STUDIO AIR

2016 SEMESTER 2, FU, WEN-CHI

PART A. CONCEPTUALIZATION

A.1.DESIGN FUTURING 8-11

A.2.DESIGN COMPUTATION 12-15

A.3.GENERATION 16

A.4.CONCLUSION 18

A.5.LEARNING OUTCOMES 18

PART B.

B.1. RESEARCH FIELD 24

B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 26-33

B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 34-37

B.4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT 38-43

B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES 44-45

B.6. TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL 46

B.7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES 47

B.8. APPENDIX -ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES 48-49

PART C. DETAILED DESIGN

C.1.DESIGN CONCEPT 52-63

C.2.TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES 64-69

C.3.FINAL DETAILED MODEL 70-79

C.4.LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES 80-81

REFERENCES 82
4
A
CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 5
 INTRODUCTION

No experience with digital design.

Really awkward with Windows.

6 CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 7
 A.1. DESIGN FUTURING

PRECEDENT1
Taiwan Tower Conceptual Design International Competi- Raymond PAN/HMC Architects name the project Col-

tion was held in Oct 2010 and the result was released in umn of Time, and the design concept is urban connec-

the following month. The Use of the tower requirements tion and the passing of time. At first sight it is an impres-

are: total floor area of approximately 3000 square me- sive project but the concept is not quite right for Taiwan,

ters, including lobby, information center, elevator lobby, let alone Taichung. This is the precedent is chosen since

shop, food & beverage services, observatories, environ- a project from home allows me to have more insight as

mental quality monitoring station. Also, the Museum of a local. When Talk about Taichung, the first thing come

Taichung City Development. The total construction Bud- to mind is the it is a big metropolitan city that is still de-

get is about US$ 220,000,000. The to be completed veloping and growing at a fast speed, with big green

date is December, 2016. The Taiwan Tower project that parks and very spacious. The concept of time passing

was found on the suckerpunchdaily is actually not the and history is just not what the judges are looking for.

winner of the competition, in fact in only comes in hon- The tower is obviously digital design, using computer as

orable mention. This triggered my interest, since we are a tool. However, not certain of whether it is computer-

looking at design futuring and one of the question that ization or computation.

is proposed is ‘were they built projects, and was this im- As for what this project contributes to, as far as I con-

portant?’ After looking at all of the proposals that enter cerned, none, since it was designed in 2010, by that

the final round, and what stage is the construction at, time digital designs are not rare at all, in fact they are

it is clear that architecture is not art, it is not pure and ubiquitous, and the geometry that this project generates

simple. Architecture involves politics, financial conflicts, does not catch my eye, an amateur, at the first glance.

culture, and indeed computerization. As in not saying that it is bad, it is just so ordinary that

one will mix it up with all the other buildings he or she

saw before, and the design concept does not stand out

as well, at least not for its location.

8 CONCEPTUALISATION
Fig.1 Taiwan tower-honorable mention-2 Fig.2 Taiwan tower-honorable mention-2

CONCEPTUALISATION 9
 A.1. DESIGN FUTURING

PRECEDENT2

Fig.5 Taiwan tower –second Fig.6 Taiwan tower-third Fig.7 Taiwan tower-honorable
prize prize mention-1

Now moving on to the first prize winner of this competition. Designed by Sou Fujimoto Architects. The proposal for

Taiwan Tower is : “the model for the Green-Architecture of the new generation, is the 21st Century Oasis’. This Tower

is an Oasis of the Future, a new type of Oasis of the City, and an Oasis unique for Taiwan”. This is Taichung, green,

very green. It is not just what can be observed due to coincidence, it is the direction of the Taichung government as

well. The project also took ficus as an inspiration, a species of tree that is very common in Taiwan, and many relates

them to childhood and sense of security. As it can be seen the project is not solid in visual, it melts into the surrounding

area, but yet shows a sense of perseverance thanks to its material choice, steel, and the use of straight line. The project

is also a computerization outcomes. Actually, all of the five projects that enter the final rounds can be easily tell from

there appearance that is digital design. Fujimoto’s proposal is in the process of construction and cease due to budget,

environmental concern and political reason; the budget went over to double and it was at the start of 2015, it was still

almost two years to the estimated completed date, it went over too much, also, the money that was investigated were

all for nothing; the environmental reason was that this is green architecture, but the material, steel, is high in carbon

dioxide foot print, this should be noted before the construction tough. Lastly, the political reason is that the mayor of

