, 8, 7, etc.
2 a 4, 7, 12, 19, 28 b 2, 8, 18, 32, 50
c 2, 6, 12, 20, 30 d 4, 9, 16, 25, 36
e 2, 8, 16, 26, 38 f 4, 7, 14, 25, 40
3 a 2n + 1 b n
c n(2n + 1) = 2n2 + n

d 2n2 + n + 1 7 a 45
1 1 1 1
4 a n b n+1 b nth term is 2
n2 + 2
n so 2
× 15 × 15 + 2
×
c n(n + 1) d 9900 square units 15 = 120, so no.
5 a Yes, constant difference is 1 b No 8 Front face is n2, sides faces are n × (n + 1) = n2 +
c Yes, constant difference is 2 d No n so total surface area is
e Yes, constant difference is 1 f No 2 × n2 + 4 × (n2 + n) = 6n2 + 4n.
6 a 4n + 4 b n2 9 Sequence is 1, 7, 19, 37. nth term is 3n2 – 3n + 1
c n2 + 4n + 4 d n2 + 4n + 4 so the 100th hexagonal number is 29 701.
e The sides of the large squares are of length n
+ 2 so the total number of squares is (n + 2)2 10 a Taking the height first. There are n + 1 strips m
which is the same answer as c. feet long. That is m(n + 1) in total.
7 a Table 10, 15, 21; 6, 10, 15; 16, 25, 36 Taking the width. There are m + 1 strips n feet
b i 45 ii 100 long. That is n(m + 1) in total
m(n + 1) + n(m + 1) = mn + m + mn + n = 2mn +
8 n2 + 2n – 3 = n2 + n + 3, gives n = 6. Substituting m+n
gives 45 for both expressions. b Taking the nails across a width strip. There are
n + 1 lots of 2 nails which is 2(n + 1).
9 a Sequences are 4, 7, 14, 25, 40, 59, 82, … and There are m + 1 width strips, so the total is 2(n
4, 11, 20, 31, 44, 59, 76, … so 59 is the next + 1)(m + 1).
common term.
b 59 is the 6th term in each sequence so
substitute 6 into each expression. This will give Review questions
59 in both cases.
1 No. Sequence is 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, …
10 a There are many answers, for example a = –3 so the first 3 odd terms are prime but 25 is not
and b = 1. prime.
b The only solution is c = 2 and d = – 3
2 a 4n + 1
11 All values of n from 1 to 39 give a prime number. b Not odd
n = 40 gives 1681 which equals 41 × 41 c 28th term is 113
12 a (n + 1)(n – 1) = n2 + n – n – 1 = n2 – 1 3 nth term is 5n + 1. 5  150 + 1 = 751

b n2 – 1 as 50 × 50 – 1 is easy to work out but 51 4 a 6n + 3
× 49 isn’t b No, 3n + 2 generates the sequence 5, 8, 11,
c (n + 1)(n – 1) as 100 × 98 is easy to work out 14, 17, 20, 23, … so the even terms of this
but 992 – 1 isn’t. sequence are always 1 less than the terms of
the original sequence
Exercise 4G 5 a 2  3n– 1 b Not an even number
1 a i 36, 49 ii n2 6 a 5 6n– 1 b 8th term is 1 399 680
b i 35, 48 ii n2 – 1
c i 38, 51 ii n2 + 2 7 a This misprint will be corrected at reprint. The
d i 39, 52 ii n2 + 3 first five terms in the sequence are –27, –21, –
e i 34, 47 ii n2 – 2 11, 3, 21. Of these terms, 3 is a prime number.
f i 35, 46 ii n2 + 10 b When n2 = 29, the expression can be
factorised as 29(2 × 29 – 1) so is not a prime
2 a i 37, 50 ii (n + 1)2 + 1 number
b i 35, 48 ii (n + 1)2 – 1
c i 41, 54 ii (n + 1)2 + 5 8 a 4, 9, 18, 31, 48 b 2, 2, 3, 5, 8
d i 50, 65 ii (n + 2)2 + 1
9 n = 1 (n – 1) = 0, n = 2 (n – 2) = 0, n = 3 2(3 –
e i 48, 63 ii (n + 2)2 – 1
1)(3 – 2)÷ 5 = 2 × 2 × 1 ÷ 5 = 0.8
3 a i n2 + 4 ii 2504
b i 3n + 2 ii 152 10 2n2 – 2n + 3
c i (n + 1)2 – 1 ii 2600
11 a nth term is n2 + 2n, 12 × 12 + 2 × 12 = 168, so
d i n(n + 4) ii 2700
e i n2 + 2 ii 2502 yes enough squares
f i 5n – 4 ii 246 b 40 × 40 + 2 × 40 = 1680
12 2n2 – n, 2 × 202 – 20 = 780
4 a 2n2 – 3n + 2 b 3n2 + 2n – 3
1 5 1
c 2
n2 + 2
n+1 d 2
n2 + 4 21 n – 2 13 The sequence of dots is
1 1 1 1 5, 15, 30, 50,…
e 2
n2 + 1 2
n+6 f 2
n2 + 1 2
n+2
n 0 1 2 3 4
5 6n2 c 0 5 15 30 50
a+b 5 10 15 20
6 a 26 b 1 21 n2 + 1
2
n c 8475 2a 5 5 5

a = 2 21 , b = 2 21 and c = 0, 5 a Mott: no, Wright: yes, Brennan: no, Smith: no,
Kaye: yes
so the nth term is 2 21 n2 + 2 21 n b For example: W26, H30; W31, H38; W33,
H37
2 21 × 502 + 2 21 × 50 = 6375
6 a 1 : 400 000 b 1: 125 000 c 1 : 250 000
d 1 : 25 000 e 1 : 20 000 f 1 : 40 000
g 1 : 62 500 h 1 : 10 000 i 1 : 60 000
Chapter 5 – Ratio and proportion and 7 a 1
km or 500m
2
rates of change: Ratio and
b 78 cm ≈ 39 km. 39 ÷ 15 ≈ 2.6. 2.6 hours = 2 h
proportion 36 m. Plus 30 mins is 3 h 06 m so he should
be back at about 12.06 pm
Exercise 5A 8 a Map A 1 : 250 000, Map B 1 : 1 000 000
b 2 km
1 a 1:3 b 3: 4 c 2:3 d 2:3 c 1.2 cm
e 2:5 f 2:5 g 5:8 h 25 : 6 d 4.8 cm
2 a 1:3 b 3:2 c 5 : 12 9 a 1 : 1.6 b 1 : 3.25 c 1 : 1.125
d 8:1 e 17 : 15 f 25 : 7 d 1 : 1.44 e 1 : 5.4 f 1 : 1.5
g 4:1 h 5:6 i 1 : 24 g 1 : 4.8 h 1 : 42 i 1 : 1.25
7
3 10 10 Diesel : Petrol = 60 : 90. 1
of 60 = 12. 4
of 90 =
5 9
2 40. Total red cars = 52 which is more than 150 ÷

4 5 3 = 50 so Yes.
2 3 11 a 4 : 3 b 90 miles
5 a 5 b 5
c Both arrive at the same time.
6 7:3 12 0.4 metres
7 2:1 13 13 – 9 = 4. 4 ÷ 5 = 0.8. 2 × 0.8 = 1.6, 9 + 1.6 =
1 5 10.6
8 a Fruit crush 6 , lemonade 6
14 Athos has 3 more parts than Zena. 24 ÷ 3 = 8, so
Fruit Crush 1.25 1 0.2 0.4 0.5
1 part is 8. Zena has 8 marbles.
Lemonade 6.25 5 1 2 2.5
b 0.4 litres c 2.5 litres Exercise 5C

1 7 3 1 a 3:2 b 32 c 80
9 a 2 b 20 c 20
2 a 100 b 160
5 3 2 7
10 Sugar 22 , flour 11 , margarine 11 , fruit 22 3 0.4 litres
11 4 4 Jamie has 1.75 pints, so he has enough.
12 1 : 4 5 8100
13 a 5:3:2 b 20 6 296
14 13 21 litres 7 Kevin £2040, John £2720
15 1 : 1 : 1 8 b C c F d T e T
9 51
Exercise 5B 10 100
1 a 160 g, 240 g b 80 kg, 200 kg 11 40 ml
c 150, 350 d 950 m, 50 m
e 175 min, 125 min f £20, £30, £50 12 a 160 cans b 48 cans
g £36, £60, £144 h 50 g, 250 g, 300 g
i £1.40, £2, £1.60 j 120 kg, 72 kg, 8 kg 13 a Lemonade 20 litres, ginger 0.5 litres
b This one, in part a there are 50 parts in the
2 a 175 b 30% 1
ratio 40 : 9 : 1, so ginger is 50 of total
3 a 40% b 300 kg amount; in part b there are 13 parts in the
4 21 1
ratio 10 : 2 : 1, so ginger is 13 of total
1 1
amount. 13 ˃ 50

14 a Will as his multiple of 10 is also a multiple of 9 5 Mary
b Zeke has rounded off to 1 dp and and Yoko
has rounded off to 2 dp. They have not used 6 Kelly
a recurring decimal notation.
7 12-pack 360 ÷ 12 = 30p per sachet. 40-pack
15 54 1150 ÷ 40 = 28.75p per sachet. 4 sachets cost 4
× 35 = £1.40 but you get 5, so 140 ÷ 5 = 28p per
sachet, so the offer is the best value.
Exercise 5D
1 60 g 8 a Abe uses 10 × 0.75 = 7.5 litres to do 100 km.
Caryl uses 100 ÷ 14 = 7.14 litres to do 100 km
2 £5.22 and Des uses 100 ÷ (55 × 1.6) × 4.55 = 5.17
litres to do 100 km, so Des’s car is the most
3 45
ecomonical.
4 £6.72 b It does not give a ‘unit’ value, ie miles per
gallon or litres per mile.
5 a £312.50 b 8
6 a 56 litres b 350 miles Exercise 5F
7 a 300 kg b 9 weeks 1 a £260 b £307.50 c £323.75 d £289
8 40 seconds 2 a £7.50 b £9.05 c £5.80 d £10.75
9 a i 100 g, 200 g, 250 g, 150 g 3 a 38 h b 41 21 h c 35 h d 40 h
ii 150 g, 300 g, 375 g, 225 g
iii 250 g, 500 g, 625 g, 375 4 a Fewer hours b More pay
b 24
5 a £540 b £702
10 I can buy four packs (24 sausages) from Peter
(£9.20) 6 £6.90
I can only buy two packs (20 sausages) from 7 375 – 330 = 45, 45 ÷ 6 = £7.50. (375 – 12 × 7.50)
Paul (£7) ÷ 7.50 = 38 hours
I should use Peter’s shop to get the most
sausages for £10.
8 £1 41 x
11 400 ÷ 10 = 40 loaves needed. 1.8 kg ÷ 3 = 0.6 kg
per loaf, so 40 × 0.6 = 24 kg of flour. 9 Pay is £442.50 tax is £88.50, NI is 442.50 –
88.50 – 327.45 = 26.55, 26.55 ÷ 442.5 = 0.06, so
12 4 buns and 5 cakes
the NI rate is 6%
13 11 minutes 40 seconds + 12 minutes = 23
10 407 factorises to 1 × 407 or 11 × 37, so Jeff
minutes 40 seconds
works 37 hours a week at £11 per hour.
14 Possible answer:
30 g plain flour (rounding to nearest 10 g) Exercise 5G
60 ml whole milk (rounding to nearest 10 ml)
1 egg (need an egg) 1 18 mph
1 g salt (nearest whole number)
10 ml beef dripping or lard (rounding to nearest 2 280 miles
10 ml) 3 52.5 mph
15 30 litres
4 11:50 am
5 500 seconds
Exercise 5E
1 a £4.50 for a 10-pack 6 a 75 mph b 6.5 h
b £1.08 for 6 c 175 miles d 240 km
c £2.45 for 1 litre e 64 km/h f 325 km
d Same value g 4.3 h (4 h 18 min)
2 a Large jar as more g per £ 7 a 2.25 h b 99 miles

b 75 ml tube as more ml per £ 8 a 1.25 h b 1 h 15 min
c Large box as more g per £
d 400 ml bottle as more ml per £ 9 a Sheffield to London via Midland mainline
74.38 mph. Sheffield to London via East
3 a £5.11 Coast mainline 78.26 mph
b Large tin (small £5.11/l, medium £4.80/l, large b Doncaster to London 94.12 mph
£4.47/l)
10 a 120 km b 48 km/h
4 a 95p b Family size
11 a 30 min b 6 mph

12 a 10 m/s b 3.3 m/s c 16.7 m/s 15 0.339 m3
13 a 90 km/h b 43.2 km/h c 1.8 km/h 1
16 Areas are ½ m2. 0.8 m2. 0.4m2. Sides are 1 m, 2
14 18 m/s is 64.8 km/h. 40 km at 64.8 km/h is 0.617
m and 0.8 m
hours ≈ 37 minutes so train arrives at 8.07 am
17 a T b F c F d T
15
Exercise 5I
Time 10 10.15 10.30 10.45 11
1 a £400 b £112.50
Ajeet 16 20 24 28 32 c £12.80 d £499.46
Bijay 0 6 12 18 24 2 a 8 years b 12 years
Time 11.15 11.30 11.45 12 12.15 3 a i 10.5 g ii 11.03 g
iii 12.16 g iv 14.07 g
Ajeet 36 40 44 48 52 b 9 days
Bijay 30 36 42 48 54 4 12 years
Bijay catches Ajeet at 12 noon 5 a £14 272.27 b 20 years
6 Rebecca: 10 minutes at 50 mph covers 8.333 6 a i 2550 ii 2168 iii 1331

miles, 10 minutes at 70 mph covers 11.666 miles, b 7 years
so total distance is 20 miles in 20 minutes which 7 a £6800 b £5440 c £3481.60
is 60 mph, so Rebecca is correct.
Nick: 10 miles at 40 mph takes 15 minutes, 10 8 a i 1.9 million litres
miles at 60 mph takes 10 minutes, so total ii 1.6 million litres
distance is 20 miles in 25 minutes, which is 48 iii 1.2 million litres
mph, so Nick is wrong. b 10th August
17 Josh should take 40 minutes. Nell should take 50 9 a i 51 980
÷ 70 × 60 = 42 minutes, but Josh is likely to meet ii 84 752
traffic through town so is unlikely to travel at iii 138 186
b 2021
anywhere near 30 mph. Nell is likely to be able to
travel at 70 mph on the motorway. 10 a 21 years b 21 years
11 3 years
Exercise 5H
12 30 years
1 a 0.75 g/cm3
13 1.1 × 1.1 = 1.21 (21% increase)
2 4 pa
14 Bradley Bank account is worth £1032,
3 8 31 g/cm3 Monastery Building Society account is worth
£1031.30, so Bradley Bank by 70p.
4 2½N 15 4 months: fish weighs 3 × 1.14 = 4.3923 kg; crab
5 32 g weighs 6 × 0.94 = 3.9366 kg
6 5 m2 16 4 weeks
7 120 cm3
Exercise 5J
8 156.8 g
1 a 800 g b 250 m c 60 cm
9 30 × 20 d £3075 e £200 f £400
10 By the handle as smaller area 2 80
11 So they can walk on sand easier due to less 3 T-shirt £8.40, Tights £1.20, Shorts £5.20,
pressure on the surface. Sweater £10.75, Trainers £24.80, Boots £32.40
12 a 19.3 kg 4 £833.33
b 19.3 kg. Mass is same 5 £300
c On largest face 965 Pa, On smallest face
3860 Pa 6 240
13 First statue is the fake as density is approximately 7 £350
26 g/cm3
8 4750 blue bottles
14 Second piece by 1 cm3
9 £22

10 a £1600 13 680.4 ÷ 4500 = £0.1512 per units in 2015. 0.1512
b With 10% cut each year he earns £1440 × 12 ÷ 1.08 = £0.14 pence per unit in 2014. 5400 ×
+ £1296 × 12 = £17 280 + £15 552 = £32 832 £0.14 = £756, so she paid more for the units in
With immediate 14% cut he earns £1376 × 24
2014.
= £33 024, so correct decision
11 a 30% b 15% 14 50.50 ÷ 0.9 ÷ 0.85 = 66.01, so price was £66 and
other prices are rounded off.
1
12 Less by 4 %
13 £900
Chapter 6 – Geometry and measures:
14 Calculate the pre-VAT price for certain amounts, Angles
and 5 of that amount. Show the error grows as
6
the amount increases. Up to £280 the error is Exercise 6A
less than £5.
1 a 108° b 52° c 59°
15 £1250
2 a 57° b 40°
16 £1250 3 No; 45° + 125° = 170° and for a straight line it
17 0.28 × 5400 = 1512. 1512 × 2.5 = 3780, 3780 ÷ should be 180°.
0.72 = 5250, so population has declined by 150 4 a x = 100° b x = 110° c x = 30°
people.
5 a x = 55° b x = 45° c x = 12.5°
18 Baz has assumed that 291.2 is 100% instead of
6 a x = 34°, y = 98° b x = 70°, y = 120°
112%. He rounded his wrong answer to the
c x = 20°, y = 80°
correct answer of £260.
7 6 × 60° = 360°; imagine six of the triangles
35 7
19 35% = 100 which cancels to 20 , so the smallest meeting at a point
number that could have been surveyed is 20. 8 x = 35°, y = 75°; 2x = 70° (opposite angles), so
x = 35° and x + y = 110° (angles on a line), so
Review questions y = 75°
1 48 mph
Exercise 6B
2 Definite, as his average speed was 80 miles per
hour which is 128 km/h 1 a-c Students’ own drawings d 180°
3 Totals are 40 and 60 giving 2 : 3 and a total of 2 a 60° b Equilateral triangle

c Same length
100. 9 : 11 is a ratio of 45 : 55 so swap 10 and 15
3 a 70° each b Isosceles triangle
4 a 1.73 ÷ 0.04 = 43.25 so 43 horses, 2.64 ÷ c Same length
0.065 = 40.61 so 40 cattle and 0.95 ÷ 0.01 =
95. Total 43 + 40 + 95 = 178 animals. 4 a 109° b 130° c 135°
b Horses in field A = 43, Sheep in field B = 2.64
5 65°
÷ 0.01 = 264, Cattle in field C, 0.95 ÷ 0.065 =
14.61, so 14 cattle. Total 43 + 264 + 14 = 321 6 Joe is not correct as DFE = 30, DEF = 75 hence
animals angle D = 180 – 105 = 75 but Hannah is correct
5 100° as FED = FDE = 75°
6 a 22.5 kg b 30 kg c £19.80 7 a = 35° (angles in a triangle) because the other

angles in the triangle are 65° (angles on a line)
7 £8357.35
and 80° (opposite angles) giving a total of 145,
8 £375 this subtracted from the 180 degrees in a triangle
9 a £4945.97 leaves the answer of 35
b 5, yes he has £1357.68 in the account so he 8 Missing angle = y, x + y = 180° and a + b + y =
has rounded to the nearest £10
180° so x = a + b
10 13.04%
9 32
11 90
10 72°
12 Joe pays 41.4 – 4.4 = £37, Lucy pays 41.4 ÷ 1.15
= £36, so Joe’s meal cost more.
Exercise 6C
1 2, 2, 360°

2 3, 3, 540° 5 a Exterior angle is 7°, which does not divide
exactly into 360°
3 4, 4, 720° b Exterior angle is 19°, which does not divide
exactly into 360°
4
c Exterior angle is 11°, which does divide exactly
Shape Number of Triangles Angle into 360°
sides sum d Exterior angle is 70°, which does not divide
Triangle 3 1 180 exactly into 360°
Quadrilateral 4 2 360
6 a 7° does not divide exactly into 360°
Pentagon 5 3 540
b 26° does not divide exactly into 360°
Hexagon 6 4 720
c 44° does not divide exactly into 360°
Heptagon 7 5 900 d 13° does not divide exactly into 360°
Octagon 8 6 1080
Nonagon 9 7 1260 1440°  5  240°
7 48°;
Decagon 10 8 1440 5
8 10
5 18, 18, 3240
9 x = 45°, they are the same, true for all regular
polygons
Exercise 6D
10 Three are 135°and two are 67.5°
1 a 90° b 150° c 80°
11 72°, 72°, 108°, 144°, 144°
2 a No, total is 350° b Yes, total is 360°
c No, total is 350° d No, total is 370° 12 93°
e Yes, total is 360° f Yes, total is 360°
3 a 90° b Rectangle c Square Exercise 6F
4 a 120° b 136° c 149° 1 a d b f c d d f e f f e
d 126° e 114°
2 a b = c = 70° b d = 75°, e = f = 105°
5 60° + 60° + 120° + 120° + 120° + 240° = 720° c g = 50°, h = i = 130° d n = m = 80°
e g = i = 65°, h = 115° f j = k = 72°, l = 108°
6 y = 360° –4x; 2x + y + 2x = 360°, 4x + y = 360°, so
y = 360° –4x 3 a a = 95° b b = 66°, c = 114°
7 x = 40°, so the smaller angle is 60° 4 a x = 30°, y = 120° b x = 25°, y = 105°

c x = 30°, y = 100° d x = 50°, y = 110°
e x = 25°, y = 55° f x = 20°, y = 140°
Exercise 6E
5 290°; x is double the angle allied to 35°, so is
1 2  145°
Shape Number of Interior angle Each interior
sides sum angle 6 angle BDC = 66° (angles in a triangle = 180°)
octagon 8 1080 135 angle BDE = 114° (angles on a line = 180°) so
nonagon 9 1260 140 a = 66° (corresponding angle or allied angle)
decagon 10 1440 144
7 Angle PQD = 64° (alternate angles), so angle
2 DQY = 116° (angles on a line = 180°)
Regular Number of Interior Exterior
8 Use alternate angles to see b, a and c are all
polygon sides angle angle
square 4 90 90 angles on a straight line, and so total 180°
pentagon 5 108 72 9 Third angle in triangle equals q (alternate angle),
hexagon 6 120 60 angle sum of triangle is 180°.
octagon 8 135 45
nonagon 9 140 40
decagon 10 144 36 Exercise 6G
3 a i 45° ii 8 iii 1080° 1 a a = 110°, b = 55° b g = i = 63°, h = 117°

b i 20° ii 18 iii 2880° c e = f = 94°
c i 15° ii 24 iii 3960° 2 a a = 58°, b = 47° b c = 141°, d = 37°
d i 36° ii 10 iii 1440° c e = g = 65°, f = 115°
4 a i 172° ii 45 iii 7740° 3 a 65° b 60° c 68°
b i 174° ii 60 iii 10 440°
c i 156° ii 15 iii 2340° 4 both 129°
d i 177° ii 120 iii 21 240°
5 Marie is correct, a rectangle is a parallelogram
with all angles equal to 90°

6 a 65° 2 a i 115°
b Trapezium, angle A + angle D = 180° and iiopposite angles are equal and the angle
angle B + angle C = 180° opposite to x is 180 – 65
b the angles do not add up to 360°
7 135
3 a 50° b 32.5°
8
4 A five sided shape can be split into 3 triangles
hence 3 × 180
= 540°
5 150°
6 angle TQP = 37°(alternate angles), PTQ = 180 –
(29 + 37) = 114° (angles in a triangle), QTS = 180
– 114 (angles on a line) = 66°
7 333°
9 A trapezium; angles add up to 10x, two angles x
8 360 ÷ 8 = 45°; exterior angle formula is 360 ÷
and 4x = 2x + 3x, the other pair of angles. Hence
number of sides, in this case 8
each pair adds up to 180 (since 2 × 180 = 360).
Hence two pairs of allied angles, hence a 9 180 – (360 ÷ 6) = 120° or (180 × 4) ÷ 6 = 120°
trapezium. Alternatively you could have found
10 Selvi might be correct. You will need to draw one
that x = 36 which will give the same result.
example showing this is not a kite, and one
example showing that this could be a kite
Exercise 6H
11 a Student’s own sketch b 12.4 km
1 a Student’s scale drawing.
b About 19 m so about 38 plants
2 a i 84 km ii 280 km
iii 144 km iv 48 km
Chapter 7 – Geometry and measures:
b i 108 km ii 360 km Transformations, constructions and
iii 200 km iv 164 km
loci
3 a 36 km b 2 000 000
4 1 : 63 360 Exercise 7A
5 a 110°, 12.6 km b 250°, 4.5 km 1 a SAS b SSS c ASA
c 091°, 11.8 km d 270°, 8.4 km d RHS e SSS f ASA
e 130°, 7.2 km f 180°, 4.2 km
2 a SSS. A to R, B to P, C to Q
6 Students’ Sketches b SAS. A to R, B to Q, C to P
7 a Sketch 3 a 60° b 80° c 40° d 5 cm
b D is due south of B and B is east of A, so A
must be west of D. A bearing to the west will 4 a 110° b 55° c 85° d 110° e 4 cm
be greater than 180° 5 SSS or RHS
8 a 090°, 180°, 270° b 000°, 270°, 180° 6 SSS or SAS or RHS
9 a 045° b 286°
7 For example, use ∠ADE and ∠CDG. AD = CD
c measure the distance from X to Y and divide
15 by this to find the scale of the map. Then (sides of large square), DE = DG (sides of small
measure the distance from Y to P and multiply square), ∠ADE = ∠CDG (angles sum to 90° with
by the scale factor ∠ADG), so ∆ADE ≡ ∆CDG (SAS), so AE = CG
10 a 250° b 325° c 144° 8 AB and PQ are the corresponding sides to the
11 a 900 m b 280° 42° angle, but they are not equal in length.
c angle NHS = 150° and HS = 3 cm
12 108° Exercise 7B
13 255° 1 a 4 b 5 c 6 d 4 e 6
14 10.6 km 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2
3 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, K, L, M, P, Q, R, T, U, V,
Review questions W, Y
1 16

