Classical DC/DC

Converters
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
 Why?
（heat, reliability, size）
 Efficient
 Compact (weight, space)

 Criteria
 Power density
 Efficiency
 Cost
…
2
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
 A typical power supplies using Switched mode
method

3
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)


4
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
 Example
Parameters
Input Vin=10 V
Output Vo=5 V, Ro=5 Ω
Vin=10 V Ro=5 Ω
 Linear Approach T

η = 50%

5
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
 Example
Parameters
Input Vin=10 V
Output Vo=5 V, Ro=5 Ω
Vin=10 V Ro=5 Ω
 SMPS Approach Switched-mode
T

η ≅100%

6
 Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
T T

T T

7
 Pulse-width modulation
Modulation signal
T D SC
D
SC
Carrier signal T
D 1－ D
T Ton Ts

8
Switched mode power supplies
(SMPS)
 Buck (Step-down)
 Boost (Step-up)
 Buck/Boost (Step up/down)
 Cuk converter (Step up/down)
 Zeta converter (Step up/down)
 Sepic converter (Step up/down)

9
Buck converter

10
Boost converter

11
Buck-Boost converter

12
Cuk converter

13
Assumption
 large capacitor
 no power loss in the circuit

14
Buck converter
 Continuous inductor current operation
( CCM )

15
Principle of operation

16
Inductor current
Vo (1  D)Ts (Vin  Vo ) DTs
i L  
L L

 iL iLt
iL _ on (t )    iL
2 DTs
i L i L t
iL _ off (t )    iL
2 (1  D )Ts
 DT (1 D)Ts 
1  s  iL 2 2
iLrms 2    L _ on
i 2
(t ) dt   L _ off
i 2
(t ) dt  iLrms   iL
Ts 
 0 0 
 12

17
Conversion ratio
 Voltage seconds
(Vin  Vo ) DTs  Vo (1  D)Ts
Vo
D
Vin

18
DC voltage conversion ratio

19
Capacitor current and voltage
the equation of iC during on-state is:

 iL iLt
ic (t )  
2 DTs
and the equation of iC during off-state is:
iL iLt
ic (t )  
2 (1  D)Ts 2L
K
The rms value of the capacitor current RTs

1 DT
 s 2
(1 D)Ts 
 iL I o (1  D)
icrms 2 2
   ic (t )dt   ic (t )dt  iCrms  
Ts 
 0 0 
 12 3K

20
Output Ripple voltage
 The peak-to-peak voltage ripple can be
obtained by considering the positive part
of the waveforms divided by C:
1 1 1 iL TS Vo (1  D)Ts 2
Vo   ic dt  ( )
C C 2 2 2 8LC
2
Vo (1  D) 2  fc 
  
Vo 2  fs 

21
Component rating
 The rms current of the T is the root mean
integration
DT 
 s
DT 
 1 
 s iL iLt  iL 2
2 1 2 2  2
iTrms    L _ on
i (t ) dt    (    i L ) dt   D (  i L )
Ts 
 0 
 Ts 
 0 2 DTs 
 12

The rms current for D is:

2 1 (1 D )Ts 2
 1 (1 D )Ts i iLt 2 

iDrms    iL _ off (t )dt     ( L   iL ) dt 
Ts  0  Ts  0 2 (1  D)Ts 
iL 2 2
 (1  D)(  iL )
12

22
Components’ rating under
continuous mode Buck converter
Maximum Average Rms current
voltage current

T Vin I o D=Iin iL 2

D(  Io2 )
12
D Vin I o (1  D) (1  D)(
i L 2
 Io2 )
12

L Max(Vin-Vo, Io iL 2
Vo)  I o2
12

iL
C Vo 0 12

23
Discontinuous inductor current
operation
 the inductor current falls
to zero before the next
turning on of the
transistor
 The inductor current
cannot fall below zero
because the diode stops
it from reversing
 The load current is then
supplied entirely by the
capacitor

