Nematodes

SCIENTIFIC NAME / DISEASE / PATHOLOGY MODE OF INFECTIVE INTERMEDIATE DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSTIC OVA ADULT TREATMENT
COMMON NAME TRANSMISSION STAGE HOST (1st & HOST MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY
2nd)
ASCARIS Long Peritonitis – secondary bacterial Through the use of Ingestion of No intermediate Human Egg – recovered in Unfertilized Female • Mebendazole
LUMBEICOIDES Intestinal infection that occasionally infected human embryonated host stool samples • Elongated • 22-35 cm • Pyrantel
Roundworm perforate the intestine feces as fertilizers eggs • 85-95 um • Creamy-white pamoate
Adult- present in • thin shell pink tint • Levamisole
Roundworm Pneumonitis – due to migration stool or removed • Pencil-lead • Piperazine
of Man of worm to the lungs, can cause from external Fertilized thickness Citrate
asthmatic attack nares • Rounded
• 40-75 um Male Drug theraphy,
Eosinophilia and O2 desaturation ELISA • thick shell • Up to 30 cm nasogastric
– pulmonary involvement related • Creamy-white suction or surgery
to hypersensitivity caused by pink tint
infection • Prominent Corticosteroids –
incurved tail pulmonary
Obstruction,perforation, discomfort
occlusion of the apendix –
tangled bolus of worms in the
intestine
NECATOR New World Filariform larvae penetrate Skin penetration Skin No intermediate Human Eggs – recovered Necator Female Adults • Mebendazole
AMERICANUS Hookworm human skin when people walk by walking penetratiom of host in stool samples • 60-75 um • 9-12 mm long • Pyrantel
barefoot or come into direct barefoot Filariform larva lenghg • 0.25-0.50mm pamoate
ANCYLOSTOMA Old World contact with infested soil Larvae – mature • 35-40 um wide
DUODENALE Hookworm Ingestion of larvae and hatch from width • Iron
Sucks blood and injured intestinal the eggs in stool • Smooth, Male Adults Replacement
tissue colorless • 5-10 mm long
Recovery and • 2-4 cell or 8 • 0.2-0.4 wide • Dietary
Anemia- due to chronic blood loss examination of stage theraphy
buccal capsule – Necator-shearing
to determine the Ancylostoma chitinous plates
specific • 55-60 um
hookworm length Ancylostoma-
organism • 35-40 width chitinous teeth
• Smooth,
Reverse enzyme colorless • Grayish-white
immunoassay for • 2-4 or 8 cell to pink
specific IgE stage • Thick
• Bend/hook

STRONGYLOIDES Threadworm Strongyloidiasis – intestinal Direct – skin- Skin No intermediate Human, Dogs, Egg – may be • 48 by 35 um • 2 by 0.4 mm • Thiabendazole
STERCORALIS infection that cause abdominal penetration of penetration of host Cats present in stool • 2-, 4-, or 8 cell • Colorless, • Albendazole
pain, diarrhea, ras, cough, and larvae infective samples from stage transparent • Ivermectin
eosinophilia. filariform larvae patients who have • Thin, hyaline body
Indirect – severe diarrhea • Short buccal
Rhabditiform cavity
 Strongyloides larvae penetrate larvae are passed Rhabditiform Long and slender
human skin, migrate via the in the soil and larvae – may be esophagus
bloodstream to the lungs, break mature into free- recovered in fresh Finely striated
through pulmonary capillaries, living adults that stool samples and cuticle
ascend the respiratory tract, are are nonparasitic duodenal
swallowed, and reach the Autoinfection – aspirates
intestine, where they mature in penetrate the
about 2 weeks. intestinal or
perinial skin

TRICHUIRIS Whipworm Light infection are asymptomatic Through the use of Ingestion of No intermediate Human Eggs – detect in • 50-54 microns Female • Albendazole
TRICHURIA and without clinical significance infected human embryonated host stool by 22- 23 • 3.5-5.5 cm • Mebendazole
feces as fertilizers eggs • Direct Fecal microns • Straight and • Oxantel
The degree of clinical symptoms Smear • Barrel-shaped blunt Pyrantel
is related to the intensity of the • Cellophane egg
infection thick smear • Thick, smooth Male
• Kato thick brown egg • 3.0-3.5 cm
Diarrhea- due to chronic smear shell and 2 • Usually
impairment of host’s nutritional transparent curved at 360
status plugs degrees

