Heat Transfer 1990-2003 1643994287402

Heat Transfer By: Sumit Prajapati Sir
(GATE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1990 – 2003)
HEAT TRANSFER OPERATION

(1990)
1. In power correlations for agitated vessels the effect of Froude number appears:
(A) For baffled vessels and when Reynolds number is less than 300
(B)For unbaffled vessels and Reynolds number is greater than 300
(C) When there is no vortex formation
(D) When Reynolds number is less than 300
2. In a finned tube heat exchanger:
(A) Only heat transfer area is augmented.
(B) Only film coefficient is augmented.
(C) Both heat transfer area and film coefficient are augmented.
(D) None of the above.
3. Grashof number is associated with,
(A) Buoyancy effects.
(B) Free convection.
(C) Forced convection.
(D) High temperature difference.
4. A black body of finite dimension at 1000 K is inserted into an infinite medium at 300 K. Given Stefan
Boltzmann constant as 1.8x10-5 W/m2K4, the radioactive heat transfer coefficient is ………
5. Lewis number = 1 signifies,
(A) Pr = Sc
(B) Pr = Re
(C) Sc = Re
Sumit Prajapati | Use SKP100 for PLUS/ICONIC | Contact: 7905859210 | https://t.me/Sumitsir_CHEMICAL

(D) Nu = Sh
5. In a 1–1 shell and tube heat exchanger, steam is condensing on the shell side at TS C, and the cold fluid
is being heated on the tube side from t1 C to t2 C. The following equation relates t2 to the other
variables.
Where ‘U’ is the overall heat transfer coefficient, ‘A’ is the heat transfer area, ‘W’ is the mass flow rate
and ‘CP’ is the heat capacity. The tube side coefficient is controlling and the tube side fluid is in
turbulent flow. TS = 130C, t1 = 30C, t2 = 80C. If the mass flow rate of the cold fluid is double while
keeping all the other conditions it, find the new value of t2 at steady state.
6. A hot fluid flows through a well-mixed stirred tank which is provided with a cooling jacket. The fluid in
the cooling jacket can also be assumed to be well mixed. Calculate the heat transfer area of the jacket
required given the following data,
Hot fluid: Flow rate, Wh = 50 kg/s;
Tih = 205C;
Cph = 2 kJ/kgC;
Cold fluid: Flow rate, WC = 100 kg/s;
tin = 25C, tout = 45C;
Cpc = 4 kJ/kgC;
U = 2.5 kW/m2C;
(1991)
7. Fill in the blanks:
(a) An industrial wall is constructed of 20 cm thick fireclay (k =1 W/m.°C). This is covered on the
outer surface with a 3 cm layer of insulating material (k = 0.075 W/m.°C). The innermost surface is
at 940°C and the outermost at 40°C. The steady state heat transfer through the wall is ______________
W/m2 and the temperature of the interface between the fireclay and the insulating material is
________°C.

(b) The Biot modulus for a 3 cm diameter sphere (k for the sphere = 5 W/m.°C) at 100 °C subjected
to a convective air flow resulting in an average convective heat transfer coefficient from the surface
of 30 W/m2.°C is equal to _______________.
8. Choose the correct answer:
The widely used Dittus-Boelter equation is valid provided,
(A) 2100 < Re < 10,000 and the properties of the fluid are evaluated at the average film temperature.
(B) Re < 2100 and the properties of the fluid are evaluated at the bulk temperature.
(C) 10,000 < Re < 120,000 and the fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature.
(D) None of the above.
9. Match the following:
Process Heat transfer coefficient W/m2.°C
(A) Drop wise condensation of steam. (I) 1700 – 50,000
(B) Boiling water. (II) 50 – 1500
(C) Heating oils. (III) 1 – 5
(D) Heating with air. (IV) 30,000 – 100,000
10. In a cocurrent heat exchanger, an oil stream cooled from 450 K to 410 K by water inlet and
outlet temperatures of 300 K and 350 K respectively. The exchanger consists of a number of
tubes of 1 m length each. It is now desired to cool the oil to 390 K (instead of 410 K) while
maintaining the flow-rate of oil, flow-rate of water, inlet temperatures of oil and water and the
number of tubes at the same values as before. Calculate the length of each tube required for
this purpose. Assume that the physical properties remain unchanged.
11. A horizontal steam pipe 20 m long, 50 mm internal diameter, 60 mm outside diameter loses
13.5 KW heat to the surroundings at 310 K. The pipe carries steam at 500 K. Given that the
convective heat transfer coefficient hC = 1.65 (dT)0.25 W/m2. K and the Stefan-Boltzmann
constant = 5.87  10-8 W /m2K4. Find the emissivity of the bare surface of the pipe.

