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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Association Between the Neutrophil-to-

Lymphocyte Ratio and Adverse Clinical Prognosis
in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral
Hemorrhage
Yang Du 1,2 , Anxin Wang 1,2 , Jia Zhang 1,2 , Xiaoli Zhang 2 , Ning Li 1,2
, Xinmin Liu 1,2
,
Wenjuan Wang 1,2 , Xingquan Zhao 1–4 , Liheng Bian 1,2
1
Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2China National Clinical Research
Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Research Unit of Artificial Intelligence in
Cerebrovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 4Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain
Disorders, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Correspondence: Liheng Bian; Xingquan Zhao, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 West Road, South
4th Ring, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-10-59975835, Email blh389@hotmail.com; zxq@vip.163.com

Background: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an index reflecting the overall inflammatory and stress status of patients
with major diseases. Many studies associated the NLR with neurological deterioration and a poor prognosis in the spontaneous
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, most previous studies did not further analyze NLR by stratification, and with a relatively
small sample size. Besides, the outcome evaluation mostly focused on short-term prognosis or a single timepoint.
Methods: Patients’ basic characteristics and laboratory examination results, including the NLR were taken at baseline, and data from
the 1-year follow-up, including the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and survival status, was obtained for all patients. Patients included in
the study were classified into four groups according to NLR quartiles (Q1-Q4). Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship
between different NLR levels and poor outcomes (mRS 3–5 and mRS 3–6).
Results: A total of 594 ICH patients were enrolled. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and hematoma volume at
first admission were significantly different between different NLR level groups (all P values <0.05). In the multivariate logistic
regression model, at the 30-day follow-up, the Q4 (significantly increased NLR) group showed an elevated risk of poor outcomes (OR,
2.37; 95% CI, 1.17–4.83, P=0.02) and functional disability (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.05–4.65, P=0.04). At the 3-month follow-up, the Q4
group still showed an elevated risk of poor outcomes (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.38–5.77, P<0.01) and functional disability (OR, 2.77; 95%
CI, 1.28–5.98, P<0.01). At the 1-year follow-up, the Q2 (slightly elevated NLR) group showed significant functional disability (OR,
0.34; 95% CI, 0.16–0.72, P<0.01).
Conclusion: A significantly increased NLR may have an impact on the poor outcomes and functional disability of patients with ICH,
while a slightly elevated NLR may play a protective role.
Keywords: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, functional outcome, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage

Introduction
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is a devastating disease that accounts for 10–30% of all strokes and is
characterized by high rates of mortality and residual disability among survivors.1 Currently, the application conditions for
effective surgical treatments are still relatively limited, so the identification of reliable factors to allow early prognos-
tication and risk stratification of patients still represents a clinical priority. At present, the evaluation of prognosis is
mainly based on the primary injury and early mass effect, such as hematoma volume and location, and whether the
hematoma extends into the ventricle. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the neuroinflammatory response plays
a crucial role in secondary brain injury after ictus of ICH and influences patient prognosis.2 In the early stage of ICH,

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2022:18 985–993 985

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microglial activation and peripheral leukocyte infiltration play an important role in the secondary brain injury, and with
the increase of leukocyte infiltration, it can aggravate secondary brain injury.3
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple and easily available index to evaluate the overall inflammatory
status of patients and has a certain accuracy in predicting the prognosis of many major diseases. Studies have shown that
the NLR is associated with neurological deterioration and poor prognosis in ischemic4 and hemorrhagic stroke,5 and
when added to the modified ICH score, it can improve the accuracy of prognosis prediction.6 However, most previous
studies have been characterized by relatively small sample sizes, and only a few studies have relatively large sample
size.7 In addition, these studies on NLR and stroke did not further analyze NLR by stratification and refinement, and the
outcome evaluation mostly focused on short-term prognosis or a single timepoint.8 It is worth noting that, survival may
not represent the only meaningful endpoint, and residual functionality may have even greater clinical and social
relevance.9 Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between NLR and ICH prognosis, including
poor outcome, functional disability and death at multiple timepoints in a hierarchical manner.

