International Journal of Engineering, Management and Humanities (IJEMH)

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Paper Title (16 Bold)

Author (14)
1,2
Student, Kakatiya University of Engineering and Technology, Warangal, Telangana
3
Student,Anurag Group of Institutions,Hyderabad, Telangana.
Corresponding Author: xxxx (10)

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Date of Submission: 07-06-2020 Date of Acceptance: 23-06-2020
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ABSTRACT: (11 Bold) This research paper is systems offer reliable and durable functionality, the
about to control the engine valves of an one cylinder cam less valve trains can vary valve lift and more
4-stroke engine with a computer controlled timings to a greater extent comparing to the cam-
electromagnetic actuator. There are many based types. Among various categories of cam less
possibilities in electromagnetic devices. We chose a mechanisms, the electromagnetic actuator system is
push solenoid to actuate the engine valve. For the most desired one.
controlling the solenoid, we chose a user interface [1].Camless actuation offers programmable
with control options. The user interface flexibility in controlling engine valve events.
communicates serially with a microprocessor. The However, a full range of engine benefits will only
microprocessor monitors and reports the engine’s be available, if the actuation system can control lift
performance and control the opening/closing of the profile characteristics within a particular lift event.
engine valves. The ultimate goal is improved Control of the peak value of valve lift is a first step
efficiency, decrease pollutants, and produce in controlling the profile. The paper presents an
maximum power throughout the RPM range with a adaptive feedback control of valve lift for a
camless engine. springless electrohydraulic valvetrain. The adaptive
KEYWORDS: (11 Bold) Actuator, control maintains peak value of lift in presence of
Microprocessor, Enginehead, L293D Current variations in engine speed, hydraulic fluid
Amplifier, IRF 3205 MOSFET. temperature and manufacturing variability of valve
assemblies. The control design includes a reduced-
I. INTRODUCTION(11 Bold) order model of the system dynamics. Experimental
In this paper i.ecamless engine, the valve results show dynamic behavior under various
motion is controlled directly by a electromagnetic operating and environmental conditions and
actuator there’s no camshaft or connecting demonstrate advantages of adaptive control over the
mechanisms .Precise electromagnetic actuator or non-adaptive type.
solenoid controls the valve operations, opening, [2].The internal combustion engine is a
closing etc. The project looks at the working of the device which basically converts the heat energy into
electromagnetic actuator camless engine, its general mechanical energy. The cam has been an integral
features and benefits over conventional engines part of the IC engine from its invention. As with the
Since the invention of engine and till now four demands for better fuel economy, more power, and
stroke IC engines are working on camshaft less pollution, motor engineers around the world are
Mechanism. Although the conventional system has pursuing a radical “camless” design that promises to
proven to be convenient and safe. Its fixed valve deliver the internal combustion engine’s biggest
timing is necessarily a compromise of combustion efficiency improvement in years. The article looks
stability, fuel economy and maximum torque at the working of the electrohydraulic camless
objectives. Cam is an integral part of an engine as it engine, its general features and benefits over
controls valve actuation which in turn is responsible conventional engines. In this article we focused on a
for supply of air-fuel mixture into the combustion basic overview of camless engine along with its
chamber and for the removal of exhaust gases from design principle, components and its merits over
the combustion chambers. other conventional engines.
Although a significant numbers of engine [3].A camless engine proof-of-concept
valve-actuation systems including cam-based and prototype was completed on the basis of the use of
cam less mechanisms have been already introduced piezoelectric control of a hydraulic actuator. This
by several researches and companies, only few types novel approach was taken in an attempt to enhance
of these systems (mainly cam-based) have been earlier solenoid-based camless engine prototypes,
employed on commercial vehicles due to the several of which are reviewed as an introduction to
liability, durability and cost issues. Cam-based valve camless engine technology. Following a historical

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 International Journal of Engineering, Management and Humanities (IJEMH)
Volume 1, Issue 1, pp: 01-05 www.ijemh.com

review, an overview of the piezoelectrically- [5].The idle speed control problem of a