(1992)
12. Multiple effect evaporator has capacity to process 4000 kg of solid caustic soda per day when it
is concentrating from 10% to 25% solids. The water evaporated in kg per day is,
(A) 800 (B) 24,000
(C) 60,000 (D) 48,000
13. (a) In a heat exchanger with steam outside the tubes, a liquid gets heated to 45C when it’s
flow velocity in the tubes is 2 m /s. If the flow velocity is reduced to 1 m /s, other things
remaining the same, the temperature of the exit liquid will be,
(A) Less than 45C
(B) Equal to 45C
(C) Greater than 45C
(D) Initially decreases and remains constant thereafter
(b) Indirect contact heat exchangers are preferred over direct heat exchanges because,
(A) Heat transfer coefficient is high
(B) There is no risk of contamination
(C) There is no mist formation
(D) Cost of equipment is lower
(c) To initiate boiling of a liquid, the temperature of the heated surface, if smooth will be ____________
(higher / lower) than for a commercial roughened surface.
(d) The advantage of backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators over forward-feed units is that,
(A) Heat sensitive materials can be handled
(B) There is no additional cost of pumping
(C) Most concentrated liquor is at highest temperature
(D) Equal heat transfer coefficients exist in various effects
14. Consider three infinite parallel plates. Plate 1 is maintained 1227 C and plate 3 is maintained at -175
C. Emissivities are equal to that of black body. Plate 2 is placed between plate 1 and plate3, and
receives no heat from external sources. What is the temperature of plate 2?

15. A nickel steel rod 8 cm OD originally at temperature of 300 C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100
C for which the convective heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2.K. Determine the time required for the
rod to reach a temperature of 150 C. (Hint: calculate Biot number and make the necessary
assumption).
Properties of nickel steel:  = 80W/m. K,  = 8000 kg/m3 CP = 0.5 J/kg.K
(1993)
16. A hot horizontal plate is exposed to air by keeping, [2]
(A) the hot surface facing up
(B) the hot surface facing down
Heat transfer to the ambient air is primarily by natural convection. In which of the above cases, is
the heat transfer coefficient higher and why? Answer in three or four lines.
17. Choose the correct answer:
(i) Saturated steam is condensed as a film on a vertical plate of height 50 cm. If the local heat transfer
coefficient at a distance of 50 cm from the top is 7200 W/m2C, the average heat transfer coefficient
over the entire plate in W/m2 C is,
(A) 5400
(B) 9600
(C) 7200
(D) 14400
(ii) The capacity of a multiple-effect evaporator when compared with a single effect evaporator both
operating with significant boiling point rise at the same terminal temperatures and surface area in
each effect equal to surface area of single-effect evaporator.
(A) Decrease
(B) Increase
(C) Remains the same

18. (i) A solid cube of side 30 cm at an initial temperature of 1000 K is kept in vacuum at
absolute zero temperature. Calculate the time required to cool it to 500 K. The
material has the following properties,
Density = 2700 kg/m3, Specific heat = 0.9 kJ/kg. K , Emissitivity = 0.1., The Stefan-Boltzman
constant,  = 5.669 x 103 W/m2 K4.
(ii) In a counter-current heat exchanger which has been in service for quite some time, due to
formation of scale, the heat transfer rate is reduced to 85% of it’s original value based on
clean surface. Assuming that the terminal temperatures of fluids are same in both cases
and the effective heat transfer area does not change appreciably due to scale formation
determine the overall fouling factor if clean overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2 K.
19. A pipe is 20 mm inner diameter and 30 mm outer diameter is insulated with 35 mm

thick insulation. Temperature of the bare pipe is 200 C. The thermal conductivity of the
insulating material is 0.15 W/mC and the convective heat transfer coefficient of outside
air is 3 W/m2C. The surface temperature is 30C. The heat transfer resistance of the
metal pipe can be neglected.
(i) Comment with reasoning about the heat transfer rates with and without insulation
(ii) If the same insulating material is used, what is the minimum thickness above which
there is a reduction in heat loss as compared to the bare pipe?
(iii) For optimum design, what conductivity of insulating material do you suggest for the
conditions given in the problem?
(1994)
20. Prandtl number is the ratio of,
(A) Mass diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
(B) Momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
(C) Thermal diffusivity to Mass diffusivity
(D) Thermal diffusivity to momentum diffusivity
21. For a laminar flow of fluid in a circ ular tube, hi is the convective heat transfer coefficient at a
velocity V1. If the velocity is reduced by half and assuming the fluid properties are constant, the
new convective heat transfer coefficient is,
(A) 1.26 hi

