TO #2 Alphastude

Literasi Bahasa Inggris

1. When another old cave is discovered in the E. At first, the artist were not allowed to
south of France, it is not usually news. make paintings.
Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such
discoveries are so frequent these days that 2. When another old cave is discovered in the
hardly anybody pays heed to them. south of France, it is not usually news.
However, when the Lascaux cave complex Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such
was discovered in 1940, the world was discoveries are so frequent these days that
amazed. Painted directly on its walls were hardly anybody pays heed to them.
hundreds of scenes showing how people However, when the Lascaux cave complex
lived thousands of years ago. The scenes was discovered in 1940, the world was
show people hunting animals, such as amazed. Painted directly on its walls were
bison or wild cats. Other hundreds of scenes showing how people
images depict birds and, most noticeably, lived thousands of years ago. The scenes
horses, which appear in more than 300 show people hunting animals, such as
wall images, by far outnumbering all other bison or wild cats. Other
animals. images depict birds and, most noticeably,
Early artists drawing these animals horses, which appear in more than 300
accomplished a monumental and difficult wall images, by far outnumbering all other
task. They did not limit themselves to the animals.
easily accessible walls but carried their Early artists drawing these animals
painting materials to spaces that required accomplished a monumental and difficult
climbing steep walls or crawling into task. They did not limit themselves to the
narrow passages in the Lascaux complex. easily accessible walls but carried their
Unfortunately, the paintings have been painting materials to spaces that required
exposed to the destructive action of water climbing steep walls or crawling into
and temperature changes, which easily narrow passages in the Lascaux complex.
wear the images away. Because the Unfortunately, the paintings have been
Lascaux caves have many entrances, air exposed to the destructive action of water
movement has also damaged the images and temperature changes, which easily
inside. Although they are not out in the wear the images away. Because the
open air, where natural light would have Lascaux caves have many entrances, air
destroyed them long ago, many of the movement has also damaged the images
images have deteriorated and are barely inside. Although they are not out in the
recognizable. To prevent further damage, open air, where natural light would have
the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 destroyed them long ago, many of the
years after it was discovered. images have deteriorated and are barely
recognizable. To prevent further damage,
What made the process of drawing the the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23
animals a difficult process? years after it was discovered.
A. The artist drew on not easily accessible
walls as well. “Although they are not out in the open air,
B. The paintings showed the image of where natural light would have destroyed
prehistoric animals. them long ago, many of the images have
C. Early artist took a long time to finish deteriorated and are barely recognizable.”
the paintings. (paragraph 2)
D. The artist used specific tools to make The word ‘they’ in the sentence above
the paintings. refers to…
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
A. The caves D. Accomplishing a monumental task
B. The artist E. Reconstruction of the damage cave
C. The animals 4. Seventy percent of the world‟s fish stock
D. The entrances are now either fully exploite, overfished,
E. The paintings depleted or rebuilding from previous over-
fishing. Marine pollution has also adversely
3. When another old cave is discovered in the affected fish populations. As a result, wold
south of France, it is not usually news. catches have leveled off since their peak in
Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such 1989, when 85 to 95 million tones of fish
discoveries are so frequent these days that were harvested. It seems unlikely they will
hardly anybody pays heed to them. start rising again until efforts are made to
However, when the Lascaux cave complex allow stock to recover and then to fish
was discovered in 1940, the world was them in a sustainable way. Some scientists
amazed. Painted directly on its walls were argue the solution to the fish shortage
hundreds of scenes showing how people could be aquaculture. This is another term
lived thousands of years ago. The scenes for fish farming, that is cultivating fish
show people hunting animals, such as controlled conditions, rather than catching
bison or wild cats. Other whatever swims in the sea. However, there
images depict birds and, most noticeably, are fears that aquaculture will create more
horses, which appear in more than 300 problems than it will solve.
wall images, by far outnumbering all other Much fish farming realies heavily on fish
animals. feed, that is, capturing small fish like
Early artists drawing these animals mackerel and achovy and feeding them to
accomplished a monumental and difficult carnivourous faemed fish. In the
task. They did not limit themselves to the production of the ten most commonly
easily accessible walls but carried their farmed fish, roughly 2 kg of wild fish feed
painting materials to spaces that required are required for every kilogram of farmed
climbing steep walls or crawling into fish produced. This means that at the
narrow passages in the Lascaux complex. moment fish feed is already further
Unfortunately, the paintings have been draining wild fish stocks, without even
exposed to the destructive action of water producing an equivalent mass of farmed
and temperature changes, which easily fish. It is not only through changes in food
wear the images away. Because the chain interactions that aquaculture
Lascaux caves have many entrances, air depletes wild fish stocks, but also by
movement has also damaged the images spreading diseases from farmed to wild
inside. Although they are not out in the fish. It is difficult to persuade farmed fish
open air, where natural light would have to keep to their habitat, as is shown by the
destroyed them long ago, many of the fact that nearly half of the salmon fish may
images have deteriorated and are barely expand with wild fish and diminish the
recognizable. To prevent further damage, genetic make up of their offspring, making
the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 them less well – adapted to their
years after it was discovered. environment than their wild parents.