Taichung is now from a different party than the one who decides to approve the project, this is just too common in

Taiwan’s political history, public construction is always deeply involved with politics. I would said that if the project was

built it would contribute a very interesting atmosphere and a very different one than the current one, it would have

brought a greener life style and provide easy access to digital future generated architecture.

Looking at these two architecture, Sou Fujimoto’s proposal really shows critical thinking in design, not that it is trying

to challenge anything from my point of view, but it is looking at the future and find a way to bring it into our everyday

life, acting as a compass for the city, setting a new direction.

10 CONCEPTUALISATION
Fig.3 Taiwan tower-first prize Fig.4 Taiwan tower-first prize

CONCEPTUALISATION 11
 A.2. DESIGN COMPUTATION
THE BENEFITS OF USING COMPUTERS IN THE ARCHITECTUR-
AL DESIGN PROCESS

It was not long ago among human history when architecture becomes a discourse and architect becomes a

profession. It was until 17th century that architecture has been separated into construction and design. Over the

last two decades, the nature of architecture has changed rapidly, as it has changed from human centered to

computer-base, in order to survive in the industry, one need to use computer as a tool. However, now, not only

do we have to use it as a tool, it becomes a mean, an end, we have to think like one. Obviously, there are tons

of benefits in using computers in the architectural design, or else it won’t be thriving and spreading so quickly. It

is efficient, effective, easy to preview, make changes, understands it performance and structural, and effortlessly

to see if the project work or not since there are no ambiguity on computer. It also generate creativity, it allows

architects to maximise their imagination since now there will barely be technical issues. Algorithm as a tool is

not enough, now the mainstream wants algorithm thinking. It was declared that computation is supposed to free

architects imagination, however, it seems to be doing the opposite. Architects are not to blame though, they are

the pioneer of this new trend, new method in this shifting time, moreover, most of the elder architects were not

trained to use those computer software let alone doing algorithm thinking. Although, not being aware of how

computation design becomes what we need to now today, it is just another period of history, it is a method that is

suitable for our current society, since the demand for architecture is so high and computerization is fast and easy

to communicate and amend. computation design is also a bachelor degree that can be took in university now.

12 CONCEPTUALISATION
Fig.8 Swiss Re

30 St Mary Axe, the Swiss Re, designed by Forster+Partners. It has a

circular plan, with a radial geometry. It is also calculate to be visually

slender from the street level. Moreover, the shape of the building is also

made into the shape that minimise the wind no ground floor and to have
Fig.9 Swiss Re
the optimum natural ventilation. Computation design is use in both form

and function value.

CONCEPTUALISATION 13
fig.10 Guangzhou Opera House

14 CONCEPTUALISATION
fig.11 Guangzhou Opera House

Guangzhou Opera House designed by Zaha Hadid is an example

of computation design, it is design to have good acoustic due to

the purpose of the architecture. Also, it applies a concept of na-

ture and emerging into the landscape; it is inspired by river valley,

therefore the appearance that mimic the erosion is applied. Com-

putation design allow the architecture to have a seamless finish

and fits into the landscape easily while not losing its function due fig.12 Guangzhou Opera House Digital Drawing

to aesthetic reason.

CONCEPTUALISATION 15
 A.3. GENERATION
.

Generation in architecture is a recent concept, however it is not new for scientist, especially biologist. It is es-

sentially coding and playing with those code to see all the different possibilities and how every code affects the

outcome. It is relatively new but if observes carefully it can be seen that this time would come. Generation in

architectural process can be useful since it is very logical and rational, and part of architect is science, so it is

logical that it will open a new door and allow architecture design process to be for systematic, since the principal

of algorithm is being finite in rules. However, intuition is a big part of architecture so far in thousands of year,

the transformation

should only be use as a tool not having the brain of computer since human actually invent one, and what differ

human beings from the rest is that we have emotion that might always we right or justice, but is always powerful

and creative.