(B) 0.794 hi
(C) 0.574 hi
(D) 1.741 hi
22. A metal wire of 0. 1m dia and thermal conductivity 200 W/m K is exposed to a fluid stream
with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 100 W/m2 K. The Biot number is
(A) 5.6 (B) 0.0125 (C) 3.5 (D) 0.0035
23. A body at 925 K emits an energy of 1.42  1011 W/m2 (where  is Stefan-Boltzman constant) is the
wavelength band between 3 m to 4 m. The fraction of this energy in the total energy emitted over the
entire wavelength range is equal to ---------------
24. State with reasons whether statement is True or False.
(a) When a vertical plate is heated in an infinite air environment under natural convection
conditions, the velocity profiles in air, normal to the plate exhibits a maximum
(b) The maximum in the emissive power of a surface at a temperature T occurs at a wavelength of 
If the surface temperature is halved the maximum in the emissive power would occur at a
wavelength of 0.5
(c) A medium is always required for heat to be transferred.
(d) Forced convection is relatively more effective in increasing the rate of mass transfer if Schmidt
number is larger.
25. (I) Stanton Number (A) hD / k
(II) Prandtl Number (B) h / (CPv)
(C) CPk/
(D) CP/k
26. A small black body with a surface area A1 having no concavities is surrounded by a large black surface
of area A2. Match the view factors
(I) F21 (A) 1
(II) F22 (B) 1-(A2 – A1 )
(C) A1/ A2
(D) 0
27.
(I)Nusselt number (A) Convective resistance / Fluid conduction resistance
(II) Biot number (B) Fluid conduction resistance / Convective resistance
(C) Solid conduction resistance / Convective resistance

(D) Convective resistance / Solid conduction resistance

28. Critical thickness of insulation for
(I) Sphere (A) h/k
(II) Cylinder (B) 2k/h
(C) h/2k
(D) k/h
29. Saturated steam at 130 C is flowing through a steel pipe of 0.021m inside diameter and 0.027m
outside diameter. The pipe is insulated outside with 0.38m thick insulation. The ambient all outside the
insulation is at 27 C. Calculate,
(a) The rate of heat loss per meter length of tube

(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside surface area of steel pipe,
Additional data:
Thermal conductivity of steel = 45W/(m.k)
Thermal conductivity of insulation = 0.064W/(m.k)
Convective heat transfer coefficient inside the steel pipe = 5678 W/(m2.k)
Convective heat transfer coefficient outside the insulation = 11 W/(m2.k).
30. Saturated steam at 6.9 x 104 Pa pressure and 90C saturation temperature condenses on a vertical pipe
of 0.025 m outside diameter and 0.3 m length. The average condensing heat transfer coefficient on the
tube is 12000 W/m2k.
Other data:
Out side surface temperature of the pipe = 86C
Enthalpy of saturation steam = 2695 KJ/kg
Enthalpy of condensate = 375 KJ/kg
Viscosity of condensate at the film temperature = 3.24 x 10-4 Pa.s.
Assume the flow of the condensate is laminar:
(a) Calculate the rate of steam condensation
(b) Check whether the flow is laminar
31. Water, flowing in a steel pipe of diameter 0.02 m, is to be cooled from 40C to 30C. The velocity of
water in the steel pipe is 1.5 m/s. The inside surface temperature of the steel pipe is maintained at
25C. The physical properties of water at mean bulk temperature of the fluid area:
Specific heat = 4.174 KJ/kg
Density = 985 kg/m3
Thermal conductivity = 0.623 W/m.K.

Viscosity = 7.65 x 10-4 Pa.s.

Calculate,
(a) The convective host transfer coefficient of water
(b) The length of the tube required
32. An asbestos pad, square in cross-section, measures 0.05 m on a side and increases linearly to 0.1 m on
the other end. The length of the pad is 0.15m
If the small end is held at 600 K and the larger end at 300 K. What will be the heat flow rate if the
other four sides are insulated? Assume one directional heat flow. Thermal conductivity of asbestos is
0.173 W/m.
(1995)
33. An evaporator while concentrating an aqueous solution from 10 to 40% solids evaporates
30000 kg of water. The amount of solids handled by the system in kgs is –
(A) 4000 (B) 9000
(C) 4600 (D) 3000
34. Fill in the blank
(a) In process heat exchangers ______________ steam is preferred over ________________ steam.
(b) Hot gases at moderate pressure are usually in the _____________ side of Shell and tube exchangers. At
higher pressure, however it is customary to put gas in the _____________________________________
35. Estimate the heat transfer area for an exchanger to cool an organic liquid from 105 0C to 50 0C.
The hot liquid will flow at a rate of 10000 kg/hr and will be cooled by using circulating foul