controlled camless engine actuator is discussed. The spark-ignited engine equipped with a
prototype system is capable of displacing an engine camlessvalvetrain is considered.
valve up to 12.4 mm, and valve actuation The camlessvalvetrain allows control of the
frequencies of up to 500 Hz have been obtained. individual intake and exhaust valves of each
The proof of concept can be considered successful, cylinder and can be used to achieve unthrottled
as it demonstrates the potential of piezoelectric operation, and consequently, optimize the engine
control of hydraulics for use as an internal performance. We formulate the speed control
combustion engine valve actuator. Furthermore, in problem for this engine and show that it exhibits
conjunction with variable timing, the piezoelectric unstable open-loop behaviour with asigni"cant delay
control based pilot allows for direct regulation of in the feedback loop. The instability is intrinsic to
other engine valve parameters including variable lift the unthrottled operation and speci"c to the camless
and seating velocity. actuation used to achieve the unthrottled operation.
[4].This paper presents the design of The delay is caused by the discrete combustion
Camless Internal Combustion (IC) Engine using the process and the sensor/computer/actuator interface.
Magnetic platter Disk Sensor instead of We demonstrate the inherent system limitations
conventional mechanism for operating valves. In associated with the unstable dynamics and the delay
this work an attempt has been made to integrate the and provide insight on the structural (plant) design
concepts of mechanical and electronics for that can alleviate these limitations. Finally,
designing economical, low emission, high stabilizing controllers using classical and modern
performance Camless engine. Objective of this work robust design techniques are presented and tested on
is to make use of Disk Sensor for developing a nonlinear simulation model. Copyright_2001 John
Camless IC Engine. Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (10 Bold)

II. SOLENOIDS AS A VALVES IN 2 STROKE ENGINE(11 Bold)

A solenoid is simply a specially designed When an electrical current is passed

electromagnet. A solenoid usually consists of a coil through the coils windings, it behaves like an
and a movable iron core called the armature. Here's electromagnet and theplunger, which is located
how it works. When current flows through a wire, a inside the coil, is attracted towards the centre of the
magnetic field is set up around the wire. If we make coil by the magnetic flux setup within the coils
a coil of many turns of wire, this magnetic field body, which in turn compresses a small spring
becomes many times stronger, flowing around the attached to one end of the plunger. The force and
coil and through its center in a doughnut shape. speed of the plungers movement is determined by
When the coil of the solenoid is energized with the strength of the magnetic flux generated within
current, the core moves to increase the flux linkage the coil.
by closing the air gap between the cores. The When the supply current is turned “OFF”
movable core is usually spring-loaded to allow the (de-energised) the electromagnetic field generated
core to retract when the current is switched off. The previously by the coil collapses and the energy
force generated is approximately proportional to the stored in the compressed spring forces the plunger
square of the current and inversely proportional to back out to its original rest position. This back and
the square of the length of the air gap. forth movement of the plunger is known as the
solenoids “Stroke”, in other words the maximum

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 International Journal of Engineering, Management and Humanities (IJEMH)
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distance the plunger can travel in either an “IN” or an “OUT” direction, for example, 0 to 30 mm

Side View and Front view of Solenoid Operated CamlessEngine

III. EXPERIMENTATION(11 Bold) the L293D IC .L293D Is a voltage amplifier that

A Regulated 5V DC power supply is feed amplifies the 5V into 12V.The L293D IC receives
to Arduino board and IC 7805 Voltage regulator. All signals from the micro controller and transmits the
microcontrollers operate at low voltages and require relative signal to the solenoids .A L293D IC
a small amount of current to operate while solenoids consists of 16 pins in total. 4 ground pins,4-input
require higher voltages and current. Hence current pins,4-output pins,2 voltage and enable pins. The
cannot be supplied to the solenoid from the digital signal output from 7 pin of arduino is feed to
microcontroller .This is the primary need for IC 10th pin of L293D(input),output from 7 th pin is feed
L293D.A diode(IN4007) and a voltage regulator to 14th pin of L293D(output).The 4th,5th and the
(7805) IC are connected in the path ,the diode is 13th,12th pins of L293D are grounded. L293D has an
used as a one-way check valve. Since these diodes enable facility which helps you enable the IC output
only allow electrical current to flow in one pins. If an enable pin is set to logic high, then state
direction.IC 7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that of the inputs match the state of the outputs. If you
restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws 5V pull this low, then the outputs will be turned off
regulated power supply. A digital signal generated regardless of the input statesDepending upon our
by Arduino based on the input program is feed to power requirements we can use
Transistors/MOSFETs as switches.

LINE DIAGRAM FOR VALVE ACTUATION OF CAMLESS ENGINE

The MOSFETs used are (IRF3205) which solenoid is directly connected to the valve using a
act as current amplifiers and amplify the current rubber tubing for motion transfer. Each solenoid
from 1 amp to 3 amps. Two solenoids are placed on consists of two set of copper windings with 12 mm
the inlet and exhaust valves the piston of the dia,20 turns and 8 layered both the solenoid are