16 CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 17
 A.4. CONCLUSION
The design approach that will be taken is computation in

a more general way, using grasshopper as a tool rather

then design a brain that is emotionless for it. Will try to

code simple algorithm to a small section of the project

and see how it develop. The software will be mostly use

to test how it interacts with the surrounding environment

and natural, light, air, and water. It is not innovative at

all since I am still trying to familiar myself to the soft-

ware, and being innovative is not something I would like

to decide now since there is no point doing so at this

moment. Maybe as the project developed it will appear

to me how to be innovative with it.

A.5. LEARNING OUTCOME

you find your imagination is limited by the software, you

are just being lazy; it kinds of hit me because I absolute-

ly have no interest in using software. I like writing more

then typing, reading books not e-book, so I cannot imag-

ine myself doing architecture work all on a computer. In

fact, if I know this was the case, I would never choose

architecture as a major. I wish that I were born in Renais-

sance or Ancient Greece; where everything is done by

hand. Still under the impression that architecture is art

and science but mostly art, since it is to me what makes

architecture what it is, with out art, it is merely construc-

tion. However, in logical sense, I started to understand

why digital design and computation is appreciated, but

there is still a long way to go for me to embrace it.

18 CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 19
20
B
CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 21
 B.1. RESEARCH FIELD

Sectioning
My research field is sectioning. Sectioning provide a lightness and airy

sense for the environment if its in interior or can be seen from the inside.

It is flexible in shaping the surface since by cutting to order, there are no

restrictions. Thus, it often provides a seamless surface and with parametric

design it creates fluid appearance that can be either really modern or

looks like it grows from the nature, since there are mathematic sequences

embodied in nature form.

22 CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 23
 B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0

Driftwood: The AA’s Summer Pavilion

fig13. Driftwood, source: https://www.architecture.com/Explore/Revealingthecollections/DriftwoodPavilion2009.aspx

24 CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 25
 Simple geometry Lofted curves Brep

Horizontal section-
ing

Vertical sectioning

Cross sectioning

Geodesic

Hybrid

26 CRITERIA DESIGN
Brep + Brep Three curves

CRITERIA DESIGN 27
 SELECTION CRITERIA

1. A semi open structure

2. A breathing architecture that fits in to the landscape

3. Structurally stable

4. A form that allows people to walk in

28 CRITERIA DESIGN
Lofted curves + cross sec-
tioning

Brep + geodesic

Brep+ hybrid sectioning

Simple geometry + horizontal

CRITERIA DESIGN 29
 SPECULATION

The four iterations have much potential in creating forms for fluid and organic architecture. Sectioning al-

lows it to be built no matter what shape of surface I end up generating. The crucial part is what material

should be use, as it can be imagine that the difference atmosphere and visual impact different materials will

provide. The geometry outcome at this stage is still fairly random. It should be design with a clear value

and purpose.

30 CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 31
 B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0.

ONE MAIN
The project was for a penthouse office in green building. The interior material is sustain-

ably forested spruce plywood. The project can be separated into two main parts, floor

and ceiling; both are continuous surfaces inflected by function. The project abandoned the

traditional prototype like door handles, it aims to create a seamless and continuous finish.

32 CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 33
 Reverse-engineer

First create a box to represent the in- Lofted multiple curves

terior space

34 CRITERIA DESIGN
Intersect the two brep Create a surface of the intersecting Contour the surface towards negative

area z direction

CRITERIA DESIGN 35
 B.4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT

Lofted curves + cross sectioning

36 CRITERIA DESIGN
Brep + geodesic

CRITERIA DESIGN 37
 Simple geometry + horizontal sec-

tioning

38 CRITERIA DESIGN
Brep+ hybrid sectioning

CRITERIA DESIGN 39
 The most successful outcome. With more work, it can be developed according to Merri

creek’s landscape and fit into the environment. At the same time easy to fabricate and will

provide the semi open effect yet keep people in side the form for a while since it is not a

strait and direct pathway.