24
Discontinuous mode

25
Voltage conversion ratio
 The expression for the voltage conversion
ratio could be obtained by equating the
input power and the output power:
2 2
iL Vin (Vin  Vo ) D Ts Vo
Vin Iin  Vin D 
2 2L R
2L Vo 2
K 
RTs Vin 1  1  4 K / D 2
26
Voltage conversion ratio,
discontinuous mode
 Depend on K
 A characteristic can
have both continuous
and discontinuous
modes
 The curvedly line is
discontinuous mode

27
i L
 Io
2

Boundary condition
The condition for discontinuous inductor current can be obtained
when the inductor current ripple is larger than its average current
D 1－ D
i L T
 Io
2

K  (1  D)

2L
K 0
RTs
Ton Ts 28
 Capacitor voltage and current,
Discontinuous mode
 The capacitor current is the AC part of the
inductor current
 The ripple current in the inductor is high and
hence the ripple current in the capacitor is also
very high and is more severe than that in
continuous mode

1 1cycle ( D   )Ts (iL  I o )2

Vo   iC dt 
C ve 2CiL
29
Components’ ratings, dis mode

 Rms current for T is:

1  DT
 s 
 1 
 s i L t 2 
DT
 i L 2
2 2
iTrms    L _ on
i (t ) dt    ( ) dt   D
Ts 
 0 

Ts 
 0
DTs 

3

Rms current for D is:

1  Ts iLt 2  iL 2
iDrms 2    (iL  ) dt   
Ts  0  Ts  3

30
iC 2  (iL  iL ) 2

Capacitor rms current

iC 2  (iL  iL ) 2

2 1 Ts 2 Ts
2
Ts 
icrms    iL dt   iL dt  2iL  iL dt 
Ts  0 0 0 

2 2 2
icrms  iLrms  iL

The values are in terms of  (Vin  Vo ) D


Vo
31
Components’ ratings, discontin.
mode for the Buck converter
Component Maximum Average current Rms current
voltage
T Vin i L D
 I in D
2 iL
3

D Vin iL 
iL
2 3

L Max(Vin-Vo, Vo) i L ( D   ) D 
 Io iL
2 3

0
C Vo D 
i L 2  Io2
3

32
Boost converters
 Input current
continuous
 Boost up input

33
Principle of operation

34
Voltage conversion ratio
 Voltage conversion ratio may be
considering the current during the on-state
and off-state
Vin DTs  (Vin  Vo )(1  D)Ts
Vo 1

Vin 1  D
Alternatively, by considering the volt-second balance of the
inductor one can also obtain the same results
35
DC voltage conversion ratio for
Boost converter
 Vo/Vin >1
 Infinite when D -> 1
 But limit by the
component loss

36
Capacitor voltage and current
 The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple
DTS
1 I o DTS Vo
Vo   iC dt   DTs
C 0 C RC

Vo DTs

Vo RC

- Voltage ripple is independent of L but depends on

the load condition
- The capacitor current ripple is more severe than that of the
Buck converter and depends directly on the load current level.
37
Component rating
Component Maximum Average Rms current
voltage current
T Vo iL 2
Iin D D(  I in 2 )
12
D Vo =Io
iL 2
(1  D)(  I in 2 )
12
L Max Iin
(Vo -Vin, Vin) iL 2 2
 I in
12
C Vo 0
iL 2
(1  D)(  ( Iin  I o )2 )  I o 2 D
12
38
Boost - Discontinuous inductor
current operation
 The inductor current falls to zero when the
transistor is still in the off-state and the
diode stops the inductor current from
reversing.