What is the main topic of the passage? What is the implementation of

A. Old caves in the south of France aquaculture to solve the problem of fish
B. Measuring the area of an old cave shortage?
C. Hidden prehistoric paintings
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
A. May make the shortage of wild fish expand with wild fish and diminish the
even greater genetic make up of their offspring, making
B. Has sharply increased the number of them less well – adapted to their
fish environment than their wild parents.
C. Enlarges the supply of wild fish for fish
feed ‘rebuilding from previous ove-fishing’ line
D. Has only produced carnivorous kinds 3 is an effort…
of fish A. To produce fish feed aquaculture
E. Should immediately be introduced B. To catch fish as much as possible at sea
worldwide C. To cultivate salmon in controlled
farming
5. Seventy percent of the world’s fish stock D. To establish controlled areas for
are now either fully exploite, overfished, fishing
depleted or rebuilding from previous over- E. To overcome the depletion of the
fishing. Marine pollution has also adversely stocks of fish
affected fish populations. As a result, wold
catches have leveled off since their peak in 6. Seventy percent of the world‟s fish stock
1989, when 85 to 95 million tones of fish are now either fully exploite, overfished,
were harvested. It seems unlikely they will depleted or rebuilding from previous over-
start rising again until efforts are made to fishing. Marine pollution has also adversely
allow stock to recover and then to fish affected fish populations. As a result, wold
them in a sustainable way. Some scientists catches have leveled off since their peak in
argue the solution to the fish shortage 1989, when 85 to 95 million tones of fish
could be aquaculture. This is another term were harvested. It seems unlikely they will
for fish farming, that is cultivating fish start rising again until efforts are made to
controlled conditions, rather than catching allow stock to recover and then to fish
whatever swims in the sea. However, there them in a sustainable way. Some scientists
are fears that aquaculture will create more argue the solution to the fish shortage
problems than it will solve. could be aquaculture. This is another term
Much fish farming realies heavily on fish for fish farming, that is cultivating fish
feed, that is, capturing small fish like controlled conditions, rather than catching
mackerel and achovy and feeding them to whatever swims in the sea. However, there
carnivourous faemed fish. In the are fears that aquaculture will create more
production of the ten most commonly problems than it will solve.
farmed fish, roughly 2 kg of wild fish feed Much fish farming realies heavily on fish
are required for every kilogram of farmed feed, that is, capturing small fish like
fish produced. This means that at the mackerel and achovy and feeding them to
moment fish feed is already further carnivourous faemed fish. In the
draining wild fish stocks, without even production of the ten most commonly
producing an equivalent mass of farmed farmed fish, roughly 2 kg of wild fish feed
fish. It is not only through changes in food are required for every kilogram of farmed
chain interactions that aquaculture fish produced. This means that at the
depletes wild fish stocks, but also by moment fish feed is already further
spreading diseases from farmed to wild draining wild fish stocks, without even
fish. It is difficult to persuade farmed fish producing an equivalent mass of farmed
to keep to their habitat, as is shown by the fish. It is not only through changes in food
fact that nearly half of the salmon fish may chain interactions that aquaculture
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
depletes wild fish stocks, but also by directly related to plastic consumption. It’s
spreading diseases from farmed to wild estimated that as many as 70% of seabirds
fish. It is difficult to persuade farmed fish and 30% of turtles have ingested some
to keep to their habitat, as is shown by the type of plastic from the ocean.
fact that nearly half of the salmon fish may
expand with wild fish and diminish the As one of the most common types of
genetic make up of their offspring, making single-use plastic, or plastic products that
them less well – adapted to their are generally used only one time and then
environment than their wild parents. thrown away, straws are one of the
culprits of unnecessary plastic pollution.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Five hundred million straws are used each
the farmed fish? day by people in the United States
A. They contaminate the wild fish with alone.[2] Plastic straws are one of the most
diseases widely used, and therefore disposed of,
B. They may not keep the genetic make plastic products. Many types of straws
up of their offspring cannot be reused or recycled due to the
C. They mix with wild fish in the ocean chemicals they are made from. Most
D. They do not include salmon found in plastic straws are also not biodegradable
North Atlantic and cannot be broken down naturally by
E. They can escape to the Atlantic ocean bacteria and other decomposers into non-
toxic materials. Straws are particularly
7. Plastic can be used to save wildlife, but it prone to ending up in our waterways, and
can also be extremely dangerous, ultimately the oceans, due to beach
especially when we over-produce, over- littering, wind that transports the
use, and over-consume and then fail to lightweight objects from trash cans and
reuse, recycle, and/or dispose of it trash collection facilities, and barges,
properly. Most plastics are not boats, and aquatic transport vehicles.
biodegradable and cannot be broken down Most plastic straws simply break into ever-
naturally by bacteria or other living things, smaller particles, releasing chemicals into
and as a result, most of it ends up in the soil, air, and water that are harmful to
wildlife habitats where it poses a threat to animals, plants, people, and the
plants and animals. environment.