40 CRITERIA DESIGN
CRITERIA DESIGN 41
 B.5. TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPE

The iteration I end up with is a cross sectioning pyramid like structure,

It should be made with metal strings or other sort of rope. The idea is to be a cage

like form that people walking in willingly and have a moment with the nature. I

started with wanting to use exposed concrete since the roughness is associate with

calm and relatively native. However, Exposed concrete will restrain the experience

that the form is aim to provide. By testing with cotton strings, using think rope might

be alright, it is stronger than I expected. The prototype here is just testing the mate-

rial and atmosphere, it is not the final form.

42 CRITERIA DESIGN
The 7cm by 7cm frame with about 4 meters of thin cotton strings can stand

at least 1kg of weight. It is tested to 1.2 kg.

CRITERIA DESIGN 43
 B.6. TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL

fig14. site, Source: Google map

The final form has not yet been set. However, the design is intended to have

an effect as torri, the Japanese gateway to mark the boundary of human

habitat and kami’s, gods’, habitat. The design aims to provide a threshold

for the Merri Creek’s experience that visitor’s are about to gain. With the

inspiration from torri, it is however not a gateway, it is more of a path, a

path that visitor’s will be trapped in for at least 5 mins. It is to remind us not

to destroy nature habitat for other species, since for them, their living space

is constrained to those habitat that are left.

44 CRITERIA DESIGN
B.7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND
OUT COMES

The studio is aim for us to understand how computation

design generates form and how it help achieves designs

that can not be done by hand. I was rejecting the idea

of using parameters to generate ideas and forms for the

first few weeks of the semester. However, though not

enjoying it, it is still necessary to complete assignment

and assessment. Through this process, I realise that it

is impossible to do a fair job if I keep rejecting it. By

exploring grasshopper through self learning, online tu-

torials, since I just easily get lost in tutes because it is too

complex for me at this stage, I am now familiar with ba-

sic component in grasshopper, and can think of different

way to achieve the same results. It is true that people do

not like what they do not understand. Now that I am a

bit more confident with grasshopper than a few weeks

ago, though still not mastering it, I will try harder to

learn to use different components in grasshopper, and

hope to improve a lot more in the next few weeks.

CRITERIA DESIGN 45
 B.8. APPENDIX- ALGORITHMIC SKETCH

46 CRITERIA DESIGN
HES

CRITERIA DESIGN 47
48
C
DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 49
 C.1. DESIGN CONCEPT

Design Agenda
To show the Possibility of Architecture as a Sustainable Technology

Design Concept
To provide experience that can raise environmental awareness through utilizing natural resources,

sunlight and rainwater.

50 DETAILED DESIGN
Inspiration: tree
Trees are the most important part of the forest, and for-

est are the most significant element to produce oxygen

to support the earth and species living on it.

Trees can be divided into three parts crown, trunk, and

root.

Crown: the crown of the tree is where photosynthesis

happens, and in this design solar panel will be used to

collect energy and it will also be the frontier to collect

water.

Trunk: in this design, the trunk will perform as a water

filter.

Root: the root of the plants is how they communicates,

and a jointed water tank will be used to convey this idea.

Inspiration: Hexagon
Hexagon is a type of geometry that is common in

the nature. The most iconic feature being the beehive.

The reason to use hexagon is that it can use the least

material to create biggest volume, as it takes 8 ounc-

es of honey to produce one ounce of bee wax. The

closer a shape is to a circle with in the same radius

, the space is larger. However, if to use circle, there

will be gaps among them, to avoid that there are only

three shapes that will fit, being triangle, square, and

hexagon. Hexagon of course is the one that is more

towards the circle among them.

DETAILED DESIGN 51
 Why solar power?

Though having great potential, Australia has been criticized by its low percentage of solar power. The

main source to generate electricity is still coal. However, during the past few years their has been a

gradual increase on the apply of solar panel. As it can be seen from the graphic below, it grows 20%

in 2015. There is a great proportion of Australian land that barely rains, and even with parts that have

slightly more rainfall, there are still intense sunlight. Therefore, this design is to show how solar panel

works, functionally and aesthetically.

fig15. clean energy graphic, Source: clean energy council.