water containing some salt. The cooling water will leave at 40 C. It is proposed to use one
shell pass and two tube pass exchanger for the above duty.
Cooling water inlet temperature = 250C
Heat capacity for water = 4.2 KJ/kg.0C
Heat capacity for hot liquid = 2.84 KJ/kg.0C
Ft , the temperature correction for the design will be 0.85
The recommended overall heat transfer coefficient U will be 600 W/m2 0C.
(1996)
36. The non-dimensional temperature gradient in a liquid at the wall of a pipe is –
a. the heat flux b. the Nusselt number
c. the Prandtl number d. the Schmidt number
37. The hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers will merge when –
a. Prandtl number is one b. Schmidt number tends to infinity
c. Nusselt number tends to infinity d. Archimedes number is greater than 10000
38. When the ratio of the Grashof number to the square of the Reynolds number is one, the
dominant mechanism of heat transfer is :
a. free convection
b. entry length problem in laminar forced convection (developing thermal boundary layer).
c. mixed convection (both free and forced)
d. forced convection
39. Jacket side Vessel Overall Heat Transfer coefficient (W/m20C)
i. Steam Water a. 30 - 75
ii Water Polymer-monomer mixture b. 5000 – 6000
c. 285 – 800

d. 850 – 1700
40. i. Graetz number a. heat transfer in creeping flow
ii. Rayleigh number b. thermally developing flow
c. product of Grashof and Prandtl no.
d. product of Reynolds and Prandtl no.
41. A thermocouple junction may be approximated as a sphere of diameter 2 mm with thermal

conductivity 30 W/(m. deg c), density 8600 kg/m3 and specific heat 0.4 kJ/(kg deg c). The heat
transfer coefficient between the gas stream and the junction is 280 W/(m 2.deg c). How long
will it take for the thermocouple to record 98 percent of the applied temperature difference.
42. A shell tube steam condenser is to be constructed of 2.5 cm O.D. 2.2 cm I.D., single pass
horizontal tubes with steam condensing at 540C on the outside of the tubes. The cooling water
enters at 200C and leaves at 360C at a flow rate of 1 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficient for the
condensation of steam is 7900 W/(m2 deg c). Calculate the tube length. If the latent heat of
condensation is 2454 kJ/kg, calculate the condensation fate per tube. The properties of water
are as follows : specific heat 4180 J/(kg. deg C), viscosity 0.80 x 10-3 kg/(m.s), thermal
conductivity 0.61 W/(m. deg C). The heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow in a pipe may
be determined by Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4
(1997)
43. According to the kinetic theory, the thermal conductivity of a monoatomic gas is proportional
to –
A) T B) T0.5
C) T1.5 D) T2
44. In thermal radiation, for a black body –
A) B)
C D)

Where ε is emissivity and α is the absorptivity.
45. For shell-and-tube heat exchanger, with increasing heat transfer area, the purchased coat per
unit heat transfer area
A) increases, B) decreases
C) remains constant D) passes through a maxima
46. At steady state, the temperature variation in a plane wall, made of two different solids I and II
is shown below .
Then, the thermal conductivity of material I
A) is smaller than that of II B) is greater than that of II
C) is equal to that of II D) can be greater than or smaller than that of II
47. The thermal radiative flux from a surface of emissivity = 0.4 is 22.68 kW/m 2. The approximate
surface temperature (K) is
A) 1000 B) 727
C) 800 D) 1200
Stefan-Boltzmann’s constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 k4
48. For condensation of pure vapours, if the heat transfer coefficients in film wise and drop wise
condensation are respectively hf and hd, then
A) hf = hd B) h f > hd
C) hf < hd D) hf could be greater or smaller than hd

49. Water at the rate of 6800 kg/hr is to be heated from 311 K to 328 K in a double pipe heat
exchanger by using another water stream in the annulus. The hot water enters the annulus
counter currently at the rate of 3400 kg/hr and at 366 K. The overall heat transfer coefficient
is 1420 W/m2.K. The outside diameter of the inner pipe is 0.115 m. Estimate the length of the
exchanger. Heat capacity of water is 4180 J/kg.K.
50. It is proposed to reduce the heat loss from a rectangular furnace wall by doubling its wall
thickness as shown in fig. 16. The temperature of the hot surface of the wall is 723 K, and it
loses heat from the other side exposed to air at 308 K. In case I, the temperature of the wall
surface exposed to air is 453 K.
Estimate the % reduction in heat loss due to the doubling of wall thickness. Neglect the radiation
losses and assume 1-D conduction. Also assume the thermal conductivity (k) of furnace wall and
the connective heat transfer coefficient (h) to be constant.
51. A steel ball of 50 mm diameter is cooled by exposing it to an air stream at 320 K. Under these
conditions the connective heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2.K. Estimate the time needed to
cool the steel ball from 1120 to 520 K.
Properties of steel : Density = 8000 kg/m3 and heat capacity = 450 J/kg.K.
Due to the high thermal conductivity of steel, there are no temperature gradients within the ball.
(1998)
52. The variation of thermal conductivity of a metal with temperature is often correlated using an
expression of the form –k=k0+aT, where k is the thermal conductivity, and T is the
temperature (in K). The units of a in the SI system will be :
A) W/m K B) W/m