4 a 1  3   4  5  4
b the central white star or the large dark green 3 a  1  b  -4  c   d  
 2  7
star
 1 1   4   4 
c order 16 – the light green star around the   g
central white star, or order 9 – the light green e  5  f 6
 4
  h  7 
shape between the outer petals and the inner
0
stars
4 10 × 10 = 100 (including  0 
5 for example:
5 a Check students’ designs for a Snakes and
ladders board.
b because the ladders always mean moving up
the board
ii the snakes always mean moving down the
board
 x 
6  
 y 
6
 300 
Number of lines of symmetry 7 a Check student’s diagram b  
 500 
0 1 2 3
Order of`
1 D A  1
rotational  4
2 E B 8  
symmetry
3 C
9 Under a translation every points moves with the
7 She is correct since the angle sum around the
same vector, hence all the sides are the same
centre point is 360 and 360 ÷ 3 = 120
length, so we can use the SSS rule of
8 Yes she is correct. A triangle can only have 1 or 3 congruency.
lines of symmetry. If a triangle has 3 lines of
symmetry it also has rotational symmetry of order Exercise 7D
3, so this triangle must only have 1 line of
symmetry. This will mean it has two angles 1 a–e
identical and two sides, and hence an isosceles
triangle.
Exercise 7C
1  4  2 5 
1 a i  3  ii  2  iii  1 iv  1 
 1   3  2  3
b i  3  ii  1 iii  3  iv 3
 
 2   1  5  0
c i  3  ii  1 iii  4  iv  
 4
3  4   5  2 
d i  2  ii  2  iii  4  iv  
 7 
f Reflection in the y-axis
2. a–b
2
c y-value changes sign

d (a, −b) 9 a–c
3 a–b
d Coordinates are reversed: x becomes y and y

c x-value changes sign becomes x
d (−a, b) e (b, a)
e Any three points with x co-ordinate 0, e.g. (0, f Any point with x and y co-ordinates the same,
1), (0, 2), (0, 3) e.g. (1, 1), (2, 2)
4 Possible answer: Take the centre square as 10 a–c

ABCD then reflect this square each time in the
line, AB, then BC, then CD and finally AD.
5 x = –1
d Coordinates are reversed and change sign, x

7 a–i becomes –y and y becomes –x
e (–b, –a)
11 Because a reflection is exactly the same shape
as the original, just in a different orientation,
hence we can use the rule SSS to show the two
shapes are congruent.
Exercise 7E
1 a
j A reflection in y = x
8
b i Rotation 90°anticlockwise
ii Rotation 180°

2 a 7 i
b rotate shape 60° around point B, then repeat

another four times.
3 Possible answer: If ABCD is the centre square,
rotate about A 90° anticlockwise, rotate about
new B 180°, now rotate about new C 180°, and ii Aʹ (–1, –2), Bʹ (–2, –4), Cʹ (–4, –1)
finally rotate about new D 180°. iii Original coordinates (x, y) become (–x, –y)
iv Yes
4
8 i
5 a 90° anticlockwise
b 270° anticlockwise
c 300° clockwise
d 260° clockwise
ii Aʹ (–2, 1), Bʹ (–4, 2), Cʹ (–1, 4)
6 abci iii Original coordinates (x, y) become (–y, x)
iv Yes
9 The centre of rotation
10 Show by drawing a shape or use the fact that (a,
b) becomes (a, –b) after reflection in the x-axis,
and (a, –b) becomes (–a, –b) after reflection in the
y-axis, which is equivalent to a single rotation of
180°.
11 she is correct
12 a
ii Aʹ (2, –1), Bʹ (4, –2), Cʹ (1, –4)

iii Original coordinates (x, y) become (y, –
x)
iv Yes
b i Rotation 60°clockwise about O

ii Rotation 120°clockwise about O
iii Rotation 180°about O
iv Rotation 240°clockwise about O
c i Rotation 60°clockwise about O
ii Rotation 180°about O
13 Rotation 90° anticlockwise about (3, –2)

14 Because under a rotation, the lengths of the 5 a (1, 1), (3, –3), (–5, –5) b (1, 1)
original shape are preserved, so we can use the 6
rule SSS to show they are congruent.
Exercise 7F
1
2 a
7 a–c
1
d Scale factor – 2 , centre (1, 3)
e Scale factor –2, centre (1, 3)
f Scale factor –1, centre (–2.5, –1.5)
g Scale factor –1, centre (–2.5, –1.5)
h Same centres, and the scale factors are
reciprocals of each other
8 Enlargement, scale factor –2, about (1, 3)
3 9 Because the sides of triangle C are all larger than

the original triangle B, and so the SSS rule will
not apply.
Exercise 7G
1 (–4, –3)
4 a 2 a (–5, 2)
b Reflection in y-axis
 1
3 A: translation   , B: reflection in y-axis, C:
 2 
rotation 90°clockwise about (0, 0), D: reflection in
x = 3, E: reflection in y = 4, F: enlargement by
scale factor 2, centre (2, –3)
4
b 3:1
c 3:1
d 9:1

5 a T1 to T2: rotation 90°clockwise about (0, 0) 12 a-b
b T1 to T6: rotation 90°anticlockwise about (0, 0)
 2
c T2 to T3: translation  
 2
d T6 to T2: rotation 180°about (0, 0)
e T6 to T5: reflection in y-axis
 4
f T5 to T4: translation  
0 
6 a–d
c An enlargement, scale factor –3, centre (2, 2)

13 (10, 10)
Exercise 7H
e Td to T: rotation 90° anticlockwise about (0, 0) 1–9 Practical work; check students’ constructions
7 (3, 1) 10 The centre of the circle

11 Start with a base line AB; then construct a
 
8 Reflection in x-axis, translation  0  , rotation perpendicular to the line from point A. At point B,
 5  construct an angle of 60°. Ensure that the line for
90°clockwise about (0, 0) this 60° angle crosses the perpendicular line;
where they meet will be the final point C.
 
9 Translation  0  , reflection in x-axis, rotation
 8  12–14 Practical work; check students’ constructions
90°clockwise about (0, 0)
Exercise 7I
10 a
1 Circle with radius:
a 2 cm b 4 cm c 5 cm
2 a b c
3 a Circle with radius 4 m b
1
b enlargement of scale factor – 2 about (1, 2) 4 a b c
11 No, this can be shown with an example.
d e f

5
6
3
7 Construct the bisector of angle BAC and the

perpendicular bisector of the line AC.
9. Start with a base line, AB, 3 cm long. At point A,

draw a few points all 3 cm away from A towards 6
the upper right side. Lightly join these dots with
an arc. You can now find the point that is 3 cm
away from point B and draw the equilateral
triangle.
10. Gary is correct about the triangle inside, but not a
triangle outside as there will be three straight
lines, parallel to each side of the triangle, then 7 No, if you accurately draw a diagram showing the
these straight lines will be joined with arcs path of each boat, you will find the boat leaving
centred on the vertex between the lines. from point B meets the path of the other boat in a
much shorter time as it’s a smaller distance than
fom A to the cross over point.)
Exercise 7J
8 On a map, draw a straight line from Newcastle to
1
Bristol, construct the line bisector, then the
search will be anywhere on the sea along that
line.
9 a Sketch should show a circle of radius 6 cm
around London and one of radius 4 cm
around Glasgow.
b No
2 a
c Yes
10 a Yes
b Sketch should show a circle of radius 4 cm
around Leeds and one of radius 4 cm around
Exeter. The area where they overlap should
be shaded.
11 a This is the perpendicular bisector of the line
b from York to Birmingham. It should pass just
below Manchester and just through the top of
Norwich.

b Sketch should show a circle of radius 7 cm 2
around Glasgow and one of radius 5 cm
around London. The area where they overlap
should be shaded.
c The transmitter can be built anywhere on line
constructed in part a that is within the area
shown in part b.
12 Sketch should show two circles around
Birmingham, one of radius 3 cm and one of
radius 5 cm. The area of good reception is the
area between the two circles. 3 a A cylinder
b A hexagonal prism
13 Sketch should show a circle of radius 6 cm
around Glasgow, two circles around York, one of 4
radius 4 cm and one of radius 6 cm and a circle
around London of radius 8 cm. The small area in
the Irish Sea that is between the two circles
around York and inside both the circle around
Glasgow and the circle around London is where
the boat can be.
14 Sketch should show two circles around
Newcastle upon Tyne, one of radius 4 cm and
one of radius 6 cm, and two circles around
Bristol, one of radius 3 cm and one of radius 5
cm. The area that is between both pairs of circles
is the area that should be shaded.
5
15 Sketch should show the perpendicular bisector of
the line running from Newcastle upon Tyne to
Manchester and that of the line running from
Sheffield to Norwich. Where the lines cross is
where the oil rig is located.
16 Sketch should show the perpendicular bisector of
the line running from Glasgow to Norwich and
that of the line running from Norwich to Exeter.
Where the lines cross is where Fred's house is.
17 Leeds
Exercise 7K
1.
6

Review questions 5
1 a-b
c rotation of 180° about (–1, 1)

d (–1, 1)
7 b … an equal distance from A and B

8
2 a-b
c rotation of 180° about O
3 You should have measured the error of the angle

size and converted that to a percentage error.
10

11 A (9, 0) B (11, –3) C (2, –1) g 10k + 15m h 12d − 8n
i t2 + 3t j k2 − 3k
12 k 4t2 − 4t l 8k − 2k2
m 8g2 + 20g n 15h2 − 10h
o y3 + 5y p h4 + 7h
q k3 − 5k r 3t3 + 12t
s 15d3 − 3d4 t 6w3 + 3tw
u 15a3 − 10ab v 12p4 − 15mp
w 12h3 + 8h2g x 8m3 + 2m4
2 a 5(t − 1) and 5t − 5
b Yes, as 5(t − 1) when t = 4.50 is 5 × 3.50 =
£17.50
3 He has worked out 3 × 5 as 8 instead of 15 and
he has not multiplied the second term by 3.
Answer should be 15x − 12.
13 It is always true
4 a 3(2y + 3)
14 In a rhombus all sides are the same length, so b 2(6z + 4) or 4(3z + 2)
AB = BC = AD = DC, AC is a common length in 5 a 22 + 5t b 21 + 19k
both triangles, so each triangle has the three c 22 + 2f d 14 + 3g
sides matching, SSS.
6 a 2 + 2h b 9g + 5
c 17k + 16 d 6e + 20
7 a 4m + 3p + 2mp
Chapter 8 – Algebra: Algebraic b 3k + 4h + 5hk
manipulation c 12r + 24p + 13pr
d 19km + 20k − 6m
8 a 9t2 + 13t b 13y2 + 5y
Exercise 8A
c 10e2 − 6e d 14k2 − 3kp
1 a 13 b −3 c 5
9 a 17ab + 12ac + 6bc
2 a 1.4 b 1.4 c −0.4 b 18wy + 6ty − 8tw
c 14mn − 15mp − 6np
3 a 13 b 74 c 17 d 8r3 − 6r2
4 a 75 b 22.5 c −135 10 a 5(f + 2s) + 2(2f + 3s) = 9f + 16s
5 a 2.5 b −20 c 2.5 b £(270f + 480s)
c £42 450 − £30 000 = £12 450
150
6 a n b £925 11 For x-coefficients, 3 and 1 or 1 and 4; for y-
7 a 2 × 8 + 6 × 11 − 3 × 2 = 76 coefficients, 5 and 1 or 3 and 4 or 1 and 7
b 5 × 2 − 2 × 11 + 3 × 8 = 12 12 5(3x + 2) − 3(2x − 1) = 9x + 13
8 a One odd one even value, different from each
other.
Exercise 8C
b Any valid combination, e.g. x = 1, y = 2
1 a 6(m + 2t) b 3(3t + p)
9 a i Odd ii Odd
c 4(2m + 3k) d 4(r + 2t)
iii Even iv Odd
e m(n + 3) f g(5g + 3)
b Any valid expression such as xy + z
g 2(2w – 3t) h y(3y + 2)
10 a £20 i t(4t – 3) j 3m(m – p)
b i −£40 k 3p(2p + 3t) l 2p(4t + 3m)
ii Delivery cost will be zero. m 4b(2a – c) n 5bc(b − 2)
c 40 miles o 2b(4ac + 3de) p 2(2a2 + 3a + 4)
q 3b(2a + 3c + d) r t(5t + 4 + a)
11 A expression, B formula, C identity, D equation s 3mt(2t – 1 + 3m) t 2ab(4b + 1 – 2a)
12 a First term is cost of petrol, each mile is a tenth u 5pt(2t + 3 + p)
of £0.98. Second term is the hire cost divided 2 a Mary has taken out a common factor.
by the miles. b Because the bracket adds up to £10.
b 29.8p per mile c £30
3 a, d, f and h do not factorise.
Exercise 8B b m(5 + 2p) c t(t – 7) e 2m(2m – 3p)
1 a 6 + 2m b 10 + 5l g a(4a – 5b) i b(5a – 3bc)
c 12 − 3y d 20 + 8k 4 a Bernice
e 6 − 12f f 10 − 6w

b Aidan has not taken out the largest possible c 6t2 + 17t + 5 d 8t2 + 2t – 3
common factor. Craig has taken m out of both e 10m2 – 11m – 6 f 12k2 – 11k – 15
terms but there isn’t an m in the second term. g 6p2 + 11p – 10 h 10w2 + 19w + 6
i 6a2 – 7a – 3 j 8r2 – 10r + 3
5 There are no common factors. k 15g2 – 16g + 4 l 12d2 + 5d – 2
6 Perimeter = 2x + 8 + x + 5 +5x + 4 + 9x – 3 + 10 – m 8p2 + 26p + 15 n 6t2 + 7t + 2
o 6p2 + 11p + 4 p –10t2 – 7t + 6
x =16x + 24 = 8(2x + 3)
q –6n2 + n + 12 r 6f2 – 5f – 6
4 x  12 x
2 s –10q2 + 7q + 12 t –6p2 – 7p + 3
7 u –6t2 + 10t + 4
2x  6
2 a (3x – 2)(2x + 1) = 6x2 – x – 2
(2x – 1)(2x – 1) = 4x2 – 4x + 1
Exercise 8D
(6x – 3)(x + 1) = 6x2 + 3x – 3
1 a x2 + 5x + 6 b t2 + 7t + 12 (4x + 1)(x – 1) = 4x2 – 3x – 1
c w2 + 4w + 3 d m2 + 6m + 5 (3x + 2)(2x + 1) = 6x2 + 7x + 2
b Multiply the x terms to match the x2 term
2 a p2 + 3p – 70 b u2 – 12u + 32 and/or multiply the constant terms to get the
c k2 + 2k –15 d z2 – 12z + 27 constant term in the answer.
3 a should be 35 on the end 3 a 4x2 – 1 b 9t2 – 4 c 25y2 – 9
b should be – 80 d 16m2 – 9 e 4k2 – 9 f 16h2 – 1
c should be – 10x g 4 – 9x2 h 25 – 4t2 i 36 – 25y2
d should be 12y j a 2 – b2 k 9t2 – k2 l 4m2 – 9p2
e should be – 9z m 25k2 – g2 n a2b2 – c2d2 o a 4 – b4
Exercise 8E 4 a a 2 – b2
1 a k2 + 8k + 15 b a2 +
5a + 4 b Dimensions: a + b by a – b; Area: a2 – b2
c x2 + 2x – 8 d t2 + 2t – 15 c Areas are the same, so a2 – b2 = (a + b) ×
e w2 + 2w – 3 f f2–f–6 (a – b)
2 a r2 – 10r + 16 b s2 – 17s + 70
c d2 – 17d + 16 d m2 – 9m + 18 5 First shaded area is (2k)2 – 12 = 4k2 – 1
e q2 – 20q + 99 f y2 – 13y + 40 Second shaded area is (2k + 1)(2k – 1) = 4k2
3 a 20a b 3b c 200 –1
d –11d e12e, 28 6 a 3w2 + 22w + 24
b i 32 224 ii 23.7803
Exercise 8F iii 24.000 440 0012
1 a g2 – 3g – 4 b y2 + y – 12 7 a 49a2 – b2 b 4896
c x2 + x – 12 d p2 – p – 2
e k2 – 2k – 8 f y2 + 3y – 10 Exercise 8H
g a2 + 2a – 3
1 a x2 + 10x + 25 b m2 + 8m + 16
2 a x2 – 9 b t2 – 25 c m2 – 16 c t2 + 12t + 36 d p2 + 6p + 9
d t2 – 4 e y2 – 64 f p2 – 1 e m2 – 6m + 9 f t2 – 10t + 25
g 25 – x2 h 49 – g2 i x2 – 36 g m2 – 8m + 16 h k2 – 14k + 49
3 (x + 2) and (x + 3) 2 a 9x2 + 6x + 1 b 16t2 + 24t + 9
c 25y2 + 20y + 4 d 4m2 + 12m + 9
4 a B: 1 × (x – 2)
e 16t2 – 24t + 9 f 9x2 – 12x + 4
C: 1 × 2
g 25t2 – 20t + 4 h 25r2 – 60r + 36
D: 2 × (x – 1)
i x2 + 2xy + y2 j m2 – 2mn + n2
b (x – 2) + 2 + 2(x – 1) = 3x – 2 k 4t2 + 4ty + y2 l m2 – 6mn + 9n2
c Area A = (x – 1)(x – 2) = area of square m x2 + 4x n x2 – 10x
o x2 + 12x p x2 – 4x
minus areas (B + C + D) = x2 – (3x – 2) = x2 –
3x + 2 3 a Bernice has just squared the first term and the
second term. She hasn’t written down the
5 a x2
–9
brackets twice.
b i 9991 ii 39 991
b Pete has written down the brackets twice but
6 a y2 + 14y + 45 has worked out (3x)2 as 3x2 and not 9x2.
b i 45.1401 ii 45.4209 c 9x2 + 6x + 1
iii 44.7204 iv 11 445
4 Whole square is (2x)2 = 4x2.
Three areas are 2x – 1, 2x – 1 and 1.
Exercise 8G
4x2 – (2x – 1 + 2x – 1 + 1) = 4x2 – (4x – 1)
1 a 6x2 + 11x + 3 b 12y2 + 17y + 6
= 4x2 – 4x + 1

5 a 9p6 + 42p3q7 + 49q14 b i p+q=7 ii pq = 12
2 c 7 can only be 1 × 7 and 1 + 7 ≠ 12
6 a 9k + 24k + 16
b i 16.2409 ii 92 416 iii 16.120 225 5 a 440
b i (x + 3)(x + 1) ii 22 × 20 = 440
Exercise 8I 6 a (x2
– 3)(x2
– 8) b (y5 – 104)(y5 + 4)
c (z1728 1728
– 864)(z + 2)
1 a x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
b x3 – 49x – 120
c x3 + 9x2 – 4x – 36 Exercise 8K
2 a x3 + 7x2 – 17x + 9 1 a (x + 3)(x – 3) b (t + 5)(t – 5)
b x3 + x2 – x – 10 c (m + 4)(m – 4) d (3 + x)(3 – x)
e (7 + t)(7 – t) f (k + 10)(k – 10)
3 a x3 + 12x2 + 48x + 64 g (2 + y)(2 – y) h (x + 8)(x – 8)
b x3 – 18x2 + 108x – 216 i (t + 9)(t – 9)
c x3 + 3ax2 + 3a2x + a3
2 a x2
4 abc x3 + 11x2 + 31x + 21 b i (x – 2) ii (x + 2)
d Can be performed in any order iii x2 iv 4
5 a x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + ac + bc)x + abc c A + B – C = x2 – 4, which is the area of D,
b p = 0, q = –19, r = –30 which is (x + 2)(x – 2).
6 a x3 – 15x2 – 73x – 57
3 a x2 + 4x + 4 – (x2 + 2x + 1) = 2x + 3
b 6x2 – 60x – 146
b (a + b)(a – b)
c (x + 2 + x + 1)(x + 2 – x – 1) = (2x + 3)(1) = 2x
7 a i x2 + 2x + 1 ii x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 +3
4 3 2
iii x + 4x + 6x + 4x + 1 d The answers are the same.
b 112 = 121, 113 = 1331, 114 = 14 641 e 4x
c The digits are the same as the coefficients
4 a (x + y)(x – y) b (x + 2y)(x – 2y)
8 a x3 + 9x2 + 27x + 27 c (x + 3y)(x – 3y) d (3x + 1)(3x – 1)
b 27.027 009 001 e (4x + 3)(4x – 3) f (5x + 8)(5x – 8)
9 a 2x3 + 3x2 – 29x + 30 g (2x + 3y)(2x – 3y) h (3t + 2w)(3t – 2w)
b 3x3 + 11x2 + 8x – 4 i (4y + 5x)(4y – 5x)
10 a 24x3 + 26x2 – 173x + 105 5 a (11x3 – 3y3)(11x3 + 3y3)

b 50x3 – 315x2 + 228x – 44 b (5m5 – 9n9)( 5m5 + 9n9)
c 27x3 – 108x2 + 144x – 64 c (24p288 – 31q144)(24p288 + 31q144)
11 82 – 5x – 32x2 6 a (3x – 1)(3x + 1) b 29 and 31

7 a (2x – 7)(2x + 7) b 3, 23 and 193
Exercise 8J
1 a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (t + 1)(t + 4)
Exercise 8L
c (m + 2)(m + 5) d (k + 4)(k + 6) 1 a (2x + 1)(x + 2) b (7x + 1)(x + 1)
e (p + 2)(p + 12) f (r + 3)(r + 6) c (4x + 7)(x – 1) d (3t + 2)(8t + 1)
g (w + 2)(w + 9) h (x + 3)(x + 4) e (3t + 1)(5t – 1) f (4x – 1)2
i (a + 2)(a + 6) j (k + 3)(k + 7) g 3(y + 7)(2y – 3) h 4(y + 6)(y – 4)
k (f + 1)(f + 21) l (b + 8)(b + 12) i (2x + 3)(4x – 1) j (2t + 1)(3t + 5)
m (t – 2)(t – 3) n (d – 4)(d – 1) k (x – 6)(3x + 2) l (x – 5)(7x – 2)
o (g – 2)(g – 5) p (x – 3)(x – 12)
q (c – 2)(c – 16) r (t – 4)(t – 9) 2 4x + 1 and 3x + 2
s (y – 4)(y – 12) t (j – 6)(j – 8) 3 a All the terms in the quadratic have a common
2 a (p – 3)(p – 5) b (y + 6)(y – 1) factor of 6.
c (t + 4)(t – 2) d (x + 5)(x – 2) b 6(x + 2)(x + 3). This has the highest common
e (m + 2)(m – 6) f (r + 1)(r – 7) factor taken out.
g (n + 3)(n – 6) h (m + 4)(m – 11) 4 (3x – 1)(x + 16); 1230
i (w + 4)(w – 6) j (t + 9)(t – 10)
k (h + 8)(h – 9) l (t + 7)(t – 9) 5 a (33x + 1)(x – 2) b 100 × 1 = 100
m (d + 1)2 n (y + 10)2
6 (3x – 20)
o (t – 4)2 p (m – 9)2
q (x – 12)2 r (d + 3)(d – 4) 7 12x2 + 14x – 38; 10x + 2
s (t + 4)(t – 5) t (q + 7)(q – 8)
3 (x + 2)(x + 3), giving areas of 2x and 3x, or (x + Exercise 8M
1)(x + 6), giving areas of x and 6x.
1 k= T
4 a x2 + (a + b)x + ab 3