Method
Patient Selection
The study was a single-center, prospective, observational cohort study conducted in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from
January 2014 to September 2016 and was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of
Helsinki World Medical Association and was approved by the Institutional Review Committee (IRB) of Beijing Tiantan
Hospital. The ethics committee(s) approved consent in the ethics statement. Written informed consent was obtained from
all patients or their relatives.
The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) ICH diagnosed by the WHO standard and confirmed by a computerized
tomography (CT) scan; (2) age ≥18 years old; (3) arrival at the hospital within 72 hours after onset; (4) first ever acute-
onset ICH; and (5) written informed consent obtained. The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) past history of
ICH; (2) congenital or acquired coagulation disorders; (3) secondary ICH resulting from tumor, trauma, aneurysm,
arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, cavernous hemangioma, venous malformations, telangiectasia, venous
sinus thrombosis, moyamoya disease, and coagulation disorders; and (4) disease complicated with major comorbidities or
late-stage diseases. A total of 1233 patients were enrolled, 778 of whom had NLR data and were enrolled in the NLR
subgroup at baseline. We excluded 184 patients without follow-up records. Finally, 594 patients were enrolled in our
study (Figure 1).

Clinical Variables and Outcome

Baseline clinical characteristics were collected, including demographics (age and sex), medical history (hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, stroke due to cerebral ischemia or infarction or aneurysm, smoking and drinking status, and systolic
and diastolic blood pressure). Hematologic tests, such as glucose level, hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil
count (NC), monocyte count (MC), lymphocyte count (LC), were also collected. The NLR was measured as the ratio of
the NC to the LC on admission. Hypertension was defined as a self-reported history, a systolic blood pressure (SBP)
≥140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of ≥90 mmHg at baseline or use of antihypertensive medication.
Diabetes mellitus was defined as a self-reported history, use of oral hypoglycemic agents, fasting blood glucose level
≥7.0 mmol/l at baseline, or current treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Dyslipidemia was defined as
a self-reported history, total cholesterol ≥6.22 mmol/l or triglyceride ≥2.26 mmol/l, low-density lipoprotein ≥4.14 mmol/l
at baseline, or current use of cholesterol-lowering medicine. Smoking was recorded as at least one cigarette per day for
over one year. Alcohol consumption was recorded as an intake of at least 80 g of liquor a day for over one year.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were administered at admission. We also
documented the hematoma location (lobar, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum). The volume of the hematoma
was measured by the “ABC/2 method”10 based on the initial CT scan, which was completed on admission.

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Figure 1 Flow diagram of study patients.

Abbreviations: ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Follow-Up Information and Outcome Evaluation

Face-to-face interviews were performed when the patient was discharged, and telephone interviews were performed at 30
days, 3 months, and 1 year after ICH onset. The researchers who participated in the follow-up were trained and were blinded to
the baseline information and disease characteristics of the patients. During the interview, the functional status of each patient
was evaluated, and an mRS score was obtained. For patients who did not answer the phone, we contacted them three times
over the next week. If they did not return the call, they were regarded as lost. Poor outcomes, including death and disability,
were defined as mRS scores of 3–6. Functional disability was defined as mRS scores of 3–5. A score of 6, which indicates
death, was analyzed separately.

Statistical Analysis
SAS software was used for statistical analysis (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). All patients were divided into
Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups according to the quartile and median NLR levels. Continuous variables are expressed as
medians (interquartile range, IQR) or means ± standard deviation (SD) and were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test.
The chi-square test was used for the comparison of categorical variables, which are expressed as numbers (proportions).
Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between NLR levels and clinical outcomes. Variables
with p values < 0.05 from the comparison of baseline characteristics and selected variables (age, sex, smoking, GCS at
first admission, NIHSS at first admission, hematoma volume at first admission, systolic blood pressure) were included in
multivariate analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each group with the first
quartile (Q1) as a reference for the NLR. The results were considered significant for p values < 0.05 (two sided).