C) W/m K2 D) None; a is just a number
53. The advantage of using a 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger over a 1-1 shell and tube heat
exchanger is –
A) Lower tube side pressure drop
B) Lower shell side pressure drop
C) Higher tube side heat transfer coefficient
D) Higher shell side heat transfer coefficient
54. A multiple effect evaporator as compared to a single effect evaporator of the same capacity has
A) Lower heat transfer area B) Lower steam economy
C) Higher steam economy D) Higher solute concentration in the product
55. A long iron rod initially at a temperature of 200C has one end dipped in boiling water (1000C)
at time t = 0. The curved surface of the rod is insulated so that heat conduction is one-
dimensional in the axial direction. The temperature at a distance 100 mm from the dipped
end becomes 400C at t = 200 s. The same temperature is achieved at a distance 200 mm from
the dipped end at time.
A) t = 283 s B) t = 356 s
C) t = 400 s D) t = 800 s
56. The radiation heat flux from a heating element at a temperature of 800 0C, in a furnace
maintained at 3000C is 8 kW/m2. The flux when the element temperature is increased to
10000C for the same furnace temperature is
A) 11.2 kW/m2 B) 12.0 kW/m2
C) 14.6 kW/m2 D) 19.5 kW/m2
57. In the lower portion of a spray tower, urea pellets (diameter D = 2 mm) are cooled by air at a
temperature Ta = 200C. The pellets are falling at their terminal velocity ut = 6.9 m/s. The
temperature within the pellets is uniform at all times, and the initial temperature of the pellets
is 800C. The heat transfer coefficient for a pellet falling in air is h = 208 W/m2 K.
(a) Obtain an expression for the change of temperature of a pellet with time [T(t)]
(b) Calculate the height of the tower for a pellet to cool to 600C.

58. 1000 kg/h of a thermic fluid, to be used as a heat transfer medium, is being indirectly heated in
a heater, from 380 K to 550 K. Calculate the heat load on the heater, in kW. Also estimate the
mean heat capacity of the thermic fluid over the temperature range of interest.
The heat capacity equation for the thermic fluid is :Cp=1.436+0.00218 T, Where Cp is in kJ/kg K, and T
is in K.
59. The wall of a cold storage unit comprises a brick layer (thickness B = 0.1 m, thermal
conductivity kB = 1.4 W/mK) and an inner layer of polyurethane foam (thickness δp = 0.05 m,
thermal conductivity kp = 0.015 W/mK). Assume one dimensional heat transfer by conduction
through the composite wall, and that the inner surface of the polyurethane layer is at
temperature TC and the outer surface of the brick layer is at temperature Th.
(a) Derive an expression for the heat flux per unit area through the wall.
(b) Calculate the rate of heat gain when Tc = -100C and Th = 400C. The surface area for heat transfer is
260 m2.
60. A fluid is heated from a temperature Ti to To in a double pipe heat exchanger with steam
condensing in the outer pipe at a temperature Ts. The flow rate of fluid in the inner pipe
(inside diameter D) is Q, and the heat transfer coefficient is h i. The film heat transfer
coefficient for the condensing steam is ho and the wall resistance and fouling are negligible.
(a) Obtain an expression for the length of the heat exchanger required to carry out the heating operation.
Assume that the outer diameter of the inner pipe is nearly equal to its inside diameter. The specific heat
capacity of the fluid is Cp and its density is ρ.
(b) Obtain an expression for the optimum diameter at which the heat exchanger length is minimum
assuming hi = C D-1.8 where C is a constant.
(1999)
61. Gibbs phase rule finds application when heat transfer occurs by
A) conduction B) convection C) condensation D) radiation
62. As the difference between the wall temperature and the bulk temperature increases, the
boiling heat transfer coefficient
A) continues to increase B) continues to decrease
C) goes through a minimum D) goes through a maximum
63. In pipe flow, heat is transferred from hot wall to the liquid by
A) conduction only B) forced convection only