2 y=X+1 6 a x=
Ay
b y(1 + 0.01x)
0.01y
3 p = 3Q c 38.36 g
4 r= A9 7 x=5
4
8 20 m
5 a m=p–t b t=p–m
19  4x 18  4x
6 m = gv 9 a 5x  18 b 5x  17
7 m= t 10 a 2(x – 8) b x(x – 16)
c (x – 4)(x + 4) d (x – 7)(x – 9)
P  2w
8 l= 11 a 3 × 15 × 4 = 180 b 6x2 – 51x + 90
2
12 a i 15x2 – 19x – 56 ii 16x – 2
9 p= m2
b 162.25 cm2
10 a –40 – 32 = –72, –72 ÷ 9 = –8, 5 × –8 = –40 13 a 4x2 + 4x + 1 b 441 c 437
b 68 – 32 = 36, 36 ÷ 9 = 4, 4 × 5 = 20 14 a +a3 3a2b
+ 3ab2
+ b3
9 b 8x3 + 36x2 + 54x + 27 c 27.543 608
c F = 5 C + 32
15 a i 12x + 48 ii 6x2 + 48x + 94
11 Average speeds: outward journey = 72 kph, iii x3 + 12x2 + 47x + 60
b surface area = 1348 cm2 and volume = 3360
return journey = 63 kph, taking 2 hours. He was
cm3
held up for 15 minutes.
16 a 12x2 – xy – 35y2 b (3x + 7y)(2x – 5y)
12 r = C/2, A = r2 = C2/42 = C2/4
17 10, 11, 14, 25
13 a y = 5x  75 b Pupil’s own checks
9 18 a (2x + 3)(x + 2)
c y = 7 x  40 d Marlon is incorrect b i 276 ii 20 706 iii 6.0702
10
v u v u
14 a a= t b t= a Chapter 9 – Geometry and measures:
4A Length, area and volume
15 d = π
x w Exercise 9A
16 a y= 5 b w = 5y – x
1 a 8 cm, 25.1 cm, 50.3 cm2
k b 5.2 m, 16.3 m, 21.2 m2
17 p = c 6 cm, 37.7 cm, 113 cm2
2
d 1.6 m, 10.1 m, 8.04 m2
18 a t = u2 – v b u= v t 2 a 5 cm b 8 cm
c 18 m d 12 cm
K w
19 a w = K – 5n2 b n= 5 3 a 25 cm2 b 36 cm2
c 100 cm2 d 0.25 m2
P  Y(K  U)
P
K U
Y
20 a D= or 4 8.80 m
3(K  U) 3
b 16 5 4 complete revolutions
6 1p : 3.1 cm2, 2p : 5.3 cm2, 5p : 2.3 cm2,
Review questions
10p : 4.5 cm2
1 a 20x + 16 b 5x + 4
7 0.83 m
R  3d  5
2 a c= 7 b 6 8 38.6 cm
3 a i 3.5 ml ii 3.7 ml iii 3.84 ml 9 Claim is correct (ratio of the areas is just over 1.5
b i 22 ii 38 iii 90 : 1)
4 13.5 m2 10 a 18 cm2 b 4 cm2
b h = A  2 r
2
5 a 2r(r + h) 11 9 cm2
2 r
c 5 cm

12 Divide 31.3 by π to get about 10 m. This is the 2 2 cm, 6 cm2
diameter of the tree. Is your classroom smaller
3 a 73.8 cm b 20.3 cm
than 10 m × 10 m? It probably isn’t, but you need
to check. 4 area of sector = 1 × π × 82 = 16π,
4
13 45 complete revolutions area of circle = π × 42 = 16π
14 a 2π 5 a 107 cm2
b I 8π ii 18π iii 32π b 173 cm2
c A = 2π × r2 6 43.6 cm
180
Exercise 9B 7 a 
1 a 96 cm2 b 70 cm2 c 20 cm2 b If arc length is 10 cm, distance along chord
d 125 cm2 e 10 cm2 f 112 m2 joining the two points of the sector on the
circumference will be less than 10 cm, so
2 No, she has used the sloping side instead of the
angle at centre will be less than 60°
perpendicular height. It should be 6 × 4 = 24 cm²
8 a 66.8° b 10 cm2
3 Each parallelogram has an area of 30 cm². The 9 Let sector have radius R and arc length C,
height of each is 5 cm so the length of each must the angle of the sector is found by
be 6 cm. x = 6 + 4 + 6 = 16 cm so Freya is θ = 360 x C
incorrect. 2xπxR
and so the area will be 360 x C x π x R
2
4 a 500 cm² b 3 × 5 = 15 2 x π x R x 360

= CR
2
Exercise 9C
10 (36 − 72) cm2
1 a 30 cm2 b 77 cm2 c 24 cm2
d 42 cm2 e 40 m2 f 6 cm 11 36.5 cm2
g 3 cm h 10 cm
12 16 cm (15.7)
2 Area = 15 cm2
3 a 27.5 cm, 36.25 cm2 13 Each square has side length of r
b 33.4 cm, 61.2 cm2
Shaded part of square X = r2 – 1 πr2
c 38.5 m, 90 m2 4
a  b . This is = r2 ( 1 – 1 π )
4 The area of the parallelogram is 4
h In square Y, the four quarter circles will join
the same as two trapezia. together to give an area of radius 1 r, so
2
5 Two of 20 cm2 and two of 16 cm2 shaded area
2
6 a 57 m2 b 702.5 cm2 c 84 m2 in Y = r2 – π  r  = r2 – 1 πr2 = r2(1 – 1 π),
2 4 4
7 trapezium = 56, square area = 9, shaded area =
which is the same as square X.
56 – 9 = 47 cm2
8 4, because the total area doubled is about 32 m2 Exercise 9E
9 80.2% 1 a i 21 cm2 ii 63 cm3
b i 48 cm2 ii 432 cm3
10 1 100 000 km2 c i 36 m2 ii 324 m3
11 160 cm2 2 a 432 m3 b 225 m3 c 1332 m3
12 a many possible correct answers, 3 a A cross-section parallel to the side of the pool
eg base 6 cm, top 4cm, height 1.6π. Shaded always has the same shape.
area is 8π, trapezium must be the the same b About 3 21 hours
b the dimensions cannot be exact due to the
value of π in the area of the circle 4 V= 1
(1.5 + 3) × 1.7 × 2 = 7.65 m3
2
Exercise 9D 5 27 = 3 × 3 × 3, 27 + 37 = 64 = 43, 4 – 3 = 1.
Hence the side length is 1 small cube longer,
1 ai 5.59 cm ii 22.3 cm2
bi 8.29 cm ii 20.7 cm2 hence 2 cm longer
ci 16.3 cm ii 98.0 cm2 6 a i 21 cm3 ii 210 cm3
di 15.9 cm ii 55.6 cm2 b i 54 cm2 ii 270 cm2

7 146 cm3 1
4 6.9 m ( 3 height of pyramid)
8 78 m3 (78.3 m3)
5 a 73.3 m3 b 45 m3 c 3250 cm3
9 327 litres
6 208 g
10 10.2 tonnes
7 1.5 g
11 She was silly because 188160 is simply all the
1
numbers multiplied together. The volume is 8 3
× 6.4 × 6.4 × H = 81.3
672 cm2 3 x 81.3
So H = 6.4 x 6.4 = 5.954 = 6.0 (2sf)
Exercise 9F 9 14.4 cm
1 a i 226 cm3 ii 207 cm2 1
b i 14.9 cm3 ii 61.3 cm2 10 Volume of pyramid = 3
× 6 × 9 × 15 = 270 cm3
c i 346 cm3 ii 275 cm2 1
d i 1060 cm3 ii 636 cm2 Volume of part cut off top = 3
× 3 × 2 × 5 = 10
cm3
2 a i 72 cm3 ii 48 cm2 So frustum = 270 – 10 = 260 cm3
b i 112 cm3 ii 56 cm2 volume of frustrum 260 26
c i 180 cm3 ii 60 cm2 Hence volume of pyramid = 270 = 27
d i 600 m3 ii 120 m2
3 Volume = π × (0.3)2 × 4.2 = 0.378π Exercise 9H
Cost = 0.378 × π × £67.50 = £80.16 which is £80
to 2sf 1 a i 3560 cm3 ii 1430 cm2
b i 314 cm3 ii 283 cm2
4 1.23 tonnes c i 1020 cm3 ii 679 cm2
5 Label should be less than 10.5 cm wide so that it 2 935 g
fits the can and does not overlap the rim and
more than 23.3 cm long to allow an overlap. 3 Total area = πrl + πr2 = π × 3 × l + π × 32
= (3l + 9)π = 24π
6 Volume = π × 32.52 × 100 = 331830.7 cm3
So 3l + 9 = 24, so 3l = 24 – 9 = 15
1 litre = 1000 cm3 15
volume = 331830.7 ÷ 1000 = 331.8307 litres = l= 3 =5
332 litres (3 sf)
4 a 816π cm3 b 720π mm3
7 There is no right answer. Students could start
5 24π cm2
with the dimensions of a real can. Often drinks
cans are not exactly cylindrical. One possible 6 a 4 cm b 6 cm
answer is height of 6.6 cm and diameter of 8 cm. c Various answers, e.g. 60° gives 2 cm, 240°
gives 8 cm
8 7.78 g/cm3
7 If radius of base is r, slant height is 2r.
9 About 127 cm Area of curved surface = πr × 2r = 2πr2, area of
base = πr2
10 A diameter of 10 cm and a length of 5 cm give a
volume close to 400 cm3 (0.4 litres). 8 2.7 g/cm3
9 2.81 cm
Exercise 9G
10 252π cm2
1 a 56 cm3 b 168 cm3 c 1040 cm3
d 84 cm3 e 160 cm3
Exercise 9I
1 1
2 3 base area × h = 3 × 9 × 9 × 10 = 270 cm3 1 a 36π cm3 b 288π cm3 c 1330π cm3
3 a Put the apexes of the pyramids together. The 2 a 36π cm2 b 100π cm2 c 196π cm2
6 square bases will then form a cube. 3 65 400 cm3, 7850 cm2
b If the side of the base is a then the height will
1 4 a 1960 cm2 (to 3sf) b 7444 cm3 (to nearest unit)
be 2 a.
5 125 cm
Total volume of the 6 pyramids is a3.
1 6 6232
Volume of one pyramid is 6 a3 =
1 1 1 7 7.8 cm
2
3 × 2 × a × a = 3 × height × base area

8 a The surface area, because this is the amount 2
of material (leather or plastic) needed to make
the ball
b Surface area can vary from about 1470 cm2 to
1560 cm2, difference of about 90 cm2. This
seems surprisingly large.
9 48%
10 Radius of sphere = base radius of cylinder = r,
height of cylinder = 2r Curved surface area of
cylinder = circumference × height = 2πr × 2r =
4πr2 = surface area of sphere
3 a
Review questions
1 29.4 cm2
2 721 cm2
3 5740 cm3(to 3sf)
4 610 g (2sf)
5 17.5 cm
6 360 g
7 56.5 cm
b (2, 7)
8 Call length of square 2x, so that radius of arcs is
4 a
x.
Then area of square = 4x2
1
Area of each semicircle = 2 πx2 so area of 4 semi
circles is 2πx2
Area of shaded part is: area of 4 semicircles –
area of square = (2π – 4)x2
2π  4 2
So percentage shaded = x × 100 =
4x 2
2π  4
4 × 100 = 57%
1
9 3
b
Chapter 10 – Algebra: Linear graphs
Exercise 10A
1
4 c lines in part a intersect at (6, 1), lines in part b

don’t intersect because they are parallel
5 a Line isn’t straight
b
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –5 –3 –1 1 3 5 7
Correct line drawn

5 a 0.5 b 0.4 c 0.2 d 0.1 e 0
6 a
2
6 a1 3 b2 c 3 31 d 10 e∞
7 Raisa has misread the scales. The second line

has four times the gradient (2.4) of the first (0.6)
3
8 a 8
2
b 5
b Ian, Ian only charges £85, whilst Joan c Although the puzzle appears to be a right-
charges £90 for a 2-hour job. angled triangle, because the gradients of the
smaller triangles are different there is actually
7 a Jada’s method
a bend in the large hypotenuse, so it is
8 a actually a quadrilateral. In the first diagram it
has a concave angle and in the second
diagram the equivalent angle is convex, and
the area of the square hole is spread out
between them.
9 0, 2, –1, 1 , – 3
2 2
Exercise 10C
1 a, b, c, d
b 4.5 units squared
9
10 18 units squared
Exercise 10B
1
1 a 2 b 3 c −3 d 1 e −2
1 1 3
f − 3 g5 h −5 i 5 j − 4
e, f, g, h
2
3 a Both answers are correct

b generally the bigger the triangle the more
accurate the answer, so Brianna
4 a ladder might slip
b ladder might topple
c A, B, E and F satisfy the safety regulations; C
and D do not

e, f, g, h
i, j , k , l
2 a
i, j, k, l
b (−12, −1)
3 a They have the same gradient (3).
b They intercept the y-axis at the same point
(0, −2).
c (−1, −4) 2 a
1
4 a −2 b 2 c 90°
1
d Negative reciprocal e −3
Exercise 10D
1 a, b, c, d
b (2, 2)
3 a Intersect at (6, 0)
b Intersect at (0, −3)
c Parallel
d −2x + 9y = 18
4 a vi b iii cv d ii ei f iv

5 y = –6x; y = 3x + 4; 2y – 5x = 10; 2y – x = 7; y = 4 Exercise 10F
6 3x + 2y = 18 and y = 9 – x 1 a i 8 4 kg
1
ii 2 4 kg
1
7 a i x=3 ii x−y=4 iii y = −3 iii 9 lb iv 22 lb

iv x + y = −4 v x = −3 vi y = x + 4 b 2.2 lb
1 1 c Read off the value for12 lb (5.4 kg) and
b i −3 ii 3 iii − 3 multiply this by 4 (21.6 kg)
8 Cover-up method for 2x + y = 10 and gradient- 2 a Anya: CabCo £8.50, YellaCabs £8.40, so
intercept method for y = 11 – 2x YellaCabs is best; Bettina: CabCo £11.50,
YellaCabs £11.60, so CabCo is best; Calista:
CabCo £10, YellaCabs £10, so either
Exercise 10E b If they shared a cab, the shortest distance is
4 16 km, which would cost £14.50 with CabCo
1 a y= 3 x − 2 or 3y = 4x – 6 and £14.80 with Yellacabs.
b y = 2x c 2y = x + 6
3 a 32° F
2 a i y = 2x + 1, y = −2x + 1 b 9
(Take gradient at C = 10° and 30°)
ii Reflection in y-axis (and y = 1) 5
iii Different sign 9
c F= 5 C + 32
b i 5y = 2x − 5, 5y = −2x − 5
ii Reflection in y-axis (and y = −1) 4 a 0.07 (Take gradient at U = 0 and 500)
iii Different sign b £10
c i y = x + 1, y = −x + 1 c C = £(10 + 0.07U) or Charge = £10 + 7p/unit
ii Reflection in y-axis (and y = 1)
iii Different sign 5 a $1900 – $1400 = $500
b i $7500 ii £3783
3 a x-coordinates go from 2 → 1 → 0 and y-
coordinates go from 5 → 3 → 1.
b x-step between the points is 1 and y-step is 2.
c y = 3x + 2
4 a y = −x + 1
b 5y = −2x − 5
c y = − 32 x − 3 or 2y = −3x − 6
5 a i 2y = –x + 1, y = –2x + 1
ii Reflection in x = y
iii Reciprocal of each other
b i 2y = 5x + 5, 5y = 2x − 5
ii Reflection in x = y 6
iii Reciprocal of each other 7 y = 2x + 15 0˂x≤5
c i y = 2, x = 2
y = x + 20 5 ˂ x ≤ 12
ii Reflection in x = y
1
iii Reciprocal of each other (reciprocal of y= 2 x + 26 12 ˂ x ≤ 22
zero is infinity)
1 Exercise 10G
6 All of the lines except y = 4 x+9
1 (4, 1)
7 a y = –3x + 5 b y = 2x – 4
c y = 8x – 3 d y = 25 – 2x 2 (2, 3)
2
e y= 3 x–1 3 (3, 10)
8 5x + 6y = 30 4 (–2, 6)
9 Chris is correct. The equation of the line is y = 5 (–6, –9)
1 x + 2 and (12, 8) satisfies the equation
2 6 (1, –1)
10 a i x + y = 100 ii k=1 7 (2, 6)

b i x = 46 ii k = 46
c i y = 2x + 1 ii k = 60 8 (2, 8)
d i y = x + 19 ii k = –17 1 1
9 (7 2 ,3 2 )
11 (4, 11)
10 x + 2y = 9.5, 2x + y = 8.5
Graphs intersect at (2.5, 3.5), so a cheesecake
costs £2.50 and a gâteau costs £3.50.

11 a P and R b R and S Review questions
c P and Q d Q and S
1
12 (0, 0), (–3, 3), (–3, –3), (–3, 2), (–2, 2), (2, 2)
13 a no solutions, lines are parallel
b infinite solutions, lines are same
c one solution, lines intersect once
Exercise 10H
1 a Line A does not pass through (0, 1).
b Line C is perpendicular to the other two.
c (i)
3
2 a– 1
2 b 1
3 c –2 d 2 e – 32 f – 34
1
3 y = 3x + 5, x + 3y = 10, y = 8 – 3 x, y = 3(x + 2)
4 x = 6 and y = –2 2
x + y = 5 and y = x + 4
y = 8x – 9 and y =  1 x + 6
8
2y = x + 4 and 2x + y = 9
5y = 2x + 15 and 2y + 5x = 2
y = 0.1x + 2 and y = 33 – 10x
1
5 a y= 2 x–2 b y = –x + 3
c y = – 31 x – 1 d y = 3x + 5
6 a –4
1
3
b 4
c (11, 7)
1
d y= 4 x+c
17
Substitute in (11, 7) and solve to get c = 4 ,
so 4y – x = 17
1
7 y=– 4 x+2
8 i a AB: – 1 , BC: 1, CD: – 1 , DA: 1

5 5
b Parallelogram (two pairs of parallel sides)
2 3 2 3
ii a AB: 3 , BC: – 2 , CD: 3 , DA: – 2
1
b Rectangle (two pairs of perpendicular 4 a 2 (Take gradient at N = 0 and 500)
sides) b £50
2 1 2 N
iii a AB: 5 , BC: 4 , CD: 5 , DA: 1 c C = £(50 + ) or £50 + 50p/person
2
b Trapezium (one pair of parallel sides)
1
9 y = – 21 x + 5 5 a 10
b 24.5 cm
10 a y = 3x – 6 c 0.1 cm or 1 mm
b Bisector of AB is y = –2x + 9, bisector of AC is W
d L = 24.5 + 10 or Length = 24.5 + 1 mm/kg
1 3
y= 2 x+ 2 , solving these equations shows
6 a (5, 5) b (1, 5) c (3, 16)
the lines intersect at (3, 3).
c (3, 3) lies on y = 3x – 6 because (3 × 3) – 6 = 7 a 2 b y = 2x + 2 c y = – 21 x + 7
3
11 (3, 10) 8 a Reflection in y-axis (x = 0); reflection in y = 1
(rotations also possible)
b Rotation 90 clockwise; rotation 90
anticlockwise (reflections also possible)
9 30 square units

10 36 square units 2 2.06 m
11 (7, 1) 3 11.3 m
4 About 17 minutes, assuming it travels at the
same speed.
Chapter 11 – Geometry: Right-angled
5 127 m – 99.6 m = 27.4 m
triangles
6 4.58 m
Exercise 11A 7 a 3.87 m b 1.74 m
1 Students’ own diagrams 8 3.16 m
2 Possible answers include multiples of 3, 4, 5; 9 This creates a right-angled triangle with two short
multiples of 5, 12, 13; multiples of 7, 24, 25; sides of 5 and 12. Use Pythagoras’ theorem to
multiples of 8, 15, 17 show length of line = √( 52 + 122 ) = 13
3 a 10.3 cm b 5.9 cm c 8.5 cm 10 a 4.85 m

d 20.6 cm e 18.6 cm f 17.5 cm b 4.83 m (There is only a small difference.)
g 13 cm h 5 cm 11 Yes, because 242 + 72 = 252
4 a √8, √12, √16 12 6 cm
b Add 4 to 16 to give H4 as √20
13 He is partly correct. The perimeter must be larger
5 The square in the first diagram and the sum of
than 20 cm or the rectangle has no width, and the
the two squares in the second have the same
area is largest when it’s a square, giving a
area.
perimeter of 28.3 cm (3sf). So he should have
said the perimeter is between 20 and 28.3 cm.
Exercise 11B
1 a 15 cm b 14.7 cm Exercise 11D
c 6.3 cm d 18.3 cm
1 a 32.2 cm2 b 2.83 cm2 c 50.0 cm2
2 a 20.8 m b 15.5 cm
c 15.5 m d 12.4 cm 2 22.2 cm2
3 a 5m b 6m 3 15.6 cm2
c 3m d 50 cm
4 a
4 There are infinite possibilities, e.g. any multiple of
3, 4, 5 such as 6, 8, 10; 9, 12, 15; 12, 16, 20;
multiples of 5, 12, 13; multiples of 7, 24, 25 and
of 8, 15, 17.
5 42.6 cm
6 Any of (0, 0) , (5, 5), (2, 0), (5, 3), (2, 8), (0, 8), (–
3, 3), (–3, 5) are the most likely points b The areas are 12 cm2 and 13.6 cm2
respectively, so triangle with 6 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm
7 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find a few possible
sides has the greater area.
dimensions of the rectangle, then plot a graph of
one side length against the area. You will see 5 a b 166.3 cm2
that 50 is the highest the area will ever get to.
8 The large square is 17 by 17 giving 289 square
units.
The red and yellow triangles all have shorter
lengths of 5 and 12, with an area of 30 square
units.
The area of the inner square (green and yellow)
must be 289 – 4×30 = 169, so the hypotenuse of
the yellow triangles must be √169 = 13 6 259.8 cm2
You can see that 52 + 122 = 132
7 a No, areas vary from 24.5 cm2 to 27.7 cm2
b No, equilateral triangle gives the largest area.
Exercise 11C c The closer the isosceles triangle gets to an
1 No. The foot of the ladder is about 6.6 m from the equilateral triangle the larger its area
becomes.
wall.