Result
Baseline Characteristics
From January 2014 to September 2016, 594 patients with spontaneous ICH fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled
in this study. Among them, the median age was 56 (IQR 49–64) years, and 423 (71.21%) were males. Participants were

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classified into four groups by NLR quartiles, and the first quartile, median and third quartile of NLR were 3.68, 6.89 and
12.14, respectively. The NLR ranges of the quartile groups were Q1 (NLR<3.68), Q2 (3.68≤NLR<6.89), Q3
(6.89≤NLR<12.14) and Q4 (NLR ≥12.14). The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. The
medians and IQRs in these four groups were as follows: GCS scores 14.5 (11–15), 14 (11–15), 13 (8–15), 10.5 (6–
15); NIHSS scores, 9 (3–16.5), 10 (3–16), 12 (4–20), 16 (8–27); and hematoma volume, 11.28 (4.70–30.30), 15.80 (7.4–
34.60), 23.80 (10.60–48.00), 34.70 (10.85–64.85), respectively; which were all significantly different among the four
groups (all P values<0.05). With an increase in the NLR level, the GCS score decreased, and the NIHSS score and
hematoma volume increased. In addition, with the increase in the NLR, the leukocyte count increased, and the
lymphocyte count decreased gradually. There were also significant differences among the four groups (P<0.05).

NLR and Outcomes

The Outcome characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 2. During the 30-day follow-up, 387 (65.15%) patients
had poor functional outcomes (mRS=3-6), 267 (56.33%) patients had functional disability (mRS=3-5), and 120 (20.20%)
patients died. During the 3-month follow-up, 348 (58.59%) patients had poor outcomes, 221 (47.32%) patients had
functional disability, and 127 (21.38%) patients died. During the 1-year follow-up, 304 (51.18%) patients had poor
outcomes, 161 (35.70%) patients had functional disability, and 143 (24.07%) patients died. There were significant
differences in all of the above indexes among the four groups (P<0.05).
The risks of adverse clinical outcomes in the NLR quartile groups are shown in Table 3. At the 30-day follow-up,
compared with the lowest NLR (Q1) quartile group taken as a reference, the highest quartile (Q4) group showed elevated
risks of poor outcomes (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.96–5.64, P<0.01) and functional disability (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.69–5.22,
P<0.01). In the multivariate logistic regression model, Q4 remained an indicator of poor outcomes (OR, 2.37; 95% CI,
1.17–4.83, P=0.02) and functional disability (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.05–4.65, P=0.04).
At the 3-month follow-up, compared with the lowest NLR (Q1) quartile group taken as a reference, the highest
quartile (Q4) groups still showed elevated risks of poor outcomes (OR, 3.72; 95% CI, 2.24–6.18, P<0.01) and functional
disability (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.98–6.05, P<0.01). These associations were still significant after adjustments (OR, 2.83;
95% CI, 1.38–5.77, P<0.01 and OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.28–5.98, P<0.01).
Regarding the outcome at the 1-year follow-up, although the Q2 group did not show significant functional disability
(mRS 3–5) in the crude logistic regression analysis (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.38–1.21, P=0.19), functional disability in this
group was found to be significant after adjustment (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.16–0.72, P<0.01). We found no significant
correlation between the NLR and risk of death at the 30-day (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.47–1.90, P=0.88), 3-month (OR, 0.99;
95% CI, 0.50–1.96, P=0.97), or 1-year (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.51–1.92, P=0.98) follow-ups after adjustments.

Discussion
The current study demonstrated that significantly increased NLR levels were correlated with an increased risk of 30-day
and 3-month poor outcomes and functional disability, while slightly elevated NLR levels were correlated with a reduced
risk of functional disability. An association between the NLR level and death was not found in this study. Our results
suggest that a higher NLR may have an impact on the poor prognosis of patients with ICH, while a slightly elevated NLR
may play a protective role.
The NLR is an indicator that reflects the overall inflammatory and stress status of patients.11 Because it is easy to
obtain and inexpensive to check, it has attracted extensive attention in a variety of disease fields in recent years. Many
studies suggest that the NLR can clearly predict the prognosis of a variety of major diseases, such as bacteremia, acute
coronary syndrome, tumors and ischemic stroke.4,9 ICH is an acute major disease, and a series of local and systemic
inflammatory reactions will occur on the basis of primary brain injury. Secondary brain injury caused by microglial
activation and peripheral leukocyte infiltration in the early stage of ICH, such as the release of cytokines and
proinflammatory factors, leads to the destruction of the blood–brain barrier, aggravation of brain edema and an increase
in intracranial pressure, which further aggravates the neurological injury of patients and leads to adverse outcomes.3 In
clinical work, we often find that patients in the acute stage of ICH (within 24 hours or even earlier) admitted in the
emergency department often exhibit an increase in peripheral leukocytes, despite a lack of clear evidence of