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 International Journal of Engineering, Management and Humanities (IJEMH)
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oppositely connected and when actuated two sets of {

opposite windings get magnetized ,the piston inside del=analogRead(spd_ctrl);
solenoid moves up closing the valve the alternate del1=map(del, 512, 0, 512);
valve is opened. The solenoids are rigidly placed if(del1<=20){del1=20;}
over the cylinder head with the help of wood if(del1<=500){fire();}else
powder and glue which turns into concrete strong {
upon drying up. A solenoid is simply a specially digitalWrite(ex_valve,HIGH);
designed electromagnet. A solenoid usually consists digitalWrite(in_valve,HIGH);
of a coil and a movable iron core called the }
armature. Here's how it works. When current flows }
through a wire, a magnetic field is set up around the void fire()
wire. If we make a coil of many turns of wire, this {
magnetic field becomes many times stronger, digitalWrite(ex_valve,HIGH);
flowing around the coil and through its center in a digitalWrite(in_valve,HIGH);
doughnut shape. When the coil of the solenoid is delay(del1);
energized with current, the core moves to increase digitalWrite(ex_valve,LOW);
the flux linkage by closing the air gap between the digitalWrite(in_valve,LOW);
cores. The movable core is usually spring-loaded to }
allow the core to retract when the current is
switched off. The force generated is approximately IV. OBESERVATIONS FROM THE
proportional to the square of the current and TESTS CONDUCTED SOLENOID
inversely proportional to the square of the length of FORCE
the air gap. The actual force required in the application is need
to move the engine valve along with spring that
SOURCE CODE FOR THE must be considered.
MICROPROCESSOR:
intex_valve = 7; The force can be calculated by:
intin_valve = 6; F = (N*I)2 μ0 A / (2 g2),
intspd_ctrl = A0; Where:
int del,del1; ● μ0 = 4π�10-7
void setup() ● F is the force in Newtons
{ ● N is the number of turns
pinMode(ex_valve,OUTPUT); ● I is the current in Amps
pinMode(in_valve,OUTPUT); ● A is the area in length units squared
pinMode(spd_ctrl,INPUT); ● g is the length of the gap between the solenoid
digitalWrite(ex_valve,HIGH); and a piece of metal.
digitalWrite(in_valve,HIGH); For different N values we get different solenoid
} force for valve operating
void loop() I=5amp, g=0.5, A=πdl. (d =2mm,l=5cm,)

SL.NO NUMBER OF SOLENOID FORCE VALVE FREQUENCY PER

TURNS SECOND

1 100 0.512 N 14

2 120 0.738 N 18

3 140 1.001 N 22

4 160 1.310 N 25

5 180 1.661 N 28

6 200 2.050 N 33

Valve Frequency

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At average speed i.e the valve opening or closing For 1 min for one valve 25*60=1500
time is 40ms With a force of 1.31N the inlet valve opens for 1500
For 1 sec 25 openings and closings is possible times and exhaust valve opens fo 1500 times.

SL.N TIME TAKEN FOR ONE NO OF OPENINGS OR NO OF OPENINGS OR

O OPENING OR CLOSING CLOSINGS IN ONE SECOND CLOSINGS IN MINUTE
IN MILLI SECONDS

1 71.4 14 840

2 55.5 18 1080

3 45.45 22 1320

4 40 25 1500

5 35.7 28 1680

6 30.30 33 1980

V. CONCLUSION [1]. Anderson, M; Tsao, T-C; and Levin, M.,

Looking back on this project, the overall 1998, “Adaptive Lift Control for a Camless
outcome of results to be observed. This can be Electrohydraulic Valvetrain,” SAE Paper
evaluated by looking at how well our objectives No. 98102
were met. Our first objective is to control the [2]. Ashhab, M-S; and Stefanopoulou, A., 2000,
engine valve of an engine, select a linear actuator “Control of a Camless Intake Process – Part
that meets specifications, and construct an II,” ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems,
electronic control system, deal with the design Measurement, and Control – March 2000
aspect of our project and were all almost achieved. [3]. Gould, L; Richeson, W; and Erickson, F.,
More specifically, next objective, the electronic 1991, “Performance Evaluation of a Camless
control system we constructed is able to read Engine Using Valve Actuation with
engine speeds from 0 to 3600 rpm and vary the Programmable Timing,” SAE Paper No.
valve timing depending on engine speed and 910450.
operator inputs. However, our final objective, to [4]. Schechter, M.; and Levin, M., 1998,
obtain gains in horsepower, torque, and efficiency “Camless Engine,” SAE Paper No. 960581
of 2% was not met because of not setting up in an [5]. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
engine but theoretically it should be done. We are ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL,
confident though that this objective of installing in Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control 2001;
an engine can be met if more time for testing and 11:1023}1042 (DOI: 10.1002/rnc.643) (10)
facilities is given. There is a lot we could say about
the need for variable valve timing. This design is
very realistic for the future of the automotive
industry as well as our education.

SOME OF THE ADVANAGES FROM THE

ABOVE RESULTS
a)Eliminated Mechanical Linkages
b)It can make Engine clean , efficient and
responsive
c)ECU can control the valve velocity acceleration
and deceleration of valve
d)Reduction in size and weight
e)Fuel economy Increases
f)Power and Torque increase

REFERENCES

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