8 Show the right-angled triangle made with d 0
hypotenuse 6.5 m and base 7.4 ÷ 2 = 3.7, giving 10 a 3.56 b 8.96 c 28.4 d 8.91
the height of the triangle as 5.344 cm. Use area =
½ × 7.4 × 5.344 to give 19.7733 which rounds to 11 a 5.61 b 11.3 c 6 d 10
19.8 m2 (3sf) 12 a 1.46 b 7.77 c 0.087 d 9.33
9 48 cm2 13 a 7.73 b 48.6 c 2.28 d 15.2
10 a 10 cm b 26 cm c 9.6 cm 14 a 29.9 b 44.8 c 20.3 d 2.38
11 6 or 8 cm 4 3 4
15 a 5 , 5 , 3
12 Andrew didn’t round off any answers until the last 7 24 7
b 25 , 25 , 24
calculation, and Olly used a rounded off value to
find an intermediate result 16 You should have drawn a right angled triangle as
here. H = 13 since this is a 5, 12, 13 Pythagorean
Exercise 11E triple. See that opposite = 5 and adjacent = 12.
1 a i 14.4 cm ii 13 cm iii 9.4 cm Hence sin x = O

H
5
= 13 12
and cos x = 13
b 15.2 cm
2 No, 6.6 m is longest length
3 a 20.6 cm b 15.0 cm
4 a 8.49 m b 9m
5 102 + 102 + 102 = 300, √300 = 17.3 cm (3sf)
Exercise 11G
6 20.6 cm
1 a 30° b 51.7° c 39.8°
7 a 11.3 cm b 7 cm c 8.06 cm d 61.3° e 87.4° f 45.0°
8 AM = √(22.52 + 152 + 402) = 48.283 = 48.3 cm 2 a 60° b 50.2° c 2.6°

(3sf ) d 45.0 e 78.5° f 45.6°
3 a 31.0° b 20.8° c 41.8°
9 21.3 cm
d 46.4° e 69.5° f 77.1°
4 a 53.1° b 41.8° c 44.4°
Exercise 11F d 56.4° e 2.4° f 22.6°
1 a 0.682 b 0.829 c 0.922 5 a 36.9° b 48.2° c 45.6°
d 1 e 0.707 f 0.342 d 33.6° e 87.6° f 67.4°
g 0.375 h 0
6 a 31.0° b 37.9° c 15.9°
2 a 0.731 b 0.559 c 0.388 d 60.9° e 57.5° f 50.2°
d 0 e 0.707 f 0.940
g 0.927 h 1 7 a Error message b largest value 1
c smallest value –1
3 45°
8 a i 17.5° ii 72.5° iii 90°
4 a i 0.574 ii 0.574 b Yes
b i 0.208 ii 0.208
c i 0.391 ii 0.391 9
d Same
e i sin 15° is the same as cos 75°
ii cos 82° is the same as sin 8°
iii sin x is the same as cos (90° – x)
5 a 0.933 b 1.48 c 2.38
d Infinite (calculator will give a maths error)
e 1 f 0.364 g 0.404 Adj = 1, Hyp = 2, hence Opp = √(22 – 12) = √3
h 0
a 30 is the other acute angle in the triangle and
6 a 0.956 b 0.899 c 2.16 so for 30, opp = 1 and adj = √3, hence tan30
d 0.999 e 0.819 f 0.577
g 0.469 h 0.996 = 1
3
7 Has values ˃ 1 b tan 60 = √3

3
8 a 4.53 b 4.46 c 6 d 0 c sin 60 = 2
9 a 10.7 b 5.40 3
d cos 30 = 2
c Infinite (calculator will give a maths error)

1
e sin 30 = 2
10 Adj = 1, Opp = 1, hence Hyp = √(12 + 12) = √2

1
a sin 45 = 2
1
b cos 45 = 2
Exercise 11H Exercise 11J
1 a 17.5° b 22.0° c 32.2° 1 a 33.7° b 36.9° c 52.1°
2 a 5.29 cm b 5.75 cm c 13.2 cm 2 a 5.09 cm b 30.4 cm c 1120 cm
3 a 4.57 cm b 6.86 cm c 100 cm 3 a 8.24 cm b 62.0 cm c 72.8 cm
4 a 5.12 cm b 9.77 cm 4 a 9.02 cm b 7.51 cm

c 11.7 cm d 15.5 cm c 7.14 cm d 8.90 cm
5 a 47.2° b 5.42 cm 5 a 13.7 cm b 48.4°

c 13.7 cm d 38.0° c 7.03 cm d 41.2°
6 a 6 b 15 c 30 6 a 12 b 12 c 2
1
7 a √3
7 a 2 b
b and c
8 a 1
1 b
8 a b
2
Exercise 11K
Exercise 11I
1 a 12.6 b 59.6 c 74.7
1 a 51.3° b 75.5° c 51.3°
d 16.0 e 67.9 f 20.1
2 a 6.47 cm b 32.6 cm c 137 cm
2 a 44.4° b 39.8° c 44.4°
3 a 7.32 cm b 39.1 cm c 135 cm d 49.5° e 58.7° f 38.7°
4 a 5.35 cm b 14.8 cm 3 a 67.4° b 11.3 c 134
c 12.0 cm d 8.62 cm d 28.1° e 39.7 f 263
g 50.2° h 51.3° i 138
5 a 5.59 cm b 46.6° j 22.8
c 9.91 cm d 40.1°
4 a Sides of right-hand triangle are sine and
6 a 10 b 39 c 2.5 cosine
1
7 a 2
b Pythagoras’ theorem
c Students should check the formulae
5
30° 45° 60°
1 1 3
Sine 2 2 2
3 1 1
b-c Cosine
2 2 2
1
8a 1
2 Tangent 3
1 √3
b-c

Exercise 11L 3 Draw a diagram representing the relative places.
Your diagram will show the angle of the bearing
1 65°
to fly the direct route as 90° + tan-1 (70/120) =
2 The safe limits are between 1.04 m and 2.05 m. 120°. So the bearing for the direct route is 120°.
The ladder will reach between 5.63 m and 5.90 m
4 a 59.4 km b 8.4 km
up the wall.
5 a 15.9 km b 24.1 km
3 44° c 31.2 km d 052°
4 6.82 m 6 2.28 km
5 31° 7 235°
6 a 25° b 2.10 m 8 a 66.2 km b 11.7 km
c Thickness of wood has been ignored c 13.1 km d 170°
7 a 20° b 4.78 m 9 48.4 km on a bearing of 100°
8 She would calculate 100 tan 23°. The answer is
about 42.4 m Exercise 11P
9 21.1 m 1 a 5.79 cm b 48.2°
c 7.42 cm d 81.6 cm
10 One way is stand opposite a feature, such as a
tree, on the opposite bank, move a measured 2 9.86 m
distance, x, along your bank and measure the 3 a 36.4 cm2 b 115 cm2
angle, θ, between your bank and the feature. c 90.6 cm2 d 160 cm2
Width of river is x tan θ. This of course requires
4 473 cm2
measuring equipment! An alternative is to walk
along the bank until the angle is 45° (if that is 5 39.0 cm2
possible). This angle is easily found by folding a
8
sheet of paper. This way an angle measurer is 6 Base radius given by 8tan31°, so volume = 3 ×
not required. π(8tan31)2 = 193.57357 = 194 (3sf)
Exercise 11M Review questions

1 10.1 km 1 13.6 cm2
2 22° 2 2 pm
3 429 m 3 diagonal = √(32 + 42 + 122) = √169 = 13
4 a 156 m 4 237°
b No. the new angle of depression is tan–1
5 52.3°
( 200
312
) = 33° and half of 52° is 26°
6 a AX and BY are both radii to the tangents at A
5 a 222 m b 42° and B and so perpendicular to AB, hence
6 a 21.5 m b 17.8 m parallel. So ABYX is a trapezium.
b Draw in a line, YT, parallel to the base AB, so
7 a 13.4 m that T lies on AX. This gives a right-angled
b We don’t know if the angle of elevation is from triangle with height (7 – 2) cm = 5 cm.
Sunil’s feet or head. This would make a The hypotenuse is (7 + 2) cm = 9 cm, hence
difference to the answer as we would need to the line YT, which is the same length as AB =
add Sunil’s height if the angle was from his √(92 – 52) = √56 = 7.4833…
head. The area of the trapezium = AB × (7 + 2)/2 =
7.4833 × 4.5 = 33.6749 = 33.7 cm² (3sf)
1
8 Cos θ = 3 so cos-1 0.3333 = 70.5° (3sf)
7 110 cm2
9 The angle is 16° so Cara is not quite correct. 8 Using square roots is dependent on remembering
10 William is 137 m away, Isaac is 107 m away. 3
that sin 60° = 2 , then calculating this as 0.866
(3sf).
Exercise 11N Using the equilateral triangle will give sin 60° as
1 a 73.4 km b 15.6 km Height of triangle/10. The height found by
Pythagoras as √(102 – 52) = √75 = 8.660254, so
2 a 14.7 miles b 8.5 miles
sin 60° = 0.866 (3sf).
Both answers are the same.

Chapter 12 – Geometry and x +12 180 1.7 2136
2 a 12 = 21.7 ,x=
= 7120 m, just over
0.3
measures: Similarity 7 km.
b the assumption is that the building, the brick
Exercise 12A wall and Brad are all standing on the same
level.
1 a Yes, 4
b No, corresponding sides have different ratios.
Exercise 12D
2 a PQR is an enlargement of ABC
1 a i 1:9 ii 4 : 25 iii 16 : 49
b 1:3
b i 1 : 27 ii : 125 iii 64 : 343
c Angle R
d BA 2
3 a Angle P b PR Linear Linear Linear Area Volume
scale ratio fraction scale scale
4 a Same angles factor factor factor
b Angle Q 2
c AR 2 1:2 4 8
1
5 a 8 cm 3
3 1:3 9 27
b 7.5 cm 1
c x = 6.67 cm, y = 13.5 cm 1 1 1 1
4:1
d x = 24 cm, y = 13 cm 4 4 16 64
e AB = 10 cm, PQ = 6 cm 5
f 4.2 cm 5 1:5 25 125
1
6 a Sides in same ratio b 1:3 1 1 1 1
10 : 1
c 13 cm d 39 cm 10 10 100 1000
7 5.2 m
8 Corresponding sides are not in the same ratio, 3 135 cm2
12 : 15 ≠ 16 : 19.
4 a 56 cm2
9 DE = 17.5 cm; AC : EC = BA : DE, 5 : 12.5 = 7 : b 126 cm2
DE, DE = 7 × 12.5 ÷ 5 = 17.5 cm
5 a 48 m2
b 3 m2
Exercise 12B
6 a 2400 cm3
1 a ABC and ADE; 9 cm b 8100 cm3
b ABC and ADE; 12 cm
7 Length ratio = 1 : 2, so volume ratio = 1 : 8. So
2 a 5 cm large tin volume = 0.5 × 8 = 4 litres
b 5 cm
c x = 60 cm, y = 75 cm 8 1.38 m3
d DC = 10 cm, EB = 8 cm
9 a £6
3 82 m b Assume that the cost is only based on the
pole
volume of paint in the tin.
400 4
4 330
= 600 , pole = 330 × 6 = 220
10 4 cm
5 15 m 11 8 × 60p = £4.80 so it is better value to buy the
6 3.3 m large tub
7 1.8 m 12 a 3 : 4
BC 9 9
b 9 : 16
8 9 = 6 , hence BC = 9 × 6 = 13.5 cm c 27 : 64
9 c 13 720 ÷ 8 = 90 cm3
Exercise 12C Exercise 12E

1 a 5 cm 1 a 111 cm3 b 641 cm3
b 6 cm c 267 cm3 d 426 cm3
c 10 cm
2 a Height = 6 cm, Volume = 25 cm3
d x = 6 cm, y = 7.5 cm
b Height = 8 cm, Volume = 51 cm3
e x = 15 cm, y = 21 cm
c Height = 4 cm, Mass = 105 g
f x = 3 cm, y = 2.4 cm
d Height = 3 cm, Volume = 130 cm3
3 6.2 cm, 10.1 cm

4 4.26 cm, 6.74 cm 2 a 19 27
, 200 4
, 25 53
, 200 69
, 200
200
H2 200 b 40
5 = 140
82 c No, it is weighted towards the side with
200 numbers 4 and 5
H2 = 64 × 140 = 91.428571
H = √91.428571 = 9.56 (3sf) 3 a 32 is too high, unlikely that 20 of the 50
throws between 50 and 100 were 5
6 3.38 m
b Yes, all frequencies fairly close to 100
7 8.39 cm
4 a B b B c C d A
8 26.5 cm e B f A g B h B
9 16.9 cm 5 a 0.2, 0.25, 0.38, 0.42, 0.385, 0.397

b 80
10 a 4.33 cm, 7.81 cm b 143 g, 839 g 6 a Caryl, most throws b 0.39. 0.31, 0.17, 0.14
11 53.8 kg c Yes, it is more likely to give a 1 or 2
12 1.73 kg 7 Thursday as it had the highest proportion
13 8.8 cm 8 The missing top numbers are 4 and 5; the two

bottom numbers are likely to be close to 20.
14 7.9 cm and 12.6 cm
9 Although you would expect the probability to be
15 b
close to 21 , hence 500 heads, it is more likely
that the number of heads is close to 500 rather
Review questions
than actually 500.
1 Let height of larger triangle = h.
h 40 10 Roxy is correct, as the expected numbers are: 50,
Using similar triangles: 35h = 30 12.5, 25, 12.5. Sam has not taken into account
Rearrange to 30h = 1400 – 40h the fact that there are four red sectors.
which gives 70h = 1400
h = 20 cm
So small triangle is 35 – 20 = 15 cm tall. Exercise 13B
Thus the difference between the heights is 20 cm 1 a Yes b Yes c No
– 15 cm = 5 cm d No e Yes f Yes
2 a For similar shapes, if the ratio of lengths is 1 : 2 Events a and f
x , then the ratio of volumes will be 1 : x3 , so if
ratio of lengths is 1 : 3, the ratio of volumes 3
3
will be 1 : 33 = 1 : 27 5
b Yes, because if the size (volume) of the plant
3 3 3
increases by a factor of 27, the lengths have 4 a i 10 ii 10 iii 10
increased by a factor of 3. Hence the new 9 4
height should be 4 cm × 3 = 12 cm, which it iv 10 v 5
is. b All except iii
c Event iv
3 Andrew is correct, Eve has calculated the length
of AD (8 cm) so ED should be 2 cm. 5 a Jane/John, Jane/Jack, Jane/Anne,
Jane/Dave, Dave/John, Dave/Jack,
4 a 6 cm b 16 cm3 Dave/Anne, Anne/John, Anne/Jack,
324 Jack/John
5 a Area scale factor = 100 = 3.24, length scale 1 3
b i 10 ii 10
factor = √3.24 = 1.8, length of cylinder B = 5 ×
1.8 = 9 3 7
b 933 cm3 iii 10 iv 10
c All except iii
d Event ii
Chapter 13 – Probability: Exploring 3 1

6 a 8 b 8
and applying probability c All except ii
d Outcomes overlap
Exercise 13A 3
7 20
1 2 1 21 37 163 329
1 a 5 , 25 , 10 , 200 , 250 , 1000 , 2000 1
8 75
1
b 6 c 1 d 6
e 1000

9 Not mutually exclusive events 2 4 6 8 10 12
1
10 a i 0.25 ii 0.4 iii 0.7 b 3 c 4
b Events not mutually exclusive
2
c Man/woman, American man/American woman 6 a 45 b 40% c 45%
d Man/woman d No, as you don’t know how much the people
11 a i
0.95 who get over £350 actually earn
ii
0.9 (assuming person chooses one or 22 11
other) 7 36 = 18
iii 0.3
b Events not mutually exclusive 10 a
c Possible answer: pork and vegetarian
12 These are not mutually exclusive events.
Exercise 13C
1 25
2 1000
3 a 260 b 40 c 130 d 10
4 5
5 a 150 b 100 c 250 d 0
b 9 or 11 c 0
6 a 167 b 833 15 5 30 5
d 36 = 12 e 36 = 6
7 1050
8 a Exercise 13E
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Expected 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 a 0.9 b 0.7
occurrences
2 a 0.75 b 0.45
b 1 × 10 + 2 × 10 + 3 × 10 + 4 × 10 + 5 × 10 + 6
× 10 = 210 = 3.5 3 a
21
c Find the average of the scores, which is 6
21 = 3.5
9 a 0.111 b 40
10 281 days
11 Multiply the number of tomato plants by 0.997
12 400 2 3 1
b i 5 ii 5 iii 2
1 7 1
Exercise 13D iv 2 v 10 vi 5
4
1 a 23 b 20% c 25 d 480
4 a i 0.52 ii 0.48 iii 0.65
2 a 10 b 7 c 14% d 15% iv 0.35 v 0.82 vi 0.35
3 a b 0.3
1 2 3 4 5 a
5 6 7 8 9
6 7 8 9 10
7 8 9 10 11
8 9 10 11 12
b 4
1 3 1
c i 4 ii 16 iii 4
51
4 a 16 b 16 c 73 d 73
b i 0.5 ii 0.6 iii 0.3
5 a 6 a 65 b 70 c 90
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6

7 3 a i 3
ii 10 red, 6 green, 4 blue
10
b she may not have taken one in the 10 trials
4
Boys Girls Total
Walk to school 9 21 30
Do not walk to school 18 2 20
Total 27 23 50
1 2
a 2 b 5
19 3 36
7 1 5 a 110 b 55 c 22 d 55
c 10 d 5
6 a 0.18 b 0.49
8 a 130 c No as the probabilities are close to 0.2
8
b i 13 7 a i 0.8 ii 12
ii The probability that a student chosen at b No as P(six) = 1
, so Tom is likely to throw 10
random walks to and from school 6
5 sixes
c 26
8 Draw a two-way table to show the outcomes
9 0.4 + 1 2 3 4 5
10 0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
11 a (A B)ʹ b (A B)ʹ 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 6 7 8
37 4 5 6 7 8 9
12 80 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(score greater than 6) = 10 10 1
13 a 25 , as 25 < 2 , she is
likely to lose the game
9 a 0.3 b 0.5 c 0.6 d 0.3
Chapter 14 – Number: Powers and

standard form
b
Exercise 14A
1 a 24 b 35 c 72 d 53
e 107 f 64 g 41 h 17
i 0.54 j 1003
2 a 3×3×3×3
b 9×9×9
c 6×6
d 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
c
e 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2
f 8
g 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1
h 2.5 × 2.5
i 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7
j 1000 × 1000
3 a 16 b 243 c 49
d 125 e 10 000 000 f 1296
g 4 h 1 i 0.0625
Review questions j 1 000 000
1 7
1 a 2 b 10
4 a 81 b 729 c 36
d 100 000 e 1024 f 8
2 a 0.28 g 0.001 h 6.25 i 0.343
b the frequencies should all be close to 25 j 1 000 000
5 125 m3

6 b 102 c 23 d 52 5 1400 million
7 3: 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729 – pattern is 3, 9, 7, 1 6 a 31 b 310 c 3100 d 31 000
4: 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024, 4096 – pattern is 4, 6 7 a 65 b 650 c 6500 d 65 000
5: 5, 125, 625, 3125, 15 625, 78 125 – all 5 8 a 0.31 b 0.031 c 0.0031 d 0.000 31
8 a 1 b 4 c 1 9 a 0.65 b 0.065 c 0.0065 d 0.000 65
d 1 e 1
10 a 250 b 34.5 c 4670
9 Any power of 1 is equal to 1. d 346 e 207.89 f 56 780
g 246 h 0.76 i 999 000
10 106 j 23 456 k 98 765.4 l 43 230 000
11 106 m 345.78 n 6000 o 56.7
p 560 045
12 a 1 b –1 c 1 d 1 e –1
11 a 0.025 b 0.345
13 a 1 b –1 c –1 d 1 e 1 c 0.004 67 d 3.46
e 0.207 89 f 0.056 78
14 224, 412, 88, 166 g 0.0246 h 0.0076
15 x = 6 i 0.000 000 999 j 2.3456
k 0.098 7654 l 0.000 043 23
m 0.000000034578 n 0.000 000 000 06
Exercise 14B o 0.000 0005 67 p 0.005 600 45
1 a 54 b 53 c 52 d 53 e 5–5 12 a 230 b 578 900
c 4790 d 57 000 000
2 a 63 b 60 c 66 d 6–7 e 62 e 216 f 10 500
3 a a3 b a5 c a7 g 0.000 32 h 9870
d a4 e a2 f a1 13 a, b and c
4 a Any two values such that x + y = 10 14 Power 24 means more digits in the answer, so
b Any two values such that x – y = 10 Venus is heavier.
5 a 46 b 415 c 46 15 6
d 4–6 e 46 f 40
6 a 6a5 b 9a2 c 8a6 Exercise 14D
d –6a4 e 8a8 f –10a–3
1 a 0.31 b 0.031 c 0.0031 d 0.000 31
7 a 3a b 4a3 c 3a4
d 6a–1 e 4a7 f 5a–4 2 a 0.65 b 0.065 c 0.0065 d 0.000 65
8 a 8a5b4 b 10a3b c 30a–2b–2 3 a 9999999999 × 1099

d 2ab3 e 8a–5b7 f 4a5b–5 b 0.000000001 ×10–99(depending on number of
digits displayed)
9 a 3a3b2 b 3a2c4 c 8a2b2c3
4 a 31 b 310 c 3100 d 31 000
10 a Possible answer: 6x² × 2y5 and 3xy × 4xy4
b Possible answer: 24x2y7 ÷ 2y2 and 12x6y8 ÷ 5 a 65 b 650 c 6500 d 65 000
x4y3 6 a 250 b 34.5 c 0.004 67
d 34.6 e 0.020 789 f 5678
11 12 (a = 2, b = 1, c = 3)
g 246 h 7600 i 897 000
j 0.00865 k 60 000 000 l 0.000 567
12 1 = ax ÷ ax = ax – x = a0
7 a 2.5 × 102 b 3.45 × 10–1
c 4.67 × 104 d 3.4 × 109
Exercise 14C e 2.078 × 1010 f 5.678 × 10–4
1 a 60 000 b 120 000 c 150 g 2.46 × 103 h 7.6 × 10–2
d 42 000 e 1400 f 300 i 7.6 × 10–4 j 9.99 × 10–1
g 400 h 8000 i 160 000 k 2.3456 × 102 l 9.87654 × 101
j 4500 k 8000 l 250 000 m 6 × 10–4 n 5.67 × 10–3
o 5.60045 × 101
2 a 5 b 50 c 25 d 30 e 7
f 300 g 6 h 30 i 1 j 15 8 2.7797 × 104
k 40 l 5 m 40 n 320 9 2.81581 × 105, 3 × 101, 1.382101 × 106
3 a 54 400 b 16 000
10 1.298 × 107, 2.997 × 109, 9.3 × 104
4 30 × 90 000 = 2 700 000
11 100
600 × 8000 = 4 800 000
5000 × 4000 = 20 000 000 12 36 miles
200 000 × 700 = 140 000 000

Exercise 14E 9 2.48 × 10–7
1 a 5.67 × 103 b 6 × 102 10 1000 litres in a cubic metre, 5.3 × 1024 ÷ 2000 =
c 3.46 × 10–1 d 7 × 10–4 2.65 × 1021
e 5.6 × 102 f 6 × 105
g 7 × 103 h 1.6 11 Yes: (6.5 × 104)2 = 4.225 × 109 (6 × 104)2 = 3.6 ×
i 2.3 × 107 j 3 × 10–6 109
k 2.56 × 106 l 4.8 × 102 (2.5 × 104)2 = 6.25 × 108 = 0.625 × 109
m 1.12 × 102 n 6 × 10–1 3.6 × 109 + 0.625 × 109 = 4.225 × 109
o 2.8 × 106
12 2.6 × 107 ÷ 2 = 1.3 × 107,
2 a 1.08 × 108 b 4.8 × 106 short side = 1.3 × 107 – 8 × 106 = 13 × 106 – 8 ×
c 1.2 × 109 d 1.08 106 = 5 × 106
e 6.4 × 102 f 1.2 × 101 Area = 5 × 106 × 8 × 106 = 40 × 1012 = 4 × 1013
g 2.88 h 2.5 × 107
i 8 × 10–6 13 1.5 × 107 sq miles
3 a 1.1 × 108 b 6.1 × 106 14 270 000 000
c 1.6 × 109 d 3.9 × 10–2
e 9.6 × 108 f 4.6 × 10–7 15 Any value from 1 × 108 to 1 × 109 (excluding
g 2.1 × 103 h 3.6 × 107 1 × 108 and 1 × 109), i.e. any value of the form
i 1.5 × 102 j 3.5 × 109 a × 108 where 1 < a ˂ 10
k 1.6 × 104
4 a 2.7 × 10 b 1.6 × 10–2
c 2 × 10–1 d 4 × 10–8 Chapter 15 – Algebra: Equations and
e 2 × 105 f 6 × 10–2
g 2 × 10–5 h 5 × 102 inequalities
i 2 × 10
5 a 5.4 × 10 b 2.9 × 10–3 Exercise 15A
c 1.1 d 6.3 × 10–10
e 2.8 × 102 f 5.5 × 10–2 1 a 30 b 21 c 72 d 12
1
g 4.9 × 102 h 8.6 × 106 e 6 f 10 2 g –10 h 7
4
6 2 × 1013, 1 × 10–10, mass = 2 × 103 g (2 kg) i 11 j 2 k 7 l 25
1 1
7 a (263) 9.2 × 1018 grains m 1 n 11 2 o 5
b 264 – 1 = 1.8 × 1019
2 Any valid equations
8 a 6 × 107 sq miles b 30%
3 a Amanda
9 5 × 104 b First line: Betsy adds 4 instead of multiplying
10 2.3 × 105 by 5.
Second line: Betsy adds 5 instead of
11 455 070 000 kg or 455 070 tonnes multiplying by 5.
Fourth line: Betsy subtracts 2 instead of
12 a 2.048 × 106 b 4.816 × 106 dividing by 2.
13 250 x +10
4 a 5 = 9.50
14 9.41 × 104
b £37.50
Review questions 5 a 8 b student’s own checks

