Problems5 3

5.
3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 319
Using a(s + 3) + b ⋅ 2 for the linear factor in the numerator on the right instead of as + b
anticipates table entries having the forms
(s − 𝛽) 𝛼
and
(s − 𝛽)2 + 𝛼 2 (s − 𝛽)2 + 𝛼 2
with 𝛼 = 2 and 𝛽 = −3. Multiplying both sides by (2s + 1)(s2 + 6s + 13) = (2s + 1)
[(s + 3)2 + 22 ] yields the equation
14s2 + 70s + 134 = [a(s + 3) + b ⋅ 2] (2s + 1) + c (s + 3)2 + 22 .

[ ]
(13)
Evaluating Eq. (13) at s = 0, s = −3, and s = − 12 gives the system
s = 0 : 134 = 3a + 2b + 13c
s = −3 : 50 = − 10b + 4c
1 205 41
s = −2 : 2 = 4
c,
which has the solution c = 10, b = −1, a = 2. Thus

14s2 + 70s + 134 (s + 3) 2 10
2
=2 − + ,
(2s + 1)(s + 6s + 13) (s + 3)2 + 22 (s + 3)2 + 22 2s + 1
so
{ }
−1 14s2 + 70s + 134

(2s + 1)(s2 + 6s + 13)
{ } { } { }
−1 (s + 3) −1 2 −1 1
= 2 − + 5
(s + 3)2 + 22 (s + 3)2 + 22 s+ 1 2
= 2e−3t cos 2t − e−3t sin 2t + 5e−t∕2 .
Thus the appropriate form for the partial fraction decomposition of P(s)∕Q(s) is based
on the linear and irreducible quadratic factors, counting multiplicities, of Q(s) and is deter-
mined by the rules in the cases discussed above. In many textbook problems, where Q(s)
has rational roots, for instance, a computer algebra system can be used to find inverse trans-
forms directly without need of a partial fraction decomposition. In real-world applications
where the degree of Q(s) is greater than or equal to 3, computer algorithms are available
that approximate partial fraction decompositions. A polynomial root finder can also be used
to assist in finding a partial fraction decomposition of P(s)∕Q(s).
PROBLEMS
In each of Problems 1 through 8, find the unknown constants −3s2 + 32 − 14s a bs + c ⋅ 2

3. ) = + 2
in the given partial fraction expansion:
(
(s + 4) s2 + 4 s+4 s +4
3s − 40 a b 3s2 + 2s + 2 a a a
1. = + 4. = 1 + 22 + 33
(s + 3) (s − 4) s+3 s−4 s3 s s s
3s + 4 a a2 3s2 − 8s + 5 a b(s − 1) + c ⋅ 2
2. 2
= 1 + 5. )= +
s + 2 (s + 2)2 (s − 1)2 + 4
(
(s + 2) 2
(s + 1) s − 2s + 5 s + 1
320 Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform
−2s3 − 8s2 + 8s + 6 a a b c 3s + 2
6. = 1 + 22 + + 19. 3
(s + 3) (s + 1) s 2 s s s+3 s+1 (s − 2)(s + 2)(s + 1)
s3 − 2s2 + 8
8s3 − 15s − s5 a s + b1 a s + b2 a s + b3 20. 2 2
7. = 12 + 22 + 3 s (s − 2)(s + 2)
(s2 + 1)3 s +1 (s + 1)2 (s2 + 1)3
s2 − 7s + 28
21. 12 2
s3 + 3s2 + 3s + 1 a (s + 1) + b1 ⋅ 2 (s − 8s + 25)(s + 3)
8. = 1
(s2 + 2s + 5)2 (s + 1)2 + 4 s3 + 3s2 + 4s + 3
22. 2 2
a (s + 1) + b2 ⋅ 2 (s + 1)(s2 + 4)
+ 2
[(s + 1)2 + 4]2 s − 2s2 − 6s − 6
3
23.
(s2 + 2s + 2)s2
In each of Problems 9 through 24, use the linearity of −1 ,
s2 + 3
partial fraction expansions, and Table 5.3.1 to find the inverse 24. 2
Laplace transform of the given function: (s + 2s + 2)2
In each of Problems 25 through 28, use a computer
30 4 algebra system to find the inverse Laplace transform of the
9. 10.
s2 + 25 (s − 3)3 given function:
2 3s s3 − 2s2 − 6s − 6
11. 12. 25.
s2 + 3s − 4 s2 − s − 6 s4 + 4s3 + 24s2 + 40s + 100
5s + 25 6s − 3 s3 − 3s2 − 6s − 6
13. 2 14. 2 26.
s + 10s + 74 s −4 s7 − 6s6 + 10s5
2s + 1 9s2 − 12s + 28 s3 − 2s2 − 6s − 6
15. 2 16. 27.
s − 2s + 2 s(s2 + 4) s8 − 2s7 − 2s6 + 16s5 − 20s4 − 8s3 + 56s2 − 64s + 32
1 − 2s 2s − 3 s3 − 2s2 −6s−6
17. 2 18. 2 28.
s + 4s + 5 s + 2s + 10 s7 − 5s6 + 5s5 − 25s4 + 115s3 − 63s2 + 135s − 675
5.4 Solving Differential Equations

with Laplace Transforms
The block diagram in Figure 5.0.1 shows the main steps used to solve initial value problems
by the method of Laplace transforms. The mathematical steps required to carry out each
stage in the process, presented in Sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3, are summarized below.
1. Using the linearity of , its operational properties (e.g., knowing how derivatives
transform), and a table of Laplace transforms if necessary, the initial value problem
for a linear constant coefficient differential equation is transformed into an algebraic
equation in the s-domain.
2. Solving the algebraic equation gives the Laplace transform, say, Y(s), of the solution
of the initial value problem. This step is illustrated by Examples 3, 4, and 5 in Section
5.2.
3. The solution of the initial value problem, y(t) = −1 {Y(s)}, is found by using par-
tial fraction decompositions, the linearity of −1 , and a table of Laplace transforms.
Partial fraction expansions and need for a table can be avoided by using a com-
puter algebra system or other advanced computer software functions to evaluate
−1 {Y(s)}.

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5.

3 The Inverse Laplace Transform 319

14s2 + 70s + 134 = [a(s + 3) + b ⋅ 2] (2s + 1) + c (s + 3)2 + 22 .

Evaluating Eq. (13) at s = 0, s = −3, and s = − 12 gives the system

which has the solution c = 10, b = −1, a = 2. Thus

= 2e−3t cos 2t − e−3t sin 2t + 5e−t∕2 .

In each of Problems 1 through 8, find the unknown constants −3s2 + 32 − 14s a bs + c ⋅ 2

5.4 Solving Differential Equations

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