52 DETAILED DESIGN
Why is water conservation crucial in Australia?

Australia is the second driest continent, but the driest one inhabited. Though being in this situation, the water

consumption per person is 1.5 time of that of the Europeans. Melbourne being relatively humid, but it needs to

supply areas around it. Thus, it is vital for people to have the awareness of water conservation.

Rainwater harvesting system

This system is now more and more simple and can be installed household. Generally, there will be three different

kinds of filter for leaves, dirt, and pollen, in order to have the water quality to meet household use. However,

this design is more for the experience part and to raise awareness, the water it collects will be use for toilets.

Therefore, there is only one filter to collect leaves and obvious dirt. This design uses the crown part as collector,

trunk as filter, and root as water tank.

fig16.Rainfall Deficiencies, source: Australian Government

DETAILED DESIGN 53
 Site analysis

9am 12pm 6pm

54 DETAILED DESIGN
The site is at Coulson Reserve, and it has sufficient

sunlight and rainwater. As it can be seen from

the images. It is not block by buildings, and

is exposed to sunlight through out the day.

DETAILED DESIGN 55
 Crown:

56 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 57
 Trunk:

58 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 59
 The grasshopper script of slot joint for water tank.

60 DETAILED DESIGN
Materials

fig18. solar panel

Transparent solar panel

part of the design. The reason that this

is use is because that it allows lights to

fig17. transparent solar panel go through and sunlight being one of the

most important element of this design. The

Romalux solar panel with colour is used at some

part of the design, because that it allows

that it is chosen for the voronoi water

filter part is due to the fact that it

can be penetrated by light. So it will

compliment the design well since the

main middle part of the design is not

going to block the sunlight. Also, it is

an environmental friendly material,

since it has low embodied energy

and does not required lots of heat

and electricity during the process.

DETAILED DESIGN 61
 C.2. TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOT
Prototype1
Screen for the water filter: Jigsaw joint

the reason to use this joint is that since the angle

for the side to connect is not 90 degree. so slot

joint is not feasible here. jigsaw joint performs

better than slot joint in this case. after testing

the prototype, I found that it is not possible to

let it joint and click by itself, it still need glue

to join it. it is better if cutting the depth of the

joint a bit more, to allow it a better space to join

together. However, this joint is quite suitable

for this use. the prototype use a 2mm acrylic.

62 DETAILED DESIGN
YPES

Prototype2
Water tank: Slot joint

This water tank prototype uses slot joint

to connect, and because that it is right

angle so slot joint fits perfectly. Although

it did not cease very tight the way I would

like, but since it is a water tank there is

going to be pressure from ground soil

and people above it to allow it to cease

better. The material is 3mm acrylic.

DETAILED DESIGN 63
 Prototype3
Solar panel: slot joint

This is a prototype with 3mm acrylic. As it

can be seen from the detailed photo. There

are gaps between the panels. Also, the

angle has to be calculate precisely before

laser cut, and not alteration can be made

after cutting. It is not flexible and difficult

to reach the angle this design requires.

64 DETAILED DESIGN
Prototype4
Solar panel: cable tie

This prototype uses 1mm vivac and as it can be

seen from the detailed photos that it joins the

panels together quite well since there are no

obvious gap and it is easier to produce, since

we just cut holes at laser cut on each side and

the rest can be completed flexibly after that

The photos on

the left are 1mm

vivac and 3mm

acrylic, this is

testing the strength

and flexibility of

the material.

DETAILED DESIGN 65
 Prototype5
Solar panel: bolt joint

This is the bolt joint that we apply to

the prototype of solar panel. We use

two bolts and a piece of metal sheet

to create the joint on pre cut holes. It

is very stable and strong, however not

flexible enough to meet our expectation.

3D Printing process.

66 DETAILED DESIGN
Prototype6
Water filter: 3D printing

This middle part is create through 3D printing.