39
Discont. waveforms

40
Discont. waveforms
 Inductor current is
triangular
 Transistor voltage is 3
stages
 Diode voltage is 3
stages
 Inductor voltage is 3
stages

41
 Voltage conversion ratio
 Equating the input and output powers

iL Vin DTs DVin Vin DTs Vo D Vo 2

Vin ( D   )  Vin (D  )  Vin 
2 2L Vo  Vin 2 L Vo  Vin R

 Output voltage > Input voltage

Vo 1  1  4 D 2 / K

Vin 2
42
DC voltage conversion ratio,
Boost converter, discontin. mode
 Minimum Vo=Vin
 Max -> infinity
 At no load, Vo -> infinity,
therefore a dummy load
is used.
 A characteristic can have
both continuous and
discontinuous modes
 The curvedly line is
discontinuous mode

43
i L
 Io
2

Boundary condition
The condition for discontinuous inductor current can be obtained
when the inductor current ripple is larger than its average current

iL D 1－ D
 I in K  (1  D) 2 D δ
2
2L
K
RTs 0 Ton Ts

44
Capacitor voltage and current
 The peak-peak output voltage ripple may be
determined by integrating either the positive or
negative section of the capacitor current
waveform. Hence:
1 cycle
1 Ts (i L  I o ) 2
Vo   iC dt 
C  ve 2Ci L
Ts
The rms capacitor current: 1 2 2 2
iC rms   (i D  I o ) dt i Drms  I o
Ts 0

45
The components’ ratings discontinuous
V D
mode for Boost converter  
(V  V ) o
in
in

Component Maximum Average Rms current

voltage current

T Vin iL D D
2 iL
3
D Vin i L
 Io 
2 iL
3
L Max(Vo -Vin, iL ( D   ) D 
 I in iL
Vo) 2 3

C Vo 0 i L 2

 Io2
3

46
Buck/Boost converter
 Derived from
Cascade of Buck and
Boost converters
 It appears as a series
combination of them

47
Principle of operation

48
 V DT V (1  D)TS
iL  in s  o
L L

Inductor current
Vin DTs Vo (1  D)TS
iL  
L L
Average diode current = output current

Vo
Io   iL (1  D)
R
Average transistor current = input current

I in  iL D
average inductor current = input current + output current,
Io
i L  I in  I o 
1 D
49
Voltage conversion ratio

Vin DTs  Vo (1  D)Ts

Vo D

Vin 1  D

Therefore, it looks like a product of the

conversion ratio of Buck and Boost
converters

50
DC voltage conversion ratio

51
Capacitor current
 Capacitor ripple current is identical to the
corresponding waveform for the Boost converter
 and capacitor current ripple is severe and
depends directly on load current
Vo DTs

Vo RC
 The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple may be
obtained in the same way

52
Component rating
Rms current
Component Maximum Average current
voltage
T Vo+Vin I in i L 2
D(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

D Vo+Vin Io iL 2
(1  D)(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

L Max(Vin, Vo) Iin+Io iL 2

 ( I in  I o ) 2
12

C Vo 0 i 2
(1  D)( L  Iin 2 )  I o 2 D
12

53
Discontinuous inductor current
operation
Similar to other two
Converters when
 ripple current is large
 Load current is small
 Switching frequency
is small

54
Discontinuous mode

55
Discontinuous mode
 Inductor current is
triangular
 Capacitor current is
right-triangular
 Similar to other
converter’s
waveforms

56
Voltage conversion ratio
 Equating the input power and output
power:
iL Vin DTS Vo 2 calc Power within 1 switching period (Ts)
Vin Iin  Vin D  Vin D
2 2L R

Vo D

Vin K

where K = 2L/RT

57
Conversion characteristics
 Varies between 0 and
infinity
DCM
 Depends on K
CCM
CCM
 When discontinuous,
approximately linear
 The curvely line is
continuous

58
Boundary condition
 Discontinuous conduction occurs when
half of the inductor current ripple is larger
than its average current:
iL
 iL
2
(1  D)VoTS I using Vo lasts for (1-D)Ts
 o Ave inductor current is Io/(1-D)
2L 1 D