More than 50% of all of the plastic ever If you or a loved one is required to use a
made has been produced since 2004. straw for medical purposes, or if you just
Plastic pollution is a result of the buildup of prefer to consume your beverages with
plastic waste that has accumulated over straws, there are many non-plastic straw
decades and especially over recent years. options available. Simply replacing cheap
The accumulated plastic finds its way into and disposable plastic straws with
our lakes, rivers, and oceans, where reusable stainless steel, glass, or
aquatic life is in danger of ingesting plastic biodegradable paper alternatives is an
or being exposed to the toxins that leach easy way to cut down on plastic pollution.
from it. Some wildlife, like sea turtles, sea
birds, and marine mammals, can even get (adapted from https://www.aza.org)
trapped or ensnared in plastic waste.
Millions of turtles, seabirds, and other The false idea that the author may hold
wildlife die each year from complications about plastic is that…
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
A. Bacteria or other living things cannot Five hundred million straws are used each
breakdown plastic. day by people in the United States
B. The plastic waste is accumulated in the alone.[2] Plastic straws are one of the most
sea for decades. widely used, and therefore disposed of,
C. Plastic contains toxins that are harmful plastic products. Many types of straws
for wildlife. cannot be reused or recycled due to the
D. Straws is one of plastic products that chemicals they are made from. Most
are most commonly used. plastic straws are also not biodegradable
E. Plastic straws for medical purpose are and cannot be broken down naturally by
allowed to use. bacteria and other decomposers into non-
toxic materials. Straws are particularly
8. Plastic can be used to save wildlife, but it prone to ending up in our waterways, and
can also be extremely dangerous, ultimately the oceans, due to beach
especially when we over-produce, over- littering, wind that transports the
use, and over-consume and then fail to lightweight objects from trash cans and
reuse, recycle, and/or dispose of it trash collection facilities, and barges,
properly. Most plastics are not boats, and aquatic transport vehicles.
biodegradable and cannot be broken down Most plastic straws simply break into ever-
naturally by bacteria or other living things, smaller particles, releasing chemicals into
and as a result, most of it ends up in the soil, air, and water that are harmful to
wildlife habitats where it poses a threat to animals, plants, people, and the
plants and animals. environment.