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Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Patients Stratified by the NLR
Total Q1 (NLR<3.68) Q2 (3.68≤NLR<6.89) Q3 (6.89≤NLR<12.14) Q4 (12.14≤NLR) P
N=594 (n=148) (n=149) (n=149) (n=148)

Age 56(49–64) 56(51–64) 56(47–65) 55(49–64) 56(48–63) 0.516

Sex (male) 423(71.21) 110(74.32) 109(73.15) 101(67.79) 103(69.59) 0.569
Hypertension, n (%) 441(74.87) 111(75.00) 118(79.73) 109(74.15) 103(70.55) 0.341
Diabetes, n (%) 81(13.64) 20(13.51) 19(12.75) 25(16.78) 17(11.49) 0.587
Stroke history, n (%) 103(17.34) 32(21.62) 22(14.77) 24(16.11) 25(16.89) 0.430
Smoking, n (%) 322(54.21) 93(62.84) 81(54.36) 73(48.99) 75(50.68) 0.078
Drinking, n (%) 307(52.06) 66(44.69) 84(56.38) 79(53.02) 78(52.70) 0.216
SBP (mmHg, IQR) 168(150–187) 170(155–189) 160(144–184) 163(150–190) 170(155–184) 0.058
DBP (mmHg, IQR) 98(85–110) 100(87–110) 92(84–107) 98(84–110) 100(88–110) 0.149
GCS at first admission (IQR) 14(8–15) 14.5(11–15) 14(11–15) 13(8–15) 10.5(6–15) <0.001
NIHSS at first admission (IQR) 12(4–21) 9(3–16.5) 10(3–16) 12(4–20) 16(8–27) <0.001
Hematoma volume (mL IQR) 18.10(7.60–47.90) 11.28(4.70–30.30) 15.80(7.4–34.60) 23.80(10.60–48.00) 34.70(10.85–64.85) <0.001
WBC at first admission (109/L IQR) 10.41(7.81–13.25) 7.48(6.06–8.99) 8.84(7.50–11.13) 11.38(9.47–14.24) 13.76(11.44–16.12) <0.001
Lymphocytes at first admission (109/L IQR) 1.21(0.84–1.74) 2.03(1.55–2.68) 1.37(1.13–1.78) 1.07(0. 90–1.36) 0.68(0.55–0.86) <0.001
Monocytes at first admission (109/L IQR) 0.39(0.30–0.53) 0.40(0.33–0.52) 0.40(0.31–0.53) 0.39(0.28–0.53) 0.39(0.26–0.54) 0.499
Neutrophils at first admission (109/L IQR) 8.52(5.68–11.65) 4.53(3.66–5.73) 6.95(5.86–8.86) 10.01(8.07–12.22) 12.74(10.37–14.95) <0.001
Note: Values are median (IQR) or number (%).
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell and IQR,
https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S358078

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Table 2 Clinical Outcomes of the Patients Stratified by NLR

Outcome Total Q1 (NLR<3.68) Q2 (3.68≤NLR<6.89) Q3 (6.89≤NLR<12.14) Q4 (12.14≤NLR) P
N=594 (n=148) (n=149) (n=149) (n=148)

30-day follow-up
mRS≥3(3–6) 387(65.2) 85(57.4) 82(55.0) 99(66.4) 121(81.8) <0.001
Disabled (3–5) 267(56.3) 59(48.4) 64(48.9) 69(58.0) 75(73.5) <0.001
Death 120(20.2) 26(17.6) 18(12.1) 30(20.1) 46(31.1) <0.001
3-month follow-up
mRS≥3(3–6) 348(58.6) 73(49.3) 72(48.3) 87(58.4) 116(78.4) <0.001
Disabled (3–5) 221(47.3) 46(38.0) 53(40.8) 54(46.6) 68(68.0) <0.001
Death 127(21.4) 27(18.2) 19(12.8) 33(22.2) 48(32.4) <0.001
1-year follow-up
mRS≥3(3–6) 304(51.2) 66(44.6) 55(36.9) 78(52.4) 105(71.0) <0.001
Disabled (3–5) 161(35.7) 36(30.5) 28(23.0) 43(37.7) 54(55.7) <0.001
Death 143(24.1) 30(20.3) 27(18.1) 35(23.5) 51(34.5) 0.005
Note: Values are number (%).
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.