3
1 a i 24 ii 28
b i 103 iii 109
Exercise 15B
2 a 1 500 000 b 6 000 000 000
1 1
1 a 2 b 15 c 2 d –2
3 a 196
b units digits is 5 × 5 = 25 so it should end in 5 e –1 f –2 g –2 h –1
4 a 79 b x4 2 Any values that work, e.g. a = 2, b = 3 and c = 30.

c Adds numbers and multiplies powers, but 3 55
should be the other way round. 15x9
4 3 cm
5 a t8 b m5 c 9x6 d 10a7h5
5 5
6 a x11 b m–5 c 8k5m3
6 Multiplying out the brackets and simplifying gives
7 a 7.5 × 104 b 0.009 4x – 24 = 0 which has the solution x = 6
8 a 2y b 8m9p12
7 168

Exercise 15C b 14a + b = 47 c a = 3, b = 5
d 146, 443
1 a x=2 b y=1 c a=7 d t=4
e p=2 f k = –1 g m=3 h s = –2 2 Amul £7.20, Kim £3.50
2 3x – 2 = 2x + 5, x = 7 3 a 3t + 5b = 810, 3t + 3b = 630
b £10.20
3 a d=6 b x = 11 c y=1 d h=4
e b=9 f c=6 4 a They are the same equation. Divide the first
by 2 and it is the second, so they have an
4 a 6x + 3 = 6x + 10; 6x – 6x = 10 – 3; 0 = 7, which infinite number of solutions.
is obviously false. Both sides have 6x, which b Double the second equation to get 6x + 2y =
cancels out. 14 and subtract to get 9 = 14. The left-hand
b Multiplying out the brackets gives 12x + 18 = sides are the same if the second is doubled
12x + 18, which is true for all values of x so they cannot have different values.
5 8x + 7 + x + 4 = 11x + 5 – x – 4, x = 10
5 a 10x + 5y = 840, 8x + 10y = 1044
6 a They are both equal to the length of the b £4.07
rectangle 6 a My age minus 6 equals 2 × (my son’s age
b 70 cm2 minus 6)
7 a 15 b x = 46 and y = 26
b –1
c 2(n + 3), 2(n + 3) – 5 7 (1, –2) is the solution to equations A and C;
d 2(n + 3) – 5 = n, 2n + 6 – 5 = n, 2n + 1 = n, n = (–1, 3) is the solution to equations A and D; (2, 1)
–1 is the solution to B and C; (3, –3) is the solution
to B and D.
8 4x + 18 = 3x + 1 + 50, x = 33. Large bottle 1.5
litres, small bottle 1 litre 8 84p
9 8 9 10.3 kg
10 £4.40
Exercise 15D
11 p = 36, c = 22. Total weight for Baz is 428 pounds
1 a x = 41, y = 11 b x = –2, y = 4 so he can carry the load safely on his trailer.
2 2
c x = 2 , y = –1 1
1 12 b = £3.50, p = £1.75. Camilla needs £35 so she
2 2
will not have enough money.
2 a a = 7, b = 10 b c = 4, d = 11
13 a Intersection points are (0, 6), (1, 3) and (2, 4).
c e = 5, f = 3
Area is 2 cm2.
3 x = 12, y = 2 b Intersection points are (0, 3), (6, 0) and (4, –1).
Area is 6 cm2.
Exercise 15E 14 When Carmen worked out (2) – (3), she should
have got y = 6
1 a x = 9, y = –2
When Jeff rearranged 2x + 8 – x = 10, he should
b x = ½, y = 5 c x = –3, y = –10
have got x = 2
They also misunderstood ‘two, six’ as this means
2 a x=21,y=61
4 2 x = 2 and y = 6, not the other way round.
b x = 4, y = 3 c x = 5, y = 3
3 a x = 1, y = 3 b x = 5, y = 9 Exercise 15H
1 a y≤3 b x<6 c t ≥ 18
Exercise 15F d x<7 e x≤3 f t≥5
1 a x = 2, y = 5 b x = 4, y = –3 2 a 16 b 3 c 7
1 3
c x = 1, y = 7 d x = 2, y = 4 3 2x + 3 < 20, x < 8.50, so the most each could cost
1 3
is £8.49
e x = –1, y = 5 f x=12,y= 4
4 a Because 3 + 4 = 7, which is less than the third
2 a x = 5, y = 1 b x = 3, y = 8 side of length 8
c x = 9, y = 1 d x = 7, y = 3 b x + x + 2 > 10, 2x + 2 > 10, 2x > 8, x > 4, so
e x = 4, y = 2 f x = 6, y = 5 smallest value of x is 5
5 a x = 6 and x < 3 scores −1 (nothing in
Exercise 15G common), x < 3 and x > 0 scores +1 (1 in
common for example), x > 0 and x = 2 scores
1 a 3 is the first term. The next term is 3 × a + b, +1 (2 in common), x = 2 and x ≥ 4 scores −1
which equals 14.

(nothing in common), so we get − 1 + 1 + 1 − 7x = 14
1=0 x=2
b x > 0 and x = 6 scores +1 (6 in common), x = Also 35 – 7x > 0
6 and x ≥ 4 scores +1 (6 in common), x ≥ 4 x<5
and x = 2 scores −1 (nothing in common), x = So the diagram represents this.
2 and x < 3 scores +1 (2 in common). + 1 + 1
−1+1=2 8 a x>2
c Any acceptable combination, e.g. x = 2, x < 3,
x > 0, x ≥ 4, x = 6
14
6 a y≤4 b x ≥ −2 c x≤ 5
1 7
d x > 38 e x<62 f y≤ 5
7 a 3<x<6 b 2<x<5 c −1 < x ≤ 3

d 1≤x<4 e 2≤x<4 f 0≤x≤5
8 a {4, 5} b {3, 4} c {0, 1, 2, 3}
d {1, 2, 3} e {2, 3} f {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
9 6
Exercise 15J
Exercise 15I 1
1 a x<2 b x ≥ −1 c 3˂x˂6
2
3 2
3
4 a Because 3 apples plus the chocolate bar cost
more that £1.20: x > 22
b Because 2 apples plus the chocolate bar left
Max with at least 16p change: x ≤ 25
c
d Apples could cost 23p, 24p or 25p.

5 Any two inequalities that overlap only on the
integers −1, 0, 1 and 2 – for example, x > −1 and
x<3
6 1 and 4
7 4(35 – 7x) = 84
35 – 7x =21

4 a 8 a–f
b i Yes ii Yes iii No g i No ii No iii Yes

5 9 a
b i No ii Yes
iii Yes iv No
10 For example, x ≥ 1, y ≤ 3 and y ≥ x + 1. There are
6 a
many other valid answers.
11 May be true: a, c, d, g
Must be false: b, e
Must be true: f, h
12 Test a point such as the origin (0, 0), so 0 < 0 +
2, which is true. So the side that includes the
b
origin is the required side.
13 a (3, 0) b (4, 5)
14 £59.50
Exercise 15K
1 a 4 and 5 b 4 and 5 c 2 and 3
c 2 x = 3.5
3 a x = 3.7
b i x = 2.4 ii x = 2.8 iii x = 3.2
c x = 5.8
4 Student’s own working
7 a–d 5 x = 1.5
6
Guess 3x3 + 2x Comment
6 660 Too low
7 1043 Too high
6.5 836.875 Too low
6.8 956.896 Too high
6.7 915.689 Too high
6.6 875.688 Too low
6.65 895.538875 Too low
7 a Area = x(x + 5) = 100

b Width = 7.8 cm, length = 12.8 cm
8 Volume = x × 2x(x + 8) = 500, x3 + 8x2 = 250, 4 
192, 5  325, 4.4  240.064, 4.5  253.125,
e i No ii Yes iii Yes 4.45  246.541125, so dimensions are 4.5 cm, 9
cm and 12.5 cm

9 Steph is correct because if 7.05 is too low then 16 a
the answer will round up to 7.1
x x
10 a Cube is x3, hole is 2 × 2 × 8 = 2x2.
Cube minus hole is 1500
b 12  1440, 13  1859, 12.1  1478.741,
12.2  1518.168, 12.15  1498.368 375 so
the value of x = 12.2 (to 1 dp)
11 2.76 and 7.24
Review questions
1 8 b 4 21 square units
2 3 years c It’s infinite
3 Length is 5.5 m, width is 2.5 m and area is 13.75 17 –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
m2. Carpet costs £123.75
18 a x + y  7, y  2x – 1, y  1 x
2
4 a B: 3 x, C: 3 x, D: 1 x b y  x – 3, x > 2, x + y < 8`
8 8 4
b 3 x = 300, 800 cars
8
c : 1 x = 500, 750 cars Chapter 16 – Number: Counting,
4
accuracy, powers and surds
5 No, as x + x + 2 + x + 4 + x + 6 = 360 gives x =
87° so the consecutive numbers (87, 89, 91, 93)
are not even but odd Exercise 16A
.
6 2 hr 10 min 1 a 0.5 b 0. 3 . c 0.25
. .
7 –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 d 0.2 e 0.1. 6 f 0. 14285 7
g 0.125
. . h 0. 1 i 0.1
8 a x = 7, bx<7
j 0. 0 7692 3
2 a 74 5 0.5714285…
5
7
5 0.714 285 7…
9 a 6.3, b Solve as a linear equation
6
7
5 0.8571428…
10 i –3 < x < 1, number line B;
ii –2 < x < 4, number line below; b They all contain the same pattern of digits,
iii –1 < x < 2, number line A starting at a different point in the pattern.
. . .
3 0. 1, 0. 2 , 0. 3 , etc. Digit in decimal fraction same
as numerator.
. . . . . .
11 2.78 4 0. 0 9 , 0. 1 8 , 0. 2 7 , etc. Sum of digits in
recurring pattern = 9. First digit is one less than
12 £62
numerator.
13 £195 5 0.444 ..., 0.454 ..., 0.428 ..., 0.409 ..., 0.432 ...,
14 a x = 4, y = 3 0.461 ...;
9
b i 1000x + 1000y = 7000  x + y = 7 22
, 37 , 16
37
5
, 94 , 11 6
, 13
ii 984x – 984y = 984  x – y = 1
c a = 9, b = 5 6 a
1
b 17 c 29 5
d 16
8 50 40
15 Let straight part of track = D, inner radius of end 89 1 7 7
e 100 f g 2 20 h 32
= r, outer radius = r + x 20
x being the width of the track .
Length of inner track = 2D +2πr = 300 (i) 7 a 0.08 3 b 0.0625 c 0.05
Length of outer track = 2D +2π(r + x) = 320 (ii) d 0.04 e 0.02
Subtract equation i from ii to give
2π(r + x) – 2πr = 20 4 6 5
8 a 3
b 5 c 2
2πr + 2πx – 2πr = 20
10 20 15
2πx = 20 d 7 e 11 f 4
x = 3.2 2sf

. . . .
9 a 0.75, 1. 3. ;. 0.8 3 ,. 1.2; 0.4, 2.5; 0.7, 1. 4 2857 1; e 105 f 1
g 1 h 3
y 2x 3 2m 4t 4
0.55, 1. 8 1; 0.2 6 , 3.75
4 7
b Not always true, e.g. reciprocal of 0.4 ( 52 ) is i j
5y 3 8x 5
5
2
= 2.5 5 a 7x–3 b 10p–1 c 5t–2
d 8m–5 e 3y–1
10 1 ÷ 0 is infinite, so there is no finite answer.
1 4
11 a 10 6 a i 25 ii 125 iii 5
b 2 b i 64 ii
1
iii 5
c The reciprocal of a reciprocal is always the 16 256
original number. c i 8
d i 1 000 000
12 The reciprocal of x is greater than the reciprocal 1 1
of y. For example, 2 , 10, reciprocal of 2 is 0.5, ii 32 ii 1000
reciprocal of 10 is 0.1, and 0.5 > 0.1 9 1
iii 2 or 4 21 iii 4
13 Possible answer: – 21 × –2 = 1, – 31 × –3 = 1
7 24 (32 – 8)
14 a 24.24242 ... b 24 8 x = 8 and y = 4 (or x = y = 1)
24 = 8
c 99 33 1
9 2097152
8 34 5 21
15 a 9 b 99 c 11 d 37 10 a x–5, x0, x5 b x5, x0, x–5 c x5, x–5, x0
e 94 f 2
45
g 13
90
1
h 22
Exercise 16D
i 2 79 7
j 7 11 k 3 31 2
l 2 33
1 a 5 b 25 c 3 d 5
16 a true b true c recurring e 20 f 5 g 3 h 10
i 3 j 2 k 1 l 1
9 45 4 2
17 a 9 b 90
= 21 = 0.5
1
m 31 n 5 o 1
10
Exercise 16B 2 a
5
b 1 32 c 8
d 1 54
6 9
1 a 14 b 100 c 5 d 13 5 3 1
e 8 f 5 g 4 h 2 21
2 8, 27 and 25
i 4 j 1 b2  c 2
3 13 and 14 5
x  = x
4 5 and 6 n
1 1
n
3 n n
= x1 = x, but
5 Answers can be about the same as these
 x =
a i √(66 × 100) ≈ 8.1 × 10 = 81 n
n n n
ii √49 = 7, so √45 ≈ 6.7 x × x … n times = x, so
iii 3√64 = 4, 3√27 = 3, so 3√40 ≈ 3.4 1
n
iv 5.84 ≈ 64 = 36 × 36 ≈ 30× 40 = 1200 x = n
x
v 3√45 000 = 3√45 × 10 ≈ 35 1
b i 81.24 ii 6.708 iii 3.42 4 64 – 2 = 1
8
, others are both 21
iv 1132 v 35.57
5 Possible answer: The negative power gives the
 31 1
Exercise 16C reciprocal, so 27 = 1
27 3
1 1 1 The power one-third means cube root, so you
1 a 53 b 61 c d
105 32 1
need the cube root of 27 which is 3, so 27 3 = 3
1 1 1 1 1
e 82 f 9
g
w2
h t and 1 = 31
27 3
1 4
i j
xm m3 6 Possible answers include x = 16 and y = 64,
x = 25 and y = 125
2 a 3–2 b 5–1 c 10–3 d m–1 e t –n
3 a i 24 ii 2–1 iii2–4 iv –23
Exercise 16E
b i 103 ii 10–1 iii 10–2 iv 106
c i 53 ii 5–1 iii 5–2 iv 5–4 1 a 16 b 25 c 216 d 81
d i 32 ii 3–3 iii 3–4 iv –35 2 3 2
5 6 7 4 2 a t3 b m4 c k5 d x2
3
4 a b t
c d
x3 m2 q4
3 a 4 b 9 c 64 d 3125

1 1 1 1 i 6 j 2 7 k 5
4 a 5
b 6 c 2 d 3
l Does not simplify
1 1 1 1
e 4 f 2 g 2 h 3 10 a 2 3 b 4 c 6 2 d 4 2
1 1 1 1 e 6 5 f 24 3 g 3 2 h 7
5 a 125 b 216 c 8 d 27 i 10 7 j 8 3 k 10 3 l 6
1 1 1 1
a
e 256 f 4 g 4 h 9 11 a abc b c
c c b
1 1 1 1
6 a 100 000 b 12 c d 27 12 a 20 b 24 c 10
25
d 24 e 3 f 6
1
e 1 f 1 g 1 h 13 3 5
32 32 81 13 a 4 b 8 31 c 16
d 12 e 2
– 32
7 8 = 41 , others are both 81 14 a False b False
8 Possible answer: The negative power gives the 15 Possible answer: 3 × 2 3 (= 6)

– 2
1
reciprocal, so 27 3
= 2
16 (√a + √b)2 = ( a  b )2, a + 2√ab + b = a + b,
27 3 Cancel a and b, 2√ab = 0, so a = 0 and/or b = 0.
The power one-third means cube root, so we
need the cube root of 27 which is 3 and the
2 Exercise 16G
power 2 means square, so 32 = 9, so 27 3 = 9
1 1 Expand the brackets each time.
and 2 = 91
27 3
2 a 2 3 –3 b 3 2 –8 c 10 + 4 5
d 12 7 – 42 e 15 2 – 24 f 9– 3
9 3 = x  32 ÷ x–1 , 3 = x 31 , x = 27
3 a 2 3 b 1+ 5 c –1 – 2
d 7 – 30 e –41 f 7+3 6
Exercise 16F
g 9+4 5 h 3–2 2 i 11 + 6 2
1 a 6 b 15 c 2 d 4
4 a 3 2 cm b 2 3 cm c 2 10 cm
e 2 10 f 3 g 2 3 h 21
i 14 j 6 k 6 l 30 5 a 3 – 1 cm2 b 2 5 + 5 2 cm2
c 2 3 + 18 cm2
2 a 2 b 5 c 6 d 3
3 3 2 5 3
e 5 f 1 g h 7 6 a 3 b 2 c 5 d 6
i 2 j 6 k 1 l 3 3 5 2 3 5 2
e f 2
g 2
h 2
3 a 2 3 b 15 c 4 2 d 4 3
21 2 2 2 3 3 5 3 6
e 8 5 f 3 3 g 24 h 3 7 i 3 j 2 k 3 l 3
i 2 7 j 6 5 k 6 3 l 30
7 a i 1 ii –4 iii 2
4 a 3 b 1 c 2 2 d 2
iv 17 v –44
b They become whole numbers. Difference of
e 5 f 3 g 2 h 7 two squares makes the ‘middle terms’ (and
i 7 j 2 3 k 2 3 l 1 surds) disappear.
8 a Possible answer: 2 and 2 or 2 and 8
5 a a b 1 c a
b Possible answer: 2 and 3
6 a 3 2 b 2 6 c 2 3 d 5 2
9 a Possible answer: 2 and 2 or 8 and 2
e 2 2 f 3 3 g 4 3 h 5 3
i 3 5 j 3 7 k 4 2 l 10 2 b Possible answer: 3 and 2
m 10 10 n 5 10 o 7 2 p 9 3
10 Possible answer: 802 = 6400, so 80 = 6400 and
7 a 36 b 16 30 c 54 d 32 10 70 = 7000
e 48 6 f 48 6 g 18 15 h 84 Since 6400 ˂ 7000, there is not enough cable.
i 64 j 100 k 50 l 56
11 9 + 6 2 + 2 – (1 – 2 8 + 8) = 11 – 9 + 6 2 +
8 a 20 6 b 6 15 c 24 d 16 4 2 = 2 + 10 2
e 12 10 f 18 g 20 3 h 10 21
i 6 21 j 36 k 24 l 12 30 12 x2 – y2 = (1 + 2 )2 – (1 – 8 )2 = 1 + 2 2 + 2 – (1
– 2 8 + 8) = 3 – 9 + 2 2 + 4 2 = –6 + 6 2
9 a 6 b 3 5 c 6 6 d 2 3 (x + y)(x – y) = (2 – 2 )(3 2 ) = 6 2 – 6
e 4 5 f 5 g 7 3 h 2 7

13 4√2 – (√2 – 1) = 3√2 + 1. (√2 – 1)(3√2 + 1) = Exercise 16I
5 – 2√2
1 Minimum 65 kg, maximum 75 kg
n 1
14 a i 3 2n ii 2 Minimum is 19, maximum is 20
3
 5 3 a 12.5 kg b 20
n
5  2    2 
n 1
b i ii
4 3 years 364 days (Jack is on his fifth birthday; Jill
is 9 years old tomorrow)
Exercise 16H 5 a 38.25 cm2 ≤ area ˂ 52.25 cm2
1 a 6.5 cm ≤ 7 cm ˂ 7.5 cm b 37.1575 cm2 ≤ area ˂ 38.4475 cm2
b 115 g ≤ 120 g ˂ 125 g c 135.625 cm2 ≤ area ˂ 145.225 cm2
c 3350 km ≤ 3400 km ˂ 3450 km 6 a 5.5 m ≤ length ˂ 6.5 m, 3.5 m ≤ width ˂ 4.5 m
d 49.5 mph ≤ 50 mph ˂ 50.5 mph b 29.25 m2
e £5.50 ≤ £6 ˂ £6.50 c 18 m
f 16.75 cm ≤ 16.8 cm ˂ 16.85 cm
g 15.5 kg ≤ 16 kg ˂ 16.5 kg 7 79.75 m2 ≤ area ˂ 100.75 m2
h 14 450 people ≤ 14 500 people ˂ 14 550 8 216.125 cm3 ≤ volume ˂ 354.375 cm3
people
i 54.5 miles ≤ 55 miles ˂ 55.5 miles 9 12.5 metres
j 52.5 miles ≤ 55 miles ˂ 57.5 miles
10 Yes, because they could be walking at 4.5 mph
2 a 5.5 cm ≤ 6 cm ˂ 6.5 cm and 2.5 mph meaning that they would cover 4.5
b 16.5 kg ≤ 17 kg ˂ 17.5 kg miles + 2.5 miles = 7 miles in 1 hour
c 31.5 min ≤ 32 min ˂ 32.5 min
11 20.9 m ≤ length ˂ 22.9 m (3 sf)
d 237.5 km ≤ 238 km ˂ 238.5 km
e 7.25 m ≤ 7.3 m ˂ 7.35 m 12 16.4 cm2 ≤ area ˂ 21.7 cm2 (3 sf)
f 25.75 kg ≤ 25.8 kg ˂ 25.85 kg
g 3.35 h ≤ 3.4 h ˂ 3.45 h 13 a i 64.1 cm3 ≤ volume ˂ 69.6 cm3 (3 sf)
h 86.5 g ≤ 87 g ˂ 87.5 g ii £22 578 ≤ price ˂ £24 515 (nearest £)
i 4.225 mm ≤ 4.23 mm ˂ 4.235 mm b 23 643 ≤ price ˂ £23 661 (nearest £)
j 2.185 kg ≤ 2.19 kg ˂ 2.195 kg c Errors in length compounded by being used 3
k 12.665 min ≤ 12.67 min ˂ 12.675 min times in a, but errors in weight only used once
l 24.5 m ≤ 25 m ˂ 25.5 m in b
m 35 cm ≤ 40 cm ˂ 45 cm 14 a 14.65 s ≤ time ˂ 14.75 s
n 595 g ≤ 600 g ˂ 605 g b 99.5 m ≤ length ˂ 100.5 m
o 25 min ≤ 30 min ˂ 35 min c 6.86 m/s (3 sf)
p 995 m ≤ 1000 m ˂ 1050 m
q 3.95 m ≤ 4.0 m ˂ 4.05 m 15 a 1.25% (3 sf)
r 7.035 kg ≤ 7.04 kg ˂ 7.045 kg b 1.89% (3 sf)
s 11.95 s ≤ 12.0 s ˂ 12.05 s 16 3.41 cm ≤ length ˂ 3.43 cm (3 sf)
t 6.995 m ≤ 7.00 m ˂ 7.005 m
17 5.80 cm ≤ length ˂ 5.90 cm (3 sf)
3 a 7.5 m, 8.5 m b 25.5 kg, 26.5 kg
c 24.5 min, 25.5 min d 84.5 g, 85.5 g 18 14 s ≤ time ˂ 30 s
e 2.395 m, 2.405 m f 0.15 kg, 0.25 kg 19 Cannot be certain as limits of accuracy for all
g 0.055 s, 0.065 s h 250 g, 350 g three springs overlap:
i 0.65 m, 0.75 m j 365.5 g, 366.5 g Red: 12.5 newtons to 13.1 newtons
k 165 weeks, 175 weeks l 205 g, 215 g Green: 11.8 newtons to 13.2 newtons
4 There are 16 empty seats and the number getting Blue: 9.5 newtons to 12.9 newtons
on the bus is from 15 to 24 so it is possible if 15 For example, all tensions could be 12 newtons
or 16 get on.
5 C: The chain and distance are both any value Exercise 16J
between 29.5 and 30.5 metres, so there is no 1 Number of possible permutations is 7! ÷ 2!5! =
way of knowing if the chain is longer or shorter 21. Of these any pair of the first 5 coins will be
than the distance. less than a £1, which is 5! ÷3! 2! = 10. Hence 11
6 2 kg 450 grams pairs will have a value greater than £1.
7 a ˂ 65.5 g b 64.5 g 2 6, 16, etc. up to 196 which is 19 plus 60 up to 69,

c ˂ 2620 g d 2580 g which is 9 (66 already counted) plus 160 up to
169 which is 9 (166 already counted) giving a
8 345, 346, 347, 348, 349 total of 37
9 Any number in range 4 < a < 5, eg 4.5 3 a i 5040 ii 2.43 × 1018 (3 sf)
b This depends on your calculator but 69! = 1.71
× 1098, which is about the number of atoms in
QUINTILLION (look it up) universes.

