PE Buck 5.sqproj

Buck Converter (PE buck 5.
sqproj)
Question: In the dc-dc buck converter shown in the figure, Vin = 100 V and L = 0.5 mH.
The duty cycle of the controllable switch (S) is 50 % and its switching frequency is 10 kHz.
The average value of the load current is 2 A. Assume that all the components are ideal,
and the capacitor and inductor are operating in steady state. Determine
(i) the average output voltage.
(ii) the respective time durations for which switch S and diode D conduct in each full
cycle.
Figure 1: Buck converter
1
Solution:
Assume that the inductor current is continuous.
∆ IL
When the inductor current is continuous, ILavg > , where ILavg is the average inductor
2
current and ∆ IL is the peak-to-peak ripple inductor current as shown in Fig. 2.
When the switch is ON, applying KVL gives
diL
L = Vin − vo (t)
dt
Similarly, when the switch is OFF, applying KVL gives
diL
L = −vo (t)
dt
Applying the volt-sec balance equation,
Vo = DVin
Figure 2: Inductor current waveform for continuous conduction
From Fig. 2, we can see that the peak to peak inductor current is
∆IL = ILmax − ILmin

(Vin − Vo ) t
For 0 < t < DT , iL (t) = + ILmin
L
At t = DT , iL (t) = ILmax
(Vin − Vo ) DT
∴ ILmax = + ILmin
L
Vin D (1 − D)
∆IL =
Lf
2
100 × 0.5 × 0.5
∴ ∆IL = = 5A
(0.5 × 10−3 ) × (10 × 103 )
The average current through a capacitor under steady state is zero.
∴ ILavg = Io = 2 A
∆ IL
From the above calculations, ILavg < , i.e., inductor current is discontinuous and
2
hence our assumption is wrong.
Figs. 3 (a) and 3 (b) shows ON and OFF conditions of switch S, respectively.
Figure 3: Buck converter circuit. (a) switch is ON, (b) switch is OFF and iL is non-zero
The circuit is operating under steady state, i.e., the energy stored in the inductor during
the ON interval should be released during the OFF interval. Since the inductor current is
discontinuous, the inductor releases the complete stored energy before starting the next
cycle as shown in Fig. 4.
Operation : When the switch is ON (0 < t < DT ), the diode is reverse biased and
the inductor stores energy. When the switch is OFF and the inductor is releasing en-
ergy (DT < t < βT ), the diode is forward biased. When the inductor current is zero
(βT < t < T ), the diode is again reverse biased.
(Vin − Vo ) t
For 0 < t < DT , iL (t) =
L
At t = DT , iL (t) = ILmax
where, Vo is the average voltage across the load. The voltage across the load is assumed
to be ripple-free and hence instantaneous value (vo ) and average value (Vo ) are considered
as equal for the calculations of inductor current.
3
Figure 4: Inductor current waveform for discontinuous conduction
(Vin − Vo ) DT
∴ ILmax = (1)
L
−Vo (t − DT )
For DT < t < βT , iL (t) = + ILmax
L
At t = βT , iL (t) = 0
Vo (βT − DT )
∴ ILmax = (2)
L
Equating (1) and (2),
(Vin − Vo ) DT Vo (βT − DT )
=
L L
D
∴ VoDCM = Vin (3)
β
where, VoDCM is the average voltage across load in discontinuous conduction mode. The
value of β is less than 1.
VoCCM = DVin (4)
where, VoCCM is the average voltage across load in continuous conduction mode.
From equations (3) and (4),
VoDCM > VoCCM
In buck converter, the output voltage in DCM mode is greater than output voltage in
CCM mode.
4
(i) The average inductor current (ILavg ) is given by
1 T 1 βT
Z Z
ILavg = iL dt = iL dt
T 0 T 0 (5)
1 1
= βT . ILmax
T 2
From equations (1), (3) and (5),

0.5 0.5
2 = 0.5 × β × ILmax = 0.5 × β × 100 × 1 − × 4
β 10 × (0.5 × 10−3 )
=⇒ β = 0.9
0.5
∴ Vo = 100 . = 55.56 V
0.9
(ii) The ON period of the switch S = DT = 0.5 msec.

For discontinuous conduction, the diode conducts for βT −DT . Therefore the diode
D conducts for 0.4 msec.
SequelApp Exercises:
1. A buck converter is feeding a resistive load of 60 Ω. If ∆IL is 1.5 A, average output

voltage is 30 V, find the source voltage and inductance required. Assume that all
the components are ideal, and the duty ratio and switching frequency remain same.
Verify your answer using SequelApp.

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Buck Converter (PE buck 5.

(i) the average output voltage.

Figure 1: Buck converter

Figure 2: Inductor current waveform for continuous conduction

∆IL = ILmax − ILmin

VoDCM > VoCCM

From equations (1), (3) and (5),

(ii) The ON period of the switch S = DT = 0.5 msec.

1. A buck converter is feeding a resistive load of 60 Ω. If ∆IL is 1.5 A, average output

Verify your answer using SequelApp.

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