complications such as infection at that time. At this time, the NLR may reflect the local and systemic inflammatory
response and degree in patients with acute ICH.
There is a close relationship between the immune system and the pathophysiology of major diseases. Usually, after
the occurrence of such diseases, a rapid increase in neutrophils and decrease in lymphocytes lead to an increase in the
NLR in the early stage of the disease. Accordingly, an early increase in NLR values can result in the reliable prediction of
the growth of perihemorrhagic edema,12 the risk of developing infections,13 and the occurrence of early neurological
deterioration.14 Studies have shown that an increase in peripheral neutrophils can increase central neutrophil infiltration
and aggravate the inflammatory response.15 Moreover, the decrease in lymphocyte levels is caused by an increase in
catecholamine and steroid levels.11,16 The overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary
adrenal axis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage leads to apoptosis and functional deactivation of peripheral
lymphocytes; thus, there is a certain degree of immunosuppression and an impaired antibacterial immune response after
stroke.17 Activated neutrophils induce the production of various molecules related to tissue injury and participate in
oxidative stress, and high-level oxidative stress exposure may be related to prognosis. This also explains why the NLR
can reasonably reflect the possibility of secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage and the susceptibility to
poststroke complications. The results of animal experiments confirmed that if peripheral neutrophils were selectively
consumed before intracerebral hemorrhage, the activation of microglia and the infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes
from peripheral blood after intracerebral hemorrhage could be reduced, and the inflammatory reaction and destruction of
the blood–brain barrier could be alleviated.18
In addition, it is well known that the inflammatory response is an important mechanism of bodily self-protection and
damage repair. The earliest stage after intracerebral hemorrhage is the activation of microglia and infiltration of
peripheral blood neutrophils. Neutrophils are often viewed as a proinflammatory cell population but are known to play
a vital role in wound healing through their involvement in phagocytosis, metalloproteinase release, and growth factor
production. After tissue injury, neutrophils can help prepare the damaged environment for repair.19 Actually, the
contribution of neutrophils to a central nervous system (CNS) lesion may depend on their state of activation, and
overactivation of neutrophils and the inflammatory response cascade are important factors in tissue damage caused by the
inflammatory response. Our study found that when the NLR is at a high level, it increases the risk of poor prognosis and
functional disability, which is consistent with the common results of recent research; that is, most studies report that
when the NLR is greater than 5–7, its increase is related to poor prognosis.20–22 Some studies have shown that the normal
NLR in healthy adults is between 0.78 and 3.53,23 which is basically consistent with the Q1 quartile in our study
population. When the NLR is higher than Q1 and less than 5–7, it is close to the Q2 quartile in our study, so we call it

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Table 3 Risks of Adverse Clinical Outcomes Stratified by NLR
Overall Q1 (NLR<3.68) Q2 (3.68≤NLR<6.89) Q3 (6.89≤NLR<12.14) Q4 (12.14≤NLR) P trend