Anemia – due to ulceration of the • Anterior 3/5

intestine from heavy worm of the worm
burden forms
esophagus
Prolapse of the anus and rectum
– due to frequent loose bowel • Posterior 2/5
movemeng resulting to the loss of of the worm
muscle tone containing
intestine and
Appendecitis- due to invasion of reproductive
the trichuiris organs
ENTEROBIOUS Seatworm Vulvovaginitis & Salphingis – due Contact with Ingestion of No intermediate Human Egg – Use of • 50-60 um • Whitish or • Mebendazole
VERMICULARIS Pinworm to migration of worms that go contaminated embryonated host Perineal cellulose • Elongated, D brownish • Pyrantel
Society beyond the perineal region clothes, bedding eggs tape swab for the apperance • Spindle- Pamoate
Worm or personal care recovery of D • Outer – thick shaped
Hemorrhage, Eczema,Bacterial products. shapes hyaline • Very small
Infection – due to intense itching embryonated albuminous
in the perinial region resulting to Fecal-oral eggs shell Female
scratching • Inner –
embryonic • Long sharp
Minute ulceration and abscesses lipoidal pointed end
develop in cecal mucosa membrane
Male
• Gentrally
curved
 TRICHINALLA Pork Worm Trichinellosis Eating raw or Ingestion of Vertebrate host Vertebrate host Clinical Diagnosis • Male – 1.4 Female • Thiabendazole
SPIRALISIS uncooked meat undercooked – eating raw or mm to 1.6 mm • 3.50 mm by • ACTH or
Intestinal Phase from infected meat inadequate cook 0.50 by 0.06 Corticosteroid
animals or improperly • Female – mm • Mebendazole
Due to inflammation of duodenal proccessed meat twice the size
and jejunal mucosa of male Male
• Malaise • 1.50 mm by
• Nausea Specific Diagnosis 0.04 mm
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramps • Biopsy Thread-like
• Xenodiagnosis apperance
• Bachman
Stage of Muscle Invasion Intradermal
• Feber test Anterior – non-
• Facial edema papillated mouth
• Muscle pain, swelling and
weakness Female – single
• Peripheral eosinophilia ovary, vulva and
long narrow
digestive
• Myocarditis – due to rhythm
disorder Posterior
• Encephalitis- Female
• Meningitis Bluntly rounded

Male
Ventrally curved
with 2 lobular
appendages

CAPILLARIA Pudoc Worm Produce intestinal capillariasis Ingestion of eggs Infective larvae Fish Fish eating bird Egg – seen in • 42 by 20 um Female • Menendazole
PHILIPPINENSIS characterized by abdominal pain develop in simple fecal smear • Peanut- • 2.3 to 5.3 mm • Albendazole
and diarrhea Through tissue of Humans shaped by length
decomposition of intermediate Concentration • Pale yellow • 8-10 eggs in
Death is attributed to massive infected animals host technique with • Moderately utero arrange
parasitic infection that results to via eggs in the liver the use of acid thick in single row
heart failure, electrolyte loss and being released Larvae re- ether or formalin • Striated shell
septicemia as secondary infection into the soil invade small ether method with flattened Male
intestinal bipolar plugs • 1.5 to 3.9 mm
Hepatic Capillariasis – manifest as mucosa in by length
an acute hepatitis with autoinfective • Chitinized
eosinophilia and may be fatal cycle spicule
• 40-45 eggs in
utero
arranged in 2-
3 rows
 CESTODES
SCIENTIFIC NAME / DISEASE / MODE OF INFECTIVE INTERMEDIATE DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSTIC OVA ADULT TREATMENT
COMMON NAME PATHOLOGY TRANSMISSION STAGE HOST (1st & HOST MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY
nd
2 )

DIPHYLLOBO Fish Diphyllobothriasis Unembryonated Ingestion of Fish Human Eggs – found in stool • Yellowish • 3-10 m • Praziquantel
-TRIUM Tapeworm eggs are passed in infective brown length • Criterior
LATUM Infection results infeces crustacean by • DFS • Moderately • 4000
Broad hyperchromic, small • Kato technique thick shell proglottids
Tapeworm megaloblast freshwater • Finding • Knob-like
anemia with Ingestion of raw or fish characteristic of
thrombopenia undercooked operculated eggs
and leucopenia infected fish Proceroid or proglottids in
larva released stool
Anemia – from
associated with crustacean,
achlorhydria develops into
plerocercoid
larva
TAENIA Beef Taeniasis Ingestion of Oncosphere Pig Human Intestinal Taeniasis • 31-43 um in • White • Praziquantel
SAGINATA Tapeworm eggs/infective develop into Cattle length • Ribbon • Niclosamide
Eating beef larvae called cysticerci in • Stool Examination • Brown shell shaped
Unarmed containing chaterici/cysticercus muscle • DFS • 3 pairs of • Flattend
Tapeworm infective • Cellophane Tape lancet shape segmented
cysticercus bovis • Concentration hooklets
Tapeworm Method • Covered by
of Man • Vague (Formalin-Ether outer
abdominal Sedimentatiom embryonal
discomfort and Brine membrane
• Chronic Floatation)
indigestion • Observation of
• Anemia proglottid in stool
• Intestinal by naked eye
disorder
TAENIA Pork Taeniasis Solium Ingestion of Ingestion of Pigs Human Eggs- demonstration • 5-10 um in • 2-3 meters • Praziquantel
SOLIUM Tapeworm eggs/infective embryonated of eggs in stool diameter • Globular in • Niclosamide
Human larvae called eggs • Direct fecal smear • Spherical shaped • Paramomycin
Cysticercosis – chaterici/cysticercus • Scotch Tape swab with 4 cup-
infection of
 human larval Adults in small Proglottids-stool • Pale buff to shaped
stage of parasites intestine Scolex- antihelmintic walnut suckers
therapy brown