More than 50% of all of the plastic ever If you or a loved one is required to use a
made has been produced since 2004. straw for medical purposes, or if you just
Plastic pollution is a result of the buildup of prefer to consume your beverages with
plastic waste that has accumulated over straws, there are many non-plastic straw
decades and especially over recent years. options available. Simply replacing cheap
The accumulated plastic finds its way into and disposable plastic straws with
our lakes, rivers, and oceans, where reusable stainless steel, glass, or
aquatic life is in danger of ingesting plastic biodegradable paper alternatives is an
or being exposed to the toxins that leach easy way to cut down on plastic pollution.
from it. Some wildlife, like sea turtles, sea
birds, and marine mammals, can even get (adapted from https://www.aza.org)
trapped or ensnared in plastic waste.
Millions of turtles, seabirds, and other Which paragraph(s) present(s) the dangers
wildlife die each year from complications of plastic straws?
directly related to plastic consumption. It’s A. Paragraph 1
estimated that as many as 70% of seabirds B. Paragraph 1 and 2
and 30% of turtles have ingested some C. Paragraph 3
type of plastic from the ocean. D. Paragraph 3 and 4
E. Paragraph 4
As one of the most common types of
single-use plastic, or plastic products that 9. Plastic can be used to save wildlife, but it
are generally used only one time and then can also be extremely dangerous,
thrown away, straws are one of the especially when we over-produce, over-
culprits of unnecessary plastic pollution. use, and over-consume and then fail to
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
reuse, recycle, and/or dispose of it trash collection facilities, and barges,
properly. Most plastics are not boats, and aquatic transport vehicles.
biodegradable and cannot be broken down Most plastic straws simply break into ever-
naturally by bacteria or other living things, smaller particles, releasing chemicals into
and as a result, most of it ends up in the soil, air, and water that are harmful to
wildlife habitats where it poses a threat to animals, plants, people, and the
plants and animals. environment.