4 a 104 = 10 000 b 134 = 28 561 ii 14 + 4√6
b 22 + (2 + √6)2 = 4 + 4 + 6 + 4√6 = 14 + 4√6 =
5 3× 133 = 6591 (√2 + √12)2 so the sides obey Pythagoras’
6 a 103 = 1000 b 6 theorem
7 8 × 7 × 6 = 336 18 a √27 = 5.20m
b Cube side 2.95 m has diagonal 5.07 m. Max
8 a 16 ways of choosing an Ace followed by a length pole is 5.005 m so it will fit round the
King out of 52 × 52 ways of picking 2 cards corner.
with replacement, so 270416
 169
1
b Still 16 ways of taking an ace followed by a

Chapter 17 – Algebra: Quadratic
16
King but out of 52 × 51 so 2652  663
4
Equations
9 a 1 6 15 20 15 6 1, 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1, 1 8 28
56 70 56 28 8 1, 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1, Exercise 17A
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
b i 10 ii 15 1 a Values of y: 27, 16, 7, 0, −5, −8, −9, −8, −5, 0,
c 7C3 is the 3rd value in the 7th row, which is 35 7
d 126 b −8.8 c 3.4 or −1.4
10 a 31 b 8 (28 = 256) 2 a Values of y: 2, −1, −2, −1, 2, 7, 14
b 0.25 c 0.7 or −2.7
11 a 435 b 48 c 12 d 12 d
e 455 f 64 = 1296
g 65 = 7776
h 262 × 102 = 67 600
i 10! = 3 628 800
Review questions
1 a 13 b 10 c 13
2 a 1845 b 1854
3 8, 16 and 36
4 19
5 12P2 = 66, 9C4 = 126 so 9C4 is greater
6 a 124 = 20736 b 3 × 123 = 5184
7 a 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5! = 120
b There will be 24 starting with each letter and
CODES will be the first CO word so 13th in the
e (1.1, 2.6) and (−2.6, 0.7)
list
3 a Values of y: 15, 9, 4, 0, −3, −5, −6, −6, −5,
8 a 34 = 81 b 8 c –3
−3, 0, 4, 9
1 b −0.5 and 3
9 a 25 b 64 = 1296
4 a Same answer
7 b
10 15
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
11 a = 7, b = –1
y 28 19 12 7 4 3 4 7 12 19 28
12 6√2
Since the quadratic graph has a vertical line of
13 a x = 0.5454.. , 100x = 54.5454.., 99x = 54 x = symmetry and the y-values for x = 1 and x = 3
54 are the same, this means that the y-values will
99
, cancel by 9
be symmetric about x = 2. Hence the y-values
3
b 0.35454.. = 0.3 + 0.05454.. = 10  110
6
= will be the same for x = 0 and x = 4, and so on.
33
110
 6
110
 39
110
5 Points plotted and joined should give a parabola.
6 Line A has a constant in front, so is ‘thinner’ than
11
14 45 the rest.
Line B has a negative in front, so is ‘upside
15 a 9 b 5√2 down’.
5
Line C does not pass through the origin.
16 a 5 b 2
17 a i √32 = √16×2 = √16 × √2 = 4√2

Exercise 17B i 1.89, 0.11
1 a –2, –5 b 4, 9 c –6, 3 2 13
2 a –4, –1 b 2, 4 c -2, 5 3 x2 – 3x – 7 = 0
d –3, 5 e –6, 3 f –1, 2
4 0
g –5 h 7 4 Terry gets x = 8
and June gets
3 x(x + 40) = 48 000, x2 + 40x – 48 000 = 0, (2x – 1)2 = 0 which only give one
(x + 240)(x – 200) = 0 1
solution x = 2
Fence is 2 × 200 + 2 × 240 = 880 m
5 6.54, 0.46
4 a –10, 3 b –4, 11 c –8, 9
d 8, 9 correct e 1 f –6, 7 6 1.25, 0.8
g –2, 3
7 a i –0.382, –2.618 ii 6.414, 3.586
5 Mario was correct. iii 7.531, –0.531 iv 1.123, –7.123
Sylvan did not make it into a standard quadratic
b Since a = 1, answers are b  b  4c and
2
and only factorised the x terms. She also
incorrectly solved the equation x – 3 = 4. 2
6 40 cm b  b  4c . When added,
2
2
7 48 km/h
b  b 2  4c  b  b 2  4c b  b 2b
8 a 4, 9   = b
2 2 2
b i 2, –2, 3, –3 ii 16, 81
iii 5, 6, 10, 11
Exercise 17E
Exercise 17C 1 a 52 (TWO) b 0 (ONE)
c –23 (NONE) d –7 (NONE)
1
1 a 3 , –3 b 1 31 , – 1
2 c – 51 , 2 e 68 (TWO) f –35 (NONE)
1 1 1
g –4 (NONE) h 0 (ONE)
d –2 2 ,3 2 e – 6 , – 31 f 2
3 ,4 I 409 (TWO)
1 5 7 2
g 2 , –3 h 2 ,– 6 i –1 3 , 1 52 2 300
3 2 2 1 1 3 x2 + 3x – 1 = 0; x2 – 3x – 1 = 0; x2 + x – 3 = 0; x2 –
j 1 4 ,1 7 k 3 , 8 l ± 4
x–3=0
1 2
m –2 4 ,0 n ±1 5 o – 31 , 3
4 2 or –10
1 1 11 5 Can be factorised: b2 – 4ac = 1849, 1, 49, 1024,
2 a 7, –6 b –2 2 ,1 2 c –1, 13
900
d – 52 , 1
2 e – 31 , – 1
2 f 1
5 , –2 Cannot be factorised: b2 – 4ac = 41, 265, 3529,
1 216, 76
g 4 h –2, 8 i – 31 , 0 For those that can be factorised, b2 – 4ac is a
j ±5 k –1 2
l ±3 1 square number
3 2
1
m –2 2 ,3 Exercise 17F
3 a Both only have one solution: x = 1. 1 a (x – 2)2 – 4 b (x + 7)2 – 49
b B is a linear equation, but A and C are c (x – 3)2 – 9 d (x + 3)2 – 9
quadratic equations. e (x – 5)2 – 25 f (x + 10)2 – 100
g (x – 2)2 – 5 h (x + 3)2 – 6
4 a (5x – 1)2 = (2x + 3)2 + (x + 1)2, when expanded i (x + 4)2 – 22 j (x + 1)2 – 2
and collected into the general quadratic, gives k (x – 1)2 – 8 l (x + 9)2 – 11
the required equation.
b (10x + 3)(2x – 3), x = 1.5; area = 7.5 cm2. 2 a 4th, 1st, 2nd and 3rd – in that order
b Write x2 – 4x – 3 = 0 as (x – 2)2 – 7 = 0, Add 7
5 a Show by substituting into the equation to both sides, square root both sides, Add 2 to
24
5 both sides
b –
c i x = –3 ± 2 ii x = 2 ± 7
6 5, 0.5
3 a –2 ± 5 b –7 ± 3 6
7 Area = 22.75, width 5 = 5 m
c 3± 6 d 5 ± 30
Exercise 17D e –10 ± 101 f –4 ± 22
1 a 1.77, –2.27 b 3.70, –2.70 4 a 1.45, –3.45 b 5.32, –1.32
c –0.19, –1.53 d –1.39, –2.27 c –4.16, 2.16
e 1.37, –4.37 f 0.44, –1.69
5 Check for correct proof.
g 1.64, 0.61 h 0.36, –0.79

6 p = –14, q = –3 d The two x-intercepts have a product of b and
add up to –a. This works because the x-
7 a x2
– 12x + 40 = (x – 6)2 + 4 ≥ 4 for all x b intercepts are the answers of the quadratic
Doesn’t intersect the x-axis equations when y = 0.
8 The answers are 42, – 58. The equation can be e The value of x for the turning point is exactly
factorised as (x – 42)(x + 58) = 0 but it would be halfway between the values of x for the x-
hard to find the factors of 2436. Completing the intercepts. By completing the square, you
square works well because x2 + 16x – 2436 = (x should also be able to see that the x co-
+ 8)2 – 2500 and you can find the square root of ordinate is the value that makes the brackets
2500 without a calculator. Completing the square zero and the y co-ordinate is the value at the
is therefore the better of the two non-calculator end.
methods. The formula could also be used without
a calculator because b2 – 4ac = 10 000 so the Exercise 17H
square root can be taken, but you would have to
work out 162 + 4  2436 in order to get there. 1 a i (0, –3) ii (–1, 0) and (3, 0)
iii (1, –4)
9 H, C, B, E, D, J, A, F, G, I b i (0, 5) ii (–5, 0) and (1, 0)
iii (–2, 9)
Exercise 17G 2
a i a
ii
b i (0, –16) ii (–2, 0) and (8, 0)

iii (3, –25)
3 a roots: (–2, 0) and (2, 0); y-intercept (0, –4)
b roots: (0, 0) and (6, 0); y-intercept (0, 0)
c roots: (–1, 0) and (3, 0); y-intercept (0, –3)
d roots: (–11, 0) and (–3, 0); y-intercept (0, 33)
4 (3, –6)
5 –14
iii
6 –5
7 a (2, 0) b 2 is the only root
8 roots: (–0.5, 0) and (5, 0); y-intercept (0, –5);
turning point: (2.25, –15.125)
9 roots: (4.65, 0) and (7.85, 0); turning point:
(6.25, –5.13)
10
b Each equation is written in the form x2 + ax +

b. You should find that the y-intercept is the
value of b. Graph (i) has its y-intercept at (0, –
5), graph (ii) has its y-intercept at (0, 8) and
graph (iii) has its y-intercept at (0, 0). Note
that the graph (iii)’s equation has no value for
b, so b = 0.
c i x = 5 or –1 ii x = –2 or –4
iii x = 0 or 2

11 y = (x − 3)2 − 7, y = x2 − 6x + 9 − 7, y = x2 − 6x + 2 2 a i –1.6, 2.6 ii 1.4, –1.4
b i 2.3, –2.3 ii 2, –2
12 a (−2, −7)
b i (a, 2b − a2) ii (2a, b − 4a2) 3
13 y = 2x2 + 16x + 14
14 a 60 m b 80 m, 2 s c 6s
Exercise 17I
1 a (0.7, 0.7), (–2.7, –2.7)
b (6, 12), (–1, –2)
c (4, –3), (–3, 4)
d (0.8, 1.8), (–1.8, –0.8)
e (4.6, 8.2), (0.4, –0.2)
f (3, 6), (–2, 1)
g (4.8, 6.6), (0.2, –2.6) a 2.2, –2.2 b –1.8, 2.8
h (2.6, 1.6), (–1.6, –2.6) 4 –3.8, 1.8
2 a (1, 0) 5 a C and D b A and D
b Only one intersection point c x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 d (–1.5, –10.25)
c x2 + x(3 – 5) + (–4 + 5) = 0
d (x – 1)2 = 0  x = 1 6 a i y=5 ii y = x + 3
e Only one solution as line is a tangent to curve. iii y = –10 iv y = x
v y = 3x – 9 vi y = 2 – x
3 a There is no solution. vii y = –3x
b The graphs do not intersect. 1
c x2 + x + 4 = 0 b y= 2 x+3
d b2 2– 4ac = –15
e No solution as the discriminant is negative 7 a i 5 – 5x – x2 = 0 ii 11 – 6x – x2 = 0
and there is no square root of a negative iii 9 – 4x – x2 = 0 iv 30 – 16x – 3x2 = 0
number. b Equation would be –5 – 4x – x2 = 0. b2 – 4ac
= –4. Negative b2 – 4ac has no solutions.
4 a x = 4, y = 31
b There is only one solution because the graphs 8 a (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0 b 5 – –2 = +7, not –7
have the same shape and are at a constant c y = 2x + 7
distance apart.
5 a Proof Exercise 17K
b 1 a (5, –1) b (4, 1) c (8, –1)
2 a (2, 5) and (–2, –3) b (–1, –2) and (4, 3)
c (3, 3) and (1, –1)
3 a (1, 2) and (–2, –1)
b (–4, 1) and (–2, 2)
4 a (3, 4) and (4, 3)
b (0, 3) and (–3, 0)
5 a (3, 2) and (–2, 3) b √26
6 a Proof
b x=  51 , y =  435 or x = 5, y = 7
7 a Proof
b x = 4, y = –13 or x = 8, y = 11
8 a x = 6, y = 7 or x = –2, y = –9
b x = –1, y = 2 or x = –2, y = –1
c x = 3, y = –5 or x = 5, y = 3
d x = 1, y = –8 or x = 4, y = 7
9 a (1, 0)
b iii as the straight line just touches the curve
10 a (–2, 1)
c 2.17 seconds b i (2, 1) ii (–2, –1) iii (2, –1)
11 a (2, 4) b (1, 0)
Exercise 17J c The line is a tangent to the curve.
1 a i –1.4, 4.4 ii –2, 5 iii –0.6, 3.6
12 16 m by 14 m
b 2.6, 0.4

13 30 km/h 9 a –6 b 3
14 10p 10 a x2 – 3x – 550 = 0 b 25
11 a x < –35, x > 45 b –298 < x < 302
Exercise 17L c x  –589, x  611
1 a x < –4, x > 4 b –10  x  10 12 2.54 m, 3.54 m
c 0<x<1 d x  –5, x  0
13 210 cm2
e –23 < x < 23 f x  – 32 , x  3
2
14 (6, 8), (0, –10)
8
g x < 0, x > 3 h – 19
2 x0 15 a (p + q)(p – q)
2 a {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3} b 302 – 12 = (30 + 1)(30 – 1)
b {3, 4, 5, 6} c 3600
d –31, 29
3 a x < –2, x > 5 b –7 < x < –5
16 0.75 m
c x  1, x  5 d –8  x  9
e 1
x3 f x < – 11 17 a 48 – (x – 6)2 b 48
3 2 , x > –1
3 18 complete the square –113, 87
g x 5 ,x2 h – 32 < x < 2
3
19 a, b (1, 4) (5, 20) c x  1, x 5
4 a
20 x2 – 8x + 19 = (x – 4)2 + 3
Because (x – 4)2 is a squared term, the smallest
possible value it can have is zero.
Hence 3 is the smallest possible value of
(x – 4)2 + 3, so x2 – 8x + 19 is always positive.
b
Chapter 18 – Statistics: sampling

5 a 3<x6 1
2 b 4<x5 and more complex diagrams
6 x < 2, x > 10
Exercise 18A
3
7 x<– 2 ,x>5 1 a secondary data
b primary data
8 c primary or secondary data
d primary or secondary data
e primary data
f primary or secondary data
9 a –692 < x < 708 2 Plan the data collection. Choose a random
b x < –4 – 5 , x > –4 + sample of 30 boys and 30 girls from Year 11.
5
Collect the data. Ask each student to spell the
c –0.84  x  1.44 same 10 words. This will avoid bias. Pick words
10 £288, £364 that are often misspelt, eg accommodation,
necessary
11 x < –4, –1 < x < 1, x > 4 Choose the best way to process and represent
the data. Calculate the mean number and range
30 30
12 a = 2.31 ˃ –6 and  15 ˃ 9 b x < –7, for the number of correct spellings for the boys
13 2 and for the girls. Draw a dual bar chart to
3<x<6 illustrate the data.
Interpret the data and make conclusions.
Review questions Compare the mean and range to arrive at a
conclusion. Is there a clear conclusion or do you
1 a 9 b 5 need to change any of the 10 words or take a
larger sample?
2 a Two b One c None
3 Plan the data collection. Choose a random
3 b –5.27, 1.67
sample of 20 boys and 20 girls from Year 11.
4 b 3.18 Collect the data. Ask each student, on average,
how many hours of sport they play and how many
5 15 m, 20 m hours of TV they watch each week.
6 b i –0.3, 3.3 ii 0.6, 3.4 Choose the best way to process and represent
the data. Calculate the mean number of hours for
7 a (0, 36) b (2, 0), (18, 0) the number of hours playing sport and the
c (10, –64) number of hours watching TV. Draw a scatter
diagram to illustrate the data.
8 (1, 7), (7, 1)

Interpret the data and make conclusions.
Compare the means and write down the type and
strength of correlation for the scatter diagram to
arrive at a conclusion. Is there a clear conclusion
or do you need to take a larger sample?
4 6
5 a 3:1
b The number of males to females in the survey
is in the same ratio as the numbers at the ii £5.35
match. c Much higher mean. Early morning, people just
want a paper or a few sweets. Later people
6 28.5% are buying food for the day.
7a 5 a
Male Female Total
Full time 13 7 20
Part 4 6 10
time
30
b The numbers in the sample have been rounded.
Exercise 18B
1 ab 4
b Monday 28.4 min, Tuesday 20.9 min,

Wednesday 21.3 min
c There are more patients on a Monday, and so
longer waiting times, as the surgery is closed
during the weekend.
6 2.19 hours
7 That is the middle value of the time group 0 to 1
minute. It would be very unusual for most of them
to be exactly in the middle at 30 seconds.
2 a b boys 12.9, girls 13.1
c the girls did slightly better than the boys Exercise 18C
1 a cumulative frequencies 1, 4, 10, 22, 25, 28, 30
b
3 a b 140.4 cm
c m = 54 s and IQR = 16 s
2 a cumulative frequencies 1, 3, 5, 14, 31, 44, 47,
49, 50
b
4 a i 17, 13, 6, 3,1 ii £1.45

b i
c m = 56 s and IQR = 17 s

d pensioners as the median is closer to 1 7 create a grouped frequency table:
minute and the IQRs are almost the same Age, a, Cumulative Frequency, Mid- x×f
(years) frequency f point,
3 a cumulative frequencies 12, 30, 63, 113, 176, x
250, 314, 349, 360
b 0<a≤ 30 30 10 300
20
20 < a ≤ 95 65 30 1950
40
40 < a ≤ 150 55 50 2750
60
60 < a ≤ 185 35 70 2450
80
80 < a 200 15 90 1350
≤ 100
Total 200 8800
mean = 8800 = 44 years
200
8 create a grouped frequency table:
c m = 606 students Time, t, Cumulative Frequency, Mid- x×f
d Q1 = 455, Q3 = 732 and IQR = 277 (minutes) frequency f point
e approximately 13% ,x
4 a cumulative frequency 2, 5, 10, 16, 22, 31, 39, 0<t≤5 6 6 2.5 15

45, 50 5<t≤ 34 28 7.5 210
b because the temperature was recorded to the 10
nearest degree, so for example the highest 10 < t ≤ 56 22 12.5 275
temperature in the first group could have 15
been 7.5°
15 < t ≤ 60 4 17.5 70
c
20
Total 60 570
mean = 570 = 9.5 minutes
60
Exercise 18D
1 a
d m = 20.5 °C and IQR = 10 °C

5 a
b The adults are much quicker than the

students. Both distributions have the same
interquartile range, but the range is smaller
for the adults showing that they are more
consistent. The students’ median and upper
quartiles are 1 minute, 35 seconds higher.
The fastest person to complete the
calculations was a student, but so was the
slowest.
2 a
b m = 56, Q1 = 37 and Q3 = 100

c approximately 18%
6 a Paper A m = 66, Paper B m = 56
b Paper A IQR = 25, Paper B IQR = 18
c Paper B is the harder paper, it has a lower
median and a lower upper quartile. b Schools are much larger in Lancashire than in
d i Paper A 43, Paper B 45 Dorset since it has a greater median. The
ii Paper A 78, Paper B 67 interquartile range in Dorset is smaller,
showing that they have a more consistent
size.

3 a The resorts have similar median 8 create a grouped frequency table using the
temperatures, but Resort A has a smaller quartiles:
interquartile range, showing that the for the boys
temperatures are more consistent. Resort B mark, m Cumula Frequen Mid- x×f
has a much wider temperature range, where tive cy, f point, x
the greatest extremes of temperature are frequen
cy
recorded.
b Resort A is probably a better choice as the
weather seems more consistent. 39 < m 25 25 52 1300
≤ 65
4 a 65 < m 50 25 71.5 1787.5
≤ 78
78 < m 75 25 82.5 2062.5
≤ 87
87 < m 100 25 99.5 2487.5
≤ 112
Total 100 7637.5
b Both distributions have a similar interquartile
range, and there is little difference between mean = 7637.5 = 76.4 marks (1 dp)
the upper quartile values. Men have a wider 100
range of salaries and the men have a higher for the girls
median. This indicates that the men are better mark, m Cumula Freque Mid- x×f
tive ncy, f point, x
paid than the women.
frequen
5 a cy
49 < m 25 25 59 1475
≤ 69
69 < m 50 25 73.5 1837.5
≤ 78
78 < m 75 25 84.5 2112.5
≤ 91
91 < m 100 25 98.5 2462.5
≤ 106
b m = £1605 Total 100 7887.5
c Q1 = £1550 and Q3 = £1640 mean = 7887.5 = 78.9 marks (1 dp)
d 100
The mean is 2.5 marks higher for the girls
Exercise 18E
1 The respective frequency densities on which
each histogram should be based are:
6 a i 24 min ii 12 min iii 42 min a 2.5, 6.5, 9, 2, 1.5 b 3, 6, 10, 4.5
b i 6 min ii 17 min iii 9 min
c Either doctor with a plausible reason, e.g. Dr 2 The respective frequency densities on which
Excel because on average, her waiting times each histogram should be based are:
are always shorter or Dr Collins because he
a 7, 12, 10, 5 b 0.4, 1.2, 2.8, 1
takes more time with each patient as the
c 9, 12, 13.5, 9
interquartile range is more spread out.
3
7 Many possible answers but not including any
numerical values: eg Bude had a higher median
amount of sunshine. Bude had a smaller
interquartile range, showing more consistent
sunshine in Bude. So overall this indicates that
Bude had more sunshine on any one day.