HYMENOLEPIS Dwarf Hymennolepiasis Ingestion of Embryonated Rat Human Eggs – identify in stool • 30-47 um in • 25-45 mm x • Praziquantel
NANA Tapeworm embryonated eggs egg in feces Light infection- need diameter 1 mm • Examination of
Enteritis – due to in contaminated to concentrate stool • Spherical or • 4 cup- stool after 2
necrosis and food, water, or Ingestion of specimens subspherical shaped weeka
desquamation of hands Embrryonated • Thick outer suckers
the intestinal egg from membrane • 20-30 y-
epithelial cells Intestine contaminated • Thin inner shaped
Penetration food, water or membrate hooklets
hands • 4-8 hair-like
Embryonated eggs polar
in feces filaments
Autoinfection
Autoinfection can can occu if
occur if eggs remain eggs remain in
in the intestine the intestine

HYMENOLEPIS Rat Hymenolepiasis Ingestion of CystIcerci in Rat, Insects Human Eggs – found in stool • Circular • 60 cm in • Praziquantel
DIMINUTA Tapeworm cystecerci in body body cavity of • 60-80 um length
Worm burden in cavity of insect insects • Bile stained • Broader
rodent is relatively ingested by rodent ingested by • Oncosphere than long
low or human rodent human • Hooklets

Manifestation are
minimal and non-
specific
ECHINO- Hydatid Cystic Ingestion of Embryonated Sheep Dog Eggs – used of DFS • 30-43 um in • 2-6mm • Chemotheraphy
COCCUS worm echinococcosis embryonated eggs eggs in feces diameter long • Surgery
GRANULOSUS Cyst may be visualize • Small and • Scolex that
Hyper Organ in scans, X-rays, round has three
tapeworm enlargement ultrasound • Thick shell attached
that contain segments
Dog Slowly-growing Slow growing tumor- hexacanth
tapeworm cyst put pressures accompanied by
on tissue eosinophilia
 TREMATODES
SCIENTIFIC NAME / DISEASE / MODE OF INFECTIVE INTERMEDIATE DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSTIC OVA ADULT TREATMENT
COMMON NAME PATHOLOGY TRANSMISSION STAGE HOST (1st & HOST MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY
2nd)

FASCIOLA Sheep Fascioliasis hepatica

Burrowing Ingestion of Snail Ruminant Eggs- • 130-150 um by • 20-30 mm • Bithionol
HEPATICA liver through the Meracecariae mammals recovered in 63-90 um by8-13 mm • Dehydroemitine
fluke Obstruction in the liver on vegetation stool or form • Large, oval • Flat, leaf hydrochloride
vessel parenchyma duodenal or • Yellowish shaped • Emetine
biliary tract brown • Oral and hydrochloride
Traumatic and drainage ventral • Hexachloroparaxylene
necroic lession – due suckers • Praziquantel
to migration to the
liver parenchyma
FASCIOLA Giant Fascioliasis Burrowing Ingestion of Snail Sheep Eggs- • Ellipsodal, • 24-27 mm • Triclabendazole
GIGANTICA liver Gigantical through the Meracecariae Cattle recovered in rounded long • Albendazole
fluke liver on vegetation Ruminant stool or form • Yellow and • 5-13 mm • Nitroxynil
parenchyma mammals duodenal or unembryonated wide • Closantel
biliary tract • Clear thin shell
drainage
FASCIOLOPSIS Intestinal Fasciolopsiasis Pass eggs in Metacercariae Snail Human Eggs- • 130-140 um x • 20-75 x 8- • Praziquantel
BUSKI liver feces which on water plant Pig detection in 80-85 um 20mm
fluke develop in are ingested stool • Large • Elongated,
water and by humans or operculated oval
infect snails as pigs
intermediate
hosts