More than 50% of all of the plastic ever If you or a loved one is required to use a
made has been produced since 2004. straw for medical purposes, or if you just
Plastic pollution is a result of the buildup of prefer to consume your beverages with
plastic waste that has accumulated over straws, there are many non-plastic straw
decades and especially over recent years. options available. Simply replacing cheap
The accumulated plastic finds its way into and disposable plastic straws with
our lakes, rivers, and oceans, where reusable stainless steel, glass, or
aquatic life is in danger of ingesting plastic biodegradable paper alternatives is an
or being exposed to the toxins that leach easy way to cut down on plastic pollution.
from it. Some wildlife, like sea turtles, sea
birds, and marine mammals, can even get (adapted from https://www.aza.org)
trapped or ensnared in plastic waste.
Millions of turtles, seabirds, and other What is the best summary of the passage?
wildlife die each year from complications A. The over-produce, over-use, and over
directly related to plastic consumption. It’s consume of plastic should be limited
estimated that as many as 70% of seabirds because it can lead to plastic waste
and 30% of turtles have ingested some that harms the wildlife. It’s estimated
type of plastic from the ocean. that as many as 70% of seabirds and
30% of turtles have ingested some
As one of the most common types of type of plastic from the ocean.
single-use plastic, or plastic products that B. The plastic waste is accumulated in the
are generally used only one time and then river, sea, and ocean so the wildlife
thrown away, straws are one of the cannot live and die because they
culprits of unnecessary plastic pollution. consume the toxins exposed by the
Five hundred million straws are used each plastic.
day by people in the United States C. The use of plastic straws must be
alone.[2] Plastic straws are one of the most banned because five hundred million
widely used, and therefore disposed of, straws are used each day by people in
plastic products. Many types of straws the United States. Most plastic straws
cannot be reused or recycled due to the simply break into ever-smaller
chemicals they are made from. Most particles, releasing chemicals into the
plastic straws are also not biodegradable soil, air, and water.
and cannot be broken down naturally by D. Plastic straws should be replaced by
bacteria and other decomposers into non- the more eco-friendly straws to reduce
toxic materials. Straws are particularly the plastic waste in the ocean. It can be
prone to ending up in our waterways, and changed with reusable stainless steel,
ultimately the oceans, due to beach glass, or biodegradable paper
littering, wind that transports the alternatives is an easy way to cut down
lightweight objects from trash cans and on plastic pollution.
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
E. Plastic can endanger animals, plants, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue
people, and environment on earth as remaining after the light oils are distilled is
they are not degradable and can pollue known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is
the environment. People can change used mostly for burning under boilers.
the plastic straw with the reusable Additional complicated refining process
ones to reduce the impact of plastic rearrange the chemical structure of the
waste. hydrocarbons to produce other products,
some of which are used to upgrade and
10. Petroleum products, such as gasoline, increase the octane rating of various types
kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel of gasoline.
oil and lubricating oils, come from one
source - crude oil found below the Earth's Many thousands of hydrocarbon
surface, as well as under large bodies of compounds are possible because…
water, from a few hundred feet below the A. The petroleum products vary greatly in
surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the physical appearance
earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is B. Complicated refining processes
secured by drilling into the Earth, but more rearrange the chemical structure
dry holes are drilled than those producing C. The two atoms in the molecule assume
oil. Either pressure at the source or many positions
pumping forces crude oil to the surface. D. The preassure needed to force it to the
surface causes molecular
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from transformation
ten to thousands of barrel per hour. E. Chemical elements forming petroleum
Petroleum products are always measured are many in number
in 42 gallon barrels.
11. Petroleum products, such as gasoline,
Petroleum products vary greatly in kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel
physical appearance : thin, thick, oil and lubricating oils, come from one
transparent or opaque, but regardless source - crude oil found below the Earth's
their chemical composition is made up of surface, as well as under large bodies of
only two elements : Carbon and Hydrogen, water, from a few hundred feet below the
which form compounds called surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the
Hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is
found in union with the hydrocarbons are secured by drilling into the Earth, but more
few and are classified as impurities. Trace dry holes are drilled than those producing
elements are also found, but in such oil. Either pressure at the source or
minute quantities that they are pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
disregarded. The combination of carbon
and hydrogen forms many thousands of Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from
compounds which are possible because of ten to thousands of barrel per hour.
the various positions and joinings of these Petroleum products are always measured
two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. in 42 gallon barrels.

The various petroleum products are Petroleum products vary greatly in

refined by heating crude oil and then physical appearance : thin, thick,
condensing the vapours. These products transparent or opaque, but regardless
are so-called light oils, such as gasoline, their chemical composition is made up of
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
only two elements : Carbon and Hydrogen, water, from a few hundred feet below the
which form compounds called surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the
Hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is
found in union with the hydrocarbons are secured by drilling into the Earth, but more
few and are classified as impurities. Trace dry holes are drilled than those producing
elements are also found, but in such oil. Either pressure at the source or
minute quantities that they are pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
disregarded. The combination of carbon
and hydrogen forms many thousands of Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from
compounds which are possible because of ten to thousands of barrel per hour.
the various positions and joinings of these Petroleum products are always measured
two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. in 42 gallon barrels.