C) free and forced convection D) forced convection and conduction
64. Heat transfer occurs by natural convection because change in temperature causes differences
in
A) viscosity B) density
C) thermal conductivity D) heat capacity
65. In a heat exchanger, floating head is provided to –
A) facilitate cleaning of the exchanger
B) increase the heat transfer area
C) relieve stresses caused by thermal expansion
D) increase the log mean temperature gradient
(2000)
66. A sphere of radius, R1 is enclosed in a sphere of radius, R2. The view (or shape) factor for
radiative heat transfer of the outer sphere with respect to the inner sphere is
67. A steel sphere of radius 0.1 m at 400K is immersed in an oil at 300K. If the centre of the sphere reaches
350K in 20 minutes, how long will it take for a 0.05m radius steel sphere to reach the same
temperature (at the centre) under identical conditions? Assume that the convective heat transfer
coefficient is infinitely large.
A) 5 min, B) 10 min, C) 20 min, D) 40 min,
68. A composite flat wall of a furnace is made of two materials A and B. The thermal conductivity of A is
twice of that of material B, while the thickness of layer of A is half of that of B. If the temperatures at the
two sides of the wall are 400 and 1200 K, then the temperature drop (in K) across the layer of material
A is
A) 125 B) 133 C) 150 D) 160
69. For turbulent flow in a tube, the heat transfer coefficient is obtained from the Dittus-Boelter
correlation. If the tube diameter is halved and the flow rate is doubled, then the heat transfer
coefficient will change by a factor of

A) 1 B) 1.74 C) 6.1 D) 37,
70. The outside surface temperature of a pipe (radius = 0.1 m) is 400 K. The pipe is losing heat to
atmosphere, which is at 300 K. The film heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2 K. To reduce the rate of
heat loss, the pipe is insulated by a 50 mm thick layer of asbestos (k = 0.5 W/m K). Calculate the
percentage reduction in the rate of heat loss.
71. In a 1 – 1 counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger, process stream (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K) is cooled from
450 to 350 K using water (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K) at 300 K. The process stream flows on the shell-side at a
rate of 1 kg/s and the water on the tube-side at a rate of 5 kg/s. If heat transfer coefficients on the shell
and tube sides are 1000 W/m2 K and 1500 W/m2 K, respectively, determine –
a) the required heat transfer area
b) by what factor will the required area change if the flow is cocurrent ?
Neglect tube wall resistance and fouling resistances.
72. An aqueous solution of a solute is concentrated from 5% to 20% (mass basis) in a single-effect
short-tube evaporator. The feed enters the evaporator at a rate of 10 kg/s and at a
temperature of 300 K. Stream is available at a saturation pressure of 1.3 bar. The pressure in
the vapour space of the evaporator is 0.13 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature
of stream is 320 K. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 5000 W/m2 K, calculate the
a) steam economy,
b) heat transfer surface area
Data :
Enthalpy Heat of vaporization
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg)
=========================================================
Saturated steam ----- 2000
(1.3 bar; 380 K)
Saturated steam 2200 -----
(0.13 bar; 320 K)

Feed (5%; 300 K) 80 -----
Concentrated liquor(20%; 325 K) 400 -----
Boiling point elevation is 5 K.
(2001)
73. The heat transfer by radiation from a mild steel surface is to be reduced by reducing the
emissivity of the surface. This can be best achieved by –
A) painting the surface black B) painting the surface white
C) giving the surface a mirror finish D) roughening the surface
74. Heat transfer by natural convection is enhanced in systems with
A) high viscosity B) high coefficient of thermal expansion
C) low temperature gradients D) low density change with temperature
75. The Sieder-Tate correlation for heat transfer in turbulent flow in a pipe gives Nu µ Re 0.8, where
Nu is the Nusselt number and Re is the Reynolds number for the flow. Assuming that this
relation is valid, the heat transfer coefficient varies with pipe diameter (D) as
A) D-1.8 B) D-0.2 C) D0.2 D) D1.8
76. The overall heat transfer coefficient for a shell and tube heat exchanger for clean surfaces is U 0
= 400 W/m2K. The fouling factor after one year of operation is found to be h do = 2000 W/m2K.
The overall heat transfer coefficient at this time is
A) 1200 W/m2K B) 894 W/m2K
C) 333 W/m2K D) 287 W/m2K
77. The heat flux (from outside to inside) across an insulating wall with thermal conductivity k =
0.04 W/m K and thickness 0.16 m is 10 W/m2. The temperature of the inside wall is –50C. The
outside wall temperature is
A) 250C, B) 300C C) 350C D) 400C