30-day follow-up 594 OR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p

mRS≥3 (3–6) 387 (65.15)
Crude Ref. 0.91 (0.57–1.44) 0.68 1.47 (0.92–2.35) 0.11 3.32 (1.96–5.64) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.88 (0.49–1.59) 0.67 1.24 (0.66–2.32) 0.51 2.37 (1.17–4.83) 0.02 <0.01
Disabled (3–5) 267 (56.33)
Crude Ref. 1.02 (0.62–1.67) 0.94 1.47 (0.89–2.45) 0.14 2.97 (1.69–5.22) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.82 (0.44–1.54) 0.54 1.10 (0.56–2.13) 0.79 2.21 (1.05–4.65) 0.04 <0.01
Death 120 (20.20)
Crude Ref. 0.65 (0.34–1.24) 0.19 1.18 (0.66–2.12) 0.57 2.12 (1.22–3.66) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.64 (0.30–1.39) 0.26 0.78 (0.38–1.60) 0.05 0.95 (0.47–1.90) 0.88 0.62
3-month follow-up
mRS≥3 (3–6) 348 (58.59)
Crude Ref. 0.96 (0.61–1.51) 0.86 1.44 (0.91–2.28) 0.12 3.72 (2.24–6.18) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 1.00 (0.54–1.84) 0.99 1.15 (0.61–2.18) 0.67 2.83 (1.38–5.77) <0.01 <0.01
Disabled (3–5) 221 (47.32)
Crude Ref. 1.12 (0.68–1.86) 0.66 1.42 (0.85–2.38) 0.18 3.46 (1.98–6.05) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.92 (0.47–1.80) 0.81 0.99 (0.50–1.99) 0.99 2.77 (1.28–5.98) <0.01 <0.01
Death 127 (21.38)
Crude Ref. 0.66 (0.35–1.24) 0.19 1.28 (0.72–2.25) 0.40 2.15 (1.25–3.69) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.65 (0.31–1.38) 0.26 0.89 (0.44–1.80) 0.75 0.99 (0.50–1.96) 0.97 0.61
1-year follow-up
mRS≥3 (3–6) 304 (51.18)
Crude Ref. 0.73 (0.46–1.16) 0.18 1.37 (0.87–2.16) 0.18 3.03 (1.88–4.91) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.59 (0.32–1.08) 0.09 1.01 (0.55–1.86) 0.96 1.75 (0.91–3.34) 0.09 0.01
Disabled (3–5) 161 (35.70)
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Crude Ref. 0.68 (0.38–1.21) 0.19 1.38 (0.80–2.38) 0.25 2.86 (1.63–5.01) <0.01 <0.01
Adjusted Ref. 0.34 (0.16–0.72) <0.01 0.83 (0.41–1.65) 0.59 1.61 (0.77–3.37) 0.21 0.02
Death 143 (24.07)
Crude Ref. 0.87 (0.49–1.55) 0.64 1.21 (0.70–2.10) 0.50 2.07 (1.22–3.50) <0.01 <0.01
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Adjusted Ref. 0.96 (0.48–1.90) 0.90 0.88 (0.45–1.74) 0.72 0.99 (0.51–1.92) 0.98 0.66
Note: Adjusted for age, sex, smoking, GCS at first admission, NIHSS at first admission, hematoma volume at first admission and SBP.
Abbreviations: NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; mRS, modified Rankin Scale.

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a slight increase. In our study, we found that a slight increase in the NLR (Q2) may have a protective effect on the
functional prognosis of ICH patients for 1 year, which may be related to the inherent promotion of neuroprotection and
phagocytic repair of neutrophils, and the relatively stable number of lymphocytes also provides a certain preventive
effect on the occurrence of infectious complications. In addition, compared with the populations with higher NLR levels,
these patients do not have the material basis for strong inflammatory reactions, so they experience a certain protective
effect, which may also indicate that the immune system of this population is relatively stable under the attack of major
and serious diseases.
At the early stage of follow-up, there was no prognostic difference in patients with a slightly elevated NLR. It may be
that there are many factors affecting the functional prognosis in the early stage of the disease, while the impact of the
NLR is relatively weak. In addition, the recovery of neural function is a long process, during which sound and stable
immune function may be an important factor. It has been reported in the literature that 30-day mortality is related to the
NLR level,22 but our study has not confirmed this. An increased cohort size and a large-scale study are needed to confirm
this hypothesis. In addition, our results do not include more detailed data on infratentorial hemorrhage and ventricular
hemorrhage, so more detailed data may be needed to support the conclusion in the future.

Conclusion
A significant increase in the NLR in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in the acute stage may be related
to poor prognosis and functional disability at 30 days and 3 months, while a slightly increased NLR may be a protective
factor against functional disability at 1 year.

Ethical Approval
This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines from the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the
Ethics Committees of Beijing Tiantan Hospital.

Acknowledgments
We thank the study quality coordinators’ meticulous work for data quality control. Thank all the participants and
investigators who took part in our study.

Funding
This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1312200/
2018YFC1312204), the National Science and Technology Major Project (2017ZX09304018), Chinese Academy of
Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5-029), Beijing Natural Science Foundation
(Z200016), and Beijing Municipal Committee of Science and Technology (Z201100005620010).

Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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