4 a iwork out the class width × frequency b The adults completed the puzzle quicker as
density for each bar and add these their average time was better. Also their range
together ie 5 × 25 + 5 × 30 + 10 × 20 + 10 was smaller
× 10 + 20 × 5 + 10 × 10 which makes them more consistent.
ii 775
b 400 3 a cumulative frequencies: 4, 10, 20, 42, 46, 48
b
5 ab 14 kg c 14.6 kg d 33 plants
c 32 d Q1 = 22, Q3 = 37 and IQR = 15
6 a 4 a i £7200 ii £6400
Speed, v 0< 40 50 < 60 70 80 < b i £6000 ii £4700
(mph) v≤ <v v≤ <v <v v≤ c On average the men’s wages are higher as
40 ≤ 60 ≤ ≤ 100 their median is greater. The women’s wages
50 70 80 are more consistent as their interquartile
Frequency 80 10 40 110 60 60 range is smaller.
b 360 c 64.5 mph d 59.2 mph 5
7 a 100 b 32.5 c 101.5
d 10% of 300 = 30, so the pass mark will be in
70-80 interval. There are 60 students in this
interval and 30 is half of 60. So the pass mark
is half way between 70 and 80 = 75
8 a
Temperature, t 10 11 12 14 16 19
(°C) <t <t <t <t <t <t
≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
11 12 14 16 19 21
Frequency 15 15 50 40 45 15
b 12–14°C c 14.5°C
d 12.6°C, 17°C, 4.4°C e 14.8°C 6 a
9 0.45 Age, t 9< 10 12 14 17 19
(years) t≤ <t <t <t <t <t
10 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
Review questions 12 14 17 19 20
1 Choose a suitable sample size and decide Frequency 4 12 8 9 5 1
whether to use a random sample or a stratified b 10–12 c 13
sample. Make sure that the sample is reliable and d 11, 16, 5 e 13.4
unbiased. 7 create a grouped frequency table using the
Remember that the greater the accuracy quartiles:
required, the larger the sample size needs to Amount, Cumulative Frequen Mid- x×f
be. But the larger the sample size, the higher m (£) frequency cy, f point, x
the cost will be and the time taken. Therefore,
the benefit of achieving high accuracy in a 0.50 < 20 20 1.25 25
sample will always have to be set against the m≤
cost of achieving it. 2.00
2 a 2.00 < 40 20 2.50 50
m≤
3.00
3.00 < 60 20 3.50 70
m≤
4.00
4.00 < 80 20 5.00 100
m≤
6.00
Total 80 245
mean = 245 = £3.06

80

Chapter 19 – Probability: Combined 5 a i 4
1
ii 2 iii 4
1 3
iv
1
4
events b All possibilities are included
1 1 1
6 a 12 b 4 c 6
Exercise 19A
7 a
1 1 1
1 a 4 b 4 c 2
2 4 6
2 a 11 b 11 c 11
1 2 11 11 1
3 a 3 b 5 c 15 d 15 e 3
4
4 a 60 b 5
5 a 0.8 b 0.2 b 6
4 13 1 3
6 a i 0.75 ii 0.6 iii 0.5 iv 0.6 c i 25 ii 25 iii 5 iv 5
b i cannot add P(red) and P(1) as events are
not mutually exclusive 8 a HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT
ii 0.75 (= 1 – P(blue)) 1 3 1 7
b i 8 ii 8 iii 8 iv 8
7 0.46
9 a 16 b 32 c 1024 d 2n
8 Probabilities cannot be summed in this way as 10 a
events are not mutually exclusive.
1 2 3 4 5 6
9 a i 0.4 ii 0.5 iii 0.9
b 0.45 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
c 2 hours 12 minutes
5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10 52 or 0.096 to 3 decimal places
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Exercise 19B 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 a 7 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
b 2, 12
c 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
Score 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b 18
c 18 d twice
Probability 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
36 18 12 9 36 6 36 9 12 18 36 11 2
1 5 1 12 You would need a 3D diagram or there would be

d i 12 ii 9 iii 2
too many different events to list.
7 5 5
iv 36 v 12 vi 18
1 11 1 5 Exercise 19C
2 a 12 b 36 c 6 d 9
1 a
1 11 5
3 a 36 b 36 c 18
4 a
5 1 1
b i 18 ii 6 iii 9
1
iv 0 v 2 1 1 3
b i 4 ii 2
iii 4

2 11 1 7 8
2 a 13 b 13 c i 3 ii 15 iii 15
1 25
c i 169 ii 169 8 a 1 b 1
c
2 1
3 a 3 b 2
c
9 0.036
10 It will help to show all the 27 different possible
events and which ones give the three different
1 1 5 coloured sweets, then the branches will help you
d i 6 ii 2 iii 6 to work out the chance of each.
e 15 days
1n
2 11 a 1
2
 21  21  21  1
16
b 2
4 a 5
4 12
b i ii
25 25 Exercise 19D
5 a 4 4
1 a 9 b 9
1 2
2 a 169 b 169
3 a 0.08 b 0.32 c 0.48
4  61  5 × 6 = 0.000 77
9 16
4 25 25
5 a 25 b c
3 1 119
1 3 7 8 120 120
b i 8 ii 8 iii 8 6 a b c
1 125
6 a 7 a i 216 = 0.005 ii 216 = 0.579
91
iii 216 = 0.421
bi ( 1
6
)n ii ( 56 )n iii 1 – ( 56 )n
8 a 0.54 b 0.216
9 a 0.343 b independent events
c P(exactly two of the three cars are foreign) =
P(FFB) + P(FBF) + P(BFF) = 3 × 0.7 × 0.7 ×
b 0.14 c 0.41 d 0.09 0.3 = 0.441
3 10 10 × 0.69 × 0.4 + 0.610 = 0.046

7 a 5
11 0.8
b
12 the events are not independent as he may
already have a 10 or Jack or Queen or King in his
hand, in which case the probability fraction will
have a different numerator
Exercise 19E
7 2 3
1 a 10 b 3 c 8
3 5
2 a i 8 ii 8

5 7 2 a
b i 12 ii 12
3 7 1
c i 20 ii 20 iii 2
5 4
3 a i 9 ii 9
2 1
b i 3 ii 3
1 2 8
c i 3 ii 15 iii 15
1 b i 0.895 ii 0.105
4 a 6 b 0
c calculate 0.8952
2 1
c i 3 ii 3 iii 0
4
3 15
1 7 21 7
5 a i 120
ii 40 iii 40
iv 24 11
4 30
b they are mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events 5
5 work out 16 ÷ 38 (= 56 )
6 Both events are independent, the probability of
seeing a British made car is always ¼ 6 0.045
7 a 0.54 b 0.38 c 0.08 8
7
d they should add up to 1 8
8 First work out P(first blue) and P(second blue)

8 a 13
20
as it cannot be square rooted
remembering that the numerator and the
1
denominator will each be one less than for P(first b 9 as this gives a ratio of red to blue of 1 : 2
blue). Now work out P(first blue) × P(second
blue). Then work out P(first white) and P(second 9 a
white) remembering that the numerator and the
denominator will each be one less than for P(first
white). Now work out P(first white) × P(second
white). Finally add together the two probabilities.
1
9 270725
10 a
70 60
b i 260 = 0.269 ii 260 = 0.231
5 20
iii 260 = 0.0192 iv 165 = 0.121
Chapter 20 – Geometry and

12 25
b i 140 = 0.086 ii 103 = 0.243 Measures: Properties of circles
Review questions Exercise 20A

1 a Students’ own work.
Exercise 20B
1 a 56° b 62° c 105° d 55° e 45°
f 30° g 60° h 145°
2 a 55° b 52° c 50° d 24° e 39°
f 80° g 34° h 30°
3 a 41° b 49° c 41°
4 a 72° b 37° c 72°
5 ∠AZY = 35° (angles in a triangle), a = 55° (angle
in a semicircle = 90°)
5 4
b 9 c 9 6 a x = y = 40° b x = 131°, y = 111°
c x = 134°, y = 23° d x = 32°, y = 19°

e x = 59°, y = 121° f x = 155°, y = 12.5° 8 a x + 2x – 30° = 180° (opposite angles in a
cyclic quadrilateral), so 3x – 30° = 180°
7 BED = 15° (angles at circumference from chord b x = 70°, so 2x – 30° = 110° ∠DOB = 140°
BD are equal); EBC = 180° – (15° + 38°) = 127° (angle at centre equals twice angle at
(angles in a triangle): ADC = 180° – (15° + 38°) circumference), y = 80° (angles in a
= 127° (angles in a triangle); x = its vertically quadrilateral)
opposite angle which equals 360° – (127° + 127° 9 a x
+ 38°) = 68° (angles in a quadrilateral ). So Lana b 360° – 2x
is correct, but Lex probably misread his calculator c,d ∠ADC = 21 reflex ∠AOC = 180° – x, so ∠ADC
answer.
+ ∠ABC = 180°
8 ∠ABC = 180° – x (angles on a line), ∠AOC = 360°
10 Let ∠AED = x, then ∠ABC = x (opposite angles
– 2x (angle at centre is twice angle at are equal in a parallelogram), ∠ADC = 180° – x
circumference), reflex ∠AOC = 360° – (360° – 2x) (opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral), so
= 2x (angles at a point) ∠ADE = x (angles on a line)
9 a x b 2x 11 18°
c Circle theorem 1 states from an arc AB, any
point subtended from the arc on the Exercise 20D
circumference is half the angle subtended at
the centre. So where this arc AB is the 1 a 38° b 110° c 15° d 45°
diameter, the angle subtended at the centre is
1 straight line and so 180°, the angle at the 2 a 6 cm b 10.8 cm c 3.21 cm d 8 cm
circumference then is half of 180 which is 90°, 3 a x = 12°, y = 156° b x = 100°, y = 50°
a right angle. c x = 62°, y = 28° d x = 30°, y = 60°
10 20° 4 a 62° b 66° c 19° d 20°
11 It follows from theorem 1 that wherever point C is 5 19.5 cm
on the circumference, the angle subtended from
arc AB at the circumference is always half the 6 ∠OCD = 58° (triangle OCD is isosceles), ∠OCB =
angle subtended at the centre. So every possible 90° (tangent/radius theorem), so ∠DCB = 32°,
angle subtended at the circumference from arc hence triangle BCD is isosceles (2 equal angles)
AB will have the same angle at the centre and
hence the same angle at the circumference. This 7 a ∠AOB = cos–1 OA
OB
= cos–1 OC
OB
= ∠COB
proves circle theorem 3.
b As ∠AOB = ∠COB, so ∠ABO = ∠CBO, so OB
bisects ∠ABC
Exercise 20C
8 If the tangent XY touches the circle at C, then CY
1 a a = 50°, b = 95° = 10 cm.  OYC = 30° (theorem 7). Hence where
b c = 92°, x = 90° r is the radius of the circle, then r/10 = tan 30°,
c d = 110°, e = 110°, f = 70° hence r = 10 × tan30° = 5.7735, So Abbey is
d g = 105°, h = 99° correct to one decimal place.
e j = 89°, k = 89°, l = 91°
f m = 120°, n = 40° 9 38°
g p = 44°, q = 68°
h x = 40°, y = 34°
Exercise 20E
2 a x = 26°, y = 128° b x = 48°, y = 78°
Students’ own work.
c x = 133°, y = 47° d x = 36°, y = 72°
e x = 55°, y = 125° f x = 35°
g x = 48°, y = 45° h x = 66°, y = 52° Exercise 20F
3 a Each angle is 90° and so opposite angles add 1 a a = 65°, b = 75°, c = 40°
up to 180° and hence a cyclic quadrilateral. b d = 79°, e = 58°, f = 43°
b One pair of opposite angles are obtuse, i.e. c g = 41°, h = 76°, i = 76°
more than 90°, hence their sum will be more d k = 80°, m = 52°, n = 80°
than 180° also.
2 a a = 75°, b = 75°, c = 75°, d = 30°
4 a x = 49°, y = 49° b x = 70°, y = 20° b a = 47°, b = 86°, c = 86°, d = 47°
c x = 80°, y = 100° d x = 100°, y = 75° c a = 53°, b = 53°
d a = 55°
5 a x = 50°, y = 62° b x = 92°, y = 88°
c x = 93°, y = 42° d x = 55°, y = 75° 3 a 36° b 70°
6 a x = 95°, y = 138° b x = 14°, y = 62° 4 a x = 25°
c x = 32°, y = 48° d 52° b x = 46°, y = 69°, z = 65°
c x = 38°, y = 70°, z = 20°
7 a 54.5° b 125.5° c 54.5°
d x = 48°, y = 42°

5 ∠ACB = 64° (angle in alternate segment), ∠ACX Chapter 21 – Ratio and proportion
= 116° (angles on a line), ∠CAX = 32° (angles in
a triangle), so triangle ACX is isosceles (two and rates of change: Variation
equal angles)
6 ∠AXY = 69° (tangents equal and so triangle AXY Exercise 21A
is isosceles), ∠XZY = 69° (alternate segment),
∠XYZ = 55° (angles in a triangle) 1 a 15 b 2
7 a 2x b 90° – x 2 a 75 b 6
c OPT = 90°, so APT = x 3 a 150 b 6
4 a 22.5 b 12
Review questions
5 a 175 miles b 8 hours
1 a 44°, both angles subtended from the same
chord 6 a £66.50 b 175 kg
b 52°, each vertex touches the circumference 7 a 44 b 84 m2
c 140°, the three points not the centre are
touching the circumference 8 a 50 b Spaces = 1
area
14
2 a 55° b 75°
9 17 minutes 30 seconds
3 a DOB is double DAB
b DAB and DCB add up to 180° since ABCD is 10 22.5 cm
a cyclic quadrilateral
4 To be a rhombus, DOB must equal DCB, you Exercise 21B
know that DOB = 2x (double DAB), you know that 1 a 100 b 10
DCB = 180° – x (as ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral), so 2x = 180° – x, hence 3x = 180° 2 a 27 b 5
→ x = 60°
3 a 56 b 1.69
5 TPR = 42°, alternate segment; PRQ = 42°,
4 a 192 b 2.25
alternate angles in parallel lines; RPQ = 42°,
isosceles triangle; PQR = 180° – 2 × 42° = 96°, 5 a 25.6 b 5
angles in a triangle; PTR = 180° – 96° = 84°,
opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral. 6 a 80 b 8
6 CAO = 90° – 66° = 24°; ACO = 24°, isosceles 7 a £50 b 225

triangle; AOB = 360° – (2 × 90° + 50°) = 130°, 8 a 3.2 °C b 10 atm
angles in quadrilateral; ACB = 130° ÷ 2 = 65°,
angles at centre double angle at circumference; 9 a 388.8 g b 3 mm
OCB = 65° – 24° = 41°; x = OCB, isosceles
10 a 2J b 40 m/s
triangle hence x = 41°.
11 a £78 b 400 miles
7 OCA = 90° and OBA = 90° as AB and AC are
both tangents to the circle, centre O. This is a pair 12 4000 cm3
of opposite angles having the sum of 180°. Since
the sum of the angles is 360°, the other pair of 13 £250
angles BC and BOC will add up to 360° – 180° = 14 a B b A c C
180°, so both pairs of opposite angles sum to
180°, hence it is a cyclic quadrilateral. 15 a B b A
8 OBA = 90° – x; OAB = 90° – x, angles in an 2

16 S  kM 3
isosceles triangle. BOA = 180° – (90° – x + 90° –
x) = 180° – (180° – 2x) = 180° – 180° + 2x = 2x
Exercise 21C
9 Using Pythagoras’ theorem, OC = 82  122 =
14.4 (3sf ); PC = 14.4 – 8 = 6.4 (2 sf); the answer 1 Tm = 12 a 3 b 2.5
is given to 2 sf with the assumption that the 12 is 2 Wx = 60 a 20 b 6
2 sf.
3 Q(5 – t) = 16 a –3.2 b 4
4 Mt2 = 36 a 4 b 5
5 W T  24 a 4.8 b 100
6 x3y = 32 a 32 b 4
7 gp = 1800 a £15 b 36
8 tD = 24 a 3 °C b 12 km

9 ds2 = 432 a 1.92 km b 8 m/s 6 PS = 4tan 25 = 1.8652306, angle QRP = tan-1
7.8652306 = 63.0, angle QRP = 63.0 – 25 = 38.0
10 p h  7.2 a 2.4 atm b 100 m 4
11 W F  0.5 a 5 t/h b 0.58 t/h 7 774 m
12 B – This is inverse proportion, as x increases y 8 a 2 cm

decreases. 2 1
b i (an answer of would also be
13 2 2
accepted)
x 8 27 64
2
y 1 2 1 ii iii 1
3 2 2
14 4.3 miles 9 The calculated answer is 14.057869, so Eve is

correct to give 14° as her answer. She could also
15 F = 2.02 × 1019 N have been correct to round off to 14.1°
Review questions Exercise 22B

1 1 25.1°
x 25 100 400 2 a 24.0° b 48.0°
y 10 20 40 c 13.5 cm d 16.6°
2 a E = 4000v b 3.6 m/s 3 a 58.6° b 20.5 cm

c 2049 cm3 d 64.0°
1
 4 4 a 73.2° b £1508.31
3 a y  4x 3 or y  3
x
5 a 3.46 m b 70.5°
b i 20 ii 8
6 For example, the length of the diagonal of the
4 19.4 cm
base is b2  c 2 and taking this as the base of
5 128 the triangle with the height of the edge, then the
6 a D = 5M2 b 245 c 3 hypotenuse is
7 80 (a2  ( b 2  c 2 )2 )  a2  b2  c 2
8 a 2.5 b 0.25 c 250 d 50, –50 7 It is 44.6°; use triangle XDM where M is the
9 a 10 b 3.375 midpoint of BD; triangle DXB is isosceles, as X is
over the point where the diagonals of the base
10 a 48π b 9 cross; the length of DB is 656 , the cosine of
100 the required angle is 0.5 656 ÷ 18.
11 a A or AB2 = 100 b 4
B2
12 125 Exercise 22C
13 a 27 hertz b Cannot divide by 0 1a
14 a = 9, b = 144 x sin x x sin x x sin x x sin x

0¡ 0 180¡ 0 180¡ 0 360¡ 0
15 40
15¡ 0.259 165¡ 0.259 195¡ –0.259 345¡ –0.259
30¡ 0.5 150¡ 0.5 210¡ –0.5 330¡ –0.5
Chapter 22 – Geometry and 45¡ 0.707 135¡ 0.707 225¡ –0.707 315¡ –0.707
60¡ 0.866 120¡ 0.866 240¡ –0.866 300¡ –0.866
measures: Triangles 75¡ 0.966 105¡ 0.966 255¡ –0.966 285¡ –0.966
90¡ 1 90¡ 1 270¡ –1 270¡ –1
Exercise 22A b They are the same for values between 90° and
1 13.1 cm 180°. They have the opposite sign for values
between 180° and 360°
2 73.7°
2 a Sine graph
3 9.81 cm b Line symmetry about x = 90, 270 and
rotational symmetry about (180, 0)
4 33.5 m
5 a 10.0 cm b 11.5° c 4.69 cm

Exercise 22D 2 a –0.629 b –0.875
c –0.087 d 0.999
1a
3 a 21.2°, 158.8° b 209.1°, 330.9°
x cos x x cos x x cos x x cos x c 50.1°, 309.9° d 150.0°, 210.0°
0° 1 180° –1 180° –1 360° 1 e 60.9°, 119.1° f 29.1°, 330.9°
15° 0.966 165° – 195° – 345° 0.966
0.966 0.966 4 30°, 150°
30° 0.866 150° – 210° – 330° 0.866
5 –0.755
0.866 0.866
45° 0.707 135° – 225° – 315° 0.707 6 a 1.41 b –1.37 c –0.0367 d –0.138
0.707 0.707 e 1.41 f –0.492
60° 0.5 120° –0.5 240° –0.5 300° 0.5
75° 0.259 105° – 255° – 285° 0.259
7 True
0.259 0.259 8 a Cos 65° b Cos 40°
90° 0 90° 0 270° 0 270° 0
b Negative cosines are between 90 and 270, 9 a 10°, 130° b 12.7°, 59.3°
the rest are positive, 10 38.2°, 141.8°
2 a Cosine graph 11 sin-1 0.9659 = 74.99428, which is 75 to 2 sf.
b Line symmetry about x = 180°, rotational 435 = 75 + 360. From the sine curve extended,
symmetry about (90° , 0) , (270° , 0 ) sine 75 = sine 435.
Rose is therefore correct as she has rounded her
Exercise 22E solution.
Keiren could also be correct as the answer could
1 a 36.9°, 143.1° b 53.1°, 126.9° also be given more accurately as 434.9942838
c 48.6°, 131.4° d 224.4°, 315.6°
e 194.5°, 345.5° f 198.7°, 341.3°
g 190.1°, 349.9° h 234.5°, 305.5° Exercise 22G
i 28.1°, 151.9° j 185.6°, 354.4° 1 a Maths error b 89.999999
k 33.6°, 146.4° l 210°, 330°
2 57 295 779.51
2 Sin 234°, as the others all have the same
numerical value. 3 ab Graph of tan x c All 0
3 a 438° or 78° + 360n° d Students’ own explanations
b –282° or 78° – 360n°
4 a Tan is positive for angles between 0–90° and
c Line symmetry about ±90n° where n is an odd
180–270°
integer. b Yes, 180°
Rotational symmetry about ±180n° where n is
an integer.
Exercise 22H
4 30, 150, 199.5, 340.5
1 a 41.2°, 221.2° b 123.7° and 303.7°
5 a 53.1°, 306.9° b 54.5°, 305.5°
c 62.7°, 297.3° d 54.9°, 305.1° 2 a 14.5°, 194.5° b 61.9°, 241.9°
e 79.3°, 280.7° f 143.1°, 216.9° c 68.6°, 248.6° d 160.3°, 340.3°
g 104.5°, 255.5° h 100.1°, 259.9° e 147.6°, 327.6° f 105.2°, 285.2°
i 111.2°, 248.8° j 166.9°, 193.1° g 54.4°, 234.4° h 130.9°, 310.9°
k 78.7°, 281.3° l 44.4°, 315.6° i 174.4°, 354.4° j 44.9°, 224.9°
6 Cos 58°, as the others are negative. 2 Tan 235°, as the others have a numerical value
of 1
7 a 492° or 132° + 360n°
b –228° or 132° – 360n° 3 a 425° or 65° + 180n°, n > 2
c Line symmetry about ±180n° where n is an b –115° or 65° – 180n°
integer. c No Line symmetry
Rotational symmetry about ±90n° where n is Rotational symmetry about ±180n° where n is
an odd integer. an integer.
8 a i High tides 0940, 2200, low tides 0300, 5 tan-1 0.4040 = 21.987 which is 22 to 2 sf, so tan-1
1520 (–0.4040) is same as tan 180 – 22 = 158.
ii 12hrs 20min If you calculate tan-1( –0.4040) on your calculator
b i same periodic shape it will give –21.987 = –22 (2 sf).
ii The period of the cycle is in time not
Mel is therefore correct as he has rounded his
degrees, no negative values on the y axis
solution. Jose is also correct.
Exercise 22F
Exercise 22I
1 a 0.707 b –1 (–0.9998)
c –0.819 d 0.731 1 a 3.64 m b 8.05 cm c 19.4 cm

2 a 46.6° b 112.0° c 36.2° 5 a 27.8 miles
b 262°
3 50.3°, 129.7°
6 a A = 90°; this is Pythagoras’ theorem
4 This statement can be shown to be true by using
b A is acute
a b sin A c A is obtuse
= . As a = b × ,
sin A sin B sin B
sin A 7 The answer is correct to 3sf but the answer could
if a > b then sin A > sin B and so > 1, be slightly less accurate (as 140m to 2sf) since
sin B
the question data is given to 2sf
sin A
hence b × >b.
sin B
Exercise 22L
5 2.88 cm, 20.9 cm
1 a 24.0 cm2 b 26.7 cm2 c 243 cm2
6 a i 30° ii 40° d 21 097 cm2 e 1224 cm2
b 19.4 m
2 4.26 cm
7 36.5 m
3 a 42.3° b 49.6°
8 22.2 m
4 103 cm2
9 3.47 m
5 2033 cm2
10 The correct height is 767 m. Paul has mixed the
digits up and placed them in the wrong order. 6 21.0 cm2
11 26.8 km/h 7 a 33.2° b 25.3 cm2
12 64.6 km 8 Check that proof is valid.
13 Check students’ answers. 9 21 cm2
14 134° 10 726 cm2
15 Check that proof is valid. a2 3
11
4
Exercise 22J 12 c
1 a 7.71 m b 29.1 cm c 27.4 cm
2 a 76.2° b 125.1° c 90° Review questions
d Right-angled triangle
122  102  152
1 cos A = = 0.079166, cos-1
3 5.16 cm 2  12  10
0.079166 = 85.459371 = 85.5° (3 sf), so Oliver is
4 65.5 cm
incorrect, he has truncated the final answer to 3
5 a 10.7 cm b 41.7° c 38.3° figures instead of rounding off.
d 6.69 cm
1
2 area = 2 × 7 × 13 × sin 116 = 40.895129 = 40.9
e 54.4 cm2
(3 sf)
6 72.3°
3 AB2 = 102 + 112 – 2 × 10 × 11 × cos 70 =
7 25.4 cm, 38.6 cm 145.75557, AB = 12.1 (3 sf). The longest side of
8 58.4 km at 092.5° a triangle is opposite the largest angle, so as AB
is the longest side, then angle C must be the
9 21.8° largest angle
10 a 82.8° b 8.89 cm 4 a i Let QP = 1, then QT = 1
, angle QPT =
2
11 42.5 km 1
2 1
30°, sin 30 = =
12 Check students’ answers. 1 2
3
13 111°; the largest angle is opposite the longest 3
ii PT2 = 12 – ( 21 )2 = 4 , so PT = , hence
side 2
3
Exercise 22K cos 30 = 2 = 3
1 2
1 a 8.60 m b 90° c 27.2 cm 3 2 1 3 1
d 26.9° e 41.0° f 62.4 cm b ( ) + ( )2 = + =1
2 2 4 4
2 7 cm c Assume QPT is any right angled triangle with
angle PQT as θ and PQ = 1. Then QT = cos
3 11.1 km θ, PT = sin θ, so using Pythagoras, where
4 19.9 knots QT2 + PT2 = PQ2 , (sin x)2 + (cos x)2 = 1