78. A 200 W heater has a spherical casing of diameter 0.2 m. The heat transfer coefficient for
conduction and convection from the casing to the ambient air is obtained from Nu = 2 + 0.6
Re1/2 Pr1/3, with Re = 104 and Pr = 0.69. The temperature of the ambient air is 30 0C and the
thermal conductivity of air is k = 0.02 W/m K.
(a) Find the heat flux from the surface at steady state
(b) Find the steady state surface temperature of the casing
(c) Find the temperature of the casing at steady state for stagnant air. Why is this situation physically
infeasible?
79. 1-2 shell and tube heat exchanger has liquid (specific heat Cp) flowing at a mass flow rate min
the tubes and saturated steam (temperature Ts) condensing on the shell side.
(a) Carry out a differential energy balance on a single tube to show that
where T is the temperature of the liquid N is the number of tube in a pass, z is the distance along the
tube, D is the inner diameter of the tubes and U is the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the
inside surface area.
(b) Obtain an expression for the temperature of the liquid at the exit of the heat exchanger, T 2.
The length of the tubes is L and liquid enters the heat exchanger at temperature T0.
(2002)
80. If the baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat exchanger increases, then the Reynolds number of
the shell side fluid
A) Remains unchanged B) Increases
C) Increases or decreases depending on No. of shell passes D) Decreases
81. A 10 cm diameter steam pipe, carrying steam at 180 0C, is covered with an insulation
(conductivity = 0.6 W/m 0C). It loses heat to the surroundings at 30 0C. Assume a heat transfer
coefficient of 8.0 W/m2 0C for heat transfer from surface to the surroundings. Neglect wall
resistance of the pipe and film resistance of steam. If the insulation thickness is 2 cm, the rate
of heat loss from this insulated pipe will be
A) greater than that of the un-insulated steam pipe
B) less than that of the un-insulated steam pipe

C) equal to that of the un-insulated steam pipe
D) less than the steam pipe with 5 cm insulation
82. 1000 kg of liquid at 30 0C in a well-stirred vessel has to be heated to 1200C, using immersed
coils carrying condensing steam at 1500C. The area of the steam coils is 1.2 m2 and overall
heat transfer coefficient to the liquid is 1500 W/m2 0C. Assuming negligible heat loss to
surrounding and specific heat capacity of the liquid to be 4 kJ/kg 0C, the time taken for the
liquid to reach desired temperature will be
A) 15 min B) 22 min
C) 44 min D) 51 min
83. A composite wall consists of two plates A and B placed in series normal to the flow of heat. The
thermal conductivities are kA and kB and the specific heat capacities are CpA and CpB, for plates
A and B respectively. Plate B has twice the thickness of plate A. At steady state, the
temperature difference across plate A is greater than that across plate B when
A) CpA > CpB B) Cp<CpB
C) kA< 0.5 kB D) kA>2 kB
84. A double pipe countercurrent heat exchanger is designed to cool 3500 kg/hr of benzene
flowing in the inner pipe from 800C to 350C. Water enters at 200C and exits at 370C in the
annular space. The inside pipe has an inner diameter of 3.5 cm and wall thickness of 3.56 mm.
The outer pipe has an inner diameter of 5.25 cm and is insulated. Neglecting the wall
resistance to heat transfer from the inner pipe, and assuming the individual film heat transfer
coefficient for water to be 6600 W/m2 0C, calculate :
(a) the individual heat transfer coefficient for benzene flowing in the inner pipe.
(b) the overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside diameter of inner pipe.
(c) the total length required for the heat exchanger.
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.3
Where Nu is the Nusselt Number and Pr is the Prandtl Number.
Average properties of benzene : viscosity = 4 x 10-4 kg/m s, thermal conductivity = 0.147 W/m0C,
specific heat capacity = 1880 J/kg0C, density = 837 kg/m3.