The various petroleum products are Petroleum products vary greatly in

refined by heating crude oil and then physical appearance : thin, thick,
condensing the vapours. These products transparent or opaque, but regardless
are so-called light oils, such as gasoline, their chemical composition is made up of
kerosene and distillate oil. The residue only two elements : Carbon and Hydrogen,
remaining after the light oils are distilled is which form compounds called
known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is Hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements
used mostly for burning under boilers. found in union with the hydrocarbons are
Additional complicated refining process few and are classified as impurities. Trace
rearrange the chemical structure of the elements are also found, but in such
hydrocarbons to produce other products, minute quantities that they are
some of which are used to upgrade and disregarded. The combination of carbon
increase the octane rating of various types and hydrogen forms many thousands of
of gasoline. compounds which are possible because of
the various positions and joinings of these
All the following statements are true, two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
except…
A. Crude oil is found below land and The various petroleum products are
water refined by heating crude oil and then
B. Crude oil is always found a few condensing the vapours. These products
hundred feet below the surface are so-called light oils, such as gasoline,
C. Pumping and pressure force crude oil kerosene and distillate oil. The residue
to the surface remaining after the light oils are distilled is
D. Many petroleum products are known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is
obtained from crude oil used mostly for burning under boilers.
E. The chemical composition of Additional complicated refining process
petroleum is formed of only two rearrange the chemical structure of the
elements hydrocarbons to produce other products,
some of which are used to upgrade and
12. Petroleum products, such as gasoline, increase the octane rating of various types
kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel of gasoline.
oil and lubricating oils, come from one
source - crude oil found below the Earth's How is crude oil brought to the surface?
surface, as well as under large bodies of A. Pressure and pumping
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
B. Expansion of the hydrocarbons remaining after the light oils are distilled is
C. Vacuum created in the drilling pipe known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is
D. Expansion and contraction of the used mostly for burning under boilers.
earth’s surface Additional complicated refining process
E. Different pressure of surface and the rearrange the chemical structure of the
earth’s interior hydrocarbons to produce other products,
some of which are used to upgrade and
13. Petroleum products, such as gasoline, increase the octane rating of various types
kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel of gasoline.
oil and lubricating oils, come from one
source - crude oil found below the Earth's Which of the following sentence is true
surface, as well as under large bodies of according to the text?
water, from a few hundred feet below the A. The various petroleum products are
surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the produced by filtration
earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is B. Chemical separation is used to
secured by drilling into the Earth, but more produce the various products
dry holes are drilled than those producing C. Mechanical means, such as
oil. Either pressure at the source or centrifuging, are used to produce the
pumping forces crude oil to the surface. various products
D. Crude oil wells flow at the same rate all
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from over the world
ten to thousands of barrel per hour. E. Heating and condensing produce the
Petroleum products are always measured various products
in 42 gallon barrels.
14. Petroleum products, such as gasoline,
Petroleum products vary greatly in kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel
physical appearance : thin, thick, oil and lubricating oils, come from one
transparent or opaque, but regardless source - crude oil found below the Earth's
their chemical composition is made up of surface, as well as under large bodies of
only two elements : Carbon and Hydrogen, water, from a few hundred feet below the
which form compounds called surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the
Hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is
found in union with the hydrocarbons are secured by drilling into the Earth, but more
few and are classified as impurities. Trace dry holes are drilled than those producing
elements are also found, but in such oil. Either pressure at the source or
minute quantities that they are pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
disregarded. The combination of carbon
and hydrogen forms many thousands of Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from
compounds which are possible because of ten to thousands of barrel per hour.
the various positions and joinings of these Petroleum products are always measured
two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. in 42 gallon barrels.

The various petroleum products are Petroleum products vary greatly in

refined by heating crude oil and then physical appearance : thin, thick,
condensing the vapours. These products transparent or opaque, but regardless
are so-called light oils, such as gasoline, their chemical composition is made up of
kerosene and distillate oil. The residue only two elements : Carbon and Hydrogen,
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
which form compounds called therefore cannot cause disease; however,
Hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements the antigens found in and on the
found in union with the hydrocarbons are microorganisms can still stimulate the
few and are classified as impurities. Trace formation of antibodies. Examples of this
elements are also found, but in such type of vaccine are the ones that fight
minute quantities that they are influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
disregarded. The combination of carbon
and hydrogen forms many thousands of A second type of vaccine contains the
compounds which are possible because of toxins produced by the microorganisms
the various positions and joinings of these rather than the microorganisms
two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. themselves. This type of vaccine is
prepared when the microorganism itself
The various petroleum products are does little damage but the toxin within the
refined by heating crude oil and then microorganism is extremely harmful. For
condensing the vapours. These products example, the bacteria that cause
are so-called light oils, such as gasoline, diphtheria can thrive in the throat without
kerosene and distillate oil. The residue much harm, but when toxins are released
remaining after the light oils are distilled is from the bacteria, muscles can become
known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is paralyzed and death can ensue.
used mostly for burning under boilers.
Additional complicated refining process A final type of vaccine contains living
rearrange the chemical structure of the microorganisms that have been rendered
hydrocarbons to produce other products, harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large
some of which are used to upgrade and number of antigen molecules are
increase the octane rating of various types produced and the immunity that results is
of gasoline. generally longer lasting than the immunity
from other types of vaccines. The Sabin
The text above is about… oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine
A. Crude oil against tuberculosis are examples of this
B. How to refine crude oil type of vaccine.
C. Petroleum products
D. Chemical elements of crude oil Which of the following expresses the main
E. Petroleum products are made of two topic of the passage?
elements A. Vaccines provide immunity to specific
disease
15. Vaccines are prepared from harmful B. Vaccines contain disease-causing
viruses or bacteria and administered to microorganisms
patients to provide immunity to specific C. The classification of vaccines based on
diseases. The various types of vaccines are their derivation method
classified according to the method by D. New approaches in administering
which they are derived. vaccines are being developed
E. The relationship between vaccines and
The most basic class of vaccines actually disease
contains disease-causing microorganisms
that have been killed with a solution 16. Vaccines are prepared from harmful
containing formaldehyde. In this type of viruses or bacteria and administered to
vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and patients to provide immunity to specific
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
diseases. The various types of vaccines are C. BCG vaccine stimulate the production
classified according to the method by of a large number of antigen molecules
which they are derived. D. The third type of vaccine provide
longer immunity than others
The most basic class of vaccines actually E. Diphteria can be prevented by vaccine
contains disease-causing microorganisms containing toxin
that have been killed with a solution
containing formaldehyde. In this type of 17. Vaccines are prepared from harmful
vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and viruses or bacteria and administered to
therefore cannot cause disease; however, patients to provide immunity to specific
the antigens found in and on the diseases. The various types of vaccines are
microorganisms can still stimulate the classified according to the method by
formation of antibodies. Examples of this which they are derived.
type of vaccine are the ones that fight
influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera. The most basic class of vaccines actually
contains disease-causing microorganisms
A second type of vaccine contains the that have been killed with a solution
toxins produced by the microorganisms containing formaldehyde. In this type of
rather than the microorganisms vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and
themselves. This type of vaccine is therefore cannot cause disease; however,
prepared when the microorganism itself the antigens found in and on the
does little damage but the toxin within the microorganisms can still stimulate the
microorganism is extremely harmful. For formation of antibodies. Examples of this
example, the bacteria that cause type of vaccine are the ones that fight
diphtheria can thrive in the throat without influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
much harm, but when toxins are released
from the bacteria, muscles can become A second type of vaccine contains the
paralyzed and death can ensue. toxins produced by the microorganisms
rather than the microorganisms
A final type of vaccine contains living themselves. This type of vaccine is
microorganisms that have been rendered prepared when the microorganism itself
harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large does little damage but the toxin within the
number of antigen molecules are microorganism is extremely harmful. For
produced and the immunity that results is example, the bacteria that cause
generally longer lasting than the immunity diphtheria can thrive in the throat without
from other types of vaccines. The Sabin much harm, but when toxins are released
oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine from the bacteria, muscles can become
against tuberculosis are examples of this paralyzed and death can ensue.
type of vaccine.
A final type of vaccine contains living
Which of the following statements is not microorganisms that have been rendered
true according to the text? harmless. With this type of vaccine, a large
A. Vaccine which contains toxins is the number of antigen molecules are
first type of vaccine produced and the immunity that results is
B. The Sabinoral anti polio vaccine generally longer lasting than the immunity
contains living microorganisms from other types of vaccines. The Sabin
oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
against tuberculosis are examples of this The two different types of sleep are
type of vaccine. characterized by different…
A. Lengths of sleep
Why does vaccine containing living B. Degrees of soundness
microorganism provide longer immunity? C. Sleep movements
Because… D. Brain wave patterns
A. It is the final type of vaccine E. Eye movements
B. It can prevent tuberculosis
C. It makes little damage 19. In studying the phenomenon usually
D. It stimulates the formation of referred to as sleep, we are actully dealing
antibodies with more than one phenomenon. In point
E. It produces a large number of antigen of fact, we spend the night alternating
molecules between two different types of sleep, each
with different brain mechanism and
18. In studying the phenomenon usually different purposes. As a person falls
referred to as sleep, we are actully dealing asleep, his brain waves develop a slower
with more than one phenomenon. In point and less regular pattern than in waking
of fact, we spend the night alternating state. This is called orthodox sleep. In this
between two different types of sleep, each state the brain is apparently resting. Its
with different brain mechanism and blood supply is reduced, and its
different purposes. As a person falls temperature falls slightly. Breathing of
asleep, his brain waves develop a slower heart rate are regular. The muscles remain
and less regular pattern than in waking slightly tensed. After about an hour in this
state. This is called orthodox sleep. In this state, however, the brain waves begin to
state the brain is apparently resting. Its show a more active pattern again, even
blood supply is reduced, and its though the person is apparently sleep very
temperature falls slightly. Breathing of deeply. This is called paradoxical sleep
heart rate are regular. The muscles remain because it has much in common with being
slightly tensed. After about an hour in this awake. Paradoxical (active) sleep in
state, however, the brain waves begin to marked by irregular breathing and heart
show a more active pattern again, even rate, increased blood supply to the brain,
though the person is apparently sleep very and increased brain temperature. Most of
deeply. This is called paradoxical sleep the muscles are relaxed. There are various
because it has much in common with being jerky movements of the body and face,
awake. Paradoxical (active) sleep in including short burst of rapid eye
marked by irregular breathing and heart movement, which indicate, that we are
rate, increased blood supply to the brain, dreaming. Thus we spend the night
and increased brain temperature. Most of alternating between these two vital
the muscles are relaxed. There are various 'restoration jobs' : working on the brain
jerky movements of the body and face, and working on the body.
including short burst of rapid eye
movement, which indicate, that we are The second stage of sleep is called
dreaming. Thus we spend the night paradoxical sleep because…
alternating between these two vital A. It comes after the orthodox phase of
'restoration jobs' : working on the brain sleeping
and working on the body. B. We sleep but out muscles are tensed
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
C. It is totally different from orthodox D. Orthodox sleep is more important
sleep than paradoxical sleep
D. The brain is active during this phase of E. Irregular heart rate while sleeping is
sleeping due to bad dreams
E. We only dreaming during this phase of
sleeping

20. In studying the phenomenon usually

referred to as sleep, we are actully dealing
with more than one phenomenon. In point
of fact, we spend the night alternating
between two different types of sleep, each
with different brain mechanism and
different purposes. As a person falls
asleep, his brain waves develop a slower
and less regular pattern than in waking
state. This is called orthodox sleep. In this
state the brain is apparently resting. Its
blood supply is reduced, and its
temperature falls slightly. Breathing of
heart rate are regular. The muscles remain
slightly tensed. After about an hour in this
state, however, the brain waves begin to
show a more active pattern again, even
though the person is apparently sleep very
deeply. This is called paradoxical sleep
because it has much in common with being
awake. Paradoxical (active) sleep in
marked by irregular breathing and heart
rate, increased blood supply to the brain,
and increased brain temperature. Most of
the muscles are relaxed. There are various
jerky movements of the body and face,
including short burst of rapid eye
movement, which indicate, that we are
dreaming. Thus we spend the night
alternating between these two vital
'restoration jobs' : working on the brain
and working on the body.

From the text we may conclude that…

A. Our brain is restoring our physical and
mental condition
B. We can really be as active as when we
are awake
C. The tensed muscles are caused bye the
changing phase of sleep
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
Kunci Jawaban & Pembahasan
1. A

2. E

3. C

4. B
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris

5. D

6. E

7. E

8. C

9. E

10. E
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris

11. D

12. A

13. E

14. C

15. C
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris

16. A

17. E

18. D

19. D
TO #2 Alphastude
Literasi Bahasa Inggris

20. A