5 22.2 m All methods give the same answer of 11:30 when
the cyclist overtakes the walker.
6 60°, 109.5°, 250.5°, 300°
7 a Vehicle 2 overtook Vehicle 1
7 58.8° b Vehicle 1 overtook Vehicle 2
c Vehicles travelling in different directions
8 FB = 52  62  7.81 cm d Vehicle 2 overtook Vehicle 1
e 17:15
AF = 92  7.812  11.92 cm f 32.0 mph if you only count travelling time, or
11.3 mph if you count total time.
So ∠AFD = sin1( 11.92
6
)  30.2 °
9 Jamil is correct to 1dp Exercise 23B

1 a Two taps on b One tap on
c Shejuti gets in the bath
Chapter 23 – Algebra: Graphs d Shejuti has a bath
e Shejuti takes the plug out, water leaves the
bath
Exercise 23A f Shejuti gets out of the bath
1 a i 2h ii 3h iii 5 h g Water continues to leave the bath until the
b i 40 km/h ii 120 km/h iii 40 km/h bath is empty
2 a Graph C
2 a 2 21 km/h b 3.75 m/s c 2 21 km/h b
3 a 30 km b 40 km c 100 km/h
4 a i 263 m/min (3 sf) ii 15.8 km/h (3 sf)
b i 500 m/min
c Paul by 1 minute 3
5 a Patrick ran quickly at first, then had a slow

middle section but he won the race with a final
sprint. Araf ran steadily all the way and came
second. Sean set off the slowest, speeded up
towards the end but still came third.
b i 1.67 m/s ii 6 km/h
6 There are three methods for doing this question.
This table shows the first, which is writing down
the distances covered each hour.
Exercise 23C
Time 9am 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30
Walker 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 1 a 20 m/s b 100 metres

Cyclist 0 0 0 0 7.5 15 22.5 30 c 150 metres d 750 metres
The second method is algebra: 2 a 15 km b 5 km/h

D 3 a AB, greatest area b 45 miles c 135 miles
Walker takes T hours until overtaken, so T = ;
6
Cyclist takes T – 1.5 to overtake, so 4 a 10 mph
b Faster as gradient more or line steeper.
D
T – 1.5 = . c 13.3 mph
15
Rearranging gives 15T – 22.5 = 6T, 9T = 22.5, 5 15 m/s
T = 2.5.
6 a
The third method is a graph:
b 475 metres

7 a Could be true or false Exercise 23G
b Must be true
c Must be true 1 i 6 ii 2 3 iii 5 3 iv 24
d Could be true or false
3
e Could be true or false 2 i 6 13 ii 176 iii 114 iv 2
3 i inside ii outside iii on circumference

Exercise 23D iv on circumference
v outside vi inside
1 a 6 m/s2 b 3 m/s2 c 20 s
d 1200 m e 2100 m 4 a any three points such that x 2  y 2  25
b 12
2 40 km/h2, 30 km/h2, 100 km/h2 b 52.5 km
1
3v 5 a 2
b –2
3 a m/s2 b 337.5 m
10 c y = –2x + 10
6 Check proof is valid
Exercise 23E 3 34 20
7 a y= 5
x– 5
b y = – 31 x – 3
1 80 miles, underestimate
p p2  q 2 a2
2 250 metres, overestimate c y=– x+ (or )
q q q
3 75 metres, underestimate
8 y = 2x – 15, y = 2x + 15
4 180 metres, underestimate
9 b x + y = 10, x + y = –10
5 8 miles, underestimate
10 a 10
6 40 miles, overestimate b x2 + y2 = 90
7 a i 10 m/s ii 40 m/s
b i 900m Exercise 23H
ii Around 1070 m, depending on student’s
1
division of the shape
c ii is more accurate because the shapes are
closer to the curve
8 a Car starts from rest and speeds up to 10 m/s
after 20 seconds. It then travels at a constant
speed of 10 m/s for 30 seconds, and then
speeds up again to reach 20m/s in the next
10 seconds.
b 120 metres
9 a The lorry increases speed at a steady rate
whereas the car speeds up quickly at first but
then levels off to a constant speed and then 2 a Values of y: –54, –31.25, –16, –6.75, –2,
speeds up at an increasing rate to reach 20 –0.25, 0, 0.25, 2, 6.75, 16, 31.25, 54
m/s. b 39.4
b Lorry travels further (600 metres as against 3 a Values of y: –24, –12.63, –5, –0.38, 2, 2.9, 3,
car, approximately 550 metres) as area under 3.13, 4, 6.38, 11, 18.63, 30
graph is greater. b 4.7 c –1.4 to–1.5
4 a Values of y: –16, –5.63, 1, 4.63, 6, 5.88, 5,
Exercise 23F 4.13, 4, 5.38, 9, 15.63, 26
1 a tangent drawn b 10 m/s c 0 m/s b i –2.1 ii (–0.8, 6)
iii (0.7, 3.9) iv (0, 5)
2 a i 10–12 km/h ii 20–22 km/h
b 2 hours
c i 10 km/h ii 19 km/h
3 a About 1.8 m/s2
b About 0.9 m/s2
c About 1.8 m/s2
d 20 s, gradient is zero because this is a
maximum point
4 Any two points where the gradient of one is the
negative of the other, e.g. at 1 s and 3 s.

5 Values of y: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, –24, –12, –6, –4,
–3, –2, –1
8 a Quadratic b Linear c Exponential

d Reciprocal e None f Cubic
g Linear h None i Quadratic
9 a The numbers go 1, 2, 4, … which is
equivalent to 20, 21, 22, … so the formula is
2(n–1)
b 263 = 9.22 × 1018 c £4.61 × 1014
6 a Values of y: –0.25, –0.33, –0.5, –1, –2.5,
–5, –10, –12.5, –25, 25, 12.5, 10, 5, 2.5, 1, 10 a Number of pieces = 2n so 250 = 1.1 × 1015
0.5, 0.33, 0.25 pieces
b 1.13 × 108 km
11 a = 5, b = 3
12
Exercise 23I
1 a, b
b Can’t divide by 0
c
c y  x 2  3 is 3 units higher than y  x 2

d y  x 2  2 is 2 units lower than y  x 2
e i y  x 2  6 is 6 units higher than y  x 2
ii y  x 2  6 is 6 units lower than y  x 2
d 0.48 and 210.48

7 a Values of y: 0.01, 0.04, 0.11, 0.33, 1, 3, 9, 27
b 15.6 c –0.63

2 a, b b 90° to the left c 45° to the right
d up 2 e reflect in the x-axis
f Reflect in the y-axis
g Reflect in both axes
3 All of them.
c y  ( x  2)2 is 2 units to the right of y  x 2

d y  ( x  1)2 is 1 unit to the left of y  x 2
e i y  ( x  3)2 is 3 units to the right of
y  x2
ii y  ( x  4)2 is 4 units to the left of
y  x2
Exercise 2J
1 a
b Up 3 c Down 1 d 3 to the left

e 3 to the left and down 1
f Reflect in the x-axis and move up 3
2 a

5 a y = cos x + 3 b y = cos (x + 30°) Review questions
c y = cos (x – 45°) – 2
1
2 a 19 b 0.7 m/s2
3 a
6 a,b
b –3.0, 1.6, 4.2

4 50
5 1F, 2C, 3D, 4A, 5B, 6E
6 a 5 b 4 c 320
7
c i y = 2x3 ii y = x3 – 2
iii y = 3x3 iv y = (x + 2)3
7 No, as f(–x) = (–x)2 = x2, and –f(x) = –(x)2 = –x2
8 a y = x2 + 2 b y = (x – 2)2 8 a (5, 5) and (7, 1)
c y = –x2 + 4 b ( 20 , 10 )
3 3
9 a Translation
b i Equivalent ii Equivalent 9 a –(0.8–0.9) m/h2
b 8.6 miles
Exercise 23K 10
1 a y = f(x – 3) + 2; 3 right and 2 up

b y = f(x + 7) – 14; 7 left and 14 down
c y = f(x – 11) – 21; 11 right and 21 down
2
3 a y  x 2  8x  7 b y = -x2 + 6x + 5
c y = x2 – 14x + 59

11 a x3
10
x6
11 First, he did not factorise and just cancelled the

x2s. Then he cancelled 2 and 6 with the wrong
signs. Then he said two minuses make a plus
when adding, which is not true.
2x 2  x  3
12
4x 2  9
13 a 3, –1.5 b 4, –1.25 c 3, –2.5 d 0, 1

x 1 2x  1 2x  1
14 a b c
2x  1 x3 3x  2
x 1 2x  5
b 10 m/s d e
x 1 4x  1
10
15 a Proof b 2 or
Chapter 24 – Algebra: Algebraic 3
fractions and functions 16 a Proof b 2 m/s
17 a x3 + 3 2 x2 + 6x + 2 2
Exercise 24A b Proof c 99 + 70 2
2
5x 23 x x y 8 72  4 x 2
1 a b c 18 a
6 20 4x
5x  7 13 x  5 5 x  10
 x  3 2  x  3 2
d e f
6 15 4 4 x 3  40 x 2  122 x  110
b
 x  1 x  2  x  3   x  4 
11x 3 x  2y xy 2  8
2 a b c
20 6 4y x 3
19
x 1 x 1 2  3x x3 3
d e f
4 4 4
3 a x=3 b x=2 c x = 0.75 d x=3 Exercise 24B
2 2
x 8 x  2x p p  15 15
4 a b c 1 a c=  3 or b c=
6 3 10 5 5 5p
2x 2  x 1
d e R R  3F
15 2x 2 a G=  3 or
F F
x 2 xy 2 x 2  12 x  18 R  3F 3F  R
5 a b c b G= or
y 3 75 F 1 1 F
1 x2  5x  6 b q  p  a q  p 
d 1 e f 3 a a= b b=
4x  2 48 qp qp
1 b  5c A
g c a= d r=
2x 4   2h  k 
x 3x 2 u 2R  3
6 a x b c d 3 e v= f x=
2 16   a
1 R 1
17 x  1 13 x  9 3x 2  5x  2
e f g P 2A
10 10 10 4 a r= b r=
h
x3
i
2
j
2x 2  6y 2
  2k
 k 2

1
2 3 9
100 A
7 All parts: students’ own working 5 P=
100  RY
x2  8 Ra Rb
8 a b 7 6 a b= b a=
x2  2 aR bR
x 2  14 x  37 2  2y
9 7 a x=
x  12 x 2  47 x  60
3
y 1

4 b The inverse function is the same as the
b y–1= , (x – 2)(y – 1) = 4, x – 2 =
x2 original function
4 4 c Proof
, x=2+
y 1 y 1
4 x24 x2 Exercise 24E
c y=1+   and
x2 x2 x2
2  2y 1 a 8 21 b 6 21 c 43 d –2.25 e 5.8
x=
y 1
d Same formulae as in a 2 a 48 b 229 c 18
d 29 e –8 f –141
8 a Cannot take r as a common factor
3 a i 4x3 – 32 ii 11 – 4x
3V
b π= 2 iii 21 – 27x + 9x2 – x3
r  2r  3h  iv 16x – 40
3V v x9 – 18x6 + 108x3 – 222
3
c Yes, r = b gh(x) = 4 – 4x, hg(x) = 11 – 4x, 4 – 4x  11 –
5π
4x
2W  2zy
9 x= 4 1
(b + 1)
zy 2
1  3y
10 x = Exercise 24F
2y  5
The first number at the top of the answer is the 1 x2 = 4 x3 = –10 x4 = 88 x5 = –598
constant term on the top of the original.
The coefficient of y at the top of the answer is the 2 a 1878 b –4372 c –54.048 d =3
negative constant term on the bottom of the 3 5.0701
original.
The coefficient of y at the bottom of the answer is 4 x2 = 3.1414 x3 = 3.1745 x4 = 3.1821
the coefficient of x on the bottom of the original. x5 = 3.1839 x6 = 3.1843
The constant term on the bottom is negative the
coefficient of x on the top of the original. 5 a 2.115 = 2.12 (2 dp)
b f(2.115) = –0.01235, f(2.125) = 0.08008
11 a Both are correct
b Alice’s answer is easier to substitute into 6 Proof
7 a 3 and 7
Exercise 24C b 7
c i converges on 7
1 ai 8 ii 14 iii 2 iv 4 ii diverges, towards square root of a negative,
b i 36 ii –9 iii 1241 iv –1.5 iii converges on 7 iv stays on 3
x7 d x < 3: diverges, towards square root of a
2 a 6 b 3 c 45 negative
4
x = 3: stays on 3
3 a 29 b 218 c 7.832 x > 7: converges on 7
4 7 8 a Proof
5 a 25 b 249 c 15 d 1807 b x2 = 72 , x3 = 3, x4 = 72
e 1807 f 13 g 5
c x2 = 29
9
, x3 = 13
4
, x4 = 29
9
6 a 9 b –39 c –56 d –56
e 12 f 24.84 g  5 d x2 = 73
23
33
, x3 = 10 , x4 = 73
23
7 a i 54 ii 44 b 6 and –1 e x2 = 1 + 5 , x3 = 1 + 5 , x4 = 1 + 5
f x=1+ 5
Exercise 24D
9 a Proof b 67 cm2
x5 3 c this will depend upon how accurate the final
1 a f–1(x) = b f–1(x) = x2
4 value of x n+1 is
10 10  x
c f–1(x) = 1 d f–1(x) = 10 a 1 b 3
x 2
11 a oscillates between 8.046, 0.148 and –2.262
3 b diverges
e f–1(x) = 6x + 7 f f–1(x) =
x5 c converges on 2.707
5x  2
2 a f–1(x) = b – 32 c f –1(– 32 ) = 1
3x  1
3 a Both inverse functions are the same as the
original function

Review questions Chapter 25 – Geometry and
1 8 measures: Vector geometry
2 a x= a  K b 3.5
C6 Exercise 25A
     
x3 3 1 a Any three of: AC , CF , BD , DG , GI , EH ,
3 a b f–1(x) =  
x x 1 HJ , JK
      
7x b Any three of: BE , AD , DH , CG , GJ , FI , IK
4 3 x 1      
c Any three of: AO , CA , FC , IG , GD , DB ,
  
5 a x1 = 2.54, x2 = 2.57, x3 = 2.58, x4 = 2.59 KJ , JH , HE
b 2.59 – it’s the same      
d Any three of: BO , EB , HD , DA , JG , GC ,
 
6 a fg(x) = 3x3 + 14 b 3 × 33 + 14 = 95 KI , IF
xq 2 a 2a b 2b c a+b
7 a f–1(x) = b f–1(x) = 3 a  x d 2a + b e 2a + 2b f a + 2b
p
g a+b h 2a + 2b i 3a + b
a j 2a k b l 2a + b
c f–1(x) = c
x   
3 a Equal b AI , BJ , DK
8 a i 2 ii 8 iii 18  
iv 32 v 50 4 a OJ = 2OD and parallel
b 2n2    
b AK c OF , BI , EK
9 Proof
5
2x  7 5
10 a b or 16
x3 6
11 2 – 3xy = 4 – x
mistake here expanding the brackets
1  3y
x= should be 2 divided by (1 – 3y)
2
4x
corrected: y =
2  3x 6 a Lie on same straight line
y(2 – 3x) = 4 – x b All multiples of a + b and start at O
2y – 3xy = 4 – x c H
x –3xy = 4 – 2y
7 a –b b 3a – b c 2a – b
x(1 – 3y) = 4 – 2y
d a–b e a+b f –a – b
4  2y g 2a – b h –a – 2b i a + 2b
x=
1  3y j –a + b k 2a – 2b l a – 2b
4  2x
Hence f–1(x) = 8 a Equal but in opposite directions
1  3x     
b Any three of: DA , EF , GJ , FI , AH
3 8
12 i 4
ii – 32 iii 5 iv 5
 
9 a Opposite direction and AB =  21 CK
 
4 b BJ , CK
13    
x 1
c EB , GO , KH
14 a 9.51, –10.5
10 506 mph on a bearing of 009°
b x  10, x  28
c –10 < x < 10 11 12 km/h on a bearing of 107°
15 a Proof b 5.31 12 a i a + b ii 3a + b
16 a 21 b a = –3, b = 2 iii 2a – b iv 2b – 2a
 
b DG and BC
17 b 12
13 Parts b and d could be, parts a and c could not
be
14 a Any multiple (positive or negative) of 3a – b
b Will be a multiple of 3a – b
15 For example, let ABCD be a quadrilateral as
shown.

iv 21 a – 21 b
  
AD =
Then AB +
BD = a + (b + c). c
But AD = AC + CD = (a + b) + c.
Hence a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c.
16 a i 2b – 2a ii a – c
iii 2c – 2b iv b + c – a
    d N is midpoint of parallelogram of which OA and
b RQ = a – c = SP , similarly PQ  b  SR , so
OC are two sides
opposite sides are equal and parallel, hence
PQRS is a parallelogram 3 ai –a + b ii 31 (–a + b) iii 32 a + 31 b
b 34 a + 41 b
Exercise 25B
2 ii 21 a + 21 b iii – 32 b
1 ai –a + b ii 21 (–a + b) 4 ai 3
b
iii b 21 a – 1 b
6
  
c DE = DO + OE
= 32 a – 21 b
  
d DE parallel to CD (multiple of CD ) and D is
a common point
iv 21 a + 21 b 5 a
bi a–b ii 1 a– 1 b
2 2
iii

CD = –a + b = b – a
b i –a ii –b iii a – b
iv 1 a + 21 b
2 c 0, vectors return to starting point
c d i 2b ii 2b – 2a iii –2a
iv 2b – a v –a – b
6 a
d M is midpoint of parallelogram of which OA

and OB are two sides.
2 ai –a – b ii – 21 a – 21 b 
iii CX = 12  12 b = 2 b
  
CD = CX + XD = 2 b – a
b
iv 21 a – 21 b 
YE = 12  12 a = 2 a
bi b+a ii 1 b+ 1 a   
2 2 DE = DY + YE = b – 2 a
iii ci –a ii –b

 
iii a– 2b iv 2 a–b c OX = p + 21 (r – p) = 21 (p + r) = 21 OQ
v 2a+a vi 2 b+b
5 ai y–x ii 1 (y – x) iii 1 (x + y)
vii 2b + 2 b–a– 2a 2 2
viii 2b + 2 b – 2a – 2a iv 1 (x + y) v – 61 (x + y) vi 1 (y – 2x)
3 3
7 ai –a + b ii 1 (–a + b) = – 1 a+ 1 b 1
2 2 2
vii y–x
2
 
iii 21 a + 21 b 1
b BG = 3 (y – 2x) and BE = 21 y – x
bi 1 b + 21 c ii – 21 a + 1 c 1
2 2 = 2
(y – 2x), both are multiples of (y – 2x) so
ci – 1 a+ 1 c ii Equal are parallel, and with a common point, they
2 2
must all be collinear.
iii Parallelogram  
  c 32 BE = 32 × 21 (y – 2x) = 31 (y – 2x) = BG
d AC = –a + c = 2(– 21 a + 21 c) = 2 QM
6 ai x+y ii 1 (x + y) iii 2 (x + y)
8 ai 1 a ii c – a 3 3
2
1
iv 31 (x – 2y) v 3 (x – 2y)
iii 21 a + 21 c iv 21 c
     
b SA = 31 (x – 2y) = BQ , SB = SA + AB , AQ
b i – 21 a + 21 b ii – 21 a + 21 b
     
c Opposite sides are equal and parallel = AB + BQ = AB + SA , hence SB = AQ ,
d NMRQ and PNLR hence SAQB has opposite sides equal and
parallel, so a parallelogram.
9 a – 21 a + 21 b
7 a i 6a – 2b ii 3a – b

b i Rhombus b BP = 2(3a – b) hence it is parallel to BQ with a
 
1
ii They lie on a straight line, OM = 2
OC common point Q, so the points B, Q and P are
collinear.
10 k = 8
8 In triangle ABC the midpoint of AB is M and the
  
11 a YW = YZ + ZW = 2a + b + a + 2b midpoint of AC is N
   
= 3a + 3b = 3(a + b) = 3XY Let AM = x and AN = y, then MN = y – x , AB =
 
b 3:1 2x and AC = 2y, so BC = 2y – 2x = 2(y – x). BC
c They lie on a straight line.   
is a multiple of MN and so parallel, MN = 21 BC
d Points are A(6, 2), B(1, 1) and C(2, 24). Using
Pythagoras’ theorem, AB2 = 26, BC2 = 26 and and so half its length.
AC2 = 52 so AB2 + BC2 = AC2 hence ∠ABC
must be a right angle. 9 a m – r
  
    b RT = 2 RM = 2(m – r), so NT = –2m + 2m –
12 In parallelogram ABCD, AB = DC = a, BC = AD 2r = –2r, parallel to r, hence NT is parallel to
= b. Let X be the midpoint of diagonal AC. Then OR.
 
DX = –b + 21 (a + b) = 21 (a – b) = 21 DB which
is a – b, hence the midpoint of one diagonal is
the same as the midpoint of the other diagonal,
hence they bisect each other.
Review questions
1 a 2b – a b –3b ca+b
2 a i 2y – 2b ii 2b – 2x
  
b WZ = WB + BZ = 21 (2b – 2x) + 21 (2y – 2b)
=b–x+y–b=y–x

c XY = y – x, so parallel and equal in length to
WZ, so Tim must be correct.
    
3 Let OF = x = DE and OD = y = FE , then DF = x

– y and AB = 21 x – 21 y = 21 (x – y)
4 ai p+r ii r – p
b 21 (r – p)


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AQA GCSE

209732 AQA Higher Teacher Pack title page.indd 1 3/27/15 2:37 PM

Collins. Freedom to teach

Browse the complete Collins catalogue at

 HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2015

Commissioned by Lucy Rowland and Katie Sergeant

9 a 27 7 a Value of the money is about 66 000 000 × 0.2

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 1 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 2 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

7 Because 3 is not a factor of 40 so it does not 2 a 38 b 24 c −3 d –6 e −1 f 2

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 3 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

7 Possible answer: The denominators are 4 and 5. 7

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 4 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

5 10 c Both the same as 1.05 × 1.03 = 1.03 × 1.05

91 59 14 Area of original circle = 200.96

4 a 731 m b 83.52 g c 360 cm 11 Let z be 100, x = 60. If x is 75% of y, y = 80, so y

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 5 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

Chapter 3 – Statistics: Statistical

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 6 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 7 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

b Little correlation, so cannot draw a line of best

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 8 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

Chapter 4 – Algebra: Number and

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 9 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

6 a 2, 6, 24, 720 b 69! c For n, 2n  1  2n  2

Exercise 4C + Odd Even

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 10 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 11 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

12 a (n + 1)(n – 1) = n2 + n – n – 1 = n2 – 1 3 nth term is 5n + 1. 5  150 + 1 = 751

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 12 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

2 40. Total red cars = 52 which is more than 150 ÷

b 0.4 litres c 2.5 litres Exercise 5C

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 13 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

2 a Large jar as more g per £ 7 a 2.25 h b 99 miles

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 14 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

Bijay catches Ajeet at 12 noon 5 a £14 272.27 b 20 years

6 Rebecca: 10 minutes at 50 mph covers 8.333 6 a i 2550 ii 2168 iii 1331

10 By the handle as smaller area 2 80

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 15 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

3 Totals are 40 and 60 giving 2 : 3 and a total of 2 a 60° b Equilateral triangle

6 a 22.5 kg b 30 kg c £19.80 7 a = 35° (angles in a triangle) because the other

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 16 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

7 x = 40°, so the smaller angle is 60° 4 a x = 30°, y = 120° b x = 25°, y = 105°

3 a i 45° ii 8 iii 1080° 1 a a = 110°, b = 55° b g = i = 63°, h = 117°

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 17 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 18 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

c y-value changes sign

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 19 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

d Coordinates are reversed: x becomes y and y

4 Possible answer: Take the centre square as 10 a–c

d Coordinates are reversed and change sign, x

AQA GCSE Maths (4th Edition) 20 © HarperCollinsPublishers Ltd 2015

b rotate shape 60° around point B, then repeat

ii Aʹ (2, –1), Bʹ (4, –2), Cʹ (1, –4)

b i Rotation 60°clockwise about O