(2003)
85. Three solid objects of the same material and of equal mass – a sphere, a cylinder (length =
diameter) and a cube – are at 5000C initially. These are dropped in a quenching bath
containing a large volume of cooling oil each attaining the bath temperature eventually. The
time required for 90% change of temperature is smallest for
a) cube b) cylinder
c) sphere d) equal for all the three
86. A dilute aqueous solution is to be concentrated in an evaporator system. High pressure steam
is available. Multiple effect evaporator system is employed because –
a) total heat transfer area of all the effects is less than that in a single effect evaporator system
b) total amount of vapour produced per kg of feed steam in a multieffect system is much higher than in a single
effect
c) boiling point elevation in a single effect system is much higher than that in any effect in a multieffect system
d) heat transfer coefficient in a single effect is much lower than that in any effect in a multieffect systeM
87. The units of resistance to heat transfer are –
a) J m -2 K-1 b) J m -1 K-1 c) W m -2 K-1 d) W-1 m2 K1
88. A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of 10 kg s -1 is to be heated.
Steam condensate at 950C is available for heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 kg s-1. A 1–1
shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is
a) counter flow with process stream on shell side
b) counter flow with process stream on tube side
c) parallel flow with process stream on shell side
d) parallel flow with process stream on tube side
89. The inner wall of a furnace is at a temperature of 700 0C. The composite wall is made of two
substances, 10 and 20 cm thick with thermal conductivities of 0.05 and 0.1 W m -1 0C-1
respectively. The ambient air is at 30 0C and the heat transfer coefficient between the outer
surface of wall and air is 20 W m-2 0C-1. The rate of heat loss from the outer surface in W m-2 is
a) 165.4 b) 167.5 c) 172.8 d) 175

90. Steam is to be condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger, 5 m long with a shell diameter of
1 m. Cooling water is to be used for removing the hat. Heat transfer coefficient for the cooling
water, whether on shell side or tube side, is made. The best arrangement is
a) vertical heat exchanger with steam on tube side
b) vertical heat exchanger with steam on shell side
c) horizontal heat exchanger with steam on tube side
d) horizontal heat exchanger with steam on shell side
91. A fluid is flowing inside the inner tube of a double pipe heat exchanger with diameter ‘d’. For a
fixed mass flow rate, the tube side heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow conditions is
proportional to
a) d0.8 b) d-0.2 c) d-1 d) d-1.8
92. Air is to be heated by condensing steam. Two heat exchangers are avail ate : (i) a shell and
tube heat exchanger, and (ii) a finned tube heat exchanger. Tube side heat transfer area is
equal in both cases. The recommended arrangement is
a) finned tube heat exchanger with air inside and steam outside
b) finned tube heat exchanger with air outside and steam inside
c) shell and tube heat exchanger with air inside tubes and steam shell side
d) shell and tube heat exchanger with air on shell side and steam inside tubes
93. For a given ambient air temperature with increase in the thickness of insulation of a hot
cylindrical pipe, the rate of heat loss from the surface would
a) decrease c) first decrease and then increase
b) increase d) first increase and then decrease

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Heat Transfer By: Sumit Prajapati Sir

(GATE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1990 – 2003)

HEAT TRANSFER OPERATION

(B)For unbaffled vessels and Reynolds number is greater than 300

(C) When there is no vortex formation

(D) When Reynolds number is less than 300

2. In a finned tube heat exchanger:

(A) Only heat transfer area is augmented.

(B) Only film coefficient is augmented.

(D) None of the above.

3. Grashof number is associated with,

(A) Buoyancy effects.

(B) Free convection.

(C) Forced convection.

(D) High temperature difference.

5. Lewis number = 1 signifies,

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Hot fluid: Flow rate, Wh = 50 kg/s;

Cold fluid: Flow rate, WC = 100 kg/s;

tin = 25C, tout = 45C;

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8. Choose the correct answer:

The widely used Dittus-Boelter equation is valid provided,

(D) None of the above.

9. Match the following:

Process Heat transfer coefficient W/m2.°C

(A) Drop wise condensation of steam. (I) 1700 – 50,000

(B) Boiling water. (II) 50 – 1500

(C) Heating oils. (III) 1 – 5

(D) Heating with air. (IV) 30,000 – 100,000

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(A) 800 (B) 24,000

(C) 60,000 (D) 48,000

(A) Less than 45C

(B) Equal to 45C

(C) Greater than 45C

(D) Initially decreases and remains constant thereafter

(A) Heat transfer coefficient is high

(B) There is no risk of contamination

(C) There is no mist formation

(D) Cost of equipment is lower

(A) Heat sensitive materials can be handled

(B) There is no additional cost of pumping

(C) Most concentrated liquor is at highest temperature

(D) Equal heat transfer coefficients exist in various effects

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Properties of nickel steel:  = 80W/m. K,  = 8000 kg/m3 CP = 0.5 J/kg.K

16. A hot horizontal plate is exposed to air by keeping, [2]

(A) the hot surface facing up

(B) the hot surface facing down

17. Choose the correct answer:

(C) Remains the same

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19. A pipe is 20 mm inner diameter and 30 mm outer diameter is insulated with 35 mm

20. Prandtl number is the ratio of,

(A) Mass diffusivity to thermal diffusivity

(B) Momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity

(C) Thermal diffusivity to Mass diffusivity

(D) Thermal diffusivity to momentum diffusivity