As it can be seen from the photos that I was

testing if it can really filter leaves. The leaves

are cut to scale, and from the testing no

leaves will go through the voronoi filter.

DETAILED DESIGN 67
 C.3.FINAL DETAILED MODEL

68 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 69
70 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 71
 section Scale: 1:200

72 DETAILED DESIGN
 plan Scale: 1:1000

DETAILED DESIGN 73
74 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 75
76 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 77
 C.4.LEARING OBJECTIVES AND OUTC
The feedback we got from the final presentation is mainly technical issues and to explain

some of the design clearer. First of all, the way we place our three design, it is according to

golden ratio. This was not mentioned in the presentation but it was what we decided to do.

The reason to use golden ration is because that it is a common feature in nature, which suits

our other design inspiration, tree, and hexagon. Also, since it appears so often in the nature,

human eyes are comfortable with it and consider it balanced and harmony. The second is

that our site is not particularly near the public toilet, so we can consider to use those water

for the university building next to the site. Thirdly, the structure of our design can be reverse

from collecting water then filter to the other way around, since it is mentioned that there are

small gaps between the water collect part to the filter part, if we filter the water part then

collect this can be avoided. Next, the relationship from the trunk to the root is not explained

clear in the model. What the design aims to do is for users to be able to see the water tank

from where there can stand on, and the water in the water tank is also part of the light

and shade experience. Moreover, the size of those three structures are 2.5, 4, and 6, the

reason for that is the average height of Australian adult male being 1.77m, 2.5m will allow

people to see that structure closely but allow it to function well at the same time. Lastly, it

was mentioned that this design is not very site specific, Merri Creek, in this case. It feels like

it can be an advantage as well as a disadvantage, since being not site specific means that

anywhere that has the same agenda and concept can apply this design, but at the same

time, if we are in a competition, it might fail due to the lack of uniqueness to the site.

78 DETAILED DESIGN
COMES
In the case of learning computational design and using different technology and programming,

I feel that there is a strong and obvious development after part B, since in part B I can not

produce a model through fab lab. However, after the feedback of part B I see that to force

myself to learn how to do that is essential for this subject. In part C, I can now make models

through grasshopper and allow it to be print for 3D printing and laser cut. As for the skills in

grasshopper, there is a strong development as well, since before this I was merely following

the online tutorials and unable to produce what I have in mind, in part c I can now produce

a whole algorithm and learn how to use a few plugs in such as exoskeleton, firefly, karamba,

lunch box, and cocoon. Also, I started to appreciate the parametric essence of algorithms

because that it is simple to generate when the size or shape of the design changed. It is also in

this subject that I first used 3Ds Max, InDesign, Photoshop, and print an A0 poster, since I was

never asked to do so in the previous studio. Though at the time that I learn it, it was quite painful

but after being able to utilize this software and technique it appears useful and rewarding.

In terms of the ability to make a case for proposal. After the second part of assignment, I realized

that it is not only the technical part of my work should be improved, there is also much to do for

the evidence to support the design concept, so in part C, I have done quite some background

research to make my design concept and the outcome convincing. I learned that a solid design

proposal has to convince listeners through lots of evidence. We have a guest tutor and unlike

our tutor, he has no idea on what we were developing and therefore the concept has to be loud

and clear and the proposal should be so clear that we can convince him in 10 minutes. It was

mentioned in the feedback positively that we cover a wide range of things that he needs to know.

Overall, this is the subject that I found most useful so far in my core subjects. It allows

me to be familiar with what the industry is doing right now, what the trend is. It really

was beyond my imagination since before this I thought computer software is only use

as a drawing tool. Also, I then see the fact that a significant number of architecture

that I admire is in fact generate by computation design and computational methods.

This subject enables me to see what I did not see before, it is rewarding.
DETAILED DESIGN 79
 References

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clean-energy-australia-report.html>

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9. Suckerpunchdaily, Dec 2013, <http://www.suckerpunchdaily.com/2012/03/13/taiwan-

tower/#more-20636>

10. Zaha Hadid Architects, <http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/guangzhou-opera-house/>

80 DETAILED DESIGN
DETAILED DESIGN 81