Birbir 2019
Birbir 2019
Birbir 2019
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The goal of this study was to investigate low level harmonic content with unipolar voltage switching and
Received 5 April 2018 bipolar voltage switching methods. Hence, we designed a single-phase full-bridge inverter application
Revised 28 November 2018 with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique by using Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) microcon-
Accepted 29 November 2018
troller. To obtain sinusoidal control signal and control of the inverter parameters, a PIC16F877 microcon-
Available online 13 February 2019
troller was utilized in conjunction with an inverter to perform these two different techniques. The LCD
control display and PIC Basic Pro programming language were used for the user interface and to program
Keywords:
the microcontroller, respectively. Due to the application of PIC based control technique, total harmonic
Sinusoidal PWM
Unipolar voltage switching
amount was decreased and a smaller size inverter was designed with very high realibility, safety, and
Bipolar voltage switching low cost. In this study, an appropriate algorithm for the control software was obtained and approved
Step modulation method for the supervision. Software was utilized to control the inverter, scalar control and ramp function as well
Full bridge inverter as to obtain sine signal control of many parameters. The operation principle of the applied system and
designed circuits is reported.
In conclusion the measurements with the applied system’s operating status were discussed and eval-
uated with respect to their value for the education of electrical engineering students.
Ó 2019 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introductıon were used for Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), such
as unipolar voltage switching and bipolar voltage switching.
Different control methods together with the development of Application of these two control methods was performed
semiconductor switching elements are being developed continu- between the system and the user interface. PIC Basic Pro program-
ously. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is one of the most pre- ming language was used for the sine signal and control of the out-
ferred pulse width modulation techniques and widely used in put voltage. As a result of our experiments, the most appropriate
industry. The pulse width modulation technique functions on the algorithm was obtained for the control software and deemed
basis of a comparison of the carrier wave with the reference sine suitable for the control. Control signals have been applied to the
wave. The comparison process cannot be realized as a natural sam- switches in the arms of the full bridge inverter.
pling on the microprocessors. This problem can be overcome by The scalar control for mono phase motor torque which is
making regular sampling of the reference sine wave. ‘‘Symmetric connected to the output of the inverter is controlled with the open
Regular Sampling” is the sampling state at each full switching of loop method. The main purpose of scalar control is to keep the v/f
the reference sinusoidal wave period; also ‘‘Asymmetric Regular ratio constant. Inverter output voltage and frequency values were
Sampling” is understood as the sampling state at each half switch- adjusted between 0 and 220 Volts and 0–400 Hz. The inverter was
ing period [1]. programmed for the experimental measurements. Implementation
This study mainly aimed to control the output frequency and of this ratio is taken as 220/50 = 4,4. The inverter output voltage was
voltage of a full bridge inverter. Two different control technique adjustable. The output voltage was calculated based on this factor.
Triangle wave frequency per cycle determines the number of
⇑ Corresponding author. switching semi-conductors. The inverter output frequency is
E-mail addresses: ybirbir@marmara.edu.tr (Y. Birbir), volkan@marmara.edu.tr
equal to the frequency of the reference wave [2]. When the
(V. Kanburoglu). modulation frequency was increased, the output voltage consist of
Peer review under responsibility of Karabuk University. high-frequency harmonics to be filtered easily. In addition,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.11.014
2215-0986/Ó 2019 Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Y. Birbir et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22 (2019) 592–599 593
Fig. 3. Obtained sinusoidal signal. (This figure shows number of steps of sine signal
Fig. 1. Step Modulation. was determined as 30 steps with Mf = 12).
594 Y. Birbir et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22 (2019) 592–599
switches turn off for a certain period of time, and at the end of this 7. Control card
period the controller switches again. The controller does not inter-
vene in the SPWM signal until a specified limit value. The control board in Fig. 8 takes on the many tasks in the sys-
After controller SG3843 outputs the SPWM signals, dead time tem. PIC16F877 microcontroller is used to carry out these tasks.
has been generated by integrated circuits (U3D-U4D). In practice However, when performing the protection process, the processing
this period of time was counted 2lsn. Unipolar switching or bipo- speed of the microcontroller is insufficient to safeguard the opera-
lar switching options is selected by means of relay contacts. After tion. For this reason, such cases limiting a possible short-circuit
the generation of dead time, the control signals that are obtained current or over current are preferred so as to realize this systematic
from the gates of U6 have been applied to the mosfet drivers. process as analog. In case of a short circuit failure in the system
Digital signals in the system switch off via the enable pin of the microcontroller a possible short circuit condition is reported to
integrated circuit U6 [12]. the user [13] (Figs. 9–12).
Control board in the system; - The inverter generates the output voltage. To this, pin 14 sine
oscillator card of inverter MC1408DAC is fed by using PWM sig-
- Necessary interface for operation between the user and the nal from pin PORTC.2.
inverter has been performed. - For voltage control feedback, a signal is read as analog from
- According to the required frequency value, an interrupt signal PORT 2 pin with 8-bit resolution [14].
has been sent from pin PORTC.1 to the sine oscillator board - v/f provides scalar control of inverter.
by control card. During the programming of the control card, - An optional way was used for an inverter via unipolar or bipolar
programmed PWM signal frequency in the hardware has not switching PWM technique.
been changed. Desired sine signal of the frequency has been - Soft start feature prevents the system from withdrawing over
produced by using open loop control. surge current from the network.
Y. Birbir et al. / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 22 (2019) 592–599 597
Fig. 12. The amount of total harmonic distortion (in the inverter output voltage).
Fig. 14. The amount of total harmonic distortion (in the inverter output current).
11. Conclusıons
In the experiments, the amount of total harmonic distortion of [12] S.M. Mohaiminul Islam, G.M. Sharif, Microcontroller based sinusoidal PWM
inverter for photovoltaic application Developments in Renewable Energy
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cascaded H-bridge Multilevel inverter for Electric Vehicle applications”
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high-speed processors has recently begun to be operated by digital [14] E. Mohagheghi, A. Keipour, Z. Sudi, M. Moallemi, A. Hajihosseinlu, ‘‘Analyzing
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in the system is not sufficient to control the system as described SPWM Generation Method for Inverter Applications”, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, volume: PP, Issue: 99 Digital Object Identifier: 10,1109/
previously. Industrial inverters with high processing capacity TII.2013,2261078 Publication Year: 2013, pp. 1.
microcontrollers have been used for industrial purposes. In addi- [16] Emad H. El-Zohri, Mohamed A. Mosbah, Comparison and performance analysis
tion, the microcontroller is sensitive against interference in the of unipolar and bipolar digitally controlled single-phase inverters, in: 2017
Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON),
system. For this reason, the output of the system was prevented
Menoufia University, Egypt, 2017, pp. 1138–1144.
from reaching high currents. [17] Y. Birbir, V. Kanburoglu, A web aided education model that can be used in
Compared previous applications utilizing electronic circuit dia- power electronics course, ELSEVIER Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 21 (1) (2018) 17–
grams and complicated. Integrated electronic circuits, the PIC 23.
[18] Md. Waseem Ahmad, P. Nandha Kumar, Abhinav Arya, Sandeep Anand,
microcontroller is better suited to electrical engineering pedagogy. Noninvasive technique for DC-link capacitance estimation in single-phase
Students can more easily comprehented the creation of sinusoidal inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electr. 33 (5) (2018) 3693–3696.
inverter through the 18 steps thet proceed in increments of 20° via
PIC microcontroller. Because of the importance of sinusoidal wave Yasar Birbir received B.S degree from Gazi University, M.S and PhD. from Marmara
University. He attended World Bank Industrial Training Project at Indiana and
form with low harmonic content in industry, at the beginning of
Purdue Universities from 1989 to 1990. He had worked as a visiting research sci-
their education it is crucial for electrical engineering students to entist for fifteen months at Drexel University Electrical and Computer Engineering
compare unipolar and bipolar switching of inverter switches, and Department from 1992 to 1993. Currently he has been working as a Professor at
need to learn the technique by the most efficient pedagogy Technology Faculty in department of Electrical Engineering. He teaches under-
possible. graduate and graduate courses in Power Electronics Courses and Electrical
Machinery Drives. His current interests beside power electronic converters and
drivers, electromagnetic filtering process in the industry and the application of
electric currents and electric field effects for sterilization of different microorgan-
References isms. Yasar Birbir is an expert on inactivation of archaea and hide bacteria using
different electric current applications in leather industry. He has published 20
[1] G. Venkataramanan, D.M. Divan, Pulse width modulation with resonant DC research articles, presented 33 oral and poster presentations. He has graduated 12
link converters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 29 (1) (1993) 113–120. Part: 1. master and two doctorate students and completed 8 scientific projects.
[2] S.J. Chiang, C.M. Liaw, Single-phase three-wire transformerless inverter, IEEE
Proc. Electr. Power Appl. 141 (4) (1994) 197–205. Kaner Yurtbasßi was born in 1982 in Uskudar, province of Istanbul. He graduated
[3] W. Shireen, M.S. Arefeen, An utility interactive power electonics interface for
from the Haydarpasßa Anatolian Vocational High School in 1998. He received B.S
alternate/renewable energy systems, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 11 (3) (1996)
degree from Marmara University at Technical Education Faculty of Electrical
643–649.
[4] Su Gui-Jia, T. Ohno T, A new topology for single phase UPS systems, in: Power Training depertment in 2004. After completing his undergraduate studies in 2004,
Conversion Conference, Nagaoka 1997, Proceedings of the Volume: 2, 1997, pp. he started master education in Marmara University in the same year. He finished M.
913–918. S. master thesis from Marmara University Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences at
[5] Ying-Yu Tzo, Shih-Liang Jung, Full control of a PWM DC-AC converter for AC the Department of Electrical Education in 2007. He has been running owner his
voltage regulation, IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electr. Syst. 34 (4) (1998) 1218–1226. compony as professionol engineer. His current interests; power electronics,
[6] Analog Devices: ‘‘Compensating the dead time of voltage inverters with the renewable energy, control systems.
ADMC331”, Analog Devices, Application Note AN 331-50, (August 2000).
[7] Xiangning He, Kuang Sheng, Barry W. Williams, Zhaoming Qian, A composite Volkan Kanburoglu, graduated from Marmara University, Faculty of Technical
soft-switching inverter configuration with unipolar pulsewidth modulation Education, Teacher Training in Electrical Works Department in 2000. He finished his
control, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr. (2001). master thesis ‘‘Transference of Asynchronous Machines and Transformer Labora-
[8] Dariusz Czarkowski, David V. Chudnovsky, Solving the optimal PWM problem tory Experiments into Education by Using Multimedia Tools” in 2004 at Marmara
for single-phase inverters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. (2002). University, Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, Electric Education department.
[9] Alan Elbanhawy, ‘‘Reducing Power Losses in MOSFETs by Controlling Gate
His doctoral thesis ‘‘Evaluation of Design and Application of a Web Based Training
Parameters”, Application Note AN 7017, Fairchild Semiconductor, (October
Model” was finished in 2015 at Marmara University, Institute of Pure and Applied
2003).
[10] Mr. Abhijit D. Pathak, Ralph E. Locher, ‘‘How to Drive Mosfet’s and IGBT’s Into Sciences, Electric Education department. In 2006, he was appointed as teaching
the 21st Century”, IXYS Corporation, 2005. assistant at Marmara University, Atatürk Faculty of Education, Primary Education
[11] Datasheet: ‘‘Matching MOSFET Drivers to MOSFET’s”, Microchip, Application Department. He still works at Marmara University, Atatürk Faculty of Education,
Note, 2007. Primary Education Department as teaching Assistant Professor.