K  (1  D)2 for discontinuous operation

59
 Capacitor voltage and ripple
 The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple
may be obtained as before by considering
the positive section of the ic waveform:

Ts (iL  I o ) 2
Vo 
2CiL

test: state clearly Vo average,

60
Components’ ratings
Component Maximum Average current Rms current
voltage
T Vo+Vin
iL D i L
D
 I in 3
2
D Vo+Vin iL
 Io 
iL
2 3
L Max(Vin, Vo) iL ( D   )
 I in  I o D 
iL
2 3
C Vo 0

iL  Io
2 2

3
61
Cuk Converter Popular- coz it provides continuous current flow

 Duality principle of the

Buck/Boost converter.
 Give continuous i/p
and o/p current flow
 Inverted voltage
 Requires more
components: 2L, 2C

62
Continuous mode

63
Steady-state voltage on C1 and
inductor currents
 Consider the volt-seconds on L1:
Vin DTs  (Vin  VC1 )(1  D)Ts  0
Current Rise Current Fall

1
VC1  Vin
1 D Vc1 = Vin + Vo

The volt-seconds on L2:

(VC1  Vo ) DTS  Vo (1  D)Ts  0

1
VC1  Vo the voltage across C1 is Vin+Vo.
D
64
Vo D

Vin 1  D

Voltage conversion ratio

 Using the capacitors C1, C2’s voltage

VinIin=VoutIout
Vo D

Vin 1  D

 The inductor current is derived from

conversion ratio
I o iL 2 1  D
 
I in iL1 D
65
DC voltage conversion ratio
 Varies between 0 and
infinity
 Similar to Buck/Boost
converter

66
Ripple voltage and current
V V (1  D)Ts
i L1  in DTs  o
L1 L1

V DT V (1  D)Ts
i L 2  in s  o
L2 L2

1 i L 2 Ts Vin DTs 2 Vo (1  D)Ts 2

 ic 2 dt  2 2 2  8L 
8L2
 ve 2

1 Vo (1  D)Ts 2
VC 2   iC 2 dt 
C 2  ve 4C 2 L2
67
Components’ ratings under
continuous mode
Component Maximum Average current Rms current
voltage
T Vo+Vin (Iin+Io)D=Iin (i L1  i L 2 ) 2
D(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

D Vo+Vin (Iin+Io)(1-D)=Io (i L1  i L 2 ) 2

(1  D)(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

L1 Max(Vin, Vo) Iin i L1 2

 I in 2
12
L2 Max(Vin, Vo) Io i L 2 2
 Io2
12

C1 Vo+Vin 0 i L1 2 i L 2 2
(  I in ) D  (
2
 I o 2 )(1  D)
12 12

C2 Vo 0 i L 2
68
12
Cuk Converter
 Cascaded Boost/Buck
 Give continuous input
and output current flow
 Inverted voltage
 Requires more
components: 2L, 2C
 Duality principle of the Buck/Boost converter.
(duality of commutation cell)

69
Continuous mode

70
Steady-state voltage on C1 and
inductor currents
 Consider the volt-seconds on L1:
Vin DTs  (Vin  VC1 )(1  D)Ts  0
1
VC1  Vin
1 D
The volt-seconds on L2:

(VC1  Vo ) DTS  Vo (1  D)Ts  0

1
VC1  Vo the voltage across C1 is Vin+Vo.
D
71
Vo D

Vin 1  D

Voltage conversion ratio

 Using the capacitors C1, C2’s voltage

Vo D

Vin 1  D

 The inductor current is derived from

conversion ratio
I o iL 2 1  D
 
I in iL1 D
72
DC voltage conversion ratio
 Varies between 0 and
infinity
 Similar to Buck/Boost
converter

73
Ripple voltage and current
V V (1  D)Ts
i L1  in DTs  o
L1 L1

V DT V (1  D)Ts
i L 2  in s  o
L2 L2

1 i L 2 Ts Vin DTs 2 Vo (1  D)Ts 2

 ic 2 dt  2 2 2  8L 
8L2
 ve 2

1 Vo (1  D)Ts 2
VC 2 
C2 ve iC 2dt  8C2 L2
74
Components’ ratings under
continuous mode
Component Maximum Average current Rms current
voltage
T Vo+Vin (Iin+Io)D=Iin (i L1  i L 2 ) 2
D(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

D Vo+Vin (Iin+Io)(1-D)=Io (i L1  i L 2 ) 2

(1  D)(  ( I in  I o ) 2 )
12

L1 Max(Vin, Vo) Iin i L1 2

 I in 2
12
L2 Max(Vin, Vo) Io i L 2 2
 Io2
12

C1 Vo+Vin 0 i L1 2 i L 2 2
(  I in ) D  (
2
 I o 2 )(1  D)
12 12

C2 Vo 0 i L 2
75
12
 The following is for reference.
May not be required for the
Output-based learning this year

76
Inductor reverse conduction
(Discontinuous) mode
 the load current is small or the inductance of L1
and L2 is small during the transistor’s off state,
the diode currents may tend to decrease to zero
before the transistor is turned on in the next
cycle as in the above three converters.
 strictly speaking, we cannot refer to them as the
discontinuous inductor conduction because the
inductors still conduct but either one of the
currents becomes reversed.

77
Inductor reverse conduction
 diode conducts the
sum of iL1 and iL2
 When the sum of
these two currents
equals zero, the
inductor reverse
conduction mode
starts to occur,

78
Reverse inductor
conduction
 Inductor current is
triangular
 One Inductor current
is +ve and other is -ve
 The current is usually
non-zero
 The inductor is
constant

79
iL1  iL 2 V
 in DTs  I in  I o
2 2 L12

Boundary condition
iL1  iL 2 Vin
 DTs  I in  I o
2 2 L12

(1  D) 2  K

where K = 2L12/(RTs) and L12 = L1L2/(L1+L2)

80
Voltage conversion ratio
 Using the balance between the voltage-
seconds of the inductor:
Vin DTs  VoTs  0

 Hence
Vo D Iin
 
Vin  Io

81
Derivation
 See lecture note
Vo RTs D
 D
Vin 2 L12 K

 idle state current ILo

V DT D 
I Lo  in s (  )
2 L2 L1

 duration of the off-state

2 L12
   K
RTs
82
Voltage ripple of the output
 iC2 gives the voltage ripple on C2.
 iC2 is equal to -(iLo+Io)
 The voltage ripple is obtained by
integrating the positive current of iC2.
( D   )Ts (i L 2  I o  I Lo ) 2
V o 
2C 2 i L 2

83
Summary of the components’
ratings under discontinuous
Component Maximum Average current Rms current
voltage

T Vin+Vo (iL1  iL 2 ) D D

(iL1  iL 2 )
2 3

D Vin+Vo (iL1  iL 2 ) (iL1  iL 2 )


2 3

iL1( D   ) iL12
L1 Max  I Lo ( D   )(
3
 I Lo 2  I L 0iL1)
2
(Vin, Vo)  Iin  I L 02 (1  D   )
iL 2 ( D   ) iL 22
L2 Max  I Lo ( D   )(  I Lo 2  I L 0iL 2 )
2 3
(Vin, Vo)  Io  I L 02 (1  D   )

i 2
C1 Vin+Vo 0 D( L 2  I Lo 2  I L0iL 2 )
3 i 2
i 2 D( L 2  ( I Lo  I o )2  ( I L0  I o )iL 2 )
  ( L1  I Lo 2  I L0iL1) 3
3
i 2
C2 Vo 0  I L0 (1  D   )
2   ( L 2  ( I Lo  I o )2  ( I L0  I o )iL 2 )
3
 I L02 (1  D   )

84