Summaryof Forces
Summaryof Forces
Summaryof Forces
particles, forces
and Feynman diagrams
Particles & Forces
Charged Neutral
quarks leptons leptons
(e,µ,τ) (ν)
Strong Y N N
Electro
Magnetic Y Y N
Weak Y Y Y
Quarks carry strong, weak & EM charge !!!!!
The electromagnetic force
The Photon (γ)
Property Value
Mass 0
Charge 0
The photon is the “mediator” of the
The photon is the “mediator” of the
electromagnetic interaction
electromagnetic interaction
The photon can only interact with objects which
The photon can only interact with objects which
have electric charge
have electric charge
Feynman Diagrams (Electron Scattering)
e+ e
ElectronPositron
ElectronPositron
Annihilation
Annihilation
γ
e e+
e+ e+
Position
Compton
Compton
Scattering
Scattering
γ
e e
time
Photon Conversion and Emission
e
Photon Conversion
Photon Conversion
γ
e+
Photon Emission γ
Photon Emission
e
e
More Feynman Diagrams
Quark Pair
Quark Pair
Production
Production e+ q
“q” can be any quark,
as long as there is
enough energy to create γ
e
q
2 of ‘em!
Quark Antiquark
Quark Antiquark
Annihilation
Annihilation q e+
γ
q e
Summary of EM Interactions
1.1. The Photon is the mediator of the EM Interaction.
The Photon is the mediator of the EM Interaction.
This means that EM interactions occur via photons.
This means that EM interactions occur via photons.
2. The photon is massless and has no electrical charge.
2. The photon is massless and has no electrical charge.
3. Photon can convert into pairs of oppositelycharged,
3. Photon can convert into pairs of oppositelycharged,
liketype leptons or quarks.
liketype leptons or quarks.
γγ e , µµ++µµ ,
e++ee,
, ττ++ττ——
γγ uu, dd, ss, cc, bb, tt
uu, dd, ss, cc, bb, tt
4. Feynman diagrams are a pictorial method for expressing a
4. Feynman diagrams are a pictorial method for expressing a
type of interaction.
type of interaction.
The weak force
The weak force
Like the Electromagnetic & Strong forces, the Weak force is also
mediated by “force carriers”.
For the weak force, there are actually 3 force carriers:
W +
W
Z 0
These “weak force” carriers This “weak force” carrier
carry electric charge also ! is electrically neutral
The “charge” of the weak interaction is called
“weak charge”
The weak force
Both quarks & leptons carry weak charge
Both quarks & leptons “couple to” the W and Z force carriers
Since the W’s have a charge of +1 and –1 they cause a “chargechanging”
interaction. That is when they are emitted or absorbed, to conserve charge, the
“emitting” or “absorbing” particle changes charge by +1 or –1 unit.
The emitting or absorbing particle changes into a different particle. Alternately,
when the W decays, it decays into 2 particles which:
●
Carry weak charge
●
The sum of their charges equals the charge of the W
I will mainly talk about the W in the context of decays…
Feynman diagram for weak decay
d u + e + ν e
νe
e
W
d u
n d d “Spectator p
u u quarks”
Spectator quark(s): Those quarks which do not directly
participate in the interaction or decay.
Feynman diagram for weak decay
(continued)
Since the spectator quarks do not directly participate in the
decay, we can just omit them…
This yields the “quarklevel” Feynman diagram!
Is charge conserved ? νe 0
e 1
W
d u
1/3 +2/3
Is Le conserved ?
Decays of “heavy” quarks
The heavy quarks decay to the lighter ones
by “cascading down”
t Q=+2/3
b Q=1/3
c Q=+2/3
s Q=1/3
u Q=+2/3
d Q=1/3
What about the decay of a bquark?
b c + µ− + νµ
Is charge conserved ? νµ 0
µ 1
W
b c
1/3 +2/3
Notice: Here, the W decays to a µ− and νµ
Is Lµ conserved ?
What about the decay of a cquark?
c s + µ+ + νµ
νµ 0
Is charge conserved ?
µ+ +1
W+
c s
2/3 1/3
Notice: Here, I have the W+ decaying to a µ+ and νµ (could have
been an e+ and νe as well).
Is Lµ conserved ?
What about the decay of a bquark?
s u + e− + νe
Is charge conserved ? νe 0
e 1
W
s u
1/3 +2/3
Is Le conserved ?
Decays of heavy quarks to u & d
A quark can only decay to a lighter quark.
The W charge has the same sign as the parent quark.
Quark Charge Mass
[GeV/c2]
top +2/3 ~175
t b W+(100%) bottom 1/3 ~4.5
s u W (~100%)
d u W+ (~100%)
“Leptonic” Decay of W
Once the W is produced, it must decay
W e ν e W+ e+ ν e
W µ ν µ W+ µ + ν µ
It’s call “leptonic decay” because the
W is decaying to leptons!
The W can decay to leptons because leptons carry weak charge
But so do quarks …
“Hadronic” Decay of W
Since quarks also carry weak charge, we can also get:
W u d
W+ u d
It’s call “hadronic decay” because the
W is decaying to quarks, which will form hadrons!
u
W
Check charge:
d (2/3 + 1/3 = 1)
b c
But quarks are bound to one another by the strong force, and are not
observed as “free” particle. That is, they are bound up inside hadrons…
What happens next ?
One possibility…
u Can, in fact,
W
d
form a π
b c
B u D0
u
B D0
Meson Meson
== π
d
u
B D0 π−
W Decays
Leptonic Hadronic
W e ν e
W hadrons
W µ ν µ
Can be 1 or more
hadrons produced
W τ ν τ
W+ follows in an analogous way… see previous slides
There are LOTS of ways the B+ can decay (here’s
a small fraction of em) !
Observed decays
where theW decays to
a lepton and neutrino
Observed decays
where theW decays
to quarks hadrons
Interactions involving W’s
Here is one… Don’t worry about these types of interactions…
I want to emphasize the role of W’s in decays of quarks
e νe
Position
W
e+ νe
time
Check lepton number, charge conservation…
Weak NeutralCurrent Interactions
●
In addition to the weak chargedcurrent
interaction, there is a weak neutralcurrent
interaction mediated by the
Zboson whose mass is about 90 GeV/c2.
●
The weak neutralcurrent interaction
ν ν conserves flavor; it does not change up into
charm or strange; it does not change down into
strange or bottom; etc.
●
The weak neutralcurrent interaction is intimately
related to both the weak chargedcurrent
interaction and to the electromagnetic interaction.
The unified description of these interactions is
known as the electroweak interaction.
January 18, 2001 Physics 841 25
Electroweak Interference
●
The two amplitudes represented by these
Feynman diagrams share initial and final states.
Therefore, the amplitudes one calculates for these
diagrams, following the Feynman rules, must be
added together to determine the total transition
rate.
●
The propagator for photon exchange is
proportional to
1
q2
while that for Z exchange is proportional to
At low q2 photon exchange is
dominant; near q2=MZ2,
Z-boson exchange is 1
dominant.
q 2 - M Z2
January 18, 2001 Physics 841 26
The strong force
‘Charge’
Electric charge Electric charge
u = +2/3 e = 1
What does it really mean for a particle to have electric charge ?
It means the particle has an attribute which allows it to talk to (or
‘couple to’) the photon, the mediator of the electromagnetic interaction.
The ‘strength’ of the interaction depends on the amount of charge.
Which of these might you expect experiences a larger electrical
repulsion?
u u
e
e
Strong Force & Color
u u u
We hypothesize that in addition to the attribute of ‘electric charge’,
quarks have another attribute known as ‘color charge’, or just ‘color’
for short. The attribute’s name, color, is just by convention. It’s easy
to visualize this attribute and how colors combine…(coming up)
The property of color allows quarks to talk to the mediator of
the strong interaction, the gluon (g).
Unlike electric charge, we find (experimentally) that there are 3
values for color:
We assign these possible values of color to be: red, green, blue
Also, unlike Electromagnetism, we find that the carrier of the strong
force carries ‘color charge’. Recall the photon is electrically neutral!
Comparison
Strong and EM force
Property EM Strong
Mass 0 0
q1 q2 RED + BLUE + GREEN = “WHITE”
or “COLORLESS”
q3
MESONS
MESONS
q q q GREEN + ANTIGREEN = “COLORLESS”
RED + ANTIRED = “COLORLESS”
BLUE + ANTIBLUE = “COLORLESS”
q q q
A meson can be any one of these combinations !
Hadrons observed in nature are colorless
(but there constituents are not)
Color Exchange
Quarks interact by the exchange of a gluon.
Since gluons carry color charge, it is fair to say
that the interaction between quarks results in the
exchange of color (or color charge, if you prefer) !
Gluons – Important Points
Gluons are the “force carrier” of the strong force.
They only interact with object which have color,
or color charge.
Therefore, gluons cannot interact with leptons
because leptons do not have color charge !
e+ q
This cannot happen, because
g the gluon does not interact with
objects unless they have color
charge!
Leptons do not have color charge !
e q
Feynman Diagrams for
the Strong Interaction
As before, we can draw Feynman diagrams to represent the
As before, we can draw Feynman diagrams to represent the
strong interactions between quarks.
strong interactions between quarks.
The method is more or less analogous to the case of EM
The method is more or less analogous to the case of EM
interactions.
interactions.
When drawing Feynman diagrams, we don’t show the
When drawing Feynman diagrams, we don’t show the
flow of color charge (oh goody). It’s understood to be
flow of color charge (oh goody). It’s understood to be
occurring though.
occurring though.
Let’s look at a few Feynman diagrams…
Let’s look at a few Feynman diagrams…
Feynman Diagrams (Quark Scattering)
u
d
Quarkantiquark
Quarkantiquark
Annihilation
Annihilation
g
u d
Quarkquark
Quarkquark
Scattering
Scattering u u
Position
Could also be
Could also be
Quarkantiquark
Quarkantiquark g
Scattering
Scattering
or
or
Antiquarkantiquark d d
Antiquarkantiquark
Scattering
Scattering time
Flashback to EM Interactions
Recall that photons do not interact with each other.
Why?
Because photons only interact with objects which have
electric charge, and photons do not have electric charge !
γ This can’t happen
γ because the photon
only interacts with
electrically charged
γ objects !
γ
γ
BUT GLUONS HAVE COLOR
CHARGE !!!
Gluons carry the
Gluons carry the
“charge” of the strong
“charge” of the strong
force, which is
force, which is
“color charge”, or just
“color charge”, or just
“color” !
“color” !
Ok, so here’s where it
gets hairy!
Since gluons carry “color charge”,
Since gluons carry “color charge”,
they can interact with each other !
they can interact with each other !
(Photons can’t do that)
(Photons can’t do that)
Gluongluon Scattering Gluongluon Fusion
g g
g
g
g
g
g g
g
g
And quarkgluon interactions as well!
Since both quarks and gluons have color, they can interact with
each other !!!
QuarkAntiquark
Quarkgluon Scattering Annihilation
u g
d d
g
g
g g
u g
Summary (I)
The property which gives rise to the strong force is “color charge”
The property which gives rise to the strong force is “color charge”
There are 3 types of colors, RED, GREEN and BLUE.
There are 3 types of colors, RED, GREEN and BLUE.
Quarks have color charge, and interact via the mediator of the
Quarks have color charge, and interact via the mediator of the
strong force, the gluon.
strong force, the gluon.
The gluon is massless like the photon, but differs dramatically
The gluon is massless like the photon, but differs dramatically
in that:
in that:
●
●
It has color charge
It has color charge
●
●
It’s force acts over a very short range (inside the nucleus)
It’s force acts over a very short range (inside the nucleus)
Summary (II)
Because gluons carry color charge, they can interact
Because gluons carry color charge, they can interact
among themselves.
among themselves.
Quarks and gluons are confined inside hadrons
Quarks and gluons are confined inside hadrons
because of the nature of the strong force.
because of the nature of the strong force.
Only ~50% of a proton’s energy is carried by the quarks.
Only ~50% of a proton’s energy is carried by the quarks.
The remaining 50% is carried by gluons.
The remaining 50% is carried by gluons.
We learn about the strong force by hadronhadron
We learn about the strong force by hadronhadron
scattering experiments